The present perfect continuous tense is used to show that something has

started in the past and is still continuing in the present for some time. It is
unlike the present perfect simple which shows that an action or event has
started in the past and completed in the present time
See the examples below:
• I have read The Hunger Games series.
I have been reading The Hunger Games series.
• I have studied English Literature.
I have been Studying English literature.
The other situation where this tense is used is when the speaker
emphasizes an activity rather than a completed action in the present result.
See the examples below:
• I have painted the room. (Finished it)
I have been painting the room. (I’m tired)
• I have run this morning.
I have been running this morning.

The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:

S+ Have/ Has been + V. ing + C

EX1:
 The two verbs (make, do) create a confusion for language learners as
they seem to have the same meaning. Second language learners often use
them alternatively. However, the precise meaning of each verb differs from
the other. The verb (Make) is used when we are expressing the idea of
construction or creation, for example make a cake, on the other hand. Do Is
used with the idea of work, for example do your homework, do the dishes.
 A sub's hull contains all components (crew, engine, supplies,
equipment) inside the sub. The hull is shaped like a tube, which
allows the sub to glide through the water. Made of steel or
titanium, sub hulls are super strong. They need to be. That's
because there's a lot of pressure underwater. The deeper the sub
goes, the higher the pressure becomes.
it's the tanks that control how buoyant the sub is. The tanks can
be filled with air or water. If the sub wants to float at the surface,
the tanks are filled with air. If the sub wants to dive deep
underwater, the tanks are filled with water.
1) According to the first paragraph, the word components means:
A. parts
B. rules
C. wings
D. buttons
2) According to the passage, a sub's hull MIGHT be made of
A. wood
B. iron
C. titanium
D. silver
3) Why submarines glide easily in water?
4) Why is the tank important for the sub?
5) “The sub needs to be strong” illustrate!
 There are certain tenses to use in sentence formation in English. The first and
simplest one is the present simple tense which is used to talk about facts, repeated
actions, and events or actions happen in the present time.
• Human body contains 206 bones.
• I play tennis every Sunday morning.
• The train stops for 30 minutes in this station every Sunday.
The present continuous tense is used to describe activities happening at the
moment of speaking ( i.e. actions in process).
• I am fixing my computer now.
Or it is used to express future arrangements.
• I’m going to the ball next Thursday.
The present perfect tense is used to describe actions or activities started in the past
and continue to the present time.
• We have been married for 4 years.
Or when we talk about our experience up to the present
• I have played piano since I was 10.
The past simple tense is used to talk about events happened in the past, when we
talk about the event as a whole or completed action.
• Sara went to the bank.
The past continuous tense shows the progress of the action or event at a specific
time in the past.
• It was raining when Sara went to the bank.
The past perfect tense is used to describe a completed action or activity in the past.
• They had eaten the cake before Sara arrived.
The future tense is used to describe events that will take place in the future time.
• I will go to college tomorrow.
The future continuous tense describes events that will happen in the future and lasts
for a predetermined amount of time.
• I’ll be leaving to London tomorrow at 6 O’clock.
The perfect future tense indicates an action that will take place at a future date and
time.
• I will have presented the project by Monday.
 The main tenses one should focus on and know the difference between
them are the simple vs continuous and the simple vs perfect. The choice of the
appropriate tense depends on how do we describe the action; whether it is
described as a complete whole (simple tenses) or as an activity with duration
(continuous tenses). In case of the simple vs perfect, the major confusion is
between the simple past tense and present perfect tense. The simple past
tense describes an action that is completed in a specific time the past while
the present perfect describes an action that has started in the past but is still
related to the present or has connection to the present. See the examples
below:

Ex: Put the following verbs in their correct form:

1. Our baby Jack (walk)………….. He is one year old.
2. I need to take a rest. We (walk) ……………………. nonstop for hours now.
3. This shirt fits me. I (take) ………………………….. it.
4. My dog looked guilty. He (take) ……………………… some food from the kitchen.
5. We need a new car. We (have) ………………………… this one for ages now.
6. We (have) ……………………. A lovely picnic until my wife was stung by a bee.
7. Don’t phone at 8.00. We (have) ………………….. dinner then.
8. By the time I’m forty. I (make)………………. enough money to retire.
 In spoken or colloquial English, the use of words, expressions, and sentence
structures differ from formal English. Sometimes, speakers omit the subject
pronoun (especially if it is referring to the speaker; i.e., the pronoun I). or they
omit a whole linguistic structure, for example: have you heard the rumors
about the queen’s death this morning? Becomes: heard the rumors about the
queen’s death this morning? I’m sorry for spilling the coffee ‫ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬sorry for spilling
the coffee. Also, they shorten the words by omitting some letters (contractions)
Like: ‘cose or cause: because, going to: gonna, want to: wanna.
 We also have some colloquial words or expressions. See the two letters above,
they both have some colloquial expressions like:
Stuff: activities (or things)
hanging in there: not giving up, even though it is difficult.
missing you like crazy: missing you very much
Like it lots: like it very much
Oz: Australia
loads of wildlife: lots of wildlife
classy sounding: the name sounds fashionable and high quality (here used
ironically)
going OK: working alright
nice and slowly: at a relaxed pace
Ex: Give ten colloquial words or expressions in English language.
 A compound word is a word or word group that consists of two or more parts
work together as a unit to express a specific concept. Compounds can be
formed by combining two or more words (as son-in-law, farmhouse, graphic
equalizers, park bench, around–the–clock, or son of a gun). ( Merriam-
Webster)

Home: homework*, home-made, homesick, home town*, homecoming,

homeless, home-grown, home page*
House: housewife *, house-proud, house plant, housebound, house-
warming, housework
The stark words are nouns and the others are adjectives.
 Lesson Three
Telling Narrative Stories

The main aspect of telling a story correctly is to know how to order events
according to the time they happened in. in order to do so, the narrator should
master the past tenses: past simple (active and passive) past continuous, past
perfect (active and passive) and past perfect continuous.

When we narrate a story, we should focus on the chronological sequence of events

by telling the nearest events to the time of speaking in past simple tense and earlier
events in past perfect tense. Events which were in progress should be narrated by using
the past continuous tense.
Ex: Look at the headline below and imagine what the story is. Write five sentences:
 Social Expressions and the Music of
English

The music of English: when people speak, they usually do not speak in one
rhythm as their voice will sound monotonous. Thus, they tend to change the tone
of their voices to match what they are expressing whether it is a question, a
narration, or an exclamation. For this reason, we use intonation, stress, and
rhythm.