manana gegeWkori

rogor ibadeba
speqtakli
(damxmare saxelmZRvanelo)

gamomcemloba `kentavri~
Tbilisi
2014
manana gegeWkori - rogor ibadeba speqtakli
(damxmare saxelmZRvanelo)

redaqtori: giorgi cqitiSvili, profesori

koreqtori: manana sanadiraZe

damkabadonebeli: ekaterine oqropiriZe

© manana gegeWkori
© Manana Gegechkori

© saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti, gamomcemloba `kentavri~, 2014
© Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State
University Publishing House “Kentavri”, 2014

ISBN 978-9941-9375-7-6
 sasceno xelovnebis nawarmoebis _ speqtaklis Seqmnis
procesi dRes sakmaod did drosa da SemoqmedebiTsa Tu
fizikur energias moiTxovs. warmodgena TeatrSi mis
saxilvelad misuli mravali mayureblis Tvalwin TamaSdeba.
zogierTi maTgani, SesaZloa, pirvelad mivida TeatrSi,
zogierTi _ ukve didi xania dadis. speqtaklis mayurebelTa
Soris gamocdili, staJiani Teatralebic arian. Tumca,
maT Soris bevrma zustad da konkretulad, bolomde da
dawvrilebiT ar icis, saxeldobr rogor iqmneba sasceno
xelovnebis nawarmoebi _ Teatraluri warmodgena, ramdeni
sxvadasxva profesiis adamiani monawileobs am koleqtiur
saqmianobaSi, ra did energiasa da sulier Zalebs moiTxovs
es, xSirad damqancveli, magram Zalze sasiamovno
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba. swored speqtaklis Seqmnis
rTulsa da mravalmxriv procesze minda giamboT. Txrobis
dros, cxadia, Teatralur enciklopediasac moviSvelieb1,rom
amomwuravad ganvmarto sasceno xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli
yvela ZiriTadi termini, Teatris gamoCenil moRvaweTa
naazrevsac da zog saintereso ambavsac maTi SemoqmedebiTi
biografiidan, saerTod _ Teatris istoriidan.
magram vidre uSualod Teatris Sesaxeb vilaparakebT,
gavarkvioT, ra aris zogadad xelovneba, romlis erT-erTi
saxeobaa Teatri.
adamians aqvs sxvadasxvanairi moTxovnileba _ SimSilis,
wyurvilis, sunTqvis da a.S. maT gareSe verc erTi cocxali
organizmi ver iarsebebs. aseTi moTxovnilebebi cxovelsac
aqvs. magram adamians, cxovelisgan gansxvavebiT, surs
gonebiT Caswvdes garemomcveli samyaros saidumloebebs,
1
Театральная энциклопедия, Государственное научное издательство
«Советская энциклопедия», Москва, 1961г.

3
gaigos, ra xdeba mis garSemo da masSi. am moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad adamianma Seqmna mecnierebis sxvadasxva
dargi _ qimia, maTematika, fizika. istoria, medicina da
a.S.
adamians agreTve aqvs moTxovnileba Seqmnas mSvenieri da
datkbes mSvenieriT. amis gamo xatavs igi, Zerwavs, wers
leqsebs, ukravs, mReris, cekvavs, films iRebs da a.S. amitom
Seqmna man xelovnebis dargebi: literatura (poezia, proza,
dramaturgia), saxviTi xelovneba (mxatvroba, qandakeba,
xuroTmoZRvreba), musikaluri xelovneba (kompozitoris
xelovneba, simRera, instrumentuli musika), qoreografia,
Teatri da kino.
Tu mecnierebaSi wamyvania sinamdvilis maqsimaluri
obieqturobiT asaxva, gonebrivi sawyisi, xelovnebaSi
umTavresia sinamdvilis subieqturi asaxva, grZnobadi,
emociuri sawyisi.
es imas ar niSnavs, rom mecniereba adamianTa moRvaweobis
mxolod gonebismieri sferoa, xelovneba ki _ marto
emociuri. mecnierebaSic aris grZnobadi elementebi,
xelovnebaSi ki _ racionaluri. am SemTxvevaSi saubaria
imaze, sad romelia mTavari, wamyvani, pirvelxarisxovani.
antikuri xanis udidesi berZeni filosofosi aristotele
werda: ,,poeti da istorikosi erTmaneTisagan swored imiT
gansxvavdebian, rom istorikosi sinamdvileSi momxdar ambebs
gadmogvcems, poeti ki imas, rac SeiZleba momxdariyo~.1
mSvenierebis Seqmna da mSvenierebiT tkboba sWirdeba
adamianis suls. xelovneba aris ara sinamdvilis asli, aramed
misi asaxva. xelovani asaxavs sinamdviles ise, rogorc
TviTon aRiqvams da iqmneba axali nawarmoebi _ xelovnebis
nawarmoebi, xelovanis mier SeTxzuli, gamogonili realoba.
e.i. xelovneba aris sinamdvilis asaxva xelovanis mier da,
amave dros, misi fantaziis nayofi.
mwerali nawarmoebs qmnis sityvebis saSualebiT,
kompozitori Tavis saTqmels gamoxatavs 7 musikaluri
bgeris sxvadasxvanairi SeTanxmebiT, qoreografi _ sxeulis
1
aristotele, `poetika~, Targmna baCana bregvaZem, J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~,
1976 w., gv. 123
4
moZraobiT, mxatvari _ feriTa da xaziT. Teatraluri da
kinoxelovneba, rogorc xelovnebis sinTezuri dargebi,
romelime erT aseT elementze ar daiyvaneba. maTi gamomsaxveli
saSualebebi xelovnebis yvela dargs moicavs.
nebismieri speqtakli _ kargi da cudi, saintereso da
uRimRamo, amaRelvebeli da umniSvnelo, tradiciuli da
novatoruli, warmatebuli da warumatebeli _ TeatrSi
iqmneba.
Teatri (berZnulidan _ sanaxaobis adgili, sanaxaoba) _
1.xelovnebis saxeoba; 2.warmodgena, speqtakli; 3.Senoba,
sadac mimdinareobs Teatraluri sanaxaoba.
maSasadame, Teatris cneba sam mniSvnelobas Seicavs.
igi, upirveles yovlisa, xelovnebis erT-erTi dargia.
literaturis, saxviTi xelovnebis, musikis, kinosa Tu
qoreografiis msgavsad, Teatri sinamdviles asaxavs, Tanac
_ Taviseburad, mxatvrulad. gamoCenili qarTveli msaxiobi
valerian gunia jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi werda:
,,nuravis hgonia, rom scenaze Cveni namdvili cxovrebis
gadatana SeiZlebodes. scena aris mxolod cxovrebis sarke
da ara TviT cxovreba~.1
sinamdvilis, xasiaTebis, movlenebis, konfliqtebis
asaxva, maTi interpretacia, Sefaseba TeatrSi cocxali
adamianebis qmedebis saSualebiT xdeba. igi xorcieldeba
msaxiobis mayurebelTa winaSe TamaSis procesSi. Teatris am
Taviseburebaze zustad miuTiTebs didi reJisori vladimer
nemiroviC-danCenko: ,,moedanze sami msaxiobi gamova, miwaze
xaliCas daafenen da TamaSs iwyeben _ es ukve Teatria. es
aris Teatraluri warmodgenis arsi.~2
speqtakli mudam mayurebelTa Tvalwin TamaSdeba. igi
mxolod mis saxilvelad mosul mraval adamianTan cocxal
kontaqtSi xorcieldeba. amitom xSirad Teatraluri
warmodgenis zemoqmedeba mayurebelze SesaZlebelia ufro
Zlieric iyos, vidre dramaturgis sityva. swored amaze
1
valerian gunia, `krebuli~, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1953 w.,
gv. 154
2
Владимир Немирович-Данченко, „Письма, выступления, беседы“, изд.
„Искусство“, Москва, 1952г., стр.184
5
miuTiTebs v.gunia: ,,sityva, romliTac dramaturgi gvixsnis
da gviSlis adamianis bunebis Seuwyvetel dramatul Tu
komikur movlenebs, uscenod ise Zlier moqmedi ar iqneboda,
rogorc scenaze gagonili. rac ginda didi da mdidari
fantaziis patroni iyos mkiTxveli, mainc dramis da komediis
wakiTxvis dros imas ver warmoidgens, rasac mas scena da
sasceno xelovneba miscems... Zala da Zliereba piesisa,
misi saocari zegavlena mxolod scenis saSualebiT unda
moxdes. gana erTi da igivea kiTxva dramatuli Txzulebisa
da xilulad, saxierad, suraTebad mis Tvalwin warmodgena.
gana SesaZlebelia qaRaldze daiweros yvelaferi is, rasac
adamiani fiqrobs da grZnobs? gana yoveli sulis da gulis
wuTieri moZraoba SesaZlebelia qaRaldze dainiSnos? es
yovlad SeuZlebelia.~1
Teatri adamianis grZnoba-gonebaze zemoqmedebis udidesi
saSualebaa. scenis xelovanis saTqmeli, ideebi, romlebsac igi
qadagebs, garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTaven mayureblis
azrs, mis emociebs, mTel mis pirovnebas, mraval adamians
erTi zneobrivi problemis garSemo aerTianeben. WeSmaritad
maRalmxatvruli Teatraluri qmnileba scildeba droisa
da erovnebis sazRvrebs. mas SeuZlia gansxvavebuli bunebis
adamianebis zneobrivi gaerTianeba, daxvewa, sulieri
amaRleba. amitomac Zalze mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
Teatri yvela erisa da xalxis cxovrebaSi. didi qarTveli
reJisori sandro axmeteli aRniSnavs: ,,didia, ganuzomelia
mniSvneloba Teatrisa yvela erisaTvis. kultura Teatrisa
umaRlesi kulturaa erisa. igi xarobs, frTebs isxams
masTan erTad da ecema, kvdeba eris sikvdilTan erTad~.2
Teatris aRmocenebisa da Camoyalibebis, mTeli misi
xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze mudmivad
icvleboda, rTuldeboda da mravalferovani xdeboda
Teatralur sanaxaobaTa formebi, gamomsaxveli saSualebani.
magram Teatraluri xelovnebis arsi da daniSnuleba
yovelTvis erTi da igive iyo _ adamianis esTetikuri
1 valerian gunia, `krebuli~, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1953 w.,
gv. 82
2
Jurnali `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1915 w., #21
6
moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, mSvenierebis SegrZnebis
unaris ganviTareba da am gziT misi zneobrivi srulyofa.
am mizans emsaxureboda Teatri ukve pirvelyofil
Teatralizebul ritualebSi; antikur samyaroSi, rodesac
Zvel berZnul TeatrSi moRvaweobdnen dramaturgebi _ esqile,
sofokle, evripide da aristofane; Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac
xalxuri Teatris paralelurad aRmocenda saeklesio
Teatris Janrebi _ liturgiuli da naxevrad liturgiuli
drama, misteria, moralite da mirakli; aRorZinebis xanaSi,
italiur niRabTa komedia del artesTan erTad, inglisSi
didi dramaturgi uiliam Seqspiri moRvaweobda, xolo
espaneTSi _ lope de vega; Teatraluri sanaxaobis mizani
da funqcia arc klasicizmis epoqaSi Secvlila, cnobili
frangi dramaturgebis _ pier kornelis, Jan rasinisa da
Jan batist poklen de molieris moRvaweobis periodSi,
arc ganmanaTleblobis xanaSi, romelic frang filosofos
deni didrosa da germanel goThold efraim lesingis
saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli da arc Semdeg, rodesac TavianT
didebul nawarmoebebs qmnidnen germaneli dramaturgebi _
iohan volfgang goeTe da fridrix Sileri, rusi mwerlebi
_ aleqsandre puSkini, aleqsandre griboedovi, nikoloz
gogoli, aleqsandre ostrovski, anton Cexovi; ingliseli
bernard Sou, norvegieli henrik ibseni, frangi Jan anui da
sxvani; gamoCenili msaxiobebi _ tomazo salvini, ernesto
rosi, eleonora duze (italia), benua konstantin kokleni,
fransua Jozef talma, sara bernari (safrangeTi), devid
gariki, elen teri (inglisi); mixeil SCepkini, maria savina,
aleqsandre sumbaTaSvili-iuJini, maria ermolova, vera
komisarJevskaia (ruseTi); reJisorebi _ andre antuani, Jan
vilari, Eervin piskatori, maqs reinhardti, Ggordon kregi,
konstantine stanislavski, vladimer neviroviC-danCenko,
kote marjaniSvili, sandro axmeteli da sxvani.
yovelive es, rasakvirvelia, TeatriT dainteresebulma
adamianma unda icodes. magram Tqven, bunebrivia, qarTuli
Teatris ambavi ufro gainteresebT.
qarTuli saTeatro xelovneba Zalian didi xnis win

7
aRmocenda xalxur sanaxaobaTa wiaRSi. isini Ria cis qveS
imarTeboda da dakavSirebuli iyo kerpTayvanismcemlur
ritualur dResaswaulebTan, nayofierebis, meRvineobis,
mTvarisa da cecxlis RvTaebebs eZRvneboda. uZvelesi
Teatraluri nageboba, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia kldovan
qalaq ufliscixeSia (Zveli welTaRricxvis III-II sauk.)
gamokveTili. im drois qarTuli Teatri xalxuri iyo.
cnobilia misi ori saxeoba _ berikaoba da yeenoba.
berikaoba _ qarTuli xalxuri improvizaciuli niRbebis
Teatri. berikebis Semoqmedebas safuZvlad edo mraval
TaobaTa mier Seqmnili 100-ze meti sqema-scenari. berikaoba
atarebda batonymobis sawinaaRmdego xasiaTs. masSi uxvad iyo
sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis satiruli scenebi. es dResaswauli
imarTeboda iseT adgilas, romelic bunebriv amfiTeatrs
warmoadgenda. yvela rols kacebi asrulebdnen. sanaxaobaSi
CarTuli iyo instrumentuli musika da simRera.
berika _ berikaobis msaxiobi. ZiriTadad glexebi da
xelosnebi iyvnen.
yeenoba _ didi saxalxo sanaxaoba-msvleloba, masobrivi
sakarnavalo saxalxo dResaswauli. igi asaxavda qarTvelTa
brZolas ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg da Semdegi
scenebisgan Sedgeboda: mtris Semoseva, Zaladoba, ajanyeba,
mterze gamarjveba, mtris yeenis dasja (yeeni monRolurad
mefes, saxelmwifos meTaurs niSnavs), gamarjvebis zeimi.
yeenobas Tan axlda masobrivi msvleloba, cekva-simRera.
ganviTarebuli feodalizmis epoqaSi didi mniSvneloba
SeiZina samefo karis Teatrma ,,saxiobam~. aq idgmeboda
msaxiobebis mier dialogis formiT Sesrulebuli poeturi
nawarmoebebi, satiruli scenebi _ basroba, sasiyvarulo
siuJetebi. Tu berikaobis msaxiobebi, garkveuli scenis
gansaxierebisas, dialogis teqsts TamaSis procesSi
Txzavdnen (sityvieri improvizacia), saxiobisaTvis gabaasebis
dialogizirebuli teqstebi sagangebod iwereboda (,,vard-
bulbuliani,~ ,,rusTavelisa da Teimurazis gabaaseba,~
,,adamianisa da sikvdilis gabaaseba,~ ,,ubnoba mkvdarTa~ da
sxva). am Teatris msaxiobebi mocekvaveebi da momRerlebic

8
iyvnen. maT SemoqmedebaSi gaerTianebuli iyo deklamacia
(mxatvruli kiTxva), simRera, cekva, akrobatika, Jonglioroba.
msaxiobebi niRbebs xmarobdnen. isini gamodiodnen rogorc
maTTvis sagangebod aSenebul SenobaSi (saxli saTamaSoi),
aseve ipodromebze zeimebis dros. erekle meoris karis
Teatrs xelmZRvanelobda msaxiobi, fsevdonimiT maCabela,
romlis dasi mTlianad daiRupa 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanis
Semosevis dros. arsebobs varaudi, rom lado asaTianis
cnobil leqs ,,salaRobos~ striqonebSi: ,,daukariT
Zveleburi Sadiani, ficxel omSi rom mReroda maCabeli,~
swored maCabela igulisxmeba.
1850 wlis 14 ianvars Tbilisis vaJTa gimnaziis
(axlandeli I saSualo skolis) saaqto darbazSi, cnobilma
dramaturgma da sazogado moRvawem, giorgi erisTavma, mis
mier Sekrebili da momzadebuli scenismoyvare axalgazrdaTa
ZalebiT warmoadgina sakuTari komedia ,,gayra.~ es TariRi
miCneulia qarTuli Teatris dRed. magram am Teatrma
mxolod 6 sezoni iarseba. g.erisTavi qarTuli kritikuli
realizmis fuZemdebeli iyo. igi mis Tanadroul qarTul
sinamdviles asaxavda rac SeiZleba marTlad da kritikulad.
im droisaTvis ukve ruseTis koloniad qceuli saqarTvelos
xelisuflebas sruliadac ar siamovnebda qarTuli sityvisa
da Cveni qveynisTvis mtkivneuli problemebis Tamami
ametyveleba scenaze, mravali mayureblis winaSe. amitomac
man aranairad ar Seuwyo xeli g.erisTavis Teatris muSaobas
da igi daixura 1856 wels.
1856-1879 wlebSi saqarTveloSi profesiuli dramatuli
Teatri ar arsebobda. 1851 wels gaixsna saopero Teatri.
warmodgenebs marTavda italiuri opera, rusuli
sabaleto da dramatuli Teatrebi. imarTeboda agreTve
qarTvel scenismoyvareTa warmodgenebi, mxatvruli kiTxvis
saRamoebi literaturul salonebSi da cocxali suraTebi
_ sanaxaoba, romelic plastikurad, gayinuli mizanscenis
saxiT gamoxatavda adamianTa cxovrebis erT romelime
moments. igi utyvi da umoZrao iyo. qarTuli inteligenciis
warmomadgenlebi cocxal suraTebad warmoadgendnen

9
iohan volfgang goeTes ,,faustis,~ bomarSes ,,figaros
qorwinebis~ scenebs. uiliam Seqspiris ,,mefe liris~ cocxal
suraTebSi ilia WavWavaZe monawileobda. ,,vefxistyaosanic~
iyo warmodgenili cocxal suraTebad 1881 wels. isini
Caixata im xanad saqarTveloSi myofma ungrelma mxatvarma
mixai ziCim da safuZvlad daudo ,,vefxistyaosnis~ erT-
erTi cnobili gamocemis ilustraciebs.
1879 wels, sasaxlis quCaze (axlandeli rusTavelis
gamziri) mdebare qarvaslis Teatrad gadakeTebul nawilSi
Sedga ganaxlebuli, aRdgenili, mudmivmoqmedi qarTuli
profesiuli Teatris pirveli warmodgena. iTamaSes
ramdenime vodevili. am dRidan qarTuli Teatris moRvaweoba
uwyvetia. mis SeqmnaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen im drois
gamoCenili moRvaweni: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli,
dimitri yifiani, daviT erisTavi, avqsenti cagareli, ivane
maCabeli, iakob gogebaSvili, daviT kldiaSvili; msaxiobebi
_ vaso abaSiZe, mariam safarovi-abaSiZisa, nato gabunia,
lado mesxiSvili, valerian gunia, aleqsandre imedaSvili
da sxvebi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTul TeatrSi
aqtiurad moRvaweobda profesional reJisorTa mTeli
Taoba _ aleqsandre wuwunava, valerian SalikaSvili,
mixeil qoreli, akaki faRava. maTma Semoqmedebam mtkice
safuZveli Seuqmna 1922 wlidan kote marjaniSvilis
mier ganxorcielebul SemoqmedebiT gardaqmnebs, WeSmarit
Teatralur reformas.
1922 wels saqarTveloSi Camodis reJisori kote
marjaniSvili, romelic manamde sakmaod didxans moRvaweobda
ruseTsa da ukrainaSi. igi evropuli orientaciis
reJisori iyo, romelSic Zalumad feTqavda qarTuli suli,
erovnuli temperamenti. rusTavelis TeatrSi man dadga
lope de vegas ,,cxvris wyaro~, zurab antonovis ,,mzis
dabneleba saqarTveloSi~, giorgi erisTavis ,,gayra~, uiliam
Seqspiris ,,hamleti~ da sxva. moizida TeatrSi axalgazrda
dramaturgTa (polikarpe kakabaZe, demna Sengelaia, karlo
kalaZe), mxatvarTa (petre ocxeli, daviT kakabaZe, elene
axvlediani, irakli gamrekeli) da msaxiobTa (uSangi CxeiZe,

10
veriko anjafariZe, akaki vasaZe, akaki xorava, Tamar WavWavaZe,
Salva RambaSiZe, giorgi SavguliZe, sesilia TayaiSvili,
vaso goZiaSvili, sergo zaqariaZe) didi jgufi.
1926 wels k.marjaniSvilma datova rusTavelis Teatri,
romelsac saTaveSi Caudga meore didi qarTveli reJisori
sandro axmeteli. 1928 wels marjaniSvilma quTaisSi Seqmna
quTais-baTumis Teatri, romelic 1930 wels TbilisSi
gadmovida, xolo 1933 wels (marjaniSvilis gardacvalebis
Semdeg), mas kote marjaniSvilis saxeli mieniWa. am TeatrSi
didi reJisoris mier dadgmuli speqtaklebidan aRsaniSnavia:
ernst toleris ,,hopla, Cven vcocxlobT!~, Salva dadianis
,,kakal gulSi~, polikarpe kakabaZis ,,yvaryvare TuTaberi~,
karl guckovis ,,uriel akosta~, uiliam Seqspiris ,,otelo~
da sxva.
XX sauakunis 30-ian wlebSi araCveulebrivad
viTardeba sandro axmetelis Semoqmedeba rusTavelis
TeatrSi. igi umTavresad akaki xoravas, akaki vasaZisa da
Tamar wulukiZis aqtiorul Zalebs efuZneba. s.axmetelis
saukeTeso speqtaklebia: anatoli glebovis ,,zagmuki,~
boris lavreniovis ,,rRveva~, sandro SanSiaSvilis ,,anzori~,
grigol robaqiZis ,,lamara~, fridrix Sileris ,,yaCaRebi~
da sxva. s.axmeteli daxvrites 1937 wels.
XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi nayofierad
moRvaweobs reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili (iulius fuCikis
,,adamianebo, iyaviT fxizlad!~, jon fletCeris ,,espaneli
mRvdeli~, giorgi naxucriSvilis ,,WinWraqa~, pavel
kohoutis ,,roca aseTi siyvarulia~, Jan anuis ,,antigone~
rusTavelis TeatrSi; molieris ,,don-Juani~, daviT
kldiaSvilis ,,bakulas Rorebi~,uiliam Seqspiris ,,zafxulis
Ramis sizmari~, TornTon uailderis ,,Cveni patara qalaqi~
_ kinomsaxiobTa TeაtrSi), 60-iani wlebidan ki robert
sturua (artur mileris ,,seilemis procesi~, avqsenti
cagarelis ,,xanuma~, daviT kldiaSvilis ,,samaniSvilis
dedinacvali~ Temur CxeiZesTan erTad, polikarpe kakabaZis
,,yvaryvare~, bertolt brextis ,,kavkasiuri carcis wre~,
uiliam Seqspiris ,,riCard III~, ,,mefe liri~, ,,meTormete

11
Rame~ da sxva rusTavelis TeatrSi) da Temur CxeiZe (Salva
dadianis ,,guSindelni~, federiko garsia lorkas ,,bernarda
albas saxli“ rusTavelis TeatrSi; leo qiaCelis ,,haki
aZba~, uiliam Seqxpiris ,,otelo~, mixeil javaxiSvilis
,,jayos xiznebi~, fedor dostoevskis ,,maradi qmari~, august
strindbergis ,,mama~, iasmina rizas ,,art-xelovneba~ da sxva
marjaniSvilis TeatrSi). am reJisorebma farTod gauTqves
saxeli qarTul Teatrs sazRvargareTac. qarTuli Teatris
istoria warmoudgenelia XX saukunis II naxevris iseTi
TvalsaCino reJisorebis gareSe, rogorebic arian: dimitri
aleqsiZe, vasilYyuSitaSvili, vaxtang tabliaSvili, arCil
CxartiSvili, lili ioseliani, giga lorTqifaniZe, Salva
gawerelia, gizo Jordania, medea kuWuxiZe da sxvebi.
Teatri mudmivad icvlis saxes, gamovlenis formebs,
gamomsaxvel saSualebebs, magram aris raRac, rac yovelTvis
axasiaTebda nebismieri droisa da qveynis sasceno xelovnebas.
warmodgenis safuZveli mudam literaturuli nawarmoebia,
igi garkveul adgilze (scenaze) gaTamaSdeba cocxal
adamianTa (msaxiobTa) mier. es procesi droSi iSleba da
mayurebelTan cocxal kontaqtSi xorcieldeba.
Teatri ansambluri, koleqtiuri xelovnebaa. speqtaklis
SeqmnaSi sxvadasxva profesiis mravali adamiani monawileobs:
mwerali, reJisori, mxatvari, kompozitori, qoreografi,
msaxiobebi da mayurebeli; agreTve _ bevri teqnikuri
muSaki. isini qmnian Teatralur warmodgenas, romelic
nivTieri saxiT ar rCeba. Cven dResac SegviZlia wavikiTxoT
nikoloz baraTaSvilis ,,merani~ an iakob curtavelis
,,SuSanikis wameba~, vixiloT sveticxovlis taZari; magram
speqtakli mxolod im dros cocxlobs, rodesac mayureblis
Tvalwin mimdinareobs. warmodgenis damTavrebisTanave
sruldeba saTeatro xelovnebis nawarmoebis realuri
arseboba. amis Semdeg igi an mayureblis mexsierebaSi
arsebobs, an TanamedroveTa mogonebebSi. marTalia, dRes
speqtakli fiqsirdeba kino an video firze, amitomac
SesaZlebelia misi naxva kino an teleekranze. magram am
SemTxvevaSi misi zemoqmedebis efeqti ar SeiZleba Zlieri

12
iyos, radgan am dros gamoricxulia cocxali kontaqti
mayurebelTan _ Teatraluri xelovnebis erT-erTi arsebiTi
niSandoblioba.
Teatraluri xelovnebis arsi mravalgvari formiT
vlindeba sxvadasxva saxis TeatrSi. esaa dramatuli,
musikaluri (opera, baleti, opereta, miuzikli),
pantomimis, mimodramis, mozard mayurebelTa, sabavSvo,
Tojinebis, marionetebis, Crdilebis, TiTebis da sxva
Teatrebi. nebismieri Teatri mudam mravali adamianis _
dramaturgis, reJisoris, msaxiobebis, Teatris mxatvris,
kompozitorisa da qoreografis erToblivi moRvaweobis
sinTezia. Teatraluri xelovneba ansambluri xelovnebaa.
igi aucileblad mayureblis Tvalwin mimdinareobs. iyo
dro, rodesac speqtakls profesionali reJisori ar
dgamda, mas arc mxatvari hyavda, arc kompozitori da
arc qoreografi. magram arasodes yofila Teatri mwerlis,
msaxiobisa da mayureblis gareSe.
ansambli franguli sityvaa da erTianobas, Tanaxmierebas
niSnavs. es termini musikalur saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
ixmareba, rodesac kompozitoris nawarmoebs ramdenime,
zogjer ki _ mravali adamiani asrulebs.
rac Seexeba Teatralur ansambls, es aris, erTi
mxriv, speqtaklis yvela komponentis (dekoracia,
kostiumi, mizanscena, ganaTeba, musika, qoreografia da
a.S.) urTierTSerwyma da, meore mxriv, msaxiobTa TamaSis
urTierTSeTanxmebuloba. am ori mxaris erTianoba badebs
Teatralur qmnilebas _ speqtakls. speqtakli franguli
sityvaa da sanaxaobas niSnavs. SevecadoT, Tvali gavadevnoT
Teatraluri warmodgenis Seqmnis process, igi piesis
arCeviT iwyeba. am literaturul nawarmoebs dramaturgi
qmnis.
dramaturgi _ mwerali, romelic wers piesebs
TeatrisaTvis. dramaturgia literaturuli Semoqmedebis
erT-erTi sferoa. amave terminiT aRniSnaven agreTve
garkveuli epoqis an erovnebis adamianTa mier Seqmnili
piesebis erTobliobas: daviT kldiaSvilis dramaturgia,

13
antikuri dramaturgia, Tanamedrove qarTuli dramaturgia
da a.S. piesa, romanis, leqsisa Tu moTxrobis msgavsad,
SeiZleba wakiTxul iqnas. magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, igi,
upirveles yovlisa, scenaze dasadgmelad iwereba. amitom
misi upirvelesi adresati mayurebelia da ara mkiTxveli.
dramaturgiuli nawarmoebi sxvadasxva Janrs SeiZleba
miekuTvnebodes.
Janri franguli sityvaa da niSnavs xelovnebis
nawarmoebTa saxeobas. Janri aerTianebs nawarmoebTa jgufs,
romlebsac saerTo poeturi struqtura aqvT. dramaturgiis
ZiriTadi Janrebia tragedia, drama, komedia; Tavis mxriv,
isinic qvejgufebad iyofa _ vodevili, satiruli drama,
tragikomedia da a.S.
drama berZnuli sityvaa da moqmedebas niSnavs. es aris
dialogis formiT dawerili literaturuli nawarmoebi.
dramis arsi vlindeba sxvadasxva miswrafebis mqone
adamianTa SejaxebebSi, im Sinagan winaaRmdegobebSi, romlebic
aRmocendeba adamianis cnobierebaSi rTul cxovrebiseul
viTarebaTa winaSe. drama asaxavs sinamdviles moqmedebisa
da sityvieri dialogis meSveobiT, romlebsac msaxiobebi
gaiTamaSeben scenaze. klasikur dramebadaa miCneuli henrik
ibsenis, Ggerhardt hauptmanis, anton Cexovisa da sxva
gamoCenil dramaturgTa nawarmoebebi.
melodrama _ dramis nairsaxeoba mZafri intrigiTa da
gamokveTili sasiyvarulo siuJetiT. klasikur melodramad
iTvleba aleqsandre diuma-vaJis ,,qali kameliebiT~.
komedia _ dramaturgiis erT-erTi Janri, romelSic
situaciebi da xasiaTebi mayureblis sicils iwveven.
metad mravalferovania komediis Janruli saxesxvaoba _
vodevilidan, farsidan, satirul Tu groteskul komediamde.
swored komediis Janrs ganekuTvneba iseTi, erTi SexedviT,
gansxvavebuli nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa _ molieris
,,gaaznaurebuli mdabio~, uiliam Seqspiris ,,Wirveulis
morjuleba~, karlo goldonis ,,ori batonis msaxuri~,
daviT kldiaSvilis ,,darispanis gasaWiri~ da sxva.
vodevili franguli sityvaa. es aris msubuqi komediuri

14
Janris piesa, romelic agebulia CaxlarTul, amave dros,
gasarTob, TavSesaqcev intrigaze, anekdotur siuJetze. igi
Sexamebulia musikasTan, sasimRero kupletebTan, cekvasTan.
vodevili umTavresad erTaqtiania. Teatraluri sanaxaobis
es saxeoba pirvelad safrangeTSi gaCnda da mayureblis
iseTi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia, rom 1792 wels parizSi
specialuri Teatri ,,vodevili~ gaCnda.
saqarTveloSic udidesi warmatebiT idgmeboda
originaluri Tu ucxouridan gadmokeTebuli vodevilebi
ukve XIX saukunis II naxevarSi. am Janris ayvaveba CvenSi
dakavSirebulia didebul mweralTa saxelebTan. akaki
wereTlis ,,kinto~ da ,,repeticiaze~, giorgi erisTavis
,,Zunwi~, avqsenti cagarelis ,,xanuma~, rafiel erisTavis
,,biZiasTan gamoxumreba~, romlebic amSvenebdnen qarTul
scenas, vaso abaSiZis, nato gabunias, mako safarovis da
sxva SesaniSnav msaxiobTa monawileobiT, tols ar udeben
rusuli vodevilis klasikur nimuSebad miCneul anton
Cexovis ,,daTvsa~ da ,,xelis Txovnas~.
tragedia (berZ. _ 1.Txa, romelsac msxverplad swiravdnen
Teatris RmerT dionises; 2. simRera) _ dramatuli nawarmoebi,
romelic asaxavs samwuxaro da pirquS movlenebs. tragediis
safuZvelia Seurigebel ZalTa konfliqti, romelsac
gmiris aucilebeli daRupvisaken mivyavarT. tragediis
moqmedeba exeba mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul sakiTxebs,
romelTa gadawyvetazec aris damokidebuli calkeuli
adamianis, adamianTa jgufis, xalxis an saxelmwifos bedi.
tragediaSi aisaxeba iseTi cxovrebiseuli momentebi,
rodesac momwifebuli winaaRmdegobebi umaRles simZafres
aRweven da iseT konfliqtSi gadaizrdebian, romelSic gmiri
iZulebulia, mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiRos, airCios
garkveuli gza da miznis miRwevis saSualebebi. tragediis
gmirebi jiqur miiswrafvian TavianTi miznisaken. maTTvis
dauSvebelia kompromisi. isini Zlieri vnebebiT, dauokebeli
survilebiTa da mtkice mrwamsiT cxovroben. tragedia
iseT movlenebs asaxavs, rodesac cxovrebis normaluri
dineba darRveulia. igi gviCvenebs ara Cveulebrivs, aramed

15
_ gansakuTrebuls. tragediis gmiris qcevas sxvadasxva
mizezi SeiZleba warmarTavdes _ dagmobili samarTlianobis
aRdgenis survili (,,hamleti~), siyvaruli (,,romeo da
julieta~), eWvianoba (,,otelo~), Zalauflebismoyvareoba
(,,riCard III~) da sxva. tragediaSi mudam aRmocendeba
konfliqti siyvarulsa da movaleobas, pirad survilsa
da zneobriv princips, sakuTar mizansa da sazogadoebis
moTxovnas Soris. tragediaSi dgeba sakiTxi cxovrebis azris,
adamianur faseulobaTa, mis mier Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi
da moraluri normebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. tragedia
gvaCvenebs, raoden didebuli da mSvenieria adamiani tanjvis
wuTebSi da rogor aRwevs igi tanjvis gziT sulier
ganwmendas anu kaTarziss.
dramatuli Teatris scenaze, piesebTan erTad,
inscenirebebic idgmeba.
inscenireba _ TxrobiTi xasiaTis nawarmoebis
(prozaulis an poeturis) gadamuSaveba TeatrisaTvis. mas
aqvs piesis forma. inscenireba SeiZleba Seqmnas TviT avtorma.
zogjer inscenirebis avtori sxva mweralicaa. ukanasknel
xanebSi inscenirebas TviT damdgmeli reJisorebi qmnian.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mwerali sakuTari prozauli
nawarmoebis safuZvelze damoukidebel piesas wers, cnobilma
rusma mweralma mixeil bulgakovma Seqmna Cinebuli romani
,,TeTri gvardia~. Semdeg ki _ analogiuri siuJetis mqone
didebuli piesa ,,turbinTa dReebi~ moskovis samxatvro
TeatrisaTvis.
cxadia, inscenirebis procesSi literaturul
pirvelwyaros raRac akldeba. Tundac is, rom inscenirebaSi
ar aris avtoriseuli TxrobiTi teqsti, romelSic,
Cveulebriv, aRwerilia personaJTa saqcielebi, maTi
urTierTdamokidebuleba, fiqri da gancdebi. yovelive amas
inscenirebis avtorma, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, dialogis
forma unda misces. garda amisa, inscenirebaSi ver gadava
didi prozauli nawarmoebis yvela personaJi. miuxedavad
amisa, inscenirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs Teatris
cxovrebaSi, misi repertuaris gamravalferovnebaSi.

16
rogor gaRaribdeboda qarTuli Teatri, mis scenaze rom
ar dadgmuliyo ilia WavWavaZis ,,kacia-adamiani?!~, iakob
curtavelis ,,SuSanikis wameba~, aleqsandre yazbegis
,,moZRvari~, leo qiaCelis ,,haki aZba~, mixeil javaxiSvilis
,,jayos xiznebi~ da mravali sxva. am konteqstSi repertuari
vaxseneT.
repertuari franguli sityvaa. es aris im dramatul Tu
musikalur nawarmoebTa erToblioba, romlebic sruldeba
TeatrSi Tu estradaze. agreTve rolebis jgufi, romlebsac
msaxiobi asrulebs. Teatris repertuari yovelTvis
gamoxatavs mis ideur-mxatvrul pozicias. arsebobs
Tanamedrove, klasikuri, erovnuli da a.S. repertuari.
axla vnaxoT, ra nawilebisgan Sedgeba piesa: pirvel
gverdze mudam aRniSnulia avtoris gvari, nawarmoebis
saTauri, misi Janri da moqmedebaTa raodenoba. amas mosdevs
moqmed pirTa CamoTvla, zogjer maTi mokle daxasiaTebiT.
piesis es gverdi amgvarad gamoiyureba.

daviT kldiaSvili

irines bedniereba
suraTi soflis cxovrebidan or moqmedebad

moqmedni pirni:
samson salamTaZe, SeZlebuli memamule
eka, coli amisi
abesalo, Svili amisi, 28 wlis
filipe barbaqaZe
irine, misi qaliSvili
viqtori, ymawvili 28-30 wlis
pavle rodamiSvili, 25-28 wlis
solomon, naTesavi irinesi
sograt
nestor } amxanagebi abesalosi
nikoia, biWi

17
 stumrebi: ymawvili kacebi da qalebi.
piesis umTavresi Semadgeneli nawilia aqti. igi
laTinuri sityvaa da qmedebas niSnavs. aqti aris dramatuli
nawarmoebis an Teatraluri warmodgenis dasrulebuli
nawili. TeatrSi aqtebs Soris, Cveulebriv, Sesvenebaa
xolme _ antraqti. Zvel berZnul TeatrSi moqmedeba
uwyvetad mimdinareobda. warmodgena 5 moqmedebad pirvelad
Zvel romaul TeatrSi daiyo. Semdeg amgvarma dayofam
aRorZinebis xanisa da klasicistur evropul TeatrSic
gadmoinacvla. Tanamedrove dramaturgia umTavresad erT,
or an sammoqmedebiania. aRmosavluri _ Cinuri, induri,
iaponuri Teatris warmodgena aTeul aqtad iyofa. aqti anu
moqmedeba kidev ufro mcire monakveTebad ganiyofeba. esaa
movlena, epizodi, scena, suraTi.
suraTi (dramaSi, operaSi, baletSi) _ aqtis
dasrulebuli nawili. suraTebi erTmaneTisagan gamoiyofa
ara antraqtebiT, aramed xanmokle SesvenebebiT, romelTa
drosac darbazSi sinaTle ar inTeba, mayurebeli adgilze
rCeba, scenaze SeiZleba farda CamoeSvas da dekoracia
Seacvalos.
movlena (piesaSi, speqtaklSi) _ aqtis nawili, romelSic
raRac cvlileba xdeba moqmed pirTa SemadgenlobaSi
(Semosvla, gasvla). yoveli movlena ganpirobebulia piesis
fabuliT, moqmedebis ganviTarebis logikiT. suraTi da
movlena, Tavis mxriv, epizodebad iyofa.
epizodi (berZnulad _ gamoCena) _ dramatuli
nawarmoebis damoukidebeli, dasrulebuli scena,
romelic dakavSirebulia mis ZiriTad TemasTan. piesa
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul
epizodTa jaWvi. rogorc wers aristotele: ,,movlenaTa
Tanmimdevruli msvlelobis gziT ubedurebა SeiZleba
bednierebaSi gadaizardos, anda, piriqiT, bedniereba
ubedurebaSi~.1
epizodebi saerTo siuJeturi xerxemliT arian
gaerTianebulni. misi umTavresi sayrdenia intriga.
1
aristotele, `poetika~, J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1976 w., #12, gv 123

18
intriga frangulad xlarTvas niSnavs. es aris dramatuli
qmedebis agebis xerxi rTul peripetiaTa, TavgadasavalTa
meSveobiT. peripetia (berZnuli peripeteia) _ uecari
cvlileba, moulodneli garTuleba visime cxovrebaSi, rame
mdgomareobaSi da sxva. intrigas an erTi romelime personaJi
xlarTavs Segnebulad (Seqspiris tragedia ,,otelos~
personaJi iago, ganzrax, mizanmimarTulad angrevs otelos
bednierebas); an intriga SeiZleba aRmocendes viTarebaTa
SemTxveviTi Tanxvedris gamo (Seqspiris tragediis
personaJebi romeo da julieta SemTxveviT Sexvdnen
mejlisze, SeuyvardaT erTmaneTi, magram Semdeg gamoirkva,
rom isini mosisxle mterTa Svilebi arian). intrigis
saSualebiT dramaturgi aRwevs moqmedebis gansakuTrebul
daZabulobas, daainteresebs mayurebels misi ganviTarebiT.
intriga piesis siuJeturi RerZia.
Tavis wignSi ,,dramaturgia~ Teatrmcodne v.volkenSteini
amgvarad ganmartavs siuJetsa da fabulas: ,,siuJeti
nawarmoebis dedaazris, misi mTavari Temis konkretuli
gamoxatulebaa. ,,makbetis~ mTavari Tema pativmoyvareobaa,
,,romeo da julietasi~ _ siyvaruli. ,,makbetis~ siuJeti:
makbeti Zalauflebisken miiswrafvis da am miznis misaRwevad
mraval danaSauls sCadis. ,,romeosa da julietas~ siuJeti:
romeos da julietas uyvarT erTmaneTi, montegebi da
kapuletebi maT siyvaruls xels uSlian. siuJeti dramatuli
orTabrZolis ZiriTad xazs gansazRvravs.
fabula _ siuJetis ageba da ganviTareba, umTavres
viTarebaTa sistema da umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa
Tanmimdevroba, romlebic dramatul orTabrZolas
gansazRvraven~.1 e. i. fabula aris nawarmoebis mTavari
Temis, misi dedaazrisa da siuJetis gamoxatva konkretul
movlenaTa Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis gziT.
piesis didi monakveTebi kidev ufro mcire Semadgenel
nawilebad iyofa. yoveli maTgani cal-calke da yvela
erTad qmnis garkveuli ideiT gamsWvalul, konkretuli
1
В.Волькенштеин, «Драматургия» изд. «Искусство» Москва-Ленинград,
1937г., стр.59-60

19
siuJeturi RerZis mqone dramatul nawarmoebs. misi erT-
erTi umTavresi komponentia dialogi (berZnulad saubari)
_ dramatuli metyvelebis ZiriTadi da umniSvnelovanesi
forma, romelic cxovrebiseuli dialogis mxatvrul
saxes warmoadgens. dramatuli dialogis ganmavlobaSi
yoveli mosaubre cdilobs daumorCilos meore Tavis nebas,
Seagnebinos, gaagebinos, daarwmunos, qceva Seacvlevinos.
cxovrebiseulsa da scenur dialogs Soris is gansxvavebaa,
rom dramaturgis mier gadmocemuli ori an meti moqmedi
piris saubari maT Soris aRmocenebul konfliqts efuZneba.
amitomac dramatuli dialogi yovelTvis qmediTi unda iyos,
igi mudam garkveul moqmedebas, ufro sworad, sityvier
zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs.
dramatuli dialogi replikebisgan aigeba.
replika _ scenuri dialogis elementi, fraza, romelsac
msaxiobi warmoTqvams partnioris sityvis sapasuxod. piesa
replikebisagan Sedgenili dialogebis uwyveti jaWvia,sadac
yvela replika winamdebaredan gamomdinareobs. replikas
uwodeben agreTve personaJis frazas an mis bolo nawils,
romelsac mosdevs meore moqmedi piris teqsti. amas garda,
replika SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod partnioris bolo
sityvebi, aramed romelime personaJis scenaze Semosvla-
gasvla, musikis aJRereba, sinaTlis cvla da a.S. am
termins amgvari mniSvnelobiT msaxiobebi xmaroben TavianT
yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi.
dialogis garda, dramaturgia monologsac iyenebs.
monologi berZnuli sityvaa da erTi adamianis saubars
niSnavs. piesaSi es aris erTi moqmedi piris vrceli
mimarTva meorisadmi, an personaJTa jgufisadmi, an sakuTari
Tavisadmi; gmiris xmamaRali gansja im momentSi, rodesac
igi marto rCeba. zogjer personaJi uSualod mimarTavs
mayurebels. amgvar mimarTvas apartes uwodeben (frangulad
_ ganze) _ darbazisken mimarTuli monologebi an replikebi
(igulisxmeba, rom scenaze myofT isini ar esmiT). aparte
farTod gamoiyeneboda antikur tragediaSi moqmed pirTa
azrebis, grZnobebisa da ganzraxvaTa axsnisaTvis. aqedan

20
gadmovida igi klasikur dramaSi: apartes daxmarebiT
avtori uxsnida mayurebels scenaze momxdar movlenebs,
maT mimarT sakuTar damokidebulebas gamoxatavda. apartes
replikebi farTod gamoiyeneboda jer kidev XIX saukuneSi
(nikoloz gogolis ,,revizori~, aleqsandre griboedovis
,,vai Wkuisagan~ da sxva). apartes xerxiT Tanamedrove
Teatric xSirad sargeblobs, gansakuTrebiT inscenirebis
dadgmisas, romelsac avtoris TxrobiTi teqsti axlavs _
daviT kldiaSvilis ,,samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ (rusTavelis
TeatrSi), mixeil javaxiSvilis ,,jayos xiznebi~, leo
qiaCelis ,,haki aZba~ (marjaniSvilis TeatrSi) da sxva. apartes
xerxi klasikur piesaSic SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli. amis
naTeli magaliTia iagos monologebi Seqspiris ,,otelodan~
da wamyvanis mTeli roli didi iaponeli dramaturgis,
monZaemon Cikamacus piesidan ,,SeyvarebulTa TviTmkvleloba
ciur badeTa kunZulze~.
magram davubrundeT monologs. igi SesaZleblobas
aZlevs Semsrulebels, gamoavlinos personaJis sulieri
cxovreba, misi msoflmxedvelobrivi winaaRmdegobrioba,
xasiaTis sirTule (uiliam Seqspiris ,,hamleti,~ aleqsandre
puSkinis ,,boris godunovi~); xSirad monologi moqmedebis
kulminaciacaa (laurensias monologi espaneli dramaturgis,
lope de vegas piesidan ,,cxvris wyaro~). zogjer monologis
formaSi mJRavndeba sxvadasxva ZalTa, principTa, xasiaTTa
brZola (brutosisa da antoniosis monologebi uiliam
Seqspiris ,,iulius keisridan~). TiTqmis yvela saxeobis
monologi gvxvdeba SeqspirTan. man didi mniSvneloba
SeiZina didi dramaturgis SemoqmedebaSi. igi xan gmiris
Sinagani bunebis arss gamoxatavs (hamletis e.w. ,,yofna-
aryofnis~ monologi), zogjer monologis saxiT gmiri
Tavisi cxovrebis ambavs mouTxrobs doJTa palatas da amiT
sakuTar simarTleSi mis darwmunebas cdilobs (otelo) an
amcnobs mayurebels imas, Tu ras moimoqmedebs, Tan Tavisi
momavali avazakobis gamarTlebas cdilobs sakuTar TavTan
(iago).
antikur tragediaSi monologs wamyvani funqcia

21
ekisreboda. aRorZinebis xanis, klasicistur da romantikul
tragediaSi Tanasworobis principiT ,,Tanaarsebobdnen~
monologi da dialogi. komediasa da realistur dramaSi,
cxadia, dialogi dominirebs. igi devnis monologs
Tanamedrove TeatrSic. Tumca arsebobs Zlieri monologebi
dRes daweril piesebSic.
monologi, umTavresad, sakuTar TavTan saubaria. misi
warmoTqmis moTxovnileba mudam maSin Cndeba, rodesac
personaJs raRac gadawyvetileba aqvs misaRebi, rodesac mis
sulSi erTmaneTs urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebi ebrZvian.
gmiris arsebaSi momwifebuli saTqmeli aucileblad
sityvieri qmedebis formiT unda gamovlindes da mJRavndeba
kidec monologis saxiT.
didi reJisorebi _ konstantine stanislavski da
vladimer nemiroviC-danCenko moiTxovdnen scenuri qmedebisa
da personaJis cxovrebis uwyvetobas. maT Semoitanes e.w.
Sinagani monologis cneba, anu raze fiqrobs, ras ganicdis
moqmedi piri, oRond ise, rom sityvierad xmamaRla ar
warmoTqvams. Sinagani monologis klasikuri nimuSia cnobili
rusi msaxiobis, evgeni lebedevis wigni ,,Cemi bessemenovi~,
romelSic araCveulebrivi sizustiTaa gadmocemuli maqsim
gorkis piesis ,,mdabioni~ mTavari gmiris _ vasili bessemenovis
mTeli daZabuli Sinagani cxovreba sityvis warmoTqmis
momentamde da mas Semdeg. anu is sulieri cxovreba,
romelzec bessemenovi scenaze arafers ambobs, magram igi
misi qcevisa Tu ametyvelebis impulss warmoadgens. swored
is badebs personaJis mier warmoTqmul sityvas. amgvari
nawarmoebi qarTul Teatralur literaturaSic moipoveba.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs cnobili msaxiobis, zina kverenCxilaZis
wigni ,,Cemi antigone,~ romelSic avtori agviwers UJan
anuis piesaze muSaobis process rusTavelis TeatrSi
reJisor mixeil TumaniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, antigones
scenuri saxis Seqmnis sxvadasxva etaps, am personaJis
Sinagani monologebis TanxlebiT.
personaJi (frangulad _ pirovneba) _ piesis, romanis,
scenaris da sxva mxatvruli nawarmoebis moqmedi piri.

22
 piesis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia roli _
1. dramaturgis mier piesaSi Seqmnili literaturuli saxe,
romelsac scenaze msaxiobi asaxierebs. arsebobs komediuri
(avqsenti cagarelis xanuma), tragikuli (uiliam Seqspiris
hamleti), tragi-komikuri (daviT kldiaSvilis platon
samaniSvili) da sxvagvari rolebi. asxvaveben agreTve
pirvel (mTavar) da meorexarisxovan rolebs; usityvos
an 2-3 frazians, epizodurs _ rodesac moqmedi piri erT
epizodSi monawileobs. 2. piesis moqmedi piris teqstis
erToblioba. msaxiobma daweril sityvaTa miRma Cadebuli
azri, mizani da survili unda amoikiTxos.
nebismier piesaSi, personaJTa mier warmoTqmuli
sityvebis garda, arsebobs agreTve imis aRwera, Tu ras
akeTeben moqmedi pirebi, ra acviaT, saidan Semodian da a.S.
am miTiTebas remarka ewodeba.
remarka (frang. _ SeniSvna) _ avtoriseuli SeniSvna,
miTiTeba, ganmarteba mkiTxvelisaTvis, damdgmelisa
da msaxiobebisaTvis piesis teqstSi, romelic Seicavs
qmedebis viTarebis mokle daxasiaTebas, gmirTa garegnobis,
metyvelebis manerisa da qcevis TaviseburebaTa aRweras.
remarkas didi mniSvneloba aqvs piesis gagebisaTvis kiTxvis,
gansakuTrebiT ki _ dadgmis dros.
giorgi erisTavi, sakuTar dasSi momuSave gamoucdel,
araprofesional msaxiobebs remarkebSi ara marto scenur
garemos uxatavda, aramed dawvrilebiT miuTiTebda gmiris
yvela saqcielze da mis fizikur gadaadgilebazec ki.
mas xom imis imedi ar hqonda, rom moyvaruli msaxiobi
damoukideblad moereoda rols. amitom yvelanairad
exmareboda mas, remarkebiTac ki. erT magaliTs movitanT
giorgi erisTavis komediidan ,,gayra~, romelic dadgmis
Tavisebur sareJisoro gegmadac SeiZleba miviCnioT:
moqmedeba I
oTaxi gaulesavi, fanjara, qaRald gakruli. cal
gverdzed dgas didi taxti.
gamosvla I. anduyafar.
anduyafar zis taxtze. muTaqa uZevs kalTaSi, oris

23
xeliT aris dabjenili muTaqazed. fiqrobs… oxravs da
iwmends oflsa.
gamosvla III. iginive da ivane.
ivanes wkepla xelSi uWiravs; Semova. gaakeTebs antraSas,
piruets, calfexiT Semotrialdeba. mere miva anduyafarTan;
isini gancvifrebiT uyureben.
ivane _ fuli rom dagWirdebaT, unda exvewneT kakovo
nibud mikirtum gaspariCsa!

gamosvla IV.
ivane _ fu. kakaia nizost!

na, tebe, bolSoi razboinik!

na, tebe, duralei!
gaitaneT, gadayareT. es Cixa-maxoebi TqvenTvis miCuqebia;
Cems saxls nu aCirqianebT, saxli Cemia.
a ti von, isCadie ada!
sruliad gansxvavebulia daviT kldiaSvilis remarkebi.
isini mokle da lakonuria, amasTanave _ Zalze qmediTi da
emociuri. Tvali gavadevnoT piesa ,,ubedurebis~ remarkebs:
,,antonas ezo. marcxniT, isliT daxurul saxlis win,
siRrmeSi didi xe, romlis ZirTan dasajdomi qvebia.
marcxniT yore da wnelis WiSkari, yores gadaRma soflis
gza…ilia … tufia
...…tufia ...…maia
...…natalia ...
natalia ...…amirana ...…maia
...…tufia …
maia
... ezoSi yovelmxridan Semorbian
glexebi, dedakacebi da mamakacebi. zogi saxlSi Sedis, zogi
iqve ezoSi jgufebSia, yvelani gafacicebiT kiTxuloben
,,mokvda, mokvda?~... sefe ... pavlia
... serapion ... saerTo
kivili, orive jgufis Sejaxeba.. serapion
... saerTo yvirili, wivili,

24
Setakeba, joxebiT cema~.
didma rusma dramaturgma anton Cexovma Zalze
mniSvnelovani da metyveli funqcia daakisra remarkas.
a.Cexovis remarka zogjer ufro metyvelia, vidre moqmedi
piris teqsti. rad Rirs Tundac piesa ,,sami dis~ erT-
erTi personaJis, andrei prozorovis sacole nataSas
pirveli Semosvla mwvaneqamrian vardisfer kabaSi. es xom
mis ugemovnebobaze metyvelebs. amgvari remarka, TavisTavad,
bevris mTqmelia, miTumetes, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
momavalSi meSCanuri suliT gaJRenTili nataSa bevr sxva
rameSic gamoavlens Tavis mtaceblur bunebas inteligent
prozorovTa garemocvaSi, rogorc maTi Zmis coli. swored
amas mianiSnebs a. Cexovi Tavidanve Tavisi mokle, magram
tevadi remarkiT. Tumca, sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli,
nataSas swored am feris samosi ecvas. mTavaria, rom raRac
mis garegnobaSi, ugemovnebobaze metyvelebdes. a.Cexovis
,,alublis baRis~ pirvelsave remarkaSi vkiTxulobT:
,,ganTiadia, male mze amova. ukve maisia da alublebi
ayvavebula. Tumca baRSi civa, dilis susxia. Semodis
duniaSa sanTliT da lopaxini wigniT xelSi~. vfiqrob, imis
dadgena, Tu ra wigns kiTxulobda lopaxini dilaadrian (im
dros popularul romans, klasikur nawarmoebs, soflis
meurneobis Sesaxeb daweril naSroms Tu raime sxvas)
metad mniSvnelovania misi pirovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad. es
Taviseburi ,,gasaRebia~ misi personaJis saxis gaxsnisaTvis.
remarka SeiZleba win uZRodes piesis sasaubro teqsts.
aseT SemTxvevaSi igi scenur garemos aRwers. remarka
teqstis SigniTac gvxvdeba, am dros igi, ufro metad,
personaJis Sesvla-gamosvlas da scenaze mis fizikur
gadaadgilebas aRniSnavs, mis saqcielsa da garkveuli
movlenebisadmi damokidebulebas aRwers. remarka SeiZleba
mokle da lakonuri iyos (uiliam Seqspiri), SeiZleba
_ Zalze vrceli (italieli dramaturgi Eeduardo de
filipo).
reJisori, mxatvari, kompozitori Tu msaxiobi sityva-
sityviT TiTqmis arasodes miyvebian remarkas. yoveli maTgani
cdilobs, sakuTari xelovnebis saSualebebiT gamoxatos
25
is Sinaarsi, mxatvruli asociaciebi, romlebsac kargad
mignebuli remarka badebs.
zemoT ganxiluli yvela komponentis erTianoba qmnis
literaturul mxatvrul nawarmoebs _ piesas. riT
gansxvavdeba igi prozauli nawarmoebebis _ moTxrobisa
da romanisgan? dialogi da monologi romanSic aris
da moTxrobaSic, iseve, rogorc moqmed pirTa Soris
damyarebuli rTuli, siRrmivi, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi
kavSirurTierTobani da araerTmniSvnelovani xasiaTebi.
dramaturgic da prozaikosic mxatvruli sityvis ostatebi
arian. romanis personaJebic moqmedeben _ garkveul
saqcielebs sCadian sakuTari xasiaTisa da viTarebaTa
Sesabamisad. magram prozaikosi an mogviTxrobs maT Sesaxeb,
an agviwers maT qmedebas. piesis gmiri ki uSualod sCadis am
saqcielebs. dialogis an monologis teqstis miRma msaxiobma
unda amoikiTxos maT siRrmiv SreebSi Cadebuli qmedeba da
gviCvenos, ra Sinaganma impulsebma ganapirobes esa Tu is
movlena personaJTa cxovrebaSi. amitom dramaturgiuli
konfliqti, romelsac badebs gmirTa urTierTgamomricxveli
miznebi da survilebi, iwvevs moqmed pirTa aqtiur
qmedebas, orTabrZolas. prozisagan gansxvavebiT, piesaSi
Txroba ar aris, mxolod qmedebaa, yvelaferi qmediTia _
sityvac, mdumarebac, grZnobac, azric, yvelaferi qcevaSia
gansxeulebuli.
dramaturgiuli konfliqti iq aRmocendeba, sadac
adamianis grZnobebi da survilebi Seurigebel winaaRmdegobaSi
modian cxovrebiseul viTarebebTan. konfliqti swored maSin
ibadeba, rodesac personaJi Tavisi miznisken miiswrafvis da
am gzaze mis winaSe aRimarTeba xelisSemSleli viTarebani,
winaaRmdegobani. man yovelive es unda gadalaxos. amitom
piesaSi yvela figura aqtiuria, isini Cabmulni arian
konfliqtebSi da sxvadasxva saSualebiT ibrZvian sakuTari
interesebis gansaxorcieleblad. daviT kldiaSvilis piesa
,,darispanis gasaWiris~ mTavari personaJi, aznauri darispan
qarsiZe cdilobs Tavisi qaliSvili karoJna gaaTxovos.
misi naTesavi marTa ki sakuTari naTlulis, natalias

26
daojaxebaze zrunavs. saqmro erTia _ osiko. amitom maTi
orTabrZola, romelic xan dramatul, xan ki komikur
viTarebas qmnis, ganuwyveteli qmedebisaken ubiZgebs gmirebs.
Tu amgvari ram prozaul nawarmoebsac axasiaTebs, es imas
niSnavs, rom misi dadgma SesaZlebelia. piesa ki mTlianad
cocxali qmedebiTaa danaRmuli. didi qarTveli reJisori
sandro axmeteli aleqsandre sumbaTaSvilis ,,Ralatis~
Sesaxeb werda: ,,Ralati~, rogorc drama, mTeli ZaliT
aris aSenebuli monocentralur principze. am piesaSi
moqmedeba Tavisi dasawyisiT da dasasruliT erT centrs,
erT wertils eyrdnoba. es aris Ralati, rogorc gancda,
rogorc Semoqmedebis deda-ZarRvi. ,,RalatSi~ drama mTavari
centridan _ Ralatidan periferiebSi RalatTanve gadadis
da Ralatsave ubrundeba~.1
piesa Tavis TavSi Seicavs scenaze ganxorcielebis
potencias. speqtaklis nebismieri Semqmneli dramaturgzea
damokidebuli. maT mier erToblivad Seqmnili scenuri
nawarmoebis safuZveli xom piesaa. Tumca ar unda vifiqroT,
rom scenis romelime xelovani amis gamo Tavs daCagrulad
an damcirebulad grZnobs. piriqiT, speqtaklis damdgmelTa
SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianeba dramaturgTan, saboloo jamSi,
xom axali mxatvruli nawarmoebis dabadebis safuZvelia.
amitom Teatri da piesis avtori mudam erTmaneTisken
miiswrafvian.
speqtakls bevri sxvadasxva Teatraluri profesiis
adamiani qmnis. Tanamedrove YTeatrSi am samuSaos reJisori
xelmZRvanelobs.
sareJisoro xelovneba (reJisura) _ erTiani, harmoniulad
mTliani Teatraluri xelovnebis nawarmoebis Seqmna
speqtaklis yvela elementis SemoqmedebiTi organizaciis
meSveobiT. igi iqmneba reJisoris sadadgmo Canafiqris _
sareJisoro gegmis safuZvelze. reJisori axorcielebs
piesis dadgmas da xelmZRvanelobs speqtaklis Semqmneli
yvela xelovanis _ msaxiobebis, mxatvris, kompozitoris,
1
sandro axmeteli, `Ralati~ da msaxiobi jentlmeni~, gaz. `saqarTvelo~,
1916 w,. # 110

27
qoreografis da sxvaTa saqmianobas. reJisoris Canafiqri
Seicavs: piesis ideur interpretacias (interpretacia laT.
interpretatio – 1.risame azris axsna, ganmarteba. 2.Taviseburi,
SemoqmedebiTi Sesruleba raime mxatvruli an musikaluri
nawarmoebisa, rolisa, msaxiobis, musikos-Semsruleblis
mier), personaJTa daxasiaTebas, warmodgenisaTvis
aucilebel stilur da Janrobriv TaviseburebaTa
gansazRvras, speqtaklis gadawyvetas drosa (tempo-ritmi)
da sivrceSi (mizanscena), mxatvarTan da kompozitorTan
erTad gaformebis xasiaTisa da principebis gansazRvras.
speqtaklis CanafiqrSi ZiriTadad moxazulia misi dadgmis
mizani da momavali saxe.
Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze
gansxvavebuli funqcia hqonda dakisrebuli adamians,
dRes reJisors rom vuwodebT. Tavdapirvelad am rols
dramaturgi iTavsebda. antikur xanaSi swored dramaturgi
monawileobda aqtiurad speqtaklis dadgmaSi. aRorZinebis,
Semdeg ki klasicizmis periodSi kidev ufro gaizarda
misi movaleobani: uiliam Seqspiri, lope de vega, Jan
batist poklen de molieri msaxiobebic iyvnen, dasTa
xelmZRvanelebic da dadgmis organizatorebic. Sesabamisad
gaizarda reJisoris avtoriteti da uflebebi. es naTlad
Cans hamletis erT-erT monologSi, sadac uiliam Seqspiri,
Tavisi gmiris meSveobiT sareJisoro miTiTebebs aZlevs
msaxiobebs. mas surs, rom artistebma simarTliT gamoxaton
TavianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.
,,hamlet _ gTxov, es leqsi ise warmosTqva, rogorc
me TiTon gaCvene, TavisuflebiT da Zaladautaneblad;
magram Tu iseTi yvirili morTe, rogorc zogierTs Cvens
aqtiors zneda sWirT, sjobs, Cemi leqsebi isev quCis
gzirs vaTqmevino. nu gaapob haers, ai ase, xelebis qneviT
da siwynariT moiqec. rac unda vneba zRvasaviT gulSi
giRelavdes, qariSxalsaviT mrisxanebdes da morevsaviT
gitrialebdes, mainc saamo zomiereba iqonie. suls miwuxebs
swored, rodesac romelime axmaxi da parik-daxuruli
moTamaSe Tavis RrialiT Tavissave vnebaTaRelvas nakuw-

28
nakuwad aqcevs: rodesac igi yurebs uWedavs mdabal
mayureblebs, romelTac moswonT mxolod an gaugebari
usityvo TamaSoba, an maRali xmauroba. amisTana moTamaSe
swored maTraxiT asaWrelebelia.
nurc Zalian modundebi da Seniv goniereba mrCevlad
iyolie. moqmedeba sityvas Seufere da sityva moqmedebas.
ufrTxildi, Cveulebrivs siwynares ar gadaxvide, Torem
Teatris mniSvnelobas xels SeuSli. Teatris azri uwinac
es yofila da dResac is aris, rom bunebas sarked gauxdes,
saTnoebas misi saxis-metyveleba aCvenos, biwierebas misi
umzgavsoeba, droebasa da xalxs maTi viTareba da nakvalevi.
Tu es daniSnuleba ver Seasrula, an Tu gadaameta, iqneba
regvnebi gaacinos, magram gagebuls adamians ki Seawuxebs
da erTis gagebulis Sexeduleba unda gerCios mTelis
Teatrisas~.1
didma rusma dramaturgma nikoloz gogolma Tavis
komedia ,,revizors~ daurTo ganmarteba: ,,xasiaTebi da
kostiumebi. miTiTebani baton msaxiobTaTvis,~ sadac
dawvrilebiTaa daxasiaTebuli TiToeuli personaJi.
droTa ganmavlobaSi reJisoris funqciebs TandaTanobiT
msaxiobebi iTavseben. Cndeba sara bernaris, vera
komisarJevskaias, maria ermolovas Teatrebi. XIX-XX
saukuneebis mijnaze reJisura damoukidebel profesiad
yalibdeba. am saqmeSi udidesi roli Seasrula germaniis
qalaq meiningenis Teatrma ludvig kronekis xelmZRvanelobiT.
man saxeli gaiTqva speqtaklebis sareJisoro kulturiT.
TeatrSi SemoqmedebiTi disciplina daamyara, SesaniSnavi
ansambli Seqmna. XX saukunis dasawyisSi Tavis garSemo
niWieri msaxiobebi Semoikriba meore cnobilma germanelma
reJisorma maqs reinhardtma da Teatri Seqmna. Tavis
warmodgenebSi igi umniSvnelovanes rols msaxiobs
akisrebda.
udidesi roli iTamaSes msoflio sareJisoro xelovnebis
CamoyalibebaSi germanelma reJisorma ervin piskatorma da
1
uiliam Seqspiri ,,hamleti~, III moqmedebis II suraTi, Targmna ivane
maCabelma
29
ingliselma gordon kregma; didma rusma reJisorebma
konstantine stanislavskim da vladimer nemiroviC-
danCenkom 1898 wels moskovSi daaarses samxatvro Teatri,
romlis SemoqmedebiTma principebma udidesi gavlena
moaxdines Tanamedrove sareJisoro da saerTod Teatralur
xelovnebaze.
qarTuli Teatris mniSvnelovani SemoqmedebiTi
warmatebebi XX saukunis dasawyisidan 20-30-ian wlebamde
umTavresad brwyinvale msaxiobTa _ lado mesxiSvilis,
vaso abaSiZis, nato gabunias, mako safarovis, valerian
gunias, nuca CxeiZis, aleqsandre imedaSvilisa da sxvaTa
saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca ukve XIX saukunis
80-ian wlebSi qarTvel Teatralur moRvaweTa Teoriul
naazrevSi Cndeba sityva reJisori. 1879 wels msaxiobma
kote yifianma Camoayaliba reJisoris valdebulebani: 1.iyos
Tavmjdomare trupis (dasis) sxdomebisa. 2.xelmZRvaneloba
misces maT morigebiTa Sesaxeb piesis amorCevisa. 3.rolebis
darigebisa. 4.warmodgenis dRis daniSvnisa. araviTari
gadawyvetilebiTi xma da Zala ar unda hqondes sxdomebSi.
reJisoris movaleoba: 5.artistebs aswavlos TamaSoba.
6.mixvra-moxvra. 7.sazogadod scenikuri xelovneba. 8.misces
garegani lazaTi da simSveniere warmodgenasa~.
XIX saukunis bolomde reJisura, rogorc Teatraluri
xelovnebis warmmarTveli komponenti, ar arsebobda.
romelime didi msaxiobi iRebda TavisTvis piesas, xSir
SemTxvevaSi sabenefisos an iseTs, romelSic mas mTavari
roli eqneboda, anawilebda mas msaxiobTa Soris. piesis
dadgmis procesi ubralo mizanscenirebaze daiyvaneboda.
maSindel TeatrSi ar iyo miRebuli saerTo midgoma
piesasTan da misi erTiani sareJisoro interpretacia.
qarTuli sareJisoro xelovnebis saboloo Camoyalibeba
dakavSirebulia kote marjaniSvilisa da sandro axmetelis
saxelebTan. isini XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi
moRvaweobdnen. am periodSi qarTuli reJisura ukve
Semoqmedebis calke sferoa, damoukidebeli profesia.
reJisura sinTezuri Teatraluri xelovnebis erT-erTi

30
umTavresi, ganmsazRvreli, magram mainc erTi Semadgeneli
nawilia. igi ganuyofel kavSirSia sxva elementebTan,
amitom, garkveulwilad damokidebuli da SezRudulia.
upirveles yovlisa _ piesiT. cnobili rusi reJisori
giorgi tovstonogovi, romlis SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisi
saqarTvelosTanaa dakavSirebul, wers: ,,Cveni profesiis
keTilSobiluri didebuleba, misi Zala da sibrZne, sakuTari
Tavis nebayoflobiTY da Segnebul SezRudvaSi mdgomareobs.
Cveni fantaziis sazRvrebs avtori adgens da maTi xelyofa
ise unda isjebodes, rogorc avtoris Ralati da mis mimarT
Cadenili veragoba. ipovo erTaderTi swori, yvelaze
zusti, swored am piesis Sesatyvisi sadadgmo xerxi, am
literaturuli nawarmoebis scenaze TamaSis piroba, ise
dadga sxvisi nawarmoebi, rogorc sakuTari _ esaa reJisoris
umaRlesi da urTulesi movaleoba~.1
magram reJisoris damokidebuleba avtorze sruliadac
ar niSnavs mis monur morCilebas da dramaturgis yoveli
sityvis pedantur scenur ganxorcielebas. cxadia,
reJisorma, upirveles yovlisa, unda amoikiTxos avtoris
Canafiqri, misi idea, xorci Seasxas mas scenaze; magram
speqtaklis damdgmels, rogorc xelovans, aucileblad
Tavisi ,,me,~ sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi da moqalaqeobrivi
msoflmxedvelobac Seaqvs masSi. sareJisoro xelovneba
dramaturgias eyrdnoba, misgan amoizrdeba, magram reJisori
am safuZvelze qmnis xelovnebis sruliad axal nawarmoebs
_ speqtakls.
dramaturgis garda, reJisori kidev bevr sxva adamianze
Tu faqtorzea damokidebuli, Tundac imaze, rogor gaigeben
mis Canafiqrs msaxiobi, mxatvari, kompozitori, qoreografi
da a.S. miuxedavad amgvari rTuli urTierTdamokidebulebisa,
Teatraluri xelovnebis sxvadasxva komponents Soris,
reJisorma dRes mainc miaRwia imas, rom igi upirvelesi
figuraa TeatrSi, dadgmis xelmZRvaneli, speqtaklis avtori.
XX saukunis dasawyisidan Teatrebis SemoqmedebiT saxes
1
giorgi tovstonogovi, `reJisoris profesia~, saqarTvelos Teatraluri
sazogadoebis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975 w., gv. 99-100

31
ukve reJisorebi gansazRvraven. amitom Tamamad SeiZleba
ilaparako Eervin piskatoris, vsevolod meierholdis,
evgeni vaxtangovis, aleqsandre Tairovis, Jan vilaris,
piter brukis, giorgi tovstonogovis, iuri liubimovis,
anatoli efrosis, mixeil TumaniSvilis, robert sturuas,
Temur CxeiZisa da sxvaTa Teatrebze.
romel piesasac ar unda dgamdes reJisori _ antikurs,
istoriuls, klasikursa Tu dRevandelobis amsaxvels,
misTvis mTavaria, rom speqtakli iyos Tanamedrove, e.i.
warmodgenaSi gaTamaSebuli movlenebi, dadgmis SemqmnelTa
ideebi da emociebi, maTi saTqmeli unda aRelvebdes
mayurebels, aqtiurad zemoqmedebdes masze, zneobrivad
amaRlebdes. xatovnad wers amis Sesaxeb giorgi
tovstonogovi: ,,yovel klasikur nawarmoebSi unda eZebo is,
rac Tanamedrove adamians ainteresebs. klasikis axleburi
wakiTxva yovelTvis dakavSirebulia cxovrebis axleburad
gaazrebasTan swored Tanamedroveobis poziciidan. adamianebma
istoriis saSualebiT dRevandel dRes unda Sexedon. Cveni
amocanaa _ mravali wlis win Seqmnil nawarmoebsa da Cvens
Tanamedroveobas Soris Sexebis wertili vipovoT, ,,droTa
rTuli kavSiri~ aRmovaCinoT~.1
Zalze Znelia reJisuris an romelime sxva Teatraluri
profesiis sruli gamocalkeveba speqtaklis Seqmnis mTliani
procesidan da maTi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganxilva.
aranakleb sirTules warmoadgens reJisuris dayofa
Semadgenel elementebad. amitom umjobesia speqtaklis
damdgmelTa saqmianobis Cveneba warmodgenaze muSaobis
dros, mis sxvadasxva etapze, romelsac dRes reJisori
warmarTavs da xelmZRvanelobs.
speqtaklis dadgma piesis arCeviT iwyeba. zogjer, rolebis
ganawilebamde, warmodgenis damdgmeli sareJisoro gegmas anu
eqsplikacias adgens. masSi mocemulia piesis reJisoruli
gageba, misi interpretacia, Canafiqris praqtikuli
ganxorcielebis gzebi, dramaturgiuli nawarmoebis analizi
1
giorgi tovstonogovi, ,,reJisoris profesia“, saqarTvelos Teatraluri
sazogadoebis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1975w., gv.187.

32
qmediTi movlenebis mixedviT, personaJTa daxasiaTeba, maT
Soris arsebuli kavSirurTierTobani, zogjer _ momavali
speqtaklis ZiriTadi mizanscenebic. es aris, faqtobrivad,
dawvrilebiTi sareJisoro Canafiqri, romlis gacnobis
Semdeg naTeli unda gaxdes warmodgenis zeamocana _
ideuri amocana, mizani, romlis gamoc iqmneba speqtakli.
termini zeamocana konstantine stanislavskis ekuTvnis.
man didi gavrceleba hpova Tanamedrove TeatrSi. uaRresad
saintereso sareJisoro eqsplikaciebi aqvs cnobil qarTvel
reJisor mixeil TumaniSvils.
yvela reJisors muSaobis individualuri meTodi
aqvs. zogi sareJisoro eqsplikacias saerTod ar wers.
magram profesionalma reJisorma yovelTvis icis, risTvis
dgams speqtakls da ra gamomsaxveli saSualebebi unda
gamoiyenos sakuTari Canafris gansaxorcieleblad. cxadia,
isini garkveul saxecvlilebas ganicdian damdgmel jgufTan
erToblivi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis procesSi, bevri ram
zustdeba da konkretdeba.
speqtaklis Seqmnis Semdgomi stadia rolebis ganawilebaa.
Teatris msaxiobTa foieSi, specialur dafaze gamoikvreba
gancxadeba speqtaklis warmoebaSi CaSvebis Sesaxeb. igi ase
gamoiyureba:
brZaneba
kote marjaniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo akademiuri
Teatrisadmi
11 seqtemberi, 1989 weli
#5 _ 94
a.w. 14 seqtembers warmoebaSi CaeSvas mixeil javaxiSvilis
,,lambalo da yaSa~
(inscenirebis avtori Tamaz goderZiSvili)
rolebi ganawildes Semdegnairad:
1. eqimi _ Temur kilaZe
2. vali iTimad ud doule _ marlen egutia
3. pavle, episkoposi _ nodar mgalobliSvili
4. lambalo, glexi _ zurab sturua
5. yaSa lazare _ daviT dvaliSvili

33
 6. generali Cernozubovi _ ioseb gogiCaiSvili
7. giorgi mindiaSvili, asisTavi _ vaJa gelaSvili
reJisori _ Temur CxeiZe
mxatvari _ Temur ninua
kompozitori _ givi gaCeCilaZe
qoreografi _ revaz wulukiZe
sasceno moZraoba SoTa sxirtlaZisa
reJisoris TanaSemwe _ biWiko koxoZe

masobrivi scenebis monawileTa sia mogvianebiT

gamocxaddeba. gamoSvebis vada 1989 wlis 5 noemberi

Teatris direqtori gaioz kandelaki

SesaZlebelia erT rolze ori an sami msaxiobi iyos

daniSnuli. maT dubliorebs uwodeben.
dubliori franguli sityvaa da gaorebas niSnavs. es
aris rolis meore Semsrulebeli, romelic, Cveulebriv,
pirvelTan monacvleobiT TamaSobs. dublioris daniSvnas
sxvadasxva faqtori iwvevs. upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa
rezervSi iyos msaxiobi, romelic rolis ZiriTadi
Semsruleblis avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi Secvlis mas; garda
amisa, sasurvelia, rom Teatris msaxiobebi maqsimalurad
iyvnen datvirTulni, amitomac erTi roli or msaxiobs
eZleva mosamzadeblad. garda aseTi organizatorul-
praqtikuli mniSvnelobisa, dubliorTa sistemas
SemoqmedebiTi funqciac aqvs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi da
imave personaJis gansaxiereba ekisreba or Zlier msaxiobs,
romlebic cdiloben gansxvavebuli xasiaTebis Seqmnas.
momavali speqtaklis rolebi TeatrSi momuSave
aqtiorTa Soris nawildeba. msaxiobTa erToblioba dass
qmnis.
dasi _ Teatris SemoqmedebiTi Semadgenloba. asxvaveben
dramatul, saopero, sabaleto da a.S. dasebs.
Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanels, sxva SemoqmedebiT
unarebTan erTad, koleqtivis Seqmnisa da misi gaZRolis

34
talantic unda hqondes.amgvari niWi Zalze iSviaTia.
srulfasovani Teatraluri dasi aucileblad
mravalferovani unda iyos _ sxvadasxva individualobis,
asakis, gamocdilebis, niWisa da SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobaTa
mqone adamianebis erToblioba. dasis SemadgenlobaSi
garkveuli proporciebi unda iyos daculi qalbaton da
baton msaxiobebs Soris, kacebi metni unda iyvnen, radgan
TiTqmis yvela piesaSi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,
mamakacis roli gacilebiT metia.
Teatraluri dasi mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis. nebismier
Teatrs yvela asakis msaxiobi sWirdeba. zogierT dasSi
erTnairi SemoqmedebiTi unaris mqone ramdenime aqtioria,
arian naklebd niWieri adamianebic. es iwvevs dasis
garkveuli nawilis dautvirTaobas. iseTi SemTxvevebic
xdeba, rom artisti, romlis mxrebzec gadadis Teatris
muSaobis mTeli simZime, sxvagan midis samuSaod. igi sxva
msaxiobma unda Secvalos. Tu amis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia,
speqtakli repertuaridan ixsneba. xSirad, dass sxvadasxva
individualobis reJisorebTan uwevs muSaoba. esec sakmao
sirTulea. Teatraluri koleqtivebi kidev imiTac
gansxvavdebian, gamorCeuli niWis ramdeni msaxiobia maTSi.
zogjer isini erT did jgufs Seadgenen, zogjer ki dasis
muSaoba erTi an ori Zlieri msaxiobis mxrebs eyrdnoba. yvela
es problema Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanelis an mTavari
reJisoris gadasawyvetia. man mudmivad unda izrunos imaze,
rom dasi erT SemoqmedebiT poziciaze mdgar Teatralur
koleqtivs warmoadgendes.
dRes amgvar mudmivmoqmed dasebTan erTad arseboben
e.w. antreprizis principiT momuSave Teatraluri jgufebi,
sadac msaxiobebs konkretul rolebze samuSaod, garkveuli
vadiT iwveven.
dasis SemadgenlobaSi, rasakvirvelia, reJisorebic
arian, magram nebismieri Teatraluri koleqtivi, upirveles
yovlisa _ msaxiobTa dasia.
msaxiobi, aqtiori (frang. Semsrulebeli), artisti
(frang. xelovneba) _ rolebis Semsrulebeli dramatul,

35
saopero, sabaleto, sacirko warmodgenebsa da kinoSi.
adamiani, romelmac Tavis profesiad airCia moRvaweoba
sasceno xelovnebis sferoSi. am cnebasTan mWidro kavSirSia
samsaxiobo xelovneba _ scenur saxeTa Seqmnis xelovneba,
saSemsruleblo xelovnebis saxeoba. asrulebs ra garkveul
rols Teatralur warmodgenaSi, msaxiobi TiTqos aigivebs
sakuTar Tavs im adamianTan, romlis saxeliTac igi moqmedebs
speqtaklSi. misTvis masala sakuTari bunebrivi monacemebia:
metyveleba, plastika, mimika, emociuroba, dakvirvebis
unari, warmosaxva, mexsiereba da a.S. msaxiobi erTdroulad
mxatvruli saxis Semqmnelicaa da ganmasaxierebelic. e.i.
am SemTxvevaSi scenuri saxis avtori da TviT es scenuri
saxe erT adamianSi _ msaxiobSia gaerTianebuli. aqtioruli
Semoqmedeba, Tavis bolo etapze, mudam mayurebelTa Tvalwin
iSleba speqtaklis mimdinareobis procesSi.
msaxiobis xelovnebis safuZvelia gardasaxva. misi
Semoqmedebis mizania scenaze avtoris Canafiqris
ganxorcieleba, piesis ideuri Sinaarsis gamovlena. amasTanave,
msaxiobi am Sinaarss amdidrebs Tavisi cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebiT. sakuTari msoflmxedvelobidan da
SemoqmedebiTi individualobidan gamomdinare, msaxiobi
Taviseburad ,,gaxsnis~ rols, mis interpretatorad
gvevlineba.
iyo dro, rodesac TeatrSi reJisori ar arsebobda,
speqtakls profesionali mxatvari ar aformebda, magram
umsaxiobo Teatri arasdros yofila da arc iqneba. Teatris
erT-erTi niSandoblioba _ mayurebelTan cocxali kontaqti
_ mxolod msaxiobis saSualebiT vlindeba.
maSasadame, Teatri umsaxiobod ar arsebobs. magram
aqtioris SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis yvelaze bunebrivi,
saukeTeso saxiT gamovlenac swored TeatrSi xdeba, da
ara marto SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebisa. WeSmarit msaxiobTa
sicocxle ganuyofelia Teatrisagan. xelovnebis samsaxuri
maT upirveles movaleobad miaCniaT. ai, rogor esmis es
movaleoba udides rus msaxiob vera komisarJevskaias:
,,parizis natif xelovnebaTa muzeumSi dgas cnobili

36
qandakeba. es aris gamoCenili skulptoris ukanaskneli
namuSevari. xelovani sxvenze cxovrobda da muSaobda.
rodesac qandakeba TiTqmis mTlianad mzad iyo, im Rames
parizSi Zalian yinavda. moqandake sicivisagan ver iZinebda
da mxolod imaze fiqrobda, rom Tixam gaSroba ver
moaswro da yinva qandakebas gaafuWebs. moqandakem Tavisi
qmnileba sakuTar sabanSi gaaxvia. meore dilas skulptori
gardacvlili ipoves, qandakeba ki _ uvnebeli. ai, ase unda
giyvardes Seni saqme~.1 aseTi maRalzneobrivi kriteriumebiT
cxovrobda vera komisarJevskaia xelovnebaSi. TiTqos amis
dasturia misi tragikuli aRsasrulic. cxovrebisa da
xelovnebis gafurCqvnis periodSi, 1910 wels, igi xangrZliv
sagastrolo mogzaurobaSi gaemgzavra Sua aziis qalaqebSi,
sadac Savi Wiris epidemia mZvinvarebda. vera komisarJevskaia
sakuTari gulisa da sindisis karnaxiT gaeSura am
mogzaurobaSi, rom momakvdavTaTvis ukanaskneli wuTebi
Seemsubuqebina; da TviTon daiRupa am avadmyofobiT.
WeSmaritad maRalniWier msaxiobs bevri ram SeuZlia.
misi xelovnebis zemoqmedeba mayurebelze xandaxan iseTi
Zlieria, iseTi STambeWdavi, rom aqtioruli qmnileba
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes movlenad
iqceva xolme, TviT msaxiobi ki _ scenis namdvil meufed.
swored aseTi iyo artisti-legenda lado mesxiSvili.
mis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi gansakuTrebul adgils
ikavebs levan ximSiaSvili _ mamulisaTvis Tavganwiruli
romantikuli gmiri daviT erisTavis piesidan ,,samSoblo~.
igi frangi dramaturgis, viqtor sardus ,,flandriis~
gadmoqarTulebul variants warmoadgenda. es piesa 1882
wlis 20 ianvars daidga da sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
aRafrTovanebda qarTvelTa guls da gonebas; maT Soris iyo
cnobili mwerali ekaterine gabaSvili, romelic igonebs:
,,ximSiaSvili zeciuris xmiT, raindulis graciiT da
Seudarebelis gmirobiT eubneba Sah-abass samsaxurze uars
da ubrunebs warTmeul xmalsa: ,,ara, ver miviReb. me kargad
1
Вера Комиссаржевская, ,,Письма, воспоминания, материалы~, изд.
“Искусство~ Москва, 1964 г., стр.33

37
vicnob Cems xmals. mas urCevnia Cems gulSi gadatrialdes,
vidre Tavis mters emsaxuros. me da Cemi xmali qarTvelebi
gaxlavarT, didebulo Saho!~
... ra gambedaoba iyo am saqcielSi! ragvarad imoqmeda
droTa brunviT damunjebul da yovelgvar sakuTar azrs
uqonel maSindel qarTvelobaze. me mzad viyavi gadavmxtariyav
loJidan da muxli momeyarna saocnebo gmiris winaSe, aseve
grZnobda uTuod mTeli sazogadoeba..~1
msaxiobi koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis monawilea. marTalia,
erT-erTi umTavresi, magram mainc speqtaklis SemqmnelTa
jgufis wevri. TeatrSi momuSave TiTqmis yvela xelovans
SeuZlia iarsebos scenis gareSe da misgan damoukideblad,
msaxiobs ki _ ara. dadgamen Tu ara scenaze molieris
piesebs, es nawarmoebebi mainc arseboben, rogorc
literaturuli Zeglebi. imuSavebda Tu ara TeatrSi daviT
kakabaZe, igi mainc udides qarTvel mxatvrad darCeboda.
brwyinvale kompozitor dimitri SostakoviCis Semoqmedeba
umniSvnelovanes movlenas warmoadgens musikalur samyaroSi,
miuxedavad imisa, dawera man musika speqtaklebisTvis Tu
ara. marTalia, am xelovanTa wvlili warmodgenis SeqmnaSi
sakmaod Rirebulia, magram yoveli maTgani TeatrSi scenis
ostatTa _ msaxiobisa da reJisorisaTvis modis, raTa xeli
Seuwyos maT Semoqmedebas.
rogori urTierToba myardeba msaxiobsa da dramaturgs
Soris scenuri mxatvruli saxis _ rolis Seqmnis procesSi?
Teatri, xelovnebis sxva saxeobaTa msgavsad, sinamdviles
asaxavs, magram ara uSualod, aramed _ gaSualebulad,
dramaturgis nawarmoebze dayrdnobiT. amitom msaxiobi
unda Seecados, rac SeiZleba Rrmad Caswvdes mwerlis mier
daweril literaturul saxes, gaataros igi sakuTari
pirovnebis prizmaSi da Seqmnas axali, scenuri mxatvruli
saxe.
mayurebeli TeatrSi umTavresad imisaTvis modis, rom
ixilos aqtioris mier Seqmnili mxatvruli saxe, naxos,
rogor ,,waikiTxa~ da gaigo msaxiobma mwerlis esa Tu is
1
ekaterine gabaSvili, `tkbili mogoneba~, J. `klde~, 1913 w, #7.

38
nawarmoebi, ra amoikiTxa personaJis sityvebs miRma da rogor
warmoaCina yovelive es scenaze. maSasadame, scenuri saxe
literaturuli nawarmoebisa da msaxiobis individualobis
Sexvedris, maTi urTierTgadakveTis safuZvelze iqmneba.
artistisa da dramaturgis SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba
rTuli da araerTmniSvnelovania. msaxiobis STagonebis wyaro,
umTavresad, mweralia. magram zogjer aqtioric gvevlineba
dramaturgis STagonebis wyarod. araerTi nawarmoebi daiwera
da gadmokeTda XIX saukunis didi qarTveli msaxiobis,
nato gabuniasTvis: ilia WavWavaZem misTvis gadaakeTa ,,kacia-
adamiani?!~ piesad, romelsac ,,maWankali~ daarqva. sutkneinas
roli natosaTvis iyo gamiznuli. akaki wereTelma erT
RameSi dawera misTvis vodevili ,,kinto~, xolo avqsenti
cagarelma _ ,,mkiTxavi~ da ,,xanuma~. msaxiobma kote mesxma
nato gabuniasTvis gadmoaqarTula germaneli Ggerhardt
hauptmanis piesa ,,Taxvis qurqi~, romelic qarTul scenaze
,,melanias oinebis~ saxelwodebiT idgmeboda. aRsaniSnavia,
rom Semdgom es siuJeti daedo safuZvlad giorgi
Sengelaias films ,,veris ubnis melodiebi~.
samxatvro Teatris gamoCenili msaxiobi ivane moskvini
epixodovs TamaSobda anton Cexovis ,,alublis baRSi~,
msaxiobis am namuSevarma gaakvirva da aRafrTovana avtori.
moskvinis mier rolis teqstSi TviTneburad Camatebuli
ramdenime fraza imdenad moewona a.Cexovs, rom isini piesaSi
Seitana.
mweralma levan goTuam Tavis piesaSi ,,daviT aRmaSenebeli~
mzeTvalas roli sagangebod veriko anjafariZisaTvis
dawera. dramaturgis damokidebulebaze msaxiobis mimarT
Tundac misi es naTqvami miuTiTebs: ,,didi msaxiobi,
TiTqmis yovelTvis, did gavlenas axdens ara marto farTo
mayurebelze, aramed Tavis rolis avtorebzec, gansakuTrebiT
axali saxis pirvelad gansaxierebisa da xorcSesxmulad
dabadebis Jams.
me vaRiareb, rom veriko anjafariZem gamicocxla,
gamimdidra Cemi qal-gmirebi. gadmoafrina isini Teatris
maRali rafidan! maTTan erTad mec ganvicade verikos

39
cxovelmyofeli gavlena da dee, Cemze iyos SemoqmedebiTi
pasuxic~.1
msaxiobi, yvela sxva xelovanisgan gansxvavebiT, cocxal
scenur gmirs cocxali adamianis meSveobiT warmoaCens.
aqtioris erT arsebaSia gaerTianebuli TviT msaxiobic da
misi gmiric, Semoqmedic da misi nawarmoebic. am SemTxvevaSi,
erTi adamiani sxva adamianis saxiT iwyebs moqmedebas ara
realur, aramed warmosaxul viTarebaSi, Tanac usaTuod
mayureblis Tvalwin. igi sakuTari Tavidan Zerwavs scenuri
gmiris saxes. msaxiobis instrumenti misive bunebrivi
monacemebia, romlebic samsaxurad unda daudgnen mis mier
ganxorcielebuli personaJis scenur qmedebas, radgan
TeatrSi swored qmedebaa mTavari.
TviT termini aqtioric am fuZidan warmodgeba _ aqteo
_ moqmedeba.
mwerlis, mxatvris Tu kompozitoris qmnileba nivTieri
saxiT arsebobs samyaroSi (wigni, naxati, musikaluri
nawarmoebis partitura da sxva). msaxiobis namuSevari ki
mxolod speqtaklis msvlelobis procesSi warmoCindeba.
amboben, rom msaxiobis Semoqmedeba efemerulia. igi
ukvalod qreba Tavisi qmnadobis wuTSive. amis gamo, scenuri
mxatvruli saxe mxolod mis TviTmxilvelTa mexsierebas
SemorCeba xolme da maTi mogonebebis saxiT aRwevs Cvenamde.
aseve SemorCa Teatralur terminologias ramdenime iseTi
cneba, romelTagan zogierTi mxolod warsulSi ixmareboda,
zogs ki _ dResac vxmarobT.
benefisi (frangulad mogeba, sargebeli) _ speqtakli,
romlis Semosavali mTlianad an nawilobriv gadaecema erT
an ramdenime msaxiob-beneficiants. pirveli benefisi Sedga
safrangeTSi 1735 wels. Semdgom man farTo gavrceleba hpova
mTel msoflioSi. Tavdapirvelad benefisi artistebisaTvis
erTdrouli materialuri daxmarebis formas warmoadgenda.
droTa ganmavlobaSi igi gadaiqca msaxiobis xelfasze
araoficialuri danamatis saxeobad.
1
naTela uruSaZe, `veriko anjafariZe~, gam. `qarTuli Teatris sacavi~,
Tbilisi, 2001 w., gv. 159

40
 beneficiants ufleba eZleoda TviTon aerCia piesa da
masSi mTavari roli ganesaxierebina. sabenefisod piesebi
ZiriTadad im niSniT SeirCeoda xolme, rom maT warmodgenas
rac SeiZleba meti mayurebeli hyoloda. Tumca zogjer
sabenefisod maRalxarisxovan piesasac warmoadgendnen
da am gziT SesaniSnavi dramaturgiuli qmnilebani
mkvidrdeboda scenaze. espaneli lope de vegas piesa ,,cxvris
wyaro~ maria ermolovas benefisze iqna warmodgenili.
benefisebis mosawyobad saWiro iyo garkveuli SeTanxmeba
antrepreniorTan.
antrepreniori (frangulad mewarme) _ kerZo sanaxaobiTi
dawesebulebis (Teatris, cirkis da a.S.) mflobeli,
damqiravebeli. dRes am adamians inglisSi menejers uwodeben,
italiaSi _ impresarios, amerikaSi _ prodiusers.
im antrepreniorTa gverdiT, romelTaTvisac Teatri
mxolod Semosavlis wyaro iyo, arsebobdnen antrepreniorebi,
romlebsac TeatrTan sisxlxorceuli SemoqmedebiTi
kavSiri hqondaT, umTavresad _ reJisorebi da msaxiobebi.
aseTebi iyvnen: XVI_XVII saukuneebis cnobili ingliseli
msaxiobi riCard berbeji da misi Svili, XVII saukunis didi
frangi dramaturgi molieri, XVIII saukunis gamoCenili
ingliseli msaxiobi devid gariki, XIX-XX saukuneebSi _
msaxiobebi henri irvingi inglisSi, ernesto rosi, tomazo
salvini, eleonora duze, cnobili dramaturgi, reJisori
da msaxiobi Eeduardo de filipo _ italiaSi, reJisorebi
ervin piskatori da maqs reinhardti germaniaSi, andre
antuani, firmen Jemie, LJan lui baro _ safrangeTSi.
benefisis cneba mWidro kavSirSia iseT terminTan,
rogoricaa premieri, premierSa (frangulad pirveli) _
msaxiobi, romelsac pirveli an erT-erTi pirveli adgili
ukavia dasSi. Tavisi mdgomareobiTa da Sesrulebuli
rolebis xarisxiT, faqtobrivad, es mTavari rolebis
Semsrulebeli msaxiobia.
da kidev erTi termini _ korife _ 1. Zvel berZnul
tragediaSi qoros (Zveli berZnuli tragediis mudmivi
personaJi, romelic mravali adamianisagan Sedgeboda.

41
isini erTad warmoTqvamdnen piesis teqsts) xelmZRvaneli,
Suamavali qorosa da msaxiobebs Soris. 2. gadataniTi
mniSvnelobiT _ xelovnebisa da mecnierebis gamoCenili
moRvawe. dRes es termini mxolod am mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba.
Zvel TeatrSi batonobda kidev erTi, im droisaTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovani movlena _ amplua, romelic aqtiorul
individualobas ukavSirdeba.
amplua franguli sityvaa. es aris rolebis saxeoba,
romelic msaxiobis scenur monacemebs Seesatyviseba.
ampluas Canasaxebi antikur Teatrsac hqonda (tragikuli da
komikuri msaxiobebi), Sua saukuneebis sasceno xelovnebasac
(komikuri personaJi ,,briyvi,~ Suris, gonierebisa da a.S.
gamomxatveli alegoriuli figurebi). ampluas TvalsazrisiT
Zalze sainteresoa aRorZinebis xanis italiuri niRbebis
Teatri komedia del arte. igi agreTve dakavSirebulia
XVIII saukunis italieli dramaturgebis karlo gocisa
da karlo goldonis SemoqmedebasTan. maT cnobil piesaTa _
,,ori batonis msaxuris~, ,,princesa turandotis~, ,,lurji
urCxulis~, ,,mefe-iremisa da sxvaTa mudmivi personaJebi _
pantalone, smeraldina, arlekini, brigela, trufaldino
msaxiobebs ubiZgebdnen personaJi-niRbebis gansaxierebisken,
e.i. isini mudam erT scenur tips TamaSobdnen.
XVII saukunis frangulma klasicisturma Teatrma
daamkvidra personaJTa mkveTri dayofa maTi sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobis mixedviT: mefe, tirani, sayvareli da a.S.
gmiri _ 1. piesis centraluri personaJi. 2.XVIII-XIX
saukuneebSi _ tragediis mTavar personaJTa, mag. otelos,
hamletis, makbetis da a.S. ganmasaxierebeli.
Teatralur xelovnebaSi gavrceleba hpoves termin
,,gmiris~ specifikurma nairsaxeobebma: komediuri gmiri
(xanuma avqsenti cagarelis ,,xanuma~), gmiri-mijnuri
(ferdinandi fridrih Sileris ,,veragoba da siyvaruli~),
gmiri-nevrasTeniki (raskolnikovi Tedore dostoevskis
,,danaSauli da sasjeli~), yofiTi gmiri (kudriaSi
aleqsandre ostrovskis ,,Weqa-quxili~) da mravali sxva.

42
 travesti (italiurad gadacma) _ umTavresad msaxiobi
qali, romelic asrulebs biWebis, mozardebisa da gogonebis,
agreTve iseT rolebs, romlebic moqmedebis garkveul
momentSi moiTxoven mamakacis kostiumis gadacmas _ mitili
da tiltili (moris meterlinkis ,,lurji frinveli~),
Sura (aleqsandre gladkovis ,,husaruli balada~), princesa
(evgeni Svarcis ,,Cveulebrivi saswauli~) da sxva. travesti
farTod gamoiyeneba mozard MmayurebelTa TeatrSi. arsebobs
sapirispiro SemTxvevebic, rodesac mamakac personaJs qalad
gadacma uxdeba, esec travestia. amis TvalsaCino magaliTebs
ramdenime gaxmaurebuli filmi warmoadgens _ ,,tutsi,~
,,jazSi mxolod qaliSvilebi arian,~ ,,mis daudfaieri,~
,,Carlis deida~ da sxva.
Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze
amplua dadebiTi movlena iyo. igi xels uwyobda msaxiobs
ama Tu im saxis rolebis ganxorcielebaSi, profesiul
daostatebaSi. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi ampluam uaryofiTi
mxarec gamoamJRavna. man dabada Stampebi, TiTqosda erTxel
da samudamod miRebuli mza nimuSebi, gacveTili formebi,
romelTa mibaZvac TviTmiznad iqca. amplua garkveul, mkacr
CarCoebSi svamda msaxiobs, xels uSlida misi SemoqmedebiTi
individualobis mravalmxriv gamovlenas.
XIX saukunis II naxevarSi naTeli gaxda, rom klasikuri
da Tanamedrove dramaturgiis mravali personaJi ukve veRar
eteoda ampluas CarCoebSi. didi msaxiobebi, amsxvrevdnen ra
ampluas sazRvrebs, gansxvavebul scenur saxeebs qmnidnen _
devid gariki da elen teri inglisSi, mixeil SCepkini da
maria savina ruseTSi, lado mesxiSvili da valerian gunia
saqarTveloSi da sxva. ampluas sistemis rRvevas biZgi
misca realisturi dramaturgiisa (aleqsandre ostrovski,
anton Cexovi, aleqsandre puSkini, henrik ibseni, Ggerhardt
hauptmani da a.S.) da ansambluri Teatris Seqmnam. ampluas
da mis Stampebs gansakuTrebiT ebrZodnen ansamblis Teatris
fuZemdeblebi _ k.stanislavski da v.nemiroviC-danCenko.
Tanamedrove TeatrSi, romelic cdilobs mravalmxriv
warmoaCinos adamiani, amplua faqtobrivad qreba, radgan

43
dRevandeli sasceno xelovneba moiTxovs msaxioburi
Semoqmedebis mravalferovnebas, gansxvavebul scenur saxeTa
Seqmnas, WeSmarit gardasaxvas.
gardasaxva _ msaxiobis unari imoqmedos scenaze sxva
adamianis saxiT (im personaJisa, romelsac igi asaxierebs
mocemul piesaSi). gardasaxva msaxiobis xelovnebis
SemoqmedebiTi safuZvelia, misi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli
niSani. arsebobs e.w. garegani gardasaxva _ msaxiobi grimis
saSualebiT icvlis saxes, xmas, plastikas, pariks ixuravs,
individualur da tipur Taviseburebebs aniWebs sakuTar
garegnobas. xma, plastika, diqcia, temperamenti, es is
saSualebebia, romlebic aviTareben sasceno gardasaxvis
teqnikas, xels uwyoben mxatvruli saxis Seqmnas. magram
yovelive es sakmarisi ar aris WeSmaritad maRalmxatvruli
aqtioruli saxis Sesaqmnelad. namdvili gardasaxva, e.w.
Sinagani gardasaxvaa, rodesac aRniSnuli saxecvlileba
gamowveulia personaJis sulSi mimdinare gardaqmnebiT,
misi azrebiTa da grZnobebiT, cxovrebiseuli poziciiTa da
SexedulebebiT, xasiaTis TaviseburebebiT.
unda iTqvas, rom gardasaxvis aqts, met-naklebad,
Taviseburad, adgili aqvs xelovnebis yvela dargSi. mravali
magaliTi arsebobs imis naTelsayofad, rogor uerTdeba
Semoqmedebis procesSi xelovanis suli mis qmnilebebs.
didi ingliseli mwerali Carlz dikensi dastiroda Tavis
gmirTa bed-iRbals imitom, rom maTi Seqmnis procesSi,
maTi cxovrebiT cxovrobda. cnobil frang mweral gustav
flobers pirRebineba autyda, rodesac igi misi romanis
gmiri qalis, ema bovaris TviTmkvlelobis scenas aRwerda.
miuxedavad amisa, arc erTi sxva xelovnebis safuZveli
ar aris gardasaxva, garda Teatraluri Semoqmedebisa. igi
msaxiobis Semoqmedebis umTavresi niSandobliobaa.
msaxiobis mier Seqmnili, xSirad erTmaneTisgan
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli mxatvruli saxeebi erTi
pirovnebidan amoizrdebian. msaxiobma unda icodes sakuTari
mravalwaxnagovani, rTuli Sinagani bunebis romeli mxarea
win wamosawevi ama Tu im rolze muSaobis procesSi.

44
 gardasaxvis procesSi xdeba ara msaxiobis gaigiveba
mxatvrul saxesTan, aramed maTi Serwyma, gaerTianeba. aq saqme
gvaqvs Zalze saintereso procesTan: sasceno Semoqmedebis
momentSi msaxiobs erTdroulad ori grZnoba eufleba _
rogorc mxatvruli saxe, Teatraluri gmiri, igi ganicdis,
vTqvaT, itanjeba, xolo rogorc rolis Semsrulebeli
msaxiobi, udides SemoqmedebiT sixaruls grZnobs. es ori
momenti erT pirovnebaSia gaerTianebuli. am erTian ,,me~-s
qmnis msaxiobis pirovnebis Serwyma mxatvrul saxesTan
imdenad, rom Zneli xdeba maTi erTmaneTisgan dacileba.
gamoCenili rusi msaxiobis, inokenti smoktunovskis
Teatraluri Semoqmedebis mwvervalia Tavadi miSkini _
Tedore dostoevskis roman ,,idiotis~ mTavari gmiri.
iseTi saocari iyo msaxiobis ,,gadasaxleba~ miSkinis
saxeSi, imdenad sruli da mTliani, rom speqtaklzec da
mis Semdegac ukve veRar SeZlebdi dostoevskis miSkinis
gamocalkevebas smoktunovskis miSkinisgan. romanis gmirma
TiTqos wignis furclebidan gadmoabija Tanamedrove
cxovrebaSi. msaxiobis mxatvrul saxesTan Sexvedrisas,
idealur SemTxvevaSi, mayurebels iseTi STabeWdileba unda
darCes, TiTqos mwerals, am nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesSi,
swored iseTad hyavda warmodgenili personaJi, rogoradac
mas es aqtiori ganasaxierebs.
gardasaxvis procesSi msaxiobi, ar kargavs ra Tavis
,,me~-s, mainc sxvad iqceva, meore adamianis, xSirad misgan
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulis ,,tyavsa da sulSi~ Zvreba.
amis unari mxolod iseT pirovnebas Seswevs, visi Sinagani
samyaroc TavisTavad mdidaria grZnobebiT da azrebiT, vinc
gulisxmieria sxvisi sixarulisa Tu mwuxarebis mimarT,
visac bevri unaxavs da waukiTxavs, visac ganviTarebuli
aqvs fantaziis unari da SeuZlia cocxlad warmoidginos
gamogonili, SeTxzuli adamiani, TiTqos igi namdvilad
arsebobs realobaSi. albaT es hqonda mxedvelobaSi reJisor
anatoli efross, rodesac pirobiTad hyofda msaxiobebs
,,Sinaarsian~ da ,,uSinaarso~ talantebad: ,,ivane moskvini
da nikoloz xmeliovi (samxatvro Teatris cnobili

45
artistebi) iseTi msaxiobebi iyvnen, romelTa niWi SinaarsiT
iyo datvirTuli. arseboben Sinaarsiani da uSinaarso
talantebi. moskvini da xmeliovi, swored iseT STabeWdilebas
tovebdnen, TiTqos maTi xilvis Semdeg mSvenieri wigni
wagekiTxos. maT saocari Tviseba axasiaTebdaT _ isini
araCveulebrivi siZlieriT isrutavdnen literaturas da
am literaturis miRma arsebul cxovrebas.
sul sxvaa uSinaarso, carieli talanti. mas niWi ar aklia,
yvela samsaxiobo monacemi aqvs: sasceno momxibvleloba,
temperamentic, gamomsaxvelobac. isini ostaturad ageben
rolebs, arc gamomgonebloba akliaT, magram es wminda
wylis saxiobaa. mis miRma araviTari siRrme ar igrZnoba,
radgan iq sruli sicarielea~.1
swored aseTi ,,RrmaSinaarsiani~ msaxiobebi qmnian
namdvil xelovnebas, didi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis
mqone mxatvrul saxeebs, romlebic scildebian droisa
da epoqis sazRvrebs da sasceno Semoqmedebis klasikur
qmnilebebad gvevlinebian.
saTqmelis naTelsayofad gTavazobT Teatrmcodne eTer
guguSvilis mier SesaniSnavi msaxiobis, vaso goZiaSvilis sami
sasceno personaJis aRwera-Sedarebas: ,,avetikas (avqsenti
cagarelis ,,rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav!~) iseTi cxviri
hqonda, romelsac iSviaTad SexvdebiT cxovrebaSi: cxviri _
veeba, cxviri _ simaxinje. zed amosvloda mozrdili meWeWi,
msgavsad kartofilis duyisa, romelic ayvavebula, xolo
Semdeg damWknara Tbil adgilze didxans gdebiT. es cxviri
raRac sakvirveli da saSineli moxerxebiT zemo tuCze
daSvebuliyo da TiTqmis daefara igi Tavisi sisqiT. mis
qveS simetriuli sizustiT gadaSliliyo grZeli ulvaSebi,
romlebic mis Clungad moSvebul, win gamoCril qveda
tuCs irgvliv Semoxveoda. es mkveTri, Tamami, uCveulod
utrirebuli grimi ,,efineboda~ sakvirvelad cqafi da
moqnili kacis araseriozul gamometyvelebas, mis TvalSi
mosaxvedr kuTxovan Jestebs, xusxusa siaruls... unda
gqondes mxatvris maxvili da yovlismxilveli Tvali, raTa
1
Анатолий Эфрос, ,,Репетиция _ любовь моя~, изд.,,Искусство~, Москва,
1975г., стр. 47
46
cxovrebis movlenaTa ulev saganZurSi monaxo avetikas
swored es ganumeorebeli, ulazaTo Jestebi, swored
miseburad moWuto ase mzakvrulad gamomzirali Tvali,
swored ase gabrtyelebul-wamRerebiTi intonaciebiT
warmoaTqmevino mis bageT, ase dardimandulad moagdebino
gverdze iklikanturi qudi... erTi SexedviT moStero moxuci
flobs verag, yovlismxilvel Tvals, praqtikul gonebas,
Tandayolil Tavazianobas da gaZrom-gamoZromis niWs.
luarsab TaTqariZis saxe vaso goZiaSvilis aRmoCenaa. es
ar iyo ubralod sqeli da ugergilo kaci. scenaze gamodioda
titanuri bRenZi _ EerTi ki ara, sami mucliT, erTi ki ara
_ sami RababiT, qonmodebuli Rorismagvari kisriT, Clung da
uazro, adamianur iers moklebuli, saxeze viwrod gaWrili
patara TvalebiT. v.goZiaSvilis luarsabi ki ar dadioda,
aramed rogorRac mibajbajebda, da fexebs ukan miiTrevda,
vinaidan simZime da qoni normalur siaruls uSlidnen...
kretinizmi sWvivoda mTel mis garegnobaSi, qancmileuli,
sakuTari RormucelobiT moRlili goraobda igi Tavis
farTo taxtze da Clungi daJinebiT, qancgawyvetili iTvlida
buzebs Werze. Semdeg asev uazrod da jiutad ekamaTeboda
Tavis darejans, sadilisa Tu pirisgebis irgvliv amtydari
kamaTi gadioda msoflio problemebis sferoSi. Semdeg
netari eqstaziT gaTanguli luarsabi RmerTs SesTxovda
_ erTi Svili maCuqeo. RmerTTan saubari ise itacebda mas,
rom igi locvas iwyebda, raRac gaafTrebuli cxoveluri
sijiutiT da amiT igi qmnida ara marto sasacilo viTarebas,
aramed iwvevda sibinZuris amazrzen grZnobas.
misi xlestakovi (nikoloz gogolis ,,revizori~)
araCveulebrivad moqnili, msubuqi, eqspansiuri iyo.
v.goZiaSvili eZebda Sefardebas xlestakovis eqscentriul
aRtkinebasa da socialurad saSiS mis arss Soris. am Ziebam
igi miiyvana xlestakovis Tavxeduri, daufaravi cinizmis,
misi wregadasuli, ubodiSo TviTSeyvarebulobis, misi
amazrzeni momxveWeli bunebis da Tandayolili egoizmis
srul mxilebamde. v.goZiaSvilis xlestakovi farvanasaviT
dafarfatebda scenaze. magram mas Sxamianad kbenac SeeZlo,

47
SeeZlo etarebina miamiti da umwikvlo kacis niRabic. masSi
erTdroulad cocxlobda ,,miamituri~ Zaldautanebloba
adamianTa urTierTobaSi da, amave dros, araadamianuri
Seuwynarebloba kvaWi saqmosnisa, romelsac ZaluZs did
avanturaze wasvla.~1
es sami gansxvavebuli mxatvruli saxec ki sakmarisia
imis naTelsayofad, Tu rogor flobda didi msaxiobi
v.goZiaSvili gardasaxvis xelovnebas. miT umetes, rom misi
SemoqmedebiTi biografia metad mdidaria mravalferovani
aqtioruli saxeebiT.
nebismieri aqtioruli mxatvruli saxe msaxiobis TamaSis
formiT vlindeba.
TamaSi _ mxatvruli saxis Seqmna scenasa da kinoSi
msaxioburi gamomsaxveli saSualebebis (metyveleba, Jesti,
moZraoba, mimika) meSveobiT.
TamaSi, upirveles yovlisa, bavSvobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. msaxiobis msgavsad, bavSvis arsebobis
umTavresi formac TamaSia. maT erTi ram aerTianebT _
aqtioric da bavSvic ara realur, aramed warmosaxul
situaciaSi moqmedeben. maTi aseTi qmedeba mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli sityvasTan ,,viTom~. magaliTad, saxlobanas
TamaSis dros erTi bavSvi viTom dedaa, meore _
viTom mama, mesame _ viTom Svili da a.S. bavSvebic am
warmosaxuli viTarebebis Sesabamisad ,,inawileben rolebs~.
asevea Teatralur xelovnebaSic. situaciebi, romlebSic
speqtaklis gmirebi moqmedeben, SeTxzulia, warmosaxuli,
namdvili ar aris. swored amiT hgavs msaxioburi
TamaSi bavSvis TamaSs. magram maT Soris mniSvnelovani,
arsebiTi gansxvavebacaa. warmosaxul situaciaSi moTamaSe
bavSvi TamaSobs imis miuxedavad, mis am qcevas uyurebs
vinme Tu ara. igi misTvis damaxasiaTebel e.w. ,,TamaSis
moTxovnilebas~ ikmayofilebs. sul sxvaa aqtiori _ is xom
xelovania _ axlis Semqmneli. msaxiobi, romelic garkveul
1
eTer guguSvili, `qarTuli scenis ostati~, vaso goZiaSvilis
dabadebidan 60 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili krebuli, gam. `literaturა da
xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1965 w., gv.61-65

48
personaJs qmnis, Tavisi TamaSiT axal scenur mxatvrul
saxes warmoadgens mayureblis Tvalwin. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs Semoqmedi pirovnebis rTul Sinagan mdgomareobasTan,
romelSic erTmaneTs erwymis warmosaxvis, ararealuris
dajerebis, masSi gmiris saxiT qmedebisa da gancdis unari,
romlebic qmnian scenuri simarTlis grZnobas.
msaxiobi scenaze yvelafers realurad aRiqvams _
arc sakuTari Tavi miaCnia otelod, arc partniori _
dezdemonad, arc dekoracia _ kviprosis kunZulad. magram
mas SeuZlia warmoisaxos, viTom TviTonaa otelo, partniori
_ dezdemona, dekoracia ki _ kviprosi. msaxiobma kidec unda
daijeros SeTxzuli situacia, bunebrivad imoqmedos masSi,
Tan ara sakuTari, aramed Seqmnili personaJis saxeliT da,
amave dros, ar dakargos realobis grZnoba. e.i. igi kidec
TamaSobs da Tan icis, rom TamaSobs, kontrols uwevs
sakuTar scenur qmedebas.
rusTavelis Teatris warmodgenaSi ,,samaniSvilis
dedinacvali~ (reJisorebi Temur CxeiZe da robert
sturua), romelic viTom daviT kldiaSvilis saxl-muzeumSi
TamaSdeba, msaxiobebi scenaze arsebul nivTebs sxvadasxva
warmosaxviT nivTebad gadaaqceven. speqtakli Zalze mdidaria
iseTi sareJisoro gamogonebebiT, romlebic dramaturgis
mwerlurma bunebam SeiZleba gikarnaxos. yoveli sareJisoro
migneba saocrad natifi, plastikuri da dinamikuria. amas
garda, warmodgenis damdgmelebi srulyofilad iyeneben
TiToeul scenur detals, yvela nivTs, romelic mxatvrebma
(mixeil WavWavaZe, akaki ramiSvili) scenaze moaTavses.
es sagnebi xSirad metaforul mniSvnelobas iZenen.
magaliTad, maSin, rodesac platon samaniSvili (msaxiobi
giorgi gegeWkori) iZulebulia, TviTon daudges maWanklad
mamamiss da ,,sakonsultaciod~ Tavis da darikosTan
midis, igi TiTqos cxenze jdeba. im figuras, romelic
scenis siRrmeSi dgas, Znelad Tu uwodeb cxens. es ufro
erTmaneTze gadajvaredinebuli joxebia. erT-erTze cxenis
Tavis ConCxia Camocmuli. magram rogorc ki platoni mas
Toks gamoabams, moqaCavs da maTraxs aiqnevs, gjera, rom

49
bekina samaniSvilis vaJi mamisaTvis sacolis saZebnelad gzas
gaudga. mis ukan ki misi gasacodavebuli, gamxdari, ConCxad
qceuli cxeni milaslasebs. rogorc ki platons advokati
ivane gverdevaniZe (msaxiobi avTandil maxaraZe) Sexvdeba,
romelic mxolod tanis ritmuli rxeviT gvarwmunebs,
cxenze vzivaro, platoni _ kudabzika imereli aznauri,
iZulebulia, Tavis cxenze ,,amxedrdes,~ erTi-ori wkepla
uTavazos mas (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, uZilobiT gaTanguli
pirutyvi adgilidan ver daiZvreba).
WeSmariti sareJisoro gamomgoneblobiTaa savse
sadedinacvlos motacebis scenac. mosataceblad gamzadebuli,
gafaSfaSebuli elene mouTmenlad elis ,,gamtaceblebs~,
romlebic xorumis ritmis fonze, ararsebuli cxenebidan
Camoxtebian, ararsebul gubeebs gadaaxtebian, cekviTa
da TamaS-TamaSiT mieparebian gadapranWul elenes da
,,itaceben~.
aqtioris fantaziis unari metad specifikuria.
igi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli scenuri gancdis
TaviseburebebTan.
gancda (samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi) _ msaxiobis unari,
yoveli Sesrulebisas ganicados personaJis grZnobebi ise,
rogorc sakuTari.
termini gancda xazs usvams msaxiobis Semoqmedebis
uSualobas, misi sasceno cxovrebis namdvilobas, avtoris
mier SemoTavazebul viTarebebSi. scenur grZnobaTa
gulwrfeloba da uSualoba, rogorc valerian gunia uwodebs
,,bunebrivi, RviZli TamaSoba~, Teatraluri Semoqmedebis
erT-erTi umTavresi niSandobliobaa. magram rogoradac
ar unda ganicados aqtiorma scenaze, misi emociebi
mainc gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi adamianis grZnobebisgan
cxovrebaSi. es gansxvaveba efuZneba xelovani artistis
e.w. ,,SemoqmedebiT gaorebas~, romelzedac ukve visaubreT.
e.i. warmosaxul garemoSi moqmedi scenuri gmiri misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli emociebiT cxovrobs, magram, amave dros,
arasodes kargavs imis SegrZnebas, rom igi personaJi ki ar
aris, aramed mas TamaSobs, ganasaxierebs. msaxiobi arasodes

50
kargavs realobis grZnobas. amitomac aris, rom sakuTari
scenuri gancdebi artistis pirovnebas, marTalia, sakmao
daRs asvams, magram ara iseT Rrmas, rogorc realuri
cxovrebiseuli gancdebi.
scenur da cxovrebiseul gancdas Soris igiveobis
niSani kidev imitomac ar SeiZleba daisvas, rom rodesac
realur cxovrebaSi adamiani raimes ganicdis, mis arsebas
mxolod erTi garkveuli emocia eufleba; magram msaxiobis
scenuri grZnoba Tavis TavSi Seicavs kontrols am emociaze
da gmiris qcevaze. garda amisa, SemoqmedebiT sixaruls,
romelsac igi sakuTari xelovnebisgan ganicdis. Tu oTaraanT
qvrivi scenaze mZimed ganicdis Svilis sikvdils, misi
Semsruleblis arsebaSi, am mtanjveli grZnobis gverdiT
,,Tanaarsebobs~ meore, Taviseburi emocia _ rolis kargi
SesrulebiT gamowveuli sixaruli.
aqtioruli gancdis e.w. aranamdvilobaze Tundac
aseTi faqti miuTiTebs: cnobili rusi msaxiobi nikoloz
Cerkasovi ivane mrisxanes TamaSobda sergei eizenSteinis
amave saxelwodebis filmSi. misi gadaRebis procesSi
personaJs 10-12-jer mouxda mZime avadmyofobisa da
sayvareli meuRlis sikvdilis gadatana (kinoSi erTsa
da imave scenas ramdenjerme iReben, epizodis ramdenime
dubls akeTeben). Cerkasovi am rols TeatrSic TamaSobda.
ivane mrisxanes scenaze gansaxierebis manZilze man TiTqmis
300-jer ,,mokla~ kverTxiT Svili. advili warmosadgenia,
ra mouvidoda msaxiobs, realuri gancdebiT rom ecxovra
scenaze! yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Svilis rolis
Semsrulebels xom namdvilad moklavda!
yvela WeSmarit msaxiobs kidev erTi Taviseburi unari
unda hqondes. mas unda SeeZlos, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
realuri situaciidan CaerTos aqtiur scenur qmedebaSi.
aqtioruli niWis es mxare ixveweba msaxioburi gamocdilebisa
dagrovebisa da teqnikuri Cvevebis gamomuSavebis Sedegad.
Teatris kritikosi a.kugeli ixsenebs: ..warmodgenis aqtebs
Soris Sesvenebis dros mcire Teatris kulisebSi Sevedi
eleonora duzes gasacnobad. me vaRmerTebdi am msaxiobs.

51
kulisebSi SesvlisTanave pirdapir mas SeveCexe. igi
scenaze idga, reJisoris TanaSemwis mier dalagebul avejs
aTvalierebda. raRac ar moswonda. Zalian gaRizianebuli,
SeiZleba iTqvas, vulgaruli xmiT dahyviroda patara tanis
italiels. usiamovno, boroti gamometyveleba hqonda,
saxe ki ulamazo da daberebuli. meqanikurad ukan daxeva
daviwye. duze yvirils ganagrZobda. am dros mesame zari
gaisma. parterSi davbrundi. gaixsna farda da melodiuri,
nazi xmiTa da mgloviare RvTismSoblis sasowarkveTili
gamometyvelebiT daiwyo duzem Semdegi scena. sadRa iyo
nervebaSlili, kapasi qali~.1
Sinagani bunebis aseTi Secvla marTlac sruliad
organulia msaxiobisaTvis, romlis profesiis arsi
saxecvlilebaa, gardasaxva.
rolidan ,,gamoTiSvis~ da masSi ,,CarTvis~ moments adgili
aqvs speqtaklis msvlelobis procesSic. Teatrmcodne
naTela uruSaZe igonebs: ,,mas, vinc dakvirvebia veriko
anjafariZis tragikuli gmirebis scenur cxovrebas,
SeuZlebelia ar SeeniSnos, ra ucdomlad icoda man
sakuTar fizikur da sulier ZalTa ganawileba. rogorc
WeSmaritma ostatma, ise icoda scenaze dasveneba. zogjer
Tavisi gmiris cxovrebis ukiduresad daZabul momentSic
ki, Tavad minaxavs kulisebidan amgvari ostatobis nimuSi.
,,antonios da kleopatras~ III moqmedebaSi, rodesac romidan
mosuli Sikriki antoniosis Ralatis ambavs atyobinebda
kleopatras, dedoflis risxva vefxvis gaSmagebas hgavda.
saSineli iyo misi sityvebis mosmena: ,,maS moviSoro
samudamod? vera, ver SevZleb~. mere mayurebels zurgs
Seaqcevda, orive xels TavSi itacebda da ase miecemoda
sasowarkveTas. gulgaxeTqili aleqsasi akankalebuli xmiT
warmoTqvamda: ..TviTon irodi, ebraelT mefe ver gahbedavs
Sens Semoxedvas, roca mrisxaned iyurebi~.
am sityvebis warmoTqmas erTi wuTic ar sWirdeboda.
magram veriko anjafariZisaTvis es dro sakmarisi iyo, rom
mayureblisaken zurgiT mdgomi, mTlianad gamorTuliyo
1
Александр Кугель, ,,Театралные портреты~, изд. ,,Искусство~, Ленинград,
1967г., стр. 318-319
52
grZnobaTa mozRvavebisagan da ase daesvena, rogorc msaxiobs.
magram rogorc ki gaigonebda aleqsasis sityvas ,,irodi,~
misi gulidan kvlav amoxeTqavda: ,,swored irodis Tavi
momarTvan, magram sityvas vin Semisrulebs, ros antonios
aRara myavs.~
am sityvebs igi warmoTqvamda zustad im emociuri
siZlieriT, romelsac epizodis mzardi riTmi iTxovda.
darbazSi ar moipoveboda adamiani, romelsac SeeniSnos
msaxiobis es wuTieri ganTavisufleba grZnobaTa tvirTisgan
da xelaxali elviseburi CarTva masSi.~1
ZiriTadad ra gziT da saSualebiT gamoxatavs msaxiobi
Tavis saTqmels scenaze? am kiTxvaze pasuxi TviT sityva
aqtioris safuZvelSi devs _ aqteo _ qmedeba.
moqmedeba (qmedeba) _ 1. gamoxatvis saSualeba msaxiobis
xelovnebaSi iseve, rogorc bgera musikaSi, feri da xazi
saxviT xelovnebaSi, sityva literaturaSi, sxeulis
moZraoba qoreografiaSi. aqtioruli mxatvruli saxe
moqmedebaSi vlindeba, personaJis qcevaSi gansxeuldeba.
rolis Semsrulebeli msaxiobis gancdebi misi qmedebis
saSualebiT gamoixateba. qmedebaSi vlindeba adamianis
miznebi da ixsneba misi Sinagani samyaro (msoflmxedveloba,
azrebi, grZnobebi, miswrafebani da a.S.).
2. dramaturgiaSi qmedebis qveS igulisxmeba
movlenaTa ganviTareba. am TvalsazrisiT qmedebis cneba
dakavSirebuliafabulasa da siuJetTan anu piesaSi mimdinare
ambebTan.
3. moqmedebas uwodeben agreTve piesis an speqtaklis
dasrulebul nawils. scenaze ganxorcielebul movlenaTa
sirTulis da xangrZlivobis mixedviT piesa da speqtakli
iyofa ama Tu im raodenobis moqmedebad anu aqtad.
yovel maTganSi iwyeba da mTavrdeba piesis movlenaTa
garkveuli etapi. I moqmedebaSi, Cveulebriv, mocemulia
eqspozicia, romelSic scenuri nawarmoebis gmirebsaa da
maT kavSirurTierTobebs vecnobiT, bolo moqmedeba ki
aucileblad kvanZis gaxsnaa.
1
naTela uruSaZe, `veriko anjafariZe~, gam. `qarTuli Teatris sacavi”,
Tbilisi, 2001 w., gv. 181
53
 piesis an speqtaklis personaJs moqmed pirs eZaxian.
ara molaparake an mosaubre, aramed swored moqmed pirs.
moqmedeba msaxiobis xelovnebis ZiriTadi birTvia, romelic
mis specifikas apirobebs.
Tu mxatvrul literaturaSi adamianis qcevas mwerali
agviwers, saxviT xelovnebaSi ki mxatvari gvixatavs, Tanac
gayinul, statikur formaSi, Teatralur xelovnebaSi
msaxiobi realurad axorcielebs moqmedebas. es ar
aris mxolod fizikuri gadaadgileba scenaze, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi. msaxiobi, ufro sworad, garkveuli surviliTa
da mizniT amoqmedebuli misi gmiri am amocanaTa Sesatyvis
saqcielebs sCadis. rolze muSaobisas msaxiobma aucileblad
unda amoicnos da Tavisad gaixados is motivi, romelic misi
gmiris qcevas gansazRvravs. didi qarTveli msaxiobi uSangi
CxeiZe, romlis artistul biografias amSvenebs brwyinvaled
ganxorcielebuli Seqspiris personaJi iago, swored misi
borotebis sawyiss, ZiriTad impulss eZebda rolze muSaobis
pirvel periodSi: ,,Tu iagoSi ver gamovnaxavT veraviTar
dadebiT Tvisebas, maSasadame, ver SevqmniT cocxal saxes,
ver SevqmniT adamians. aq saWiroa umTavresad gamovnaxoT
is motivi, ramac gaaborota es adamaini. ra aiZulebs
mas Caidinos mxolod cudi da mis Sesrulebas moandomos
mTeli Tavisi unari?
jiraldo Centos italiur novelebSi, romelsac
efuZneba Seqspiris ,,otelos~ siuJeti, iagos gaborotebis
mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mas TavdaviwyebiT uyvars
dezdemona. magram, rodesac es, iagos siyvarulis obieqti,
mavrs gahyveba colad, siyvaruli gadadis siZulvilSi
rogorc dezdemonas, ise otelos mimarT. mizezi martivia.
Seqspirma mizezebi gaarTula da mayureblis yurisaTvis
gaxada bundovani. aqtioris movaleobaa gansakuTrebiT
xazi gausvas am mizezebs, rom sawyisi da gamarTleba eqnes
iagos borotebas~. 1
Teatraluri xelovnebis reformatorma, didma msaxiobma
da reJisorma konstantine stanislavskim, moskovis samxatvro
1
uSangi CxeiZe, `mogonebebi da werilebi~, gam. `xelovneba~, Tbilisi,
1956 w., gv. 255
54
Teatris garda, Seqmna agreTve msaxiobis rolze muSaobis
sakuTari meTodi, e.w. ,,stanislavskis sistema~. dRevandeli
artistebis udidesi nawili Tavis praqtikul muSaobaSi
swored am Teoriul moZRvrebas efuZneba. mis ZiriTad
birTvs ki warmoadgens k.stanislavskis Sexedulebebi
scenuri qmedebis Sesaxeb. am didi reJisorisaTvis, msaxiobis
moqmedeba scenaze aqtioruli mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis
umTavres safuZvels warmoadgens.
scenuri saxe _ farTo gagebiT, esTetikuri kategoria,
sinamdvilis asaxvis gansakuTrebuli, specifikuri
forma, cxovrebis suraTi, romelsac qmnian dramaturgi,
reJisori, msaxiobi, mxatvari, maT mier warmodgenili
xasiaTi, personaJi. nebismieri mxatvruli saxis msgavsad,
scenuri saxec grZnobad-konkretulia, misawvdomia uSualo
aRqmisaTvis, adamianis emociebze pirdapiri zemoqmedebisaTvis.
scenuri saxis ganzogadebis saSualebaa tipizacia. am dros
calkeuli personaJi, movlena da a.S. gvevlineba adamianTa
didi jgufis an erTgvarovan movlenaTa warmomadgenlad.
erT konkretul pirovnebaSi bevri adamianuri xasiaTia
gaerTianebuli. Tan es tipi individicaa, konkretuli
pirovneba. scenur saxeSi gaerTianebulia obieqturi da
subieqturi, e.i. cxovrebiseuli movlenebi, xasiaTebi,
konfliqtebi, viTarebani, adamianis sulieri samyaro _
yvelaferi, rac xelovanisgan damoukideblad arsebobs, da
TviT xelovanis gancdebi, fiqrebi, misi damokidebuleba
warmodgenil movlenebTan, am movlenaTa miseuli xedva.
araCveulebrivad ganmartavs tipis cnebas ilia WavWavaZe
didi qarTveli msaxiobis, vaso abaSiZis erT-erTi saukeTeso
rolis, parun osefas magaliTze speqtaklidan ,,jer
daixocnen, mere iqorwines~: ,,baton abaSiZes erTi iseTi
Semoqmedebis niWi aqvs, romelic iSviaTad eqneba xolme
dids gamoCenil artistsac da romelic Cvens artistebSi
ar SegviniSnavs. yovels moqmed pirs, Tu ki misis Sesaferis
rolisaa, igi ganasaxovnebs xolme da ,,tipad~ gardaaqcevs,
rac unda cota saxsari hqondes micemuli avtorisagan
artists amisaTvis. uyurebT baton abaSiZes scenazed da

55
hfiqrobT, ra vqna, amisTana kaci sadRac minaxavso da ar
magondeba ki sada da vin ariso. saxis metyveleba, Cacma-
daxurva, mixvra-moxvra, yoveli gadadgma fexisa, yoveli
sityva ise Sezavebuli da Sewyobili iyo da Semoqmedebis
niWiT ise gardaqmnili, rom gulSi kaci ityoda: ai, ai,
exla ki momagonda vinc ariso da mogonebisve umal
TvalTagan uqreboda, rogorc aCrdili, moCveneba. roca
scenaze warmodgenil saxes kacisas icnob kidec da arc
icnob, es utyuari niSania, rom igi saxe ,,tipia~, zogadi
saxea erT gvaris kacebisa, romelTagan TviTeulad calke
TvalsaCino niSnebia mogrovili da erTadSeqsovili, erT
adamianad qceuli. amitomac ,,tipi~ yvelasac hgavs zogadad
da arcerTsa cal-calke. amitomac ,,tipad~ gardaqmnili saxe
gecnobaT kidec da arc gecnobaT erTsa da imave dros~.1
igive SeiZleba iTqvas parun osefas kidev or aqtiorul
saxeze, romlebic XX saukunis II naxevarSi Seqmnes vaso
goZiaSvilma mixeil TumaniSvilisa da giorgi kaxabriSvilis
satelevizio speqtaklSi da giorgi pipinaSvilma giorgi
margvelaSvilis warmodgenaSi kinomsaxiobTa Teatris
scenaze.
scenuri saxis cnebaSi Sedis: 1. mTeli speqtaklis saxe,
romlis ideur-mxatvruli mTlianoba, yvela misi komponentis
(msaxiobTa TamaSi, mxatvruli gadawyveta, musika da a.S.)
urTierTzemoqmedeba ganisazRvreba reJisoris CanafiqriT
da misi ganxorcielebiT. damdgmeli reJisori speqtaklis
yvela monawilis SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmevis sinTezs axdens,
aerTianebs maT speqtaklis mTlian mxatvrul saxed.
2. saxe-xasiaTi, romelsac msaxiobi qmnis. igi uSualo
kavSirSia gardasaxvis aqtTan.
scenuri xasiaTi _ scenuri tipi (saxe, individualoba),
romelsac qmnis speqtaklSi msaxiobi Tavisi TamaSiT.
Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli xasiaTisgan gansxvavebiT,
scenuri xasiaTi gamoirCeva Tavisi esTetikuri TvisebebiT.
qmnis ra scenur xasiaTs, msaxiobma unda gaiTvaliswinos
is mxatvruli mimarTuleba, romelsac piesa miekuTvneba
1
ilia WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, tomi III, 1953 w., gv. 105

56
(realisturi, romantikuli da a.S.), misi Janruli
Taviseburebani (komedia, tragedia, fsiqologiuri drama),
avtoriseuli manera, stili. scenuri xasiaTis Seqmna
msaxiobis Semoqmedebis mTavari mizania. igi xorcieldeba
speqtaklis msvlelobis ganmavlobaSi.
saxasiaTo msaxiobi _ msaxiobi, romelic asrulebs
rols, gamorCeuls mkveTrad gamoxatuli wodebrivi,
yofiTi, garegnuli TaviseburebebiT. k.stanislavski Tvlida,
rom saxasiaTooba unda axasiaTebdes yvela saxes, maT Soris
_ gmiris, mijnurisas~.
yvela WeSmariti aqtiori, misTvis saintereso rolis
miRebis momentSi, Sinaganad mzad aris imisaTvis, rom
gardaqmnas sakuTari pirovneba, sulis siRrmidan amozidos
is grZnobebi, miswrafebani, survilebi, xasiaTis Tvisebebi,
romlebsac scenuri gmiris individualoba moiTxovs
da sakuTari pirovneba mas daumorCilos. msaxiobis
individualobisa da rolis urTierTSerwymiT mravali
saintereso scenuri saxe, Taviseburi xasiaTi daibada
qarTul TeatrSi: nato gabunias xanuma (avqsenti cagarelis
,,xanuma~), vaso abaSiZis zimzimovi (gabriel sundukianis
,,pepo~), lado mesxiSvilis levan ximSiaSvili (daviT
erisTavis ,,samSoblo~), aleqsandre imedaSvilis mefe
liri (uiliam Seqspiris ,,mefe liri~), uSangi CxeiZis iago
(uiliam Seqspiris ,,otelo~), veriko anjafariZis ivdiTi
(karl guckovis ,,uriel akosta~), vaso goZiaSvilis
luarsab TaTqariZe (ilia WavWavaZis ,,kacia-adamiani?!~),
sesilia TayaiSvilis bebia olRa (nodar dumbaZis ,,me,
bebia, iliko da ilarioni~), akaki xoravas otelo (uiliam
Seqspiris ,,otelo~), akaki vasaZis franc moori (fridrix
Sileris ,,yaCaRebi~), sergo zaqariaZis Tinibegi (mixeil
mrevliSvilis ,,zvavi~), giorgi SavguliZis xaritoni
(polikarpe kakabaZis ,,kolmeurnis qorwineba~), erosi
manjgalaZis DdaTvi (giorgi naxucriSvilis ,,WinWraqa~),
medea Caxavas lida matisova (pavel kohoutis ,,roca aseTi
siyvarulia~), giorgi gegeWkoris platon samaniSvili
(d. kldiaSvilis ,,samaniSvilis dedinacvali~), salome

57
yanCelis bernarda (federiko garsia lorkas ,,bernarda
albas saxli~), oTar meRvineTuxucesis leo vaneli (lali
rosebas ,,provinciuli ambavi~), ramaz CxikvaZis azdaki
(bertolt brextis ,,kavkasiuri carcis wre~), sofiko
Wiaurelis sare (kita buaCiZis ,,ezoSi avi QZaRlia~), marine
Tbilelis kekela xuxliaSvili (avqsenti cagarelis, akaki
wereTlisa da qaquca baxutaSvilis ,,Zveli vodevilebi~),
elene yifSiZis karapeta (giorgi erisTavis ,,Zunwi~),
nineli WankvetaZis elisabedi da giorgi pipinaSvilis
osefa (rafiel erisTavis ,,jer daixocnen, mere iqorwines~),
zurab yifSiZis arCil gamrekeli (TornTon uailderis
,,Cveni patara qalaqi~ gadmoqarTulebuli revaz gabriaZis
mier) da mravali sxva.
scenur xasiaTze saubrisas aucilebelia aRiniSnos,
rom erTi da igive roli, gansakuTrebiT klasikuri
repertuaridan, sxvadasxva dros, mravaljer ganusaxierebia
sxvadasxva msaxiobs; e.i.erTsa da imave literaturul
masalaze dayrdnobiT, sxvadasxva aqtioruli
individualoba gansxvavebul scenur saxes qmnis. esaa
Teatris, rogorc saSemsruleblo xelovnebis erT-erTi
umTavresi niSandoblioba. marTlac, raoden gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan aleqsandre imedaSvilis, akaki xoravas,
Salva RambaSiZis, oTar meRvineTuxucesis otelo, uSangi
CxeiZis, akaki vasaZis, nodar mgalobliSvilis iago, vaso
goZiaSvilisa da ramaz CxikvaZis riCardi da mravali
sxva personaJi, romlebic gacocxldnen qarTul scenaze
erovnuli Teatris ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze.
da kidev erTi ram ris gareSec albaT warmoudgenelia
samsaxiobo xelovneba _ aqtioruli gardasaxvis unari,
romelic gulisxmobs erTi msaxiobis mier gansxvavebul
scenur xasiaTTa Seqmnis aqtiorul SesaZleblobas.
amitomac erTi artistis SemoqmedebiT biografiaSi
erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul personaJebs vxvdebiT:
lado mesxiSvilis hamleti (uiliam Seqspiris ,,hamleti~)
da franc moori (fridrix Sileris ,,yaCaRebi~), veriko
anjafariZis oTaraanT qvrivi da margarita gotie (aleqsandre

58
diuma-Svilis ,,qali kameliebiT~), sesilia TayaiSvilis ZiZa
(uiliam Seqspiris ,,romeo da julieta~) da dedofali
elisabedi (fridrix Sileris ,,mariam stiuarti~), uSangi
CxeiZis urieli (karl guckovis ,,uriel akosta~) da
yvaryvare (polikarpe kakabaZis ,,yvaryvare TuTaberi~), vaso
goZiaSvilis xlestakovi (nikoloz gogolis ,,revizori~)
da avetika (avqsenti cagarelis ,,rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav~),
sergo zaqariaZis kreoni (Jan anuis ,,antigone~) da devi
(giorgi naxucriSvilis ,,WinWraqa~), akaki vasaZis kruticki
(aleqsandre ostrovskis ,,zogjer brZenic Secdeba~) da
pepia (ilia WavWavaZis ,,glaxis naambobi~), ramaz CxikvaZis
qosa-mrCeveli (giorgi naxucriSvilis ,,WinWraqa~) da mefe
liri (Seqspiris ,,mefe liri~), giorgi gegeWkoris nikoloz
baraTaSvili (mixeil mrevliSvilis ,,baraTaSvili~) da
tigran guloiani (nodar dumbaZis ,,sabraldebo daskvna~),
medea Caxavas amaranta (jon fletCeris ,,espaneli mRvdeli~)
da mela (giorgi naxucriSvilis ,,WinWraqa~) salome
yanCelis xanuma (avqsenti cagarelis ,,xanuma~) da lida
petrusova (pavel kohoutis ,,roca aseTi siyvarulia), zina
kverenCxilaZis tura (giorgi naxucriSvilis ,,WinWraqa~)
da antigone (Jan anuis ,,antigone~), erosi manjgalaZis
gvadi bigva (leo qiaCelis ,,gvadi bigva~) da daTvi (giorgi
naxucriSvilis ,,WinWraqa~), sofiko Wiaurelis elena
(m.gorkis ,,mdabioni~) da antigone (sofoklesa da Jan anuis
piesebSi), elene yifSiZis fofia (kita buaCiZis ,,ezoSi avi
ZaRlia~) da margo (lali rosebas ,,premiera~), nineli
WankvetaZis elvira (molieris ,,don-Juani~) da hermia
(uiliam Seqspiris ,,zafxulis Ramis sizmari~), zurab
yifSiZis tarelkini (aleqsandre suxovo-kobilinis ,,saqme~)
da mama (august strindbergis ,,mama~) da mravali sxva.
ra gamomsaxveli saSualebebiT axerxebs msaxiobi
gansxvavebul scenur xasiaTTa Seqmnas? upirveles yovlisa,
esaa sasceno metyveleba. igi xels uwyobs msaxiobs,
mayureblamde miitanos teqstSi Cadebuli ideebi, azrebi,
grZnobebi. sasceno metyvelebis saSualebiT msaxiobi xsnis
personaJTa sulier samyaros, gadmoscems maT socialur,

59
fsiqologiur, erovnul, yofiT niSnebs. enis mSveniereba,
musikaluroba da metyvelebis Taviseburebani, romlebiTac
gansxvavdebian sxvadasxva epoqis, erovnebis, socialuri wris
da profesiis adamianebi, gansazRvraven sasceno metyvelebis
ritms, melodiurobas, tembrs, emociur elfers.
sasceno metyvelebis teqnika dakavSirebulia xmis
JReradobasTan, moqnilobasTan, diapazonTan, sunTqvis
TaviseburebebTan, diqciis simkveTresTan. msaxiobis mier
Seqmnil personaJTa metyvelebis manera gansxvavebuli unda
iyos. magram amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom artists unaklo
diqcia hqondes; arc erTi misi bgera da sityva ar unda
ikargebodes, mkafiod unda iqnas warmoTqmuli scenidan.
msaxiobs kargi saxmo monacemebic unda hqondes. swored
amgvari, araCveulebrivi sascenod mJReri xmebiT iyvnen
dajildoebulni veriko anjafariZe, akaki xorava, erosi
manjgalaZe da sxvebi.
sasceno metyveleba warmoudgenelia umniSvnelovanesi
msaxioburi gamomsaxveli saSualebis _ Jesto-mimikis
gareSe.
Jesti _ sxeulis moZraoba (upiratesad xelis), romelic
axlavs metyvelebas an cvlis mas. msaxiobis xelovnebaSi
Jesti an usityvo qmedebaa an sityvieri qmedebis damateba.
JestSi vlindeba adamianis aRzrda, Cvevebi, temperamenti,
sulieri mdgomareoba da saerTod _ xasiaTi.
metyvel JestTan erTad msaxiobis umniSvnelovanesi
gamomxatvelobiTi iaraRia mimika anu saxismetyveleba.
adamianis Sinagani mdgomareobis Sesaxeb umTavres informacias
xom saxis gamometyvelebiT vgebulobT, gansakuTrebiT _
mdumarebis wuTebSi. miT umetes, mkveTri unda iyos scenaze
moqmedi artistis mimika, rom igi zustad aRiqvas did
darbazSi mjdomma nebismierma mayurebelma.
didi rusi reJisori vsevolod meierholdi Tvlida, rom
adamianis xasiaTis Sesaxeb yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba msjeloba
misi zurgis mixedviT: Tvalma SeiZleba mogatyuos, zurgma
ki _ arasodeso. v.meierholdi sxeulis am nawils yvelaze
,,gulwrfels“ eZaxis, adamiani xom verasodes akontrolebs
Tavis zurgs.
60
 nikoloz Cerkasovi, romlis samsaxiobo biografiaSi
uxvad moipoveba didebulad ganxorcielebuli dramatuli,
tragikuli da, amasTanave, mkveTrad saxasiaTo rolebi,
aRniSnavs, rom Jesti aucileblad unda Seesabamebodes
epoqis stils. msaxiobma unda Seiswavlos Jestis xasiaTi
did mxatvarTa tiloebidan da qandakebebidan. Tu, magaliTad,
petre I-is TamaSisas Tavisuflad SeiZleba fexis fexze
gadadeba, ivane mrisxane _ sul sxva drois mmarTveli
_ ase arasodes dajdeboda. Tu Teoretikos-botanikosis,
profesor poleJaevis xelebi, romlebic daCveulni arian
wignis, werilis, laboratoriuli preparatebis xmarebas,
rbili da plastikuri unda iyos; mecnier-praqtikosis,
miCurinis xelebi mkvidradaa dakavSirebuli miwasTan,
amitom isini ufro uxeSia.1
msaxiobis yvela SemoqmedebiTi unari sruli ZaliT
amoqmeddeba rolze muSaobis procesSi, xelovanis Canafiqris
praqtikuli ganxorcielebis dros; rodesac mis warmosaxvaSi
aRmocenebuli da Camoyalibebuli saxeebi mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi gansxeuldeba. scenuri saxis ganxorcieleba
efuZneba msaxiobis gardasaxvis anu sxvadqcevis unars, mis
SesaZleblobas, Seicvalos garegnuli ieri da, rac mTavaria,
Seqmnas axali xasiaTi, xSirad sakuTarisgan mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli. magram amisaTvis mxolod niWi ar kmara. didi
Sromaa saWiro, Segnebuli, mizanmimarTuli muSaoba, xSirad
Zalze damRleli.
XIX saukunis II naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi,
msaxiobebi kviraSi 9, zogjer 10 warmodgenasac ki
TamaSobdnen, Tanac mudam sruli datvirTviT, sulier da
fizikur ZalTa maqsimaluri xarjviT. warmoidgineT, ra
energiaa amisaTvis saWiro!
albaT amitomac moiTxovda kote marjaniSvili
msaxiobebisaTvis orTvian Svebulebas, Tanac yovelgvar
muSaobas ukrZalavda artistebs Svebulebis periodSi.
warmovidginoT msaxiobis erTi Cveulebrivi samuSao
1
Николай Черкасов, ,,Записки советского актера~, изд. ,,Искусство~,
Москва, 1953г., стр. 200

61
dRe: dilis 11 saaTidan 2-mde repeticia, saRamos 8 saaTze
_ repeticia an speqtakli, romelzedac artisti 7 saaTze
mainc unda gamocxaddes. amas garda, repeticiebs Soris
SualedebSi msaxiobi dRes aqtiuradaa dakavebuli kino da
tele gadaRebebze, gaxmovanebasa Tu radio Cawerebze.
msaxiobis rolze muSaobis umTavresi da yvelaze
xangrZlivi etapia repeticia (laTinurad ganmeoreba)
_ speqtaklis momzadebis ZiriTadi forma, mimdinareobs
reJisoris xelmZRvanelobiT. repeticiebis procesSi _
piesis kiTxva da ganxilva, misi mravaljer Sesruleba
calkeul scenebad, aqtebad da mTlianad _ damdgmeli da
Semsrulebelni cdiloben sworad gaxsnan dramatuli
nawarmoebis ideuri Sinaarsi, ipovon is gamomsaxveli
saSualebebi, romlebic swored am speqtakls Wirdeba,
Seqmnan mkveTri, dasamaxsovrebeli xasiaTebi.
dRevandel dRes dramatul TeatrSi mimdinare repeticia
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saukunis dasawyisSi arsebuli
sarepeticio muSaobisagan. im periodSi, rodesac speqtaklis
avtori jer kidev ar iyo reJisori, warmodgenebi daaxloebiT
6-8 repeticiaSi mzaddeboda. Zvel TeatrSi repeticias
samzadiss uwodebdnen. msaxiobebi rolis teqsts imdenad
euflebodnen, rom mokarnaxis daxmarebiT iolad gasuliyvnen
fons. dgindeboda mizanscenebi, e.i. msaxiobTa ganlageba
scenaze, maTi gadaadgilebis Tanmimdevroba, kulisebidan
Sesvla-gasvla.
XIX saukunis II naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisisis
didebuli aqtioruli saxeebi, romlebic dRes qarTuli
Teatraluri xelovnebis Sedevrebadaa miCneuli, ramdenime
repeticiiT iqmneboda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kviraSi erT
axal speqtakls TamaSobdnen.
reJisori anawilebda rolebs ampluas mixedviT. dasSi
TiToeuli msaxiobis amplua mkacrad iyo dadgenili da
ar icvleboda. amas garda, saWiro iyo piesis siuJetis
Sesatyvisi dekoraciis dadgma, romelic mxolod moqmedebis
adgils mianiSnebda, mag. mdidruli oTaxi, tye, Raribuli
qoxi, baRi da a.S. _ isic istoriuli epoqis Sesatyvisad.

62
mosafiqrebeli iyo, rogor CaecvaT, sad romeli saWiro
sagani moTavsebuliyo, ra adgilas aJRerebuliyo musika.
reJisoris warmosaxvis, fantaziis amoqmedebas, daweril
striqonebs miRma arsebuli azris amokiTxvas da mraval
amgvar SemoqmedebiT aqts saerTod ar hqonda adgili
magram im droidan, rac reJisori Caudga saTaveSi
warmodgenis Seqmnis process, sarepeticio muSaobac
Sesabamisad gaxangrZlivda, garTulda, etapebad daiyo.
artistisa da reJisorisaTvis repeticia, rasakvirvelia,
SemoqmedebiTi procesia. magram Tu speqtaklis damdgmelis
Semoqmedeba sarepeticio procesis dasrulebiT wydeba,
msaxiobi rolze muSaobas warmodgenis msvlelobis drosac
agrZelebs, mayurebelTan uSualo kontaqtSi. garda amisa,
reJisori piesaze muSaobas repeticiebis dawyebamde,
msaxiobebisagan damoukideblad, maTTan Sexvedramde iwyebs.
zogjer es periodi ramdenime welsac ki moicavs. rac
ufro intensiuria reJisoris muSaoba am etapze, miT ufro
swrafad mimdinareobs speqtaklze praqtikuli muSaobis
sarepeticio procesi.
reJisorebs gacilebiT met siamovnebas aniWebs
sarepeticio procesi, vidre mza speqtakli. pirvelive
sajaro warmodgenis Semdeg speqtakli reJisorisagan
damoukidebel arsebobas, Tavis sakuTar cxovrebas iwyebs.
sarepeticio procesi 3 ZiriTad etapad iyofa. rolebis
ganawilebis Semdeg iwyeba e.w. samagido repeticiebi.
reJisori msaxiobebs acnobs piesis sakuTar interpretacias,
speqtaklis dadgmis miseul Canafiqrs, imas, Tu umTavresad
ris saTqmelad axorcielebs igi amwarmodgenas scenaze.
Semdeg ukve aqtiorebTan erTad mimdinareobs piesis
analizi, teqstze muSaoba, personaJTa xasiaTebis, maT
Soris urTierTobebis dadgena, maT saqcielTa gamomwvevi
mizezebis Zieba; aigeba gmirTa qmedebis uwyveti jaWvi
piesis movlenaTa mixedviT. mimdinareobs dramaturgiuli
nawarmoebis e.w. ,,qmediTi analizi.~ idealur SemTxvevaSi,
swored am periodSi unda daiwyos reJisorisa da msaxiobis
WeSmariti TanaSemoqmedeba, xelovnebis nawarmoebis Seqmnis
erToblivi procesi.
63
 yovel speqtaklSi msaxiobi erT scenur saxes qmnis,
reJisorma ki yvela moqmed gmirze unda izrunos, yvelas
fsiqologiaSi unda erkveodes; unda icnobdes moxucisa da
axalgazrdis, qalisa da kacis, Seyvarebulisa da naZiralas
bunebas. niWieri reJisoris SemoqmedebiT arsenalSi
mravali xerxi da saSualeba unda arsebobdes msaxiobis
fantaziis gasaRviveblad _ axsna, Txroba, Cveneba, garkveul
asociaciaTa gamowvevisa da saxieri detalebis miniSnebis
unari. es ki imisaTvis aris saWiro, rom aqtiori sworad
da bunebrivad, amave dros _ sainteresod da uCveulod
amoqmeddes scenaze.
speqtaklze muSaobis Semdegi etapia e.w. repeticiebi
ZgideebSi anu TejirebSi. isini aucileblad sarepeticio
darbazSi tardeba. nebismier Teatrs aqvs sagangebod
repeticiebisaTvis gamoyofili erTi an ramdenime didi
oTaxi. am etapze msaxiobebi magidas Sordebian da sivrceSi
gadaadgilebas iwyeben. dgindeba, vin saidan Semodis da
gadis, vin sad imyofeba ama Tu im scenaSi. magidasTan
napovni Sinagani qmedebis xazi praqtikulad mowmdeba da
gansxeuldeba fizikur moqmedebaSi. iqmneba daaxloebiT is
garemo, romelic Semdgom scenaze unda iyos. Zgideebi keTdeba
repertuaridan amoRebuli Zveli speqtaklebis dekoraciaTa
nawilebisagan, agreTve e.w. samuSao Tejirebisgan, romlebic
yvela TeatrSia. Zgideebis konstruqcia unda Seesabamebodes
momavali dekoraciis formasa da proporciebs. msaxiobis
gankargulebaSia sagnebi, romlebic mis gmirs esaWiroeba
_ magida, skami, sawoli da a.S. konkretdeba personaJis
xasiaTi, misi plastika. zogierTi msaxiobi am etapze
TandaTan iwyebs momavali kostiumis detalebis
gamoyenebasac: yabalaxi, xalaTi, Coxa, Calma, toga, kimono
da a.S. ZgideebSi repeticiebis dros TandaTanobiT ikveTeba
momavali speqtaklis saxe, romelic sabolood yalibdeba
sasceno repeticiebis procesSi.
sarepeticio muSaobis bolo etapi _ sasceno repeticia,
Tavis mxriv, ramdenime safexurad iyofa. pirvel rigSi _
samontaJo repeticia _ scenaze dgas momavali speqtaklis

64
dekoracia, misi ZiriTadi nawili mainc. TandaTan emateba
kostiumebi da yvela is nivTi, romlebsac warmodgenis
msvlelobis dros personaJebi iyeneben. am etapze iseve,
rogorc ZgideebSi muSaobis dros, reJisori zogjer aCvenebs
msaxiobs, Tu rogor unda moiqces igi ama Tu im scenaSi.
es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, rodesac speqtaklis damdgmelma
sityvieri axsniT sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwia. cnobilia,
rom k.stanislavski, Tavisi ,,Cvenebis~ dros xSirad
Trgunavda aqtiors genialuri fantaziiT, temperamentiT,
improvizaciis araCveulebrivi unariT, sxeulis flobis
ostatobiT.
sarepeticio procesis am etapze msaxiobebi da reJisori
uzarmazar energias xarjaven. arsebobs 63 wlis reJisor
v.meierholdis erT-erTi repeticiis aRwera, sadac
miTiTebulia, rom erTi Cveulebrivi repeticiis ganmavlobaSi
igi 61-jer avida scenaze SemsrulebelTaTvis sxvadasxva
momentis saCveneblad. umniSvnelo SeniSvnebs darbazidan
iZleoda. 18-jer avida scenaze Sesvenebamde da 43-jer 10-
wuTiani Sesvenebis Semdeg. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi igi
skamze ar damjdara.
sarepeticio periodis ukanasknel etapze sabolood
zustdeba da dgindeba speqtaklis mizanscenebi.
mizanscena (frangulad _ ganlageba scenaze) _ msaxiobTa
ganlageba scenaze garkveuli SeTanxmebiT erTmaneTTan da
maT garemomcvel nivTier garemosTan speqtaklis ama Tu
im momentSi. mizanscenis daniSnulebaa scenaze adamianTa
figurebis garegnuli urTierTobis saSualebiT gamoxatos
maTi Sinagani urTierTqmedeba.
mizanscena piesis ideis xatovani gamovlenis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi formaa. erTmaneTis monacvle mizanscenaTa
uwyvet dinebaSi vlindeba moqmed pirTa qcevis logika,
maT Soris aRmocenebuli urTierTobani da konfliqtebi.
mizanscenis Seqmna da damuSaveba reJisoris umniSvnelovanesi
funqciaa, reJisoruli Canafiqris, misi saxeobriv-mxatvruli
gadawyvetis arsebiTi komponenti. mizanscenis agebis xasiaTSi
vlindeba speqtaklis stili da Janri. klasikuri tragedia

65
mkacr da monumentur mizanscenebs moiTxovs, komedia _
msubuqsa da moZravs, swrafad cvalebads. zogjer mizanscena
Rrma xatovan ganzogadebas aRwevs. mizanscenam mkafiod
da zustad unda gamoxatos reJisoris azri, pasuxobdes
warmodgenis stilisa da Janris moTxovnebs, fsiqologiurad
gamarTlebuli unda iyos msaxiobebis mxridan, bunebrivad,
uSualod unda aRmocendes, amave dros, cxovrebiseulad
marTali, damajerebeli da tipuri iyos.
Zvel TeatrSi mizanscenebs msaxiobebi adgendnen.
yvelaferi keTdeboda imisaTvis, rom personaJebs sufTad
emoZravaT saTamaSo moedanze, yovel maTgans scodnoda
scenaze gamosvlisa da gasvlis dro da adgili. zogierTi
artisti cdilobda ise damdgariyo, rom mayurebels kargad
daenaxa. zogjer dialogis procesSi partniors arc
ki uyurebda. mTavari iyo, misi bolo replika moesmina
da epasuxa. amdenad mcire mniSvneloba eniWeboda maSin
mizanscenas.
mizanscenam, rogorc maSin speqtaklis Semadgenelma
mxatvrulma elementma Tavisi kuTvnili, Zalze myari,
umniSvnelovanesi adgili daikava TeatrSi mas Semdeg, rac
warmodgenis avtorad reJisori mogvevlina.
mizanscena nebismieri speqtaklis erT-erT yvelaze
STambeWdav elementad gvevlineba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi
bunebrivad ibadeba scenur movlenaTa msvlelobidan,
personaJis Sinagani sulieri cxovrebis arss gamoxatavs.
mizanscenas reJisoris enas uwodeben, Tumca mas
praqtikulad mudam msaxiobi axorcielebs sakuTari sxeuliT
_ gmiris xasiaTidan da saerTo scenuri situaciidan
gamomdinare. saTqmelis naTelsayofad ramdenime saxieri
mizanscenis nimuSs gTavazobT rusTavelis TeatrSi 1969
wels reJisorebis _ Temur CxeiZisa da robert sturuas
mier dadgmuli speqtaklidan ,,samaniSvilis dedinacvali.~
elenes da bekinas daqorwinebas mosdevs mizanscena, romelsac
SegviZlia ,,ojaxuri idilia~ vuwodoT _ samaniSvilebi
mTeli SemadgenlobiT magidis garSemo ganlagdnen,
axaldaqorwinebulebi sxedan, melano da platoni ki dganan.

66
da am pozaSi, qarTul saojaxo albomebSi Cakrul suraTs
rom gvagonebs, es oTxi bednieri, cxovrebiT kmayofili
adamiani xmaSewyobiT mReris ,,galiaSi rom gagzarde, boSo,
Car~...
,,platonis sizmari~: ar unda platons dedinacvlis
orsulobis dajereba, magram ra qnas, faqti jiutia. misi
mRelvareba da foriaqi sizmarSi iCens Tavs, sadac am gmiris
sulieri drama Tavis mwvervals aRwevs. ,,umwvervalesad~
aRelvebuli platoni (msaxiobi giorgi gegeWkori) naTlad
xedavs, rogor iyofa orad misi saxli da sarCo-sabadebeli,
msaxiobi TandaTanobiT daZabulobiT muxtavs scenas. Semdeg
iwyeba panika, romelsac platonis sasowarkveTili yvirili
mosdevs da, sabolood igi, patara samfexa skamze mdgari,
uimedod xelebgaSlili iRviZebs. es xatovani mizanscena
Cinebulad gamoxatavs mis mdgomareobas _ platoni
cxovrebiseul sayrdens kargavs, im mcire qonebasac ki,
rac hqonda. mas xelidan ecleba yvelaferi, TiTqos haerSi
gamokiduli rCeba.
bekinas da elenes vaJi gauCndaT, platons _ mamulis
gamyofeli. speqtaklis monawileebi erT rigad daewyobian
da neli nabijiT, seriozuli saxeebiT xels arTmeven bekinas.
milocvis es mizanscena panaSvids ufro mogvagonebs.
Zalze mdidaria xatovani mizanscenebiT marjaniSvilis
TeatrSi 1984 wels reJisor Temur CxeiZis mier dadgmuli
speqtakli ,,jayos xiznebi.~ maT Sorisac ki gamoirCeva e.w.
,,Zaladobis scena: marcxena wina kuTxeSi fardagia gaSlili,
masze sxdebian margo da jayo. TiTqos urmiT sofelSi
mieSurebian. rodesac gairkveva, rom jayos ,,gza arevia~
da Rame liaxvis piras unda gaaTion Ria cis qveS, margo
am fardagze wveba, jayo ki scenis marjvena wina kuTxeSi
wamogordeba. daRamda. kneina saSinelma SfoTma moicva,
avma winaTgrZnobam Seipyro. jayos arsebaSi ki cxovelurma
Jinma, bnelma pirutyvulma Zalam imZlavra. TiTqos am
Sinagani mdgomareobis gamomxatvelia mitovebuli eklesiis
ganaTebuli karis WrilSi osuri simdis melodiaze mocekvave
SavCoxiani kacis figura, romelic mxolod winidanaa

67
ganaTebuli. mis ukan sruli sibnelea. scena kvlav ganaTda.
vnebamoreuli jayo margosken miiwevs, miuaxlovda mas,
cali xeli erT xelSi CasWida, meore ki _ fexSi. umweo
cxvariviT moigdo mxrebze, Semdeg ki isev fardagze dauSva.
margo damorCilebulia. avanscena Caqra. eklesiis karSi
kvlav ganaTda mocekvave figura. misi moZraoba cxoveluri
Jinis aRzevebis, sulier siwmindeze uxeSi fizikuri Zalis
gamarjvebis gamomxatvelia.
mizanscenis erT-erT didostatad gvevlineba reJisori
robert sturua Tavis saukeTeso speqtaklebSi. mxatvari
mixeil frenkeli r.sturuas speqtakl ,,riCard III~-is
ramdenime mizanscenis metad saintereso aRwerasa da analizs
gvTavazobs: ,,princ edvardis mefed kurTxevis scenas
win uZRvis SeTqmuleba lord hestingsis winaaRmdeg. am
droisaTvis igi ukve ganicdis, rom sisxliani diqtatoris
aRzevebas Seuwyo xeli. reJisorma aago erT drosa da
sxvadasxva adgilas mimdinare movlenaTa rTuli rigi. dro
ukiduresobamdea SemWidroebuli, samefo sabWom princ
edvardis mefed kurTxevis dRe unda daniSnos. sabWos
wevrebs ki mefed riCardis dasma undaT. mxolod lord-
kancler hestingsis poziciaa ucnobi. avanscenaze dedofali
elisabedi gamodis, mis ukan saqorwino fatis msgavsi
baldaxini amalas moaqvs. sabWos wevrTa daJinebuli mzeris
TanxlebiT, elisabedi xelebs gvirgvinisken iwvdis. riCardi
da axalgazrda princi edvardi gaunZrevlad dganan mcire
SemaRlebaze, romelic patara Teatrsac mogvagonebs da
eSafotsac. samarTlianobis sadarajoze myofi hestingsi
gvirgvins uaxlovdeba da xelSi iRebs. dedofali da misi
amala scenas toveben, sabWos wevrebi hestingss adevneben
Tvals. is ki maT ver xedavs. marto darCenili lord-
kancleri nela uaxlovdeba gvirgvins, xelSi iRebs, misi
cqeriT tkbeba da uceb, mkveTri moZraobiT Camoicvams Tavze.
Semdeg samefo taxtisken midis, gzadagza skamebs aqeT-iqiT
mimoyris da taxtze jdeba. riCardi mas Tvals adevnebs.
igi xedavs hestingss da esmis misi. hestingsis saqcieli
riCards xel-fexs uxsnis. qeitsbi lord-kanclers miepareba

68
da gvirgvins Camoglejs _ hestingsi faqtzea daWerili.
reJisorma speqtaklSi axali Tema Semoitana _ hestingsis
Zalauflebismoyvareoba, mefobis survili. es motivi
SeqspirTan ar aris. im speqtaklSi, sadac yvela gmiri samefo
taxtis dapatronebas cdilobs, hestingsTan dakavSirebuli
epizodebi da mizanscenebi metad mniSvnelovania.~1
ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis Tema mTlianad msWvalavs
robert sturuas speqtakls. warmodgenis finaluri
xatovani mizanscenac kacobriobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi am
problemis metaforuli gamoxatulebaa: scenis mTel sivrces
inglisis uzarmazari ruka gadaefareba. igi or adgilasaa
amoWrili. swored am WrilebSi gayofen TavianT welzemoT
gaSiSvlebul sxeulebs riCardi da riCmondi. rogorc ori
titani, ise Seebmebian isini erTmaneTs uzarmazari maxvilebiT,
SemaZrwunebeli xmaurisa da musikis fonze. orTabrZolaSi
axalgazrda riCmondi imarjvebs. sasikvdilod gangmiruli,
rukaSi gaxlarTuli riCardi iatakze usulod ecema.
tragedia TiTqos dasrulda. boroteba damarcxebulia.
magram robert sturua am SemTxvevaSic uiliam Seqspiris
piesis sakuTar interpretacias gvTavazobs _ riCmondma
gvirgvins xeli daavlo, scenis siRrmeSi aRmarTuli
SemaRlebisaken neli, gamozomili nabijiT gaemarTa, kibeze
avida da gvirgvini demonstratiulad Tavze daixura.
ZalauflebisaTvis brZola grZeldeba.
mizanscenas SeiZleba qmnides erTi, ori an meti msaxiobi.
SesaZlebelia mizanscena mravali aqtioris scenuri qmedebis
saSualebiT gamoixatos. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs masobriv
scenasTan.
masobrivi scena (saxalxo scena) _ scena, romelSic
monawileTa didi raodenobaa. isini piesis msvlelobis
manZilze ganasaxiereben brbos, xalxs, masas. Zveli Teatris
masobriv scenebSi statistebi monawileobdnen.
statisti _ usityvo am ramdenime sityvisagan Semdgari
rolebis Semsrulebeli, masobrivi scenebis monawile. isini

1
Михаил Френкель, ,,Пластика сценического пространства~, изд.
,,Мистецтво~, Киев, 1987г., стр. 174-175
69
ZiriTadad SemTxveviTi adamianebi iyvnen, araprofesionali
msaxiobebi. cnobili msaxiobi niko gociriZe mogviTxrobs, Tu
rogor agrovebdnen XX saukunis dasawyisSi masobriv scenaTa
monawileebs: ,,didi miRweva iyo, Tu generalur repeticiaze
mouyridnen Tavs ramdenime statists. ufro xSirad masas im
Rames, warmodgenis dawyebis win Soulobdnen. Seagrovebda
xalxs scenariusi (reJisoris TanaSemwe) quCaSi, moiyvanda
TeatrSi da etyoda _ Sen aqedan Semoxval da am karebidan
gaxval, rodesac mesxiSvili ityvis ama da am frazas _
iyvireo da saqme gaCarxuli iyo. alahma uwyis, romel
karebidan Semodiodnen da rodis daiwyebdnen yvirils.
xelis Sewyobis magivrad, ufro xelis SeSla gamodioda.
erTxans TiTqos moxalise TanamSromelTa organizaciis saqme
mogvarda, seminariis moswavleni modiodnen da exmarebodnen
Teatrs. magram iyo SemTxvevebi, roca parterSi mjdomi
seminariis romelime zedamxadveli mohkravda Tvals scenaze
moswavles, SemoiWreboda xolme kulisebSi da, unda genaxaT,
es Cveni statisti TanamSromlebi scenidan grimiT rogor
mohkurcxlavdnen xolme~.1
reJisuris, rogorc profesiis Camoyalibebis
paralelurad izrdeba ansamblisa da masobrivi scenisadmi
wayenebuli SemoqmedebiTi moTxovnebi. saxalxo scenebi met
istoriul sizustesa da sanaxaobriobas iZenen. masa ukve
sanaxaobis sruluflebian moqmed pirad gvevlineba. mas
sakuTari mxatvruli funqcia eniWeba. igi erTiani ideiTa
da grZnobiTaa gamsWvaluli, speqtaklis ZiriTadi azrisa
da suliskveTebis matarebelia, Tanac im atmosferos
qmnis, romelSic cxovroben da moqmedeben piesis
gmirebi. reJisuris Teatrma masobrivi scena organulad
daukavSira warmodgenis damdgmelis Canafiqrs, mis erT-
erT gamomxatvelad aqcia. am speqtaklebSi xalxs ukve
ara SemTxveviTi statistebi, aramed profesionali, xSirad
damwyebi aqtiorebi ganasaxierebdnen.
udides efeqts axdenda mayurebelze s.axmetelis
masobrivi scenebi. erT brwyinvale epizods f.Sileris
1
niko gociriZe, `mogonebani~, gam.`xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1949 w., gv. 76

70
,,yaCaRebidan~ aRwers misi monawile, cnobili msaxiobi
akaki vasaZe: ,,polonezis musikis xmaze kibeebze Camodiodnen
niRbosani wyvilebi _ TiTqos manekenebi. tempi gangeb
Senelebuli, sxeulebi usicocxlo, atmosfero usulo...
adamianebi TiTqos Tavs Zalas atandnen emoZravaT. yvelaferi
es samgloviaro procesiis iers akuTvnebda francis
mejliss. am fonze mxolod erTaderTi franci dafrinavda.
dahqroda gaSmagebiT da rogorc qori Tu svavi afrialebda
Tavis mosasxams, garedan Savs _ Signidan cisfers. winaswar
zeimobda gamarjvebas, abuCad igdebda pastor mozers,
magram ai, mozeri gakvriT Seexeboda Tu ara francis
mier Cadenil codvebs, qveS niadagi ecleboda. dabneuli
savarZelSi eSveboda da Tavs mosasxamiT ifaravda. sasaxlis
axal mflobels stumrebi viwro wriT gars Semortymodnen.
maTi Tvalebis mrisxane elvareba niRbidanac gamokrToda
da yoveli mxridan francisadmi iyo mimarTuli. swored
mozeris mxilebis Semdeg, mozeimeTa avis momaswavebel
mzeras ver uZlebs franci da xafangSi gabmuli TagviviT
mokuntuli, Tavisive mosasxamiT daifaravs Tavs. win
niRbosani wyvili SeefeTeba. isev savarZels mivardeba, mere
isteriuli kiviliT mouwodebs yvelas icekvon. magram
yvela uZravad dgas, musika ukravs. francis win gzaze
aRmarTul wyvils ki demonstratiulad mosasxami Zirs
daugdia, gamomwvevad misCerebia mas da adgilidan fexs ar
icvlis. maSin, gaafTrebuli franci mivardeba am mrisxane
niRbebTan, mandilosans waaTrevs ramdenime sacekvao taqtiT
da radgan is uZaliandeba, daanarcxebs iatakze. TviTon ki
mayureblisaken zurgiT Setrialebuli, TiTqos maTraxis
cemiT aiZulebs yvelas icekvon. mcire pauzis Semdeg ki
amayad gaivlis mocekvaveTa Soris da gava darbazidan.1.
XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, reJisorma mixeil
TumaniSvilma rusTavelis Teatris scenaze uiliam
Seqspiris tragedia ,,iulius keisari~ dadga. es iyo
speqtakli xelisuflebisa da xalxis urTierTobis Sesaxeb,
1
akaki vasaZe,`mogonebebi, fiqrebi~, saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoebis
gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1977 w. gv. 306, 307

71
saxelmwifoSi mimdinare sisxliani movlenebis fonze. am
warmodgenaSi yvelaze STambeWdavi swored masobrivi scenebi
iyo, sadac mravali adamiani xan masas warmoadgenda, xan
xalxs, xan ki – brbos. senatSi Sesvlamde keisars amaliT
xalxmravali quCa unda gaevlo. romis moqalaqeni mouTmenlad
elodnen umaRles xelisufals. m.TumaniSvili maT momlodine
adamianTa masas uwodebs. keisris gamoCenisTanave igi mozeime
brbod iqceoda da wiTel yvavilebs esroda Tavis kerps,
Tan Txovna-werilebs uwvdida yviriliT: ,,dideba, dideba,
dideba keisars!~ am movlenis samuSao saTauri ,,mrgvali
baRi~ iyo. saqme isaa, rom ,,iulius keisris~ dadgmis
dro emTxveva eduard SevardnaZis saqarTvelos umaRles
xelisuflad, komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis
pirvel mdivnad daniSvnis periods. igi TbilisSi, e.w.
mrgval baRTan cxovrobda. samsaxurSi mimavals saxlTan
mudam bevri xalxi xvdeboda sxvadasxva xasiaTis, zepiri
Tu werilobiTi Txovna-gancxadebiT. amitomac daarqves am
masobriv scenas pirobiTad ,,mrgvali baRi~.
davubrundeT speqtakls. keisari senatSi Sedioda, xalxi
iSleboda, keisris erT-erTi mxlebeli mTxovnelTa arzebs
sasceno ficarnagis ukan yrida. keisris mokvlis Semdeg,
romis forumze SeTqmuli senatorebi gamovardebodnen. masa
maTgan axal ambavs eloda. brutusi cdilobda daerwmunebina
xalxi imaSi, rom diqtator keisris mkvleloba saxelmwifos
siZlieris da mosaxleobis keTildReobisaTvis aucilebeli
iyo. axerxebda kidec amas. mcire dabneulobisa da mRelvare
miTqma-moTqmis Semdeg, masaSi viRac wamoiZaxebda: ,,brutusi
iyos keisari!~ am ideas jer TiTo-orola adamiani
aitacebda, Semdeg ki yvela erTxmad skandirebda: ,,brutusi
iyos keisari!~ ase acilebdnen mkvlel senatorebs maTi
aRfrTovanebuli Tanamoqalaqeni.
scenaze iulius keisris erTguli senatori antoniusi
Semovardeboda. man axlaxans Seityo sazareli mkvlelobis
ambavi. Tavzardacemuli antoniusi egzaltirebuli
brbos gadarwmunebas cdilobda. surda gaegebinebina am
adamianebisaTvis, rom keisris mkvleloba warmoudgeneli

72
danaSaulia. masas misi ar esmoda. da antoniusi Tavis
ukanasknel, uZlieres arguments warmoadgenda: ,,vici, rom
keisari yoveli TqvanganisTvis 75-75 draxmis darigebas
apirebda~. masaze amas marTlac didi zegavlena hqonda da
viRaca isev wamoiZaxebda: ,,antoniusi iyos keisari!~ brbo am
ideas axlac aRfrTovanebiT aitacebda. viRac aucileblad
unda iyos keisari, winamZRoli, meTauri, romelsac xalxi
morCilad gayveba.
politikosTa Soris dapirispireba masStabur
sisxlisRvraSi gadaizrdeboda. masa gamxecebul brbod
iqceoda. centralur sisxlimRvrel scenas m.TumaniSvilma
,,xorcis sakepi manqana~ daarqva. adamianebi erTmaneTs
klavdnen, axrCobdnen, asaxiCrebdnen, aupatiurebdnen.
brZola dasrulda. scena gvamebiT aivso. cocxlad
darCenilebi ki mxolod xelebs asavsavebdnen da meqanikurad
imeorebdnen: ,,dideba... dideba... dideba...~ es ukve dabneuli
da Tavgzaabneuli brbo iyo. aseTi gaxldaT m.TumaniSvilis
pozicia xelisuflebisa da misi moqalaqeebis urTierTobis
Sesaxeb, romelic ,,iulius keisarSi~ yvelaze xatovnad
masobrivi scenebis saSualebiT gamoixateboda.
masobriv scenaTa saboloo saxiT Camoyalibeba samontaJo
repeticiebis procesSi xdeba. speqtaklis mizanscenebi
moisinjeba ukve dasrulebuli mxatvruli gaformebis
pirobebSi, kostiumebsa da grimSi, musikasa da xmaurTan
SeTanxmebiT. sabolood dgindeba ganaTebis partiturac.
iwyeba uwyveti repeticiebi. magram vidre maTze visaubrebdeT,
SevexoT Teatris mxatvris, kompozitorisa da qoreografis
Semoqmedebis Taviseburebebs. dRes maT gareSe speqtakli
ver Seiqmneba.
Teatris mxatvari _ mxatvari, romelic saxviTi
xelovnebis saSualebebiT (ferwera, arqiteqtura, qandakeba
da a.S.), damdgmeli reJisoris Canafiqrisa da sadadgmo gegmis
Sesabamisad qmnis warmodgenis sanaxaobiT saxes. eskizebSi,
maketsa da naxazebSi dafiqsirebuli mxatvris Canafiqri
ganxorcieldeba Teatris saamqroebis muSakTa mier.
dRes speqtaklis saxviT mxares scenografias an scenis

73
dizains uwodeben. am cnebis qveS igulisxmeba dekoracia,
kostiumi, sxvadasxva nivTi scenaze, mokled _ personaJTa
samoqmedo garemo da misi ganaTeba.
Teatris mxatvris muSaoba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
fermweris an grafikosis saqmianobisagan, Tundac imiT,
rom igi Tavisufali ar aris Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. mxatvari
imas xatavs, rac surs. Teatris mxatvari ki ama Tu im
konkretul dramaturgiul nawarmoebs aformebs, mis
Sesatyvis scenur garemos qmnis. Teatris mxatvris muSaobas
reJisoris Canafiqric ganapirobebs. Cveulebriv, ase xdeba:
repeticiebis dawyebisTanave, zogjer cota adrec, reJisori
speqtaklis mxatvars acnobs dadgmis sakuTar Canafiqrs;
mxatvari, romelsac am droisaTvis, cxadia, wakiTxuli aqvs
piesa, cdilobs, erTi mxriv, dramaturgiuli nawarmoebis,
meore mxriv ki _ sareJisoro koncefciis safuZvelze aagos
sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba, mxatvrulad gaaformos
speqtakli.
speqtaklis gaformeba _ yvelanair scenur garegnul
gamomsaxvel saSualebaTa organizeba, romlebic speqtakls
garkveul formas aZleven. warmodgenis gaformebaSi Sedis:
dekoracia, kostiumi, grimi, ganaTeba da a.S. nebismieri
speqtaklis gaformeba Casmulia garkveul CarCoSi, romelic
scenis Cacmulobis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
scenis Cacmuloba _ specialur qsovilTa (fardaTa)
sistema, romelic gars akravs scenis saTamaSo sivrces.
Teatris mxatvris praqtikuli muSaobis pirveli etapia
maketisa da eskizebis Seqmna.
maketi (frangulad Canaxati, monaxazi) _ modeli,
romelic asaxavs speqtaklis sivrcobriv-dekoratiul
gadawyvetas. maketi TvalsaCinos xdis sasceno sivrcis,
msaxiobTa samoqmedo moednis kompozicias, mizanscenebis
dagegmvas. igive daniSnuleba aqvs eskizsac. masSic
warmodgenis garegnuli saxe vlindeba. oRond eskizi
qaRaldzea daxatuli, amitom organzomilebiania, maketi ki
_ samganzomilebiani. garda amisa, maketSi _ speqtaklis
mxatvruli gaformebis miniaturul modelSi (maketis

74
Cveulebrivi masStabia scenis naturaluri zomis erTi
meaTedi an meocedi), reJisors SeuZlia calkeul sasceno
movlenaTa mizanscenireba. eskizsa da maketSi aucileblad
unda iyos daculi im scenis parametrebi, romelzedac
TamaSdeba speqtakli, misi sivrcobrivi proporciebi,
saerTod saTamaSo moednis forma.
dasrulebuli maketi da eskizebi gadaecema Teatris
sxvadasxva saxelosnos imisaTvis, rom isini speqtaklis
mxatvrul gaformebad, mis dekoraciad aqcion.
dekoracia (laTinurad morTva) _ scenis gaformeba.
igi warmoadgens materialur garemos, romelSic msaxiobebi
moqmedeben. dekoracia iqmneba sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis daxmarebiT, romlebic gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove
ferwerasa da grafikaSi, ganaTebaSi, sasceno teqnikaSi,
kinoSi da a.S.
Zvel, e.w. ureJisoro TeatrSi mxatvari qmnida
standartul dekoracias, romlis saSualebiTac sxvadasxva
kombinacia iqmneboda _ mdidruli da Raribuli qoxi,
darbazi, mindori, tye da a.S. gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi,
istoriuli piesis dadgmisas, speqtaklisaTvis sagangebo
dekoracia keTdeboda, ikereboda kostiumebi. im drois
Teatris ZiriTad niSandobliobas warmoadgenda msaxiobebis
TamaSisa da mxatvris namuSevris maqsimaluri mimsgavseba
sinamdvilesTan.
Teatris mxatvari speqtaklis erT-erT Semqmnelad iqca
mxolod reJisuris epoqaSi. am droidan igi ukve qmnis iseT
mxatvrul saxeobriv garemos, romelSic gmirTa scenuri
cxovreba mimdinareobs, Taviseburad gamoxatavs speqtaklis
ideur Canafiqrs. mis mier Seqmnili gaformeba dramaturgis
poeturi stilis, misi mxatvruli bunebis Sesatyvisi unda
iyos. feris, xazis, ganaTebisa da sivrcis saSualebiT
mogviTxrobs Teatris mxatvari imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
gaigo man, reJisorTan erTad, esa Tu is piesa.
Temur CxeiZis mier marjaniSvilis Teatris scenaze
ganxorcielebuli mixeil javaxiSvilis ,,jayos xiznebis~
moqmedeba saydarSi viTardeba (mxatvari giorgi aleqsi-

75
mesxiSvili) _ kedlebdamskdar, SeTeTrebul eklesiaSi,
romelSic didi uwesrigoba sufevs. TiTqos swored axlaxans
viRacebi SemoWrilan da daurbeviaT iqauroba. kargad
SeniSnavs Teatrmcodne naTela arvelaZe: ,,rwmenaSelaxul,
Rirsebaayril saydars Camogavs galavanSemorRveuli taZari.
naTavadari, nakacari _ Teimuraz xevisTavis amJamindeli
navsayudeli. mwerlis gansazRvreba _ naTavadari,
nakacari, nacolari, naqmarevi, namojamagirali, naxucari,
scenur saxierebaSia gardaqmnili, qmedebis kamertonad
aris gacxadebuli da amitomac nasaydrals Camohgavs
iqaurobac~.1
scenis siRrmeSi moTavsebuli eklesiis kedeli
speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebis RerZs warmoadgens.
saydarma TiTqosda Tavisi upirvelesi da umTavresi
funqcia dakarga. masSi aRaravin loculobs. am, odesRac
uwmindes adgilas Zaladobas, mruSobasa da TvalTmaqcobas
dausadgurebia. eklesiis kedelSi karia gamoWrili. am karidan
Semodis pirvelad gamxdari, fermkrTali, gasacodavebuli
Teimuraz xevisTavi .igi TiTqos sakuTar saxlSi modis,
Tvals moavlebs iqaurobas _ misi sacxovrebeli yirazea
dayenebuli, yvelaferi miyril-moyrilia. naTavadari wigns
iRebs da Tavisi ambis Txrobas iwyebs. amave karis WrilSi
Cndeba ramdenjerme SavCoxiani kacis Ffigura, romelic
Zaladobis simbolur gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. aqve
davinaxavT mRvdlis figurasac, romelic metyveli JestiT
mouwodebs xevisTavs SurisZiebisaken. am karidan Semodian
eklesiaSi jvris dasawerad kneina margo da jayo jivaSvili.
scenaze liukidanac SeiZleba amosvla. liukiT sargebloben
jayo, margo _ speqtaklis bolos, jivaSvilisagan Svils
rom gaaCens da sofelSi ukan dabrunebul Teimurazs
Sexvdeba da TviT xevisTavi _ jayos daxlidarad rom
daudgeba. Tu liukiT mxolod jayo da is adamianebi
sargebloben, romlebic masze raimeTi arian damokidebulni,
eklesiis karsa da kedels sxva azrobrivi datvirTva aqvT.
1
naTela arvelaZe, ,,Teatris gamarjveba~, gaz. ,,literaturuli
saqarTvelo,~ 6 aprili, 1984w.

76
warmodgenis umTavresi movlenebi _ Teimurazisa da ivanes
dialogebi, jayosa da margos scenebi, xevisTavis ,,janyi,~
misi sofelSi dabruneba mTel scenur sivrces moicaven da
amis gamo kidev ufro did mniSvnelobasa da azrs iZenen.
Teatraluri kostiumi _ tansacmeli, fexsacmeli,
qudi, samkaulebi da sxva. nivTebi, romlebsac msaxiobi
iyenebs scenuri mxatvruli saxis dasaxasiaTeblad.
Teatraluri kostiumis aucilebeli damatebaa grimi da
Tmis varcxniloba. kostiumi exmareba msaxiobs ipovos
personaJis garegnuli saxe, gaxsnas scenuri gmiris Sinagani
samyaro, gamoxatos im garemos istoriuli, socialuri da
erovnuli Taviseburebebi, romelSic xdeba moqmedeba.
repeticiebis dawyebis pirvel etapze mxaტvari
warmoadgens ara mxolod dekoraciis, aramed kostiumebis
eskizebsac. maTze gamoxatulia ara marto gmiris Cacmuloba,
aramed miTiTebulia, Tu ra masalidan unda Seikeros
kostiumi. reJisoris mier mowonebuli maketi Teatris
sadadgmo nawils gadaecema, xolo kostiumebis eskizebi _
samkervalo saamqros. maTi muSaoba sarepeticio procesis
paralelurad mimdinareobs.
msaxiobma ara marto unda Caicvas kostiumi, aramed _
moirgos igi, SeigrZnos samoseli da sakuTari sxeulis
mdgomareoba masSi, gamoimuSaos gmiris plastika.
gansakuTrebiT unda moirgos istoriuli kostiumi _
toga, Sua saukuneebis raindis samosi, Coxa, Sleifi,
kimono da a.S. xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac mxatvris mier
SemoTavazebuli kostiumi did daxmarebas uwevs msaxiobs
ara marto xasiaTis, aramed epoqisa da drois SegrZnebaSi.
sesilia TayaiSvilisaTvis misi scenuri gmiris garegnobasa
da Cacmulobas, grimisa da kostiumis yovel detals Zalze
didi mniSvneloba hqonda. olRa bebiasTvis (nodar dumbaZis
,,me, bebia, iliko da ilarioni~) specialurad Seakerina
TeTri perangi, romelsac Savi kabis qveS icvamda. imave
rolisaTvis Savi TavSalis qveS TeTr Tavsakravs ikeTebda,
romelic viwro zolad moCanda. amave speqtaklisaTvis
sagangebod daamzadebina misTvis moxerxebuli samfexa

77
skami. sunelebis surneliT gaJRenTil qvasanays xom
mTeli speqtaklis manZilze xelidan ar uSvebda. yovelive
es aucilebeli iyo msaxiobisaTvis rolis Sesatyvisi
ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad.
raoden srulyofilic ar unda iyos speqtaklis
mxatvruli gaformeba, mas reJisorma da msaxiobma unda
STaberon suli, scenuri sicocxle mianiWon. magram
scenis aseTi ,,gardasaxva~ mxolod Teatraluri mxatvris
xelovnebiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. es imis Sedegic aris,
rom msaxiobebi ijereben scenuri gaformebis simarTles. amis
TvalsaCino magaliTia Temur CxeiZisa da robert sturuas
,,samaniSvilis dedinacvali~. es warmodgena, reJisorebisa
da mxatvris Canafiqris mixedviT, daviT kldiaSvilis saxl-
muzeumSi TamaSdeba. rusTavelis Teatris msaxiobTa erTi
jgufi TiTqos mis dasaTvaliereblad modis. aq stendebze
Zveli afiSebi kidia, kedlebze _ yabalaxebi da xanjlebi,
imeruli yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnografiuli
detalebi, tylapebi da CurCxelebi, mamapapuri yanwebi.
Taroebze Zveli wignebi awyvia, albomebi, mwerlis piradi
nivTebi. reJisorTa saocari gamomgoneblobisa da msaxiobTa
araCveulebrivi niWierebis wyalobiT, es garemo xan bekinas
saxlad iqceva, xan kiriles kar-midamod, xan imereTis Sara-
gzad, xan jimSer saloberiZis salonad, xan ki bregaZeebis
gapartaxebul ezo-garemod. am ucnaur ,,gardaqcevebs~
msaxiobebi awarmoeben _ erTsa da imave garemoSi
sxvadasxvanairad iqcevian, scenuri situaciis Sesabamisad.
mxatvris mier SeTavazebul garemoSi, muzeumSi yvelaferi
SeiZleba moxdes. is xom saxlicaa da, amave dros, mwerlis
fantaziis nayofis, misi nawarmoebebis, wignebis sacavi.
mxatvris namuSevaric dramaturgiuli nawarmoebidan
unda amoizardos, unda Seiqmnas piesis bunebis Sesatyvisi
scenuri garemo.
speqtaklis gaformeba samontaJo repeticiebis periodSi
dasrulebul saxes iZens. amave dros, reJisori erT an
ramdenime repeticias andomebs warmodgenis ganaTebas. amiT
igi gamoyofs calkeul sagnebs, personaJebsa Tu movlenebs.

78
ganaTeba saWiroa agreTve aucilebeli scenuri atmosferos
Sesaqmnelad.
samontaJo repeticiebis etapze mimdinareobs
speqtaklSi musikis Seyvana anu misi musikaluri gaformeba
_ warmodgenisaTvis aucilebeli musikaluri Tanxlebis,
sasimRero Tu sacekvao melodiebis, agreTve sxvadasxvagvari
xmaurebis aJRereba scenaze ama Tu im saWiro momentSi.
musikaluri gaformebis elementia agreTve msaxiobis
metyveleba, misi xma, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac scenaze
mSvenieri, xaverdovani xmebis mqone aqtiorebi metyveleben
_ veriko anjafariZe, akaki xorava, erosi manjgalaZe, ramaz
CxikvaZe da sxvebi.
Zvel TeatrSi speqtaklebis win xSirad musikalur
uvertiurebs asrulebdnen mayureblis gasarTobad.
musika Sesvenebis drosac JRerda, magram mas mimdinare
warmodgenasTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda.
arseboben scenuri gmirebi, romelTa musikaluri
niWiereba piesis teqstiTaa nakarnaxevi _ larisa (aleqsandre
ostrovskis ,,umziTvo~), maSa (lev tolstois ,,cocxali
leSi~) Cinebulad mRerian. amitomac es rolebi kargi
musikaluri monacemebis mqone msaxiobebma unda Seasrulon.
garda amisa, dramaturgs SeiZleba piesis remarkaSi
miTiTebuli hqondes ara marto is, mReris an cekvavs Tu
ara personaJi, aramed isic, Tu visi musika JRers ama
Tu im konkretul epizodSi. dramaturg lali rosebas
piesaSi ,,provinciuli ambavi~ miTiTebulia, rom zizisa da
murmanis sasiyvarulo scenis bolos JRers dueti juzepe
verdis opera ,,trubaduridan~ didi momRerlebis _ maria
kalasisa da juzepe di stefanos SesrulebiT.
1918 wels reJisorma valerian SalikaSvilma
qarTul TeatrSi dadga ioseb gedevaniSvilis ,,sinaTle~.
speqtaklisaTvis sagangebo dekoracia Seiqmna. mas musikaluri
Tanxlebac sdevda simebiani orkestris SesrulebiT.
warmodgenaSi sabaleto nomrebic iyo. sinaTle pirveli
qarTuli warmodgena gaxldaT, romlis msvlelobis drosac
gamoyenebuli iqna musikisa da qoreografiis, Teatraluri
xelovnebis Semadgeneli elementebis axleburi sinTezi.
79
 dRevandel dramatul TeatrSi warmodgenis musikaluri
mxaris Sesaqmnelad, TiTqmis yovelTvis, kompozitors an
musikalur gamformebels iwveven. Teatraluri mxatvris
msgavsad, misi SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobac dadgmis mxolod
nawilia. kompozitori speqtaklis erT-erTi Semqmnelia.
koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis monawile. amitom man kargad
unda icodes reJisoris Canafiqri, scenuri samyaros
dekoratiuli gadawyveta, msaxiobTa TamaSis manera. rogorc
amboben, Teatris kompozitori ,,scenas unda grZnobdes~.
Tavis mxriv, yvela WeSmariti reJisori unda grZnobdes
musikis aucileblobas ama Tu im scenaSi da organulad
unda CarTos igi personaJTa qmedebis uwyvet mdinarebaSi.
musika, rogorc speqtaklis aucilebeli komponenti
kote marjaniSvilma daamkvidra qarTul scenaze. misi
Semoqmedeba umTavresad kompozitor Tamar vaxvaxiSvilis
saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. k.marjaniSvilis muSaobas
dadgmis musikalur mxareze agviwers uSangi CxeiZe:
,,marjaniSvili yovelTvis upiratesobas aZlevda TeatrSi
momuSave kompozitors da mas ufro andobda speqtaklis
gakeTebas, vidre romelime cnobil, magram ara Teatralur
kompozitors, radgan pirvel maTgans esmoda Teatris
specifika, rasac muSaobis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
musikas is mravalnair daniSnulebas akisrebda speqtaklis
dasawyisidan mis dasasrulamde. mis dadgmebs, umetes
SemTxvevebSi, wamZRvarebuli hqonda musikaluri Sesavali,
raTa Tavidanve Seeqmna saTanado ganwyoba. am SesavalSi
xSirad ismoda nawarmoebis leitmotivi da mayurebeli
fardis awevisas erTgvarad Semzadebuli, ganwyobili iyo
speqtaklis mosasmenad. musikas iyenebda calke suraTebisa
da moqmedebaTa dasakavSireblad~.1
xSirad musikis funqcia uSualodaa dakavSirebuli
speqtaklis ZiriTad saTqmelTan. cnobilia, rom reJisorma
Temur CxeiZem samjer dadga mixeil javaxiSvilis
,,jayos xiznebi~ _ satelevizio, moskovis samxatvro
1
u. CxeiZze, „mogonebebi da werilebi“, gamomc. `xelovneba~, Tbilisi,
1956 w., gv 158

80
da marjaniSvilis TeatrebSi. teledadgma musikalurad
kompozitorma daviT turiaSvilma gaaforma, xolo dramatul
TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli warmodgenebi _ kompozitorma
gomar sixaruliZem. samive speqtaklis musikalur-xmovani
partituris Seqmnis principi erTnairia. maTSi saocari
harmoniulobiT erwymis erTmaneTs beThovenis musika da
qarTuli xalxuri ,,qudi gverdze dagixuravs~, verdis
,,traviatas~ nawyveti da Cveneburi ,,kai yma~, Zveleburi tango
da ,,herio biWebo~. warmodgenaTa musikalur gaformebaSi
,iseve, rogorc mxatvrobaSi, zustad aisaxeba is areul-
dareuli da mSfoTvare periodi Cveni qveynis cxovrebaSi
(1924 weli), rodesac ,,jayos xiznebis~ moqmedeba xdeba,
is qaosi, Teimuraz xevisTavisa da misi meuRlis arsebaSi
rom daubudebia.
qarTuli Teatris istoriis umniSvnelovanesi periodi
_ XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan dRemde warmoudgenelia
reJisor robert sturuasa da kompozitor gia yanCelis
sasceno Semoqmedebis gareSe. maT erToblivad Seqmnes is
didebuli speqtaklebi, romlebic dRes msoflio Teatris
klasikur nawarmoebebadaa miCneuli.
musikalur-xmovani gaformebis nawilia xmauri _ zRvis
talRebis xma, Jivil-xivili, WikWiki, stvena, yivili,
cxovelTa da frinvelTa xmebi, WraWuni, qaris qrolva da
mravali sxva. adre, rodesac Sesabamisi radioaparatura ar
iyo da xmauri magnitur firze ar iwereboda, speqtakls
xSirad TviT msaxiobebi axmovanebdnen. xmaurs gansxvavebuli
daniSnuleba SeiZleba hqondes speqtaklis sxvadasxva
epizodSi. igi erT-erTi Zlieri saSualebaa scenaze saWiro
atmosferos, ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad.
ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia, rac qarTuli Teatრis
speqtaklebis musikaluri Tanxleba fonogramazea Cawerili.
manamde ki warmodgenis musikas cocxlad asrulebda
orkestri. im drois Teatrs sakuTari diriJoric hyavda.
dRes ki speqtaklis musikis fonograma sarepeticio muSaobis
Sua periodSi iwereba, xolo samontaJo repeticiebis
etapze sabolood yalibdeba warmodgenis musikalur-xmovani

81
partitura _ zustdeba is adgilebi, romlebic musikis
TanxlebiT mimdinareobs. amave dros, saboloo saxes iRebs
momavali speqtaklis qoreografia _ cekvebi da sasceno
moZraoba. cekva xom adamianis Sinagani arsis, misi sulieri
mdgomareobis erT-erTi mkafio plastikuri gamovlenaa.
Tanamedrove TeatrSi cekvebis dasadgmelad qoreografs
iwveven. rogorc aRvniSneT, jer kidev saukunis dasawyisSi,
valerian SalikaSvilma daadgmevina cekvebi speqtaklisaTis
,,sinaTle~, mogvianebiT ki, kote marjaniSvilTan mudmivad
muSaobda qoreografi daviT maWavariani. didi reJisoris
saukeTeso warmodgenebSi _ lope de vegas ,,cxvris
wyaro~, Eernst toleris ,,hopla, Cven vcocxlobT!~, Salva
dadianis ,,kakal gulSi~, karl guckovis ,,uriel akosta~
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda cekvas. zogierT maTganSi
qoreografiuli nomrebi ara marto organulad erwymodnen
piesis siuJetsa da scenur qmedebas, aramed, garkveulwilad
gansazRvravdnen speqtaklis maRal mxatvrul donesac.
umniSvnelovanesi azrobrivi da emociuri funqcia
hqonda mikuTvnebuli qoreografias sandro axmetelis
SemoqmedebaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Cvens
mier ukve naxsenebi mejlisis scena f.Sileris ,,yaCaRebidan~
da zairas cnobili cekva sandro SanSiaSvilis ,,anzoridan~.
mis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs Teatrmcodne naTela uruSaZe:
,,piesis bolo moqmedebaSi cekvis aucileblobaze araferia
miTiTebuli. cekvis idea s. axmetels IV moqmedebis
repeticiaze daebada imis gamo, rom es moqmedeba ar
gamodioda. mxatvar irakli gamrekelis mier mignebuli
scenuri samyaros gadawyveta uaRresad saxieri iyo _
saorkestro ormos siRrmidan amozidul kldeebs ukan
miwayrili liandagi gadioda. am liandagze unda gaevlo
javSnosan matarebels, romlis SeCerebac aucilebeli iyo.
partizanebs unda gadaewyvitaT, vin dawveboda liandagze. es
sakiTxi cekvas unda ,,gadaewyvita~. mas siuJeturi funqcia
daekisra _ is kenWisyra unda yofiliyo. amisTvis moixmes
zaira, romelmac am cekvis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb araferi
icoda. anzorma sTxova, icekve da vinc ginda, gamoixmeo.

82
Txovna moulodneli iyo, magram qalma anzors uari ver
Sehkadra. amitom zairas pirveli svla ufro gakvirveba iyo,
vidre cekva. is ar Relavda, Relavdnen sxvebi _ vinc icoda,
ra mohyveboda arCevans. axmetelis CanafiqriT (cekva misi
dadgmuli iyo), jer mamakacebi aReldebodnen _ erTi maTgani
dRes sicocxles esalmeboda. zogi uneblieT ixevda ukan
masTan moaxloebuli zairas winaSe, zogi _ piriqiT _ win
iwevda, me gamomiwvieo. mamakacTa es mRelvareba gadaecemoda
zairas, romlis yoveli momdevno svla sul ufro da
ufro Zlieri iyo. cekva TandaTan xurdeboda. zairas garda,
scenazec da darbazSic, yvelam icoda, ras moaswavebda
vinmes win misi SeCereba. amitomac kontaqti mayurebelsa da
scenas Soris Zalian Zlieri iyo. TavgametebiT cekvavda
zaira, magram aravis iwvevda. javSnosanis mosvlis dro ki
axlovdeboda. ,,asas~ SeZaxilebiT daJinebiT moiTxovdnen
zairasagan, bolos da bolos, gaerkvia Tavisi arCevani.
moaxloebuli matareblis xma ukve ismoda da zaira swored
am dros irCevda axmas. cekva umal wydeboda da yvela
erTad adgilze qvavdeboda. xalxi imitom, rom arCevani
gakeTda, zaira ki imitom, rom ver gaigo, rad gaqvavda
yvela erTad cekvis zenitSi. pauza imden xans grZeldeboda,
ramdenic saWiro iyo axmas gons mosasvlelad da davalebis
Sesasruleblad. marTlac, is pirveli modioda gons _ jer
kidev yvela gaqvavebuli iyo, roca axma mowydeboda adgils,
maRla avardeboda da liandagze daemxoboda. imave wuTs,
mTeli iq myofi xalxi anzoris fexqveS gaerTxmeboda.
matareblis kiviliT mTavrdeboda srul sibneleSi CaZiruli
es epizodi. axmetelma qoreografia speqtaklis dedaazrs
daumorCila. is aucilebeli iyo dramaturgiulad da ara
qoreografiulad, ara rogorc TviTmiznurad Cadgmuli
cekvadi nomeri, cekva cekvisTvis. es ar iyo cekva-garToba.
es iyo cekva-arCevani. is emociurad CaiTrevda mayurebels
da scenaze mimdinare movlenis mRelvare monawiled aqcevda
mas~,1
cekva mudam bunebrivad unda Seerwyas warmodgenis
1
naTela uruSaZe, `saxli saTamaSoi~, gam. `dia~, Tbilisi, 1999 w., gv. 67,
69
83
mTel mxatvrul qsovils. igi organulad unda aRmocendes
scenaze, gmiris Sinagani mdgomareobidan unda amoizardos.
cekvis aRmoceneba speqtaklSi mxolod maSin xdeba, rodesac
aqtiori sityviT ukve veRar gamoxatavs Tavis grZnobebs da
sakuTari sxeuliT, plastikiT gvamcnobs saTqmels.
cekvis aucilebloba zogjer avtoriseul remarkaSia
miTiTebuli. henrik ibsenis ,,Tojinebis saxlSi~ tarantela
unda icekvon, oskar uaildis ,,salomeaSi~ _ Svidi
mosasxamis cekva, lope de vegas piesas ki saerTod ,,cekvis
maswavlebeli~ hqvia.
arsebobs dramatuli Teatris speqtaklebi, romelTa
uZlieresi scenebi swored qoreografiasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, sadac reJisoruli metafora qoreografis
mier Cinebulad dadgmul da msaxiobis mier udidesi
emociuri datvirTviT Sesrulebul cekvad moZraobebSi
vlindeba saukeTeso saxiT. aseTi iyo erosi manjgalaZis
zimzimovis cekva Ggabriel sundukianis ,,pepodan~, veriko
anjafariZis bebia euxenas cecxlovani espanuri speqtaklSi
,,xeebi zezeurad kvdebian,~ giorgi gegeWkoris komikuri
personaJis, eqvTime qaTamaZis cekva-aRtaceba speqtaklidan
,,ambavi siyvarulisa~ da mravali sxva.
T. CxeiZis mier moskovis samxatvro da marjaniSvilis
TeatrebSi dadgmul ,,jayos xiznebSi~ qoreografia
(qoreografi iuri zarecki) warmodgenis saTqmelis
uZlieresi gamomxatvelia.
...Ronemixdili margo skamze zis. iqve glexebi da Teimurazi
sufras usxedan, sadRegrZeloebs amboben. Semdeg es scena
ivanesa da Teimurazis saubarSi gadadis. margo kvlav skamze
zis uxmod da gaunZrevlad. uceb saidanRac moismis osuri
simdis melodia. kneina iseTive cekvad moZraobebs iwyebs,
rogorc eklesiis SesasvlelSi ganaTebuli SavCoxiani kaci.
gamodis jayo, cekva-cekviT aitacebs qals xelSi, saqanelaze
dasvams, TviTon ki mis qvemoT iatakze gaiSxlarTeba.
margo erTi-orjer gaqandeba saqanelaze, Semdeg TandaTan
Camoicurdeba iqidan da, faqtobrivad, ukve TviTon, sakuTari
surviliT xdeba jayos sayvareli. yovelive amis saxeobrivi

84
gamoxatulebaa SavCoxiani adamiani eklesiis karis WrilSi,
romlis cekvam ukve apoTeozs miaRwia.
cekvadi moZraobebisa da mizanscenis TvalsazrisiT
absoluturad erTnairia ekaterine vasilievasa (samxatvro
Teatri) da nani CiqviniZisaTvis (marjaniSvilis Teatri)
dadgmuli cekva. magram ra gansxvavebulad asruleben igi
mas es msaxiobebi, romlebic masSi sxvadasxva Sinaarss
aqsoven. cekvas win uZRvis skamze mjdari, namusaxdili da
Seuracxyofili margos xangrZlivi mdumareba. uamrav rames
vkiTxulobT am dros e.vasilievas gmiris saxeze _ sindisis
qenjnasa da Tavzardacemas, mtanjveli danaSaulis SegrZnebasa
da srul uimedobas, Sinagan gamofitvasa da gulgrilobas.
erTi mxriv, unda qmars yvelaferSi gamoutydes, magram
maSinve Tvalwin daudgeba jayos saocari fizikuri Zala,
SeSindeba da ukan daixevs. msaxiobis mier SesaniSnavad
naTamaSev am usityvo scenaSi Sekruli, lakonuri formiTa
da uzustesi fsiqologizmiTaa naCvenebi kneinas gancdebi,
romelTa aRwerasac romanSi sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba..
da uceb gaismis simdis melodia. am droisaTvis e.vasilievas
gmirma gadawyvetileba ukve miiRo _ Teimurazs jayo
arCia. TiTqos amis dadasturebaa is cekvadi moZraobebi,
romlebsac igi meqanikurad akeTebs _ sakuTar bedisweras
damorCilebuli adamiani cekvavs _ jer marto, mere jayosTan
erTad, bolos ki es cekva-metafora maTi sisxlxorceuli
erTianobis xatovan gamoxatulebad gvevlineba
uaRresad datvirTulia n. CiqviniZis margos dumilic
_ igi sakuTar Tavs ebrZvis, aanalizebs momxdar ambavs,
damnaSaved grZnobs Tavs qmris winaSe, Tavis gamarTlebasac
cdilobs, saSineli ZaliT SeigrZnobs Tavs damtydar
ubedurebas, sasowarkveTilia, ganwiruli. uceb, TiTqos
sarkeSi Caixeda da sakuTari saxe dainaxa _ danaoWebuli,
daberebuli, daTrgunuli. TiTqos surs sxeulidan
yovelgvari sibinZuris CamoferTxva. am dros gaismis
sacekvao melodia da masTan erTad aRzevdeba kneinas
arsebaSi is saSineli Zala, romelsac igi mTeli am xnis
ganmavlobaSiebrZoda. amiT SeSinebuli umweo margo kvlavac

85
cdilobs masSi dabudebul wamlekav vnebasTan SebrZolebas,
magram _ amaod. da odesRac RirsebiT aRsavse kneina
xevisTavi Tavisi namouravalis xasa xdeba.
speqtaklis afiSaze, qoreografis gverdiT, xSirad
aRiniSneba sasceno moZraobis damdgmelis gvaric. am saqmesac
Tavisi specialisti hyavs. Teatri mas im SemTxvevaSi uxmobs,
rodesac warmodgenaSi saWiroa farikaobis, muSti-krivisa da
sxva amgvari scenebis dadgma. sasceno moZraobis damdgmeli
samontaJo repeticiebis dros erTveba speqtaklis Seqmnis
procesSi.
warmodgenis dadgmis bolo etapze, speqtaklze momuSave
yvela Semoqmedi SeerTebuli ZalebiT erTveba muSaobaSi.
sxvadasxva dargis xelovanTa mier Sesrulebul samuSaos
sabolood reJisori mouyris Tavs da Teatralur
warmodgenad aqcevs,
SemoqmedebiTi muSakebis garda, speqtaklis SeqmnaSi
monawileobs adamianTa didi jgufi, romelsac Teatris
teqnikur personals uwodeben. maTi saqmianobis gareSe
speqtakli ver daidgmeba. Zvel TeatrSi erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani figura iyo sufliori.
sufliori anu mokarnaxe _ Teatris muSaki, romelic
Tvalyurs adevnebs repeticiebisa da speqtaklis msvlelobas
piesis Semowmebuli teqstiT (suflioris egzemplari)
da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, karnaxobs msaxiobebs rolis
teqsts. adre mokarnaxe specialur jixurSi imyofeboda. igi
fardis xazze mdebareobda da mayureblisgan niJaris formis
fariT iyo dafaruli. maSin, rodesac speqtaklebi ramdenime
repeticiaSi mzaddeboda, speqtakli mudam mokarnaxis
TanxlebiT midioda. Tanamedrove Teatris xangrZlivi,
seriozuli muSaoba dadgmaze TiTqmis gamoricxavs karnaxis
aucileblobas. mokarnaxes rCeba mxolod damxmare funqcia
repeticiebis dros, zogjer speqtaklzec, rodesac rolis
ZiriTadi Semsrulebeli warmodgenaze ver gamocxadda da
mas sxva aqtiori cvlis.
Teatris teqnikur muSakTa Soris gamoiyofa specialistTa
jgufi, romelic warmodgenis garegnul mxares qmnis

86
mxatvarTan, reJisorTan, msaxiobebTan erTad. erT-erTi
maTgania kostiumeri, romelic speqtaklisaTvis Seqmnil
kostiumebs inaxavs, uvlis, warmodgenisTvis amzadebs da
exmareba msaxiobs CacmaSi. kostiumerma zedmiwevniT unda
icodes kostiumis yvela detali, unda SeeZlos swrafad
gamoasworos kostiumis nakli. saTeatro kostiumi
samkervalo saamqroSi ikereba. mxatvars aq moaqvs kostiumis
eskizebi. isini tanisamosad mkeravma unda aqcios. amitom
igi ara marto kargad unda keravdes, aramed unda flobdes
sxvadasxva droisa da epoqis, stilisa da Taviseburebebis,
gansxvavebul qveynebSi gavrcelebuli tansacmlis kervis
xelovnebas _ rogor unda gamoiWras kimono, Coxa an
ZvelberZnuli samosi.
samsaxiobo mxatvruli saxis mniSvnelovan garegnul
mxares warmoadgens grimi _ msaxiobis garegnobis,
upiratesad, misi saxis Secvlis xelovneba grimis, saRebavis,
plastikuri da Tmovani damatebebis (ulvaSi, wveri), parikis,
Tmis varcxnilobisa da a.S. daxmarebiT, rolis moTxovnebis
Sesatyvisad.
Tavis droze grimma Secvala niRabi _ saxis sagangebo
zedsadebi, raime gamosaxulebiT (saxe, cxovelis saxe,
miTologiuri arsebis Tavi da a.S.), romelsac saxeze
Camoicvamdnen. mzaddeba sxvadasxva masalisgan. niRbis
gamoyeneba daiwyo uZveles warsulSi ritualebis dros.
mogvianebiT niRabi Semovida TeatrSi, rogorc msaxiobis
grimis elementi. Teatralur kostiumTan erTad niRabi
xels uwyobda scenuri saxis Seqmnas. antikur TeatrSi
niRabi pariks uerTdeboda da Tavze Camoecmeboda msaxiobs
SlemiviT. niRabs Tvalebisa da piris adgili gamoWrili
hqonda. aRorZinebis xanis italiur improvizaciul Teatr
,,komedia del arteSi~ komikur personaJTa umravlesoba
muyaos an naWris niRabs atarebda.
Semdgom, TandaTan niRabi qreba da mis adgils mTlianad
grimi ikavebs. dReisaTvis grimi, faqtobrivad, aris saxis
TiTo-orola detalis Secvla, rac gmiris fsiqologiuri
daxasiaTebis mZlavri garegnuli saSualebaa. arsebobs

87
e.w. portretuli grimi, romelsac msaxiobi da grimiori
mimarTaven gamoCenil pirovnebaTa scenuri gansaxierebis
procesSi _ napoleoni, ilia WavWavaZe, stalini dasxva.
grimTan dakavSirebulia pariki _ gamoiyeneba umTavresad
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac msaxiobis sakuTari Tma ar iZleva
imis saSualebas, rom gakeTdes rolisaTvis aucilebeli
varcxniloba. sworad SerCeuli pariki xazs usvams epoqas,
romelSic speqtaklis moqmedeba mimdinareobs, gmiris
socialur mdgomareobas, asaks da a.S. grimsa da pariks
grimiori akeTebs.
ra saintereso speqtaklic ar unda Seqmnas xelovanma,
misi namuSevari mayurebelma SeiZleba verc dainaxos, Tu
scena ar ganaTda. am saqmes dRevandel TeatrSi Tavisi
specialisti hyavs _ gamnaTebeli. igi samontaJo repeticiebis
aucilebeli monawilea, reJisoris xelmZRvanelobiT qmnis
speqtaklis ganaTebis partituras.
eleqtroganaTebis gamogonebamde scenas sanTlebiT
anaTebdnen. mogvianebiT sanTlebi navTis lamfebma Secvala.
maTi arseboba saxifaTo iyo, yovel wuTs xanZari
SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo. navTis lamfebs TeatrSi maxanZreebi
meTvalyureobdnen. Semdeg Teatris ganaTeba gaziT daiwyes.
eleqtroganaTeba qarTul TeatrSi 1883 wels Semovida.
Zvel TeatrSi ganaTebis mizani erTaderTi iyo _ mayurebels
unda daenaxa scenaze mdgari msaxiobi da is Teatraluri
garemo, romelSic personaJebi moqmedeben. amitom scena
mudam Tanabrad naTdeboda.
dRes speqtaklSi sinaTle ara mxolod personaJis da
misi garemos mkafiod Cvenebis, saTanado atmosferos Seqmnis
funqcias asrulebs, aramed mas mxatvruli Rirebulebac
aqvs. arasworma ganaTebam SeiZleba daamaxinjos SesaniSnavi
dekoracia da mizanscena. SeiZleba piriqiTac moxdes _
kargad ganaTebuli saSualo donis dekoracia, saukeTeso
saxiT warmogvidges. sinaTlis dayeneba, Cveulebriv,
samontaJo repeticiebis periodSi xdeba.
scenaze yvelaferi saTanadod unda iyos ganaTebuli _
dekoraciac, kostiumic, butaforuli nivTebic, romlebic,
sxva sagnebTan erTad, scenur rekvizits qmnian.
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 rekviziti _ 1.im saganTa erToblioba, romelic
aucilebelia msaxiobebisaTvis scenaze speqtaklis
msvlelobis dros. zogjer rekviziti sasceno kostiumis
damatebaa (qolga, xeljoxi, CanTa da a.S.) 2. wvrilmani
saxmari nivTebi (WurWeli, Sandali, samelne da a.S.),
romlebic gamoiyeneba speqtaklSi. 3.gasaxarji rekviziti
_ saWmeli, sasmeli, sigareti da a.S. e.i. is, rac ixarjeba
_ iWmeva, ismeva, moiweva speqtaklis mimdinareobis dros.
rekvizitori _ Teatris teqnikuri muSaki, romlis
movaleobaa rekvizitis Senaxva, SekeTeba, SerCeva. igi
awyobs rekvizits scenaze da speqtaklis Semdeg aalagebs
mas. rekviziti aerTianebs rogorc namdvil, aseve e.w.
,,aranamdvil~, butaforiul sagnebs.
butaforia _ xelovnuri, aranamdvili sagnebi, romlebic
gamoyenebulia warmodgenaSi namdvil saganTa nacvlad.
butafori _ scenis muSaki, romelic amzadebs butaforul
sagnebs muyaos, xis, tilos, liTonis an sxva masalisgan.
reJisoris TanaSemwe _ damdgmeli reJisoris TanaSemwe
organizaciul-teqnikur sferoSi. xelmZRvanelobs
warmodgenis mimdinareobas (am SemTxvevaSi mas speqtaklis
wamyvansac uwodeben), agreTve sarepeticio ganrigis zust
Sesrulebas, scenis an repeticiisa da speqtaklisaTvis
aucilebeli aqsesuarebis (butaforiis, rekvizitis da
a.S.) mzaobas, uzrunvelyofs msaxiobTa droul gamosvlas
scenaze, xmovani, ganaTebisa da sxva scenuri efeqtebis
uwyvetsa da zust CarTvas qmedebaSi, xelmZRvanelobs
dekoraciis saWiro cvlas. dRes reJisoris TanaSemwis
xelTaa Tanamedrove teqnika, romelic mas muSaobas
uadvilebs. mis gankargulebaSia mravalRilakiani pulti,
romliTac igi ukavSirdeba speqtaklis yvela monawiles,
romelTa muSaobasac warmarTavs.
ukve CamoTvlil teqnikur muSakTa garda, Teatris
normalur SemoqmedebiT muSaobas sxva bevri TanamSromeli
gansazRvravs _ mewaRe, Camcmeli, scenis muSa da sxva.
Teatris yvela muSaki _ mTeli SemoqmedebiTi da
teqnikuri personali Zalze aqtiur muSaobaSi ebmeba

89
samontaJo repeticiebis periodSi. swored am dros xdeba maT
fizikur da sulier ZalTa gaerTianeba sasceno mxatvruli
nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad. samontaJo repeticiebs mosdevs
uwyveti da generaluri repeticiebis periodi.
uwyveti repeticia _ speqtaklis (calkeuli scenis,
aqtis) uwyveti mimdinareoba, Cveulebriv, win uswrebs
generalur repeticias. uwyveti repeticia mimdinareobs
dekoraciaSi ganaTebiT, musikalur-xmovani TanxlebiT,
kostiumiTa da grimiT.
generaluri repeticia _ speqtaklze muSaobis bolo
etapi, romelic yvela sxva wina repeticiisagan gansxvavebiT,
mayurebelTa TandaswrebiT tardeba da speqtaklis
monawileebs saSualebas aZlevs gaarkvion, ramdenad miaRwies
maT im mizans, romelic daisaxes. generaluri repeticia
mayureblis TandaswrebiT mimdinare uwyveti repeticiaa.
repeticiis es saxeobani Seadgenen speqtaklis gamoSvebis
periods, rodesac xdeba warmodgenis uwyveti mimdinareobis
procesis fiqsireba, mowmdeba gaformebis yvela elementis
mzaoba, musikalur-xmovani Tanxleba, ganaTeba, sasceno
efeqtebi, antraqtebis xangrZlivoba da a.S. am periodSi
speqtaklis Semadgeneli calkeuli elementebi, epizodebi,
scenebi da aqtebi erT mxatvrul mTlianobad ikvreba,
sabolood zustdeba, konkretdeba misi droSi mimdinareoba.
reJisori TvalnaTliv xedavs Tavis qmnilebas, maqsimaluri
obieqturobiT cdilobs Seafasos misi av-kargi, Seasworos
is, risi Sesworebac jer kidev SeiZleba.
sarepeticio muSaobis es etapi uaRresad mniSvnelovania
rogorc reJisoris, aseve msaxiobisTvisac, romelic,
marTalia, Tavis scenur qmnilebas darbazidan ver xedavs,
magram yvela ostat profesionals aqvs sakuTari namuSevris
Rirsebisa da naklis sworad SegrZnebis unari. uwyvet
repeticiebze msaxiobis mxatvruli saxis gamTlianeba unda
moxdes, axali scenuri personaJi unda daibados. gmiris
xasiaTs aqtiorma SeiZleba repeticiebis dawyebisTanave
,,Caavlos~, SesaZlebelia es moxdes ZgideebSi an uwyvet
repeticiebze. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac msaxiobis

90
mxatvruli saxe repeticiebis procesSi srulad ar
ikveTeba da, yvelasaTvis moulodnelad, premieraze ibadeba.
aseTi ram daemarTa k.stanislavskis. igi samxatvro Teatris
speqtaklSi h.ibsenis ,,xalxis mteri~ eqim Stokmanis rols
TamaSobda. repeticiebze msaxiobs roli ar gamoudioda.
es imdenad aSkara iyo, rom yvelam igrZno _ warmodgena
safrTxis winaSe idga, da ara marto speqtakli, aramed
TviT k.stanislavskis, rogorc msaxiobis avtoritetic.
warmodgenis monawile aqtiorTa jgufma werilobiTi
TxovniT mimarTa mas, uari eTqva Stokmanis rolze. advili
warmosadgenia, rogor imoqmedebda es werili msaxiobze
premieris wina dReebSi, ra didi Sinagani orTabrZolis
gadatana mouxda k.stanislavskis. sabednierod, es brZola
msaxiobis sruli gamarjvebiT dasrulda _ man Seqmna
Stokmanis brwyinvale mxatvruli saxe. k.stanislavskis es
qmnileba uSualod premieraze daibada.
daaxloebiT analogiur movlenas hqonda adgili 1969
wels rusTavelis TeatrSi, d.kldiaSvilis ,,samaniSvilis
dedinacvlis~ (reJisorebi T. CxeiZe, r. sturua)
dadgmisas. am speqtaklis dadgmis mTel ,,Tavgadasavals~
mogviTxrobs misi erT-erTi monawile, msaxiobi elene
sayvareliZe: ,,samaniSvilis~ oTxi varianti davdgiT.
pirvel variantSi reJisor Temur CxeiZis mTeli yuradReba
gmirTa urTierTdamokidebulebaze iyo gamaxvilebuli. igi
cdilobda, es damokidebuleba CvenTvis organuli yofiliyo.
amas TiTqmis mivaRwieT. am droisaTvis dekoracia da
kostiumebi ukve mzad iyo. scenaze uzarmazari fuRuro
xe idga, romelsac ukan dabali wnuli Robe mosdevda
(mxatvari akaki ramiSvili); Cven Raribi aznaurebis Coxebsa
da kabebSi viyaviT gamowyobili.
gasinjvam uRimRamod Caiara. samxatvro sabWoze
kamaTobdnen, warumateblobis mizezs eZebdnen. bolos
daaskvnes: gaxunebuli tansacmeli da Zveli Robe ar
daSvenda oqro-vercxliT moxatul, didi brolis WaRiT
ganaTebul darbazso.
samxatvro sabWom axali vadebi mogvca da muSaoba

91
gavagrZeleT. meore variantSi yvelaze did borotebad
fuRuroiani xe miviCnieT da movspeT kidec. kostiumebs jer
kidev ver SevelieT, vtkepneT da vtkepneT ukve ganvlili
gzebi.
meore gasinjvis droc movida. samxatvro sabWo isev
iwunebs dadgmas _ siZvelis suni udis da dReisTvis
interesmoklebuliao. amas isic daerTo, rom T.CxeiZe mZimed
avad Seiqna da mesame variantis momzadeba ukve mixeil
TumaniSvils daevala. yvelani vRelavdiT _ Temuri yvelas
gviyvarda misi sispetakisaTvis, Cvendami rwmenisaTvis.
swored man ipova msaxiobebSi is didi simarTle, rac ase
xiblavs yvelas ,,samaniSvilSi~.
m. TumaniSvilma zustad amoicno warumateblobis mizezi:
warmodgena moZvelebul formaSia gadawyvetilio; man moxsna
Coxebi, qamar-xanjali da yovelgvari butaforia, dekoracia
da grimi, gverdiT gadado geleiSvilis inscenireba, xelSi
TviT moTxroba aiRo da SemogvTavaza e.w. ,,literaturuli
warmodgenis~ Seqmna. man pirvelma misca mkiTxvelis
teqsti gogi gegeWkors. ase gaorda platonis saxe, rac
SemdgomSi warmatebis did faqtorad iqca. saerTod, Cveni
,,samaniSvili~ bevrs unda umadlodes m. TumaniSvils. misma
variantma gardamavali safexuris roli Seasrula da bevri
mniSvnelovani siaxle mogvitana
mesame gasinjvac movida. aRmoCndnen iseTebi, romlebsac
speqtakli moewonaT kidec. mxolod sergo zaqariaZe
dumda. meore dRes axali brZaneba gamoikra: bekinas rolze
s.zaqariaZe dainiSna, gigola TalakvaZe kotes rolze
gadaiyvanes. a.ramiSvilTan erTad speqtaklis mxatvari
mixeil WavWavaZec gaxda da radgan m.TumaniSvili im
dros ,,fedras~ amzadebda, ,,samaniSvilis~ repeticiebi
robert sturuas unda Caetarebina. isev yvelaferi Tavidan
daviwyeT. r.sturuam pirvelsave repeticiaze gagvacno
Tavisi Canafiqri: simoneTSi, d.kldiaSvilis saxl-muzeumSi
eqskursiaze Camodis rusTavelis Teatri da mwerlis
pativsacemad aqve gaiTamaSebs scenebs ,,samaniSvilis
dedinacvlidan.~ es, erTi SexedviT, ubralo Canafiqri,

92
SemdgomSi ase aRiarebul gadawyvetad iqca da yvelaferi
Tavis adgilze ganlagda: T.CxeiZis mier napovni Sinagani
siRrme da simarTle da m.TumaniSvilis mier mignebuli
literaturuli forma r.sturuam ostaturad Seajama,
Tavisi Canafiqris CarCoSi moaqcia, daurTo gonebamaxviluri
da gamomsaxveli mizanscenebi (magaliTad, skamebis cxenebad
gamoyeneba, suraTis pozaSi simRera, finaluri scena da
sxva) da amiT warmodgena mexuTe gasinjvisgan ixsna. rogorc
iqna, nanatri premieris dRec dadga~.1
premiera (frangulad _ pirveli) _ pirveli sajaro
fasiani warmodgena axali an ganaxlebuli speqtaklisa,
saestrado an sacirko programisa, kinofilmisa.
nebismieri Teatraluri warmodgena moqmedebebad anu
aqtebad iyofa. maT Soris Sesvenebas antraqti ewodeba. es
franguli sityva moqmedebaTa Soriss niSnavs.
antikur xanaSi antraqti saerTod ar arsebobda.
Zvel qarTul TeatrSi antraqtebis dros uCvenebdnen e.w.
imerul scenebs, scena-monologebs, komikur kupletebs,
musikalur-qoreografiul intermediebs, cocxal suraTebs,
cekvas, simReras. xSirad isini araviTar kavSirSi ar iyvnen
speqtaklis SinaarsTan.
dRevandel TeatrSi antraqti mxolod Sesvenebaa. am
dros mayurebeli misTvis gankuTvnil foieSi seirnobs,
sigarets eweva an bufetSi Sedis. Sesvenebis dasasruls
maT sami zariT amcnoben.
warmodgenaze momuSave muSakebi antraqtis dros
zogjer aqtiurad arian dakavebulni: icvleba dekoracia
da rekviziti, msaxiobebi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi grims
da kostiums icvlian, cxadia, SeZlebisdagvarad, isveneben
kidec. magram rodesac reJisoris TanaSemwe gamafrTxilebeli
zarebis rekvas iwyebs, Tan damatebiT, Teatris Sida radio
qseliT atyobinebs monawileebs Semdegi moqmedebis dawyebas,
am momentisaTvis yvela valdebulia Sinaganad mzad iyos
warmodgenis gasagrZeleblad.
nebismieri Teatri yvela Tavis premieras, ganaxlebul
1
krebuli `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~, gam. `xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1985
w., gv. 173-175
93
dadgmasa Tu rigiT warmodgenas kalendaruli wlis
garkveuli xangrZlivi monakveTis manZilze uCvenebs
mayurebels sistematurad. am periods Teatraluri sezoni
hqvia. igi Cveulebriv, seqtember-oqtomberSi iwyeba da
ivlisamde grZeldeba.
sezonis ganmavlobaSi tardeba msaxiobTa debiutebi.
debiuti _ msaxiobis pirveli gamosvla scenaze saerTod
an am konkretul TeatrSi. XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli
debiuti, faqtobrivad, warmoadgenda msaxiobis sajaro
gamocdas dasSi misi miRebis win. Tanamedrove Teatris
dasSi msaxiobad miReba ar aris dakavSirebuli mis sadebiuto
gamosvlasTan. magram axalbeda aqtioris pirvel gamosvlas
scenaze, rasakvirvelia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi momavali
SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebisTvis TeatrSi.
gastroli _ msaxiobis an Teatraluri koleqtivis
gamosvla sxva qalaqSi Tu qveyanaSi, e.i. ara im adgilas,
sadac igi mudmivad binadrobs da muSaobs.
XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi tardeboda msaxiobTa
individualuri gastrolebi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi
dainerga Teatris mTeli koleqtivis gasvla sxva qalaqSi
an qveyanaSi sakuTari speqtaklebiT.
Teatri mraval gansxvavebul saSualebas iyenebs
imisaTvis, rom mayurebeli daainteresos, mas speqtaklebze
misvlis survili aRuZras.
afiSa _ reklamis, gancxadebis, Setyobinebis saxeoba
(rogorc wesi, beWduri) speqtaklebisa da sxva mxatvrul_
gamamxiarulebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb. afiSebs hkideben
Teatrebisa da sxva sanaxaobriv dawesebulebaTa win,
quCebSi, moednebze,sareklamo boZebsa Tu stendebze,
xalxmraval adgilebSi imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba metma
adamianma Seityos, rom ama da am ricxvSi, ama da am TeatrSi
gaTamaSdeba esa da es warmodgena.
mravalnairi Teatraluri afiSa arsebobs: sapremiero,
romalzedac aRniSnulia axali warmodgenis pirvelad
Cvenebis TariRi, misi avtori, saTauri, aqtebis raodenoba,
damdgmeli jgufis Semadgenloba, monawile msaxiobebi,

94
speqtaklis dawyebis dro. arsebobs e.w. kalendaruli afiSac,
romelzedac aRniSnulia romel dReebSi ra speqtaklebi
iqneba warmodgenili erTi konkretuli Teatris scenaze.
Tanamedrove TeatrSi gamoiyeneba anonsis afiSac.
anonsi _ winaswari gancxadeba speqtaklis Sesaxeb,
warmodgenis winaswari gamocxadeba. is auwyebs mayurebels,
rom speqtakli mzaddeba da male iqneba warmodgenili.
nebismieri xasiaTis afiSas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba da
eniWeboda yovelTvis, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac ar
arsebobda radio, televizia, presa da masobrivi informaciis
sxva saSualebebi. afiSis garda, Teatris mayurebelTan
urTierTobis erT-erTi formaa programa.
programa _ speqtaklis, koncertis, saestrado an
sacirko sanaxaobis beWdviTi cnobari. masSi aRniSnulia
piesis saxelwodeba, avtoris gvari, damdgmeli jgufis
wevrebi, moqmedi pirni da Semsrulebelni. zogierT
programaSi miTiTebulia agreTve warmodgenis xangrZlivoba
da misi premieris TariRi.
sasceno mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnisa da
warmodgenisaTvis sagangebo Senobaa saWiro. Teatris
arsebobis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze igi
icvleboda. gansxvavebuli iyo misi garegnuli saxe da
Sinagani mowyobiloba, farTobi da tevadoba. magram yvela
droisa da saxis Teatri mudam ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda
_ scena da mayurebelTa darbazi. Zveli berZnuli Teatris
Senoba warmoadgenda mrgval moedans _ orqestras. igi mTis
ZirSi mdebareobda, ferdobze ki mayureblebi isxdnen. es iyo
amfiTeatri. mogvianebiT orqestras ukan aaSenes sagangebo
sadgomi _ skene. aq inaxeboda warmodgenisaTvis saWiro
nivTebi, aqve icvlidnen msaxiobebi tansacmels. antikuri
Teatri ramdenime aTas mayurebels itevda.
Sua saukuneebSi Teatraluri sanaxaobisaTvis specialur
Senobas ar agebdnen. saeklesio (liturgiuli) drama taZris
sakurTxevelze TamaSdeboda, misteriebi da moralite _
qalaqis quCebsa da moednebze. TeatrisaTvis gankuTvnili
sagangebo Senobis ageba kvlav daiwyes aRorZinebis epoqaSi. am

95
dros gaCnda axali tipis gadaxuruli nagebobა, e.w. sarango
Teatri,romelic XVI saukuneSi Seiqmna. misi mayurebelTa
darbazi iarusebiani iyo, parterSi ki xalxi fexze idga,
radgan iq yvelaze iafi bileTebi iyideboda. sarango Teatri
Tanamedrove Teatraluri Senobis pirvelsaxea.
yovel saRamos, sazeimod gamowyobili adamianebi Sedian
am SenobaSi centraluri Sesasvlelidan, warudgenen bileTs
mebileTes, garderobSi paltos gaixdian, mayurebelTa foies
gaivlian, visac surs, kapeldinerTan programas iyidis da
darbazSi Seva. mayurebelTa darbazi ramdenime nawilisgan
Sedgeba.
parteri (frangulad _ miwaze) _ Teatralur SenobaSi
mayurebelTa darbazis iatakis sibrtye adgilebiT
mayureblebisaTvis. igi Tavdapirvelad gansazRvruli iyo
umdablesi klasis mayureblisaTvis da dasajdomi adgilebi
ar hqonda. mogvianebiT iq gaCnda es adgilebi, magram maTi
wina nawili maRali wrisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. imisaTvis,
rom mayurebelma ukeT dainaxos scena, parteris iataki
Cveulebriv maRldeba scenidan ukana rigebisaken. darbazis
am nawils amfiTeatrs uwodeben.
amfiTeatri _ 1. Zvelromauli monumenturi Senoba,
romelic gankuTvnilia sajaro sanaxaobebisaTvis:
gladiatorTa orTabrZolebisaTvis, masobrivi
Teatralizebuli warmodgenebisaTvis. igi saTaves iRebs
berZnul TeatrSi. es aris uzarmazari nageboba, romlis
SuaSi, elifsis formis qviSiT dafaruli arenaa moTavsebuli.
mis garSemo mayureblebisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilebia
ganlagebuli. amfiTeatri gadaxuruli ar aris. mayurebels
mzisgan daWimuli tenti, e. w. ,,velariumi~ icavda. es
nageboba daaxloebiT dRevandeli stadionis msgavsia.
2. Tanamedrove TeatrSi amfiTeatrs uwodeben adgilebs
mayurebelTa darbazSi, romlebic parteris amaRlebul
nawilSi mdebareobs.
loJa _ adgilebi mayurebelTa darbazSi, romlebic
gamoyofilia tixarebiTa da barierebiT. loJebi ganlagebulia
parteris gverdebze da ukana mxares (benuaris loJa),
agreTve iarusebze (beletaJis loJa).
96
 iarusi _ aivani, masze ganlagebuli adgilebiT,
romlebic miuyveba mayurebelTa darbazis ukana (zogjer
gverdiT) kedels. did darbazs ori an sami iarusi aqvs.
mayurebelTa darbazs sami mxridan kedeli akravs gars.
mas ramdenime kari aqvs. am karebidan Semodian mayureblebi.
darbazis erTi mxare ki qsovilisaa, ufro xSirad _
xaverdis. igi moZravia da darbazs scenisgan acalkevebs.
mas farda ewodeba.
farda _ faravs scenas mayureblisagan. fardis
daniSnulebaa, mayureblisaTvis uxilavi gaxados scenaze
mimdinare dekoraciis cvlileba, Seqmnas drois gasvlis
iluzia aqtebs an movlenebs Soris. farda SeiZleba qvemodan
zemoT adiodes, an or nawilad iyofodes, scenis gverdebSi
gadiodes da naoWebad iyrebodes.
zogi farda sruliad sadaa. zogze Teatris emblemaa
gamosaxuli. aseTia moskovis samxatvri Teatris farda,
romelsac Tolia axatia _ Teatris emblema, romelic
mayurebels am SemoqmedebiTi koleqtivis pirvel
triumfalur speqtakls, Cexovis ,,Tolias~ axsenebs.
Zveli qarTuli Teatris farda mxatvar aleqsandre
beriZis moxatuli iyo.
farda SeiZleba speqtaklis msvlelobaSic iyos
gamoyenebuli. mas Sida fardas uwodeben. dRes xSiria
ufardo speqtaklebi da Teatrebi.
ixsneba farda da mayureblis Tvalwin scena
gadaiSleba.
scena _ moedani, romelzedac mimdinareobs warmodgena.
Tanamedrove scena warmoadgens daxSul kolofs, romelic
mayurebelTa darbazs uerTdeba.
Zvel berZnul TeatrSi msaxiobTa samoqmedo adgili
iyo orqestra _ wriuli moedani skenesa da mayurebelTa
adgilebs Sua. Sua saukuneebis moxetiale dasebi Ria cis
qveS TamaSobdnen speqtaklebs. XVII saukunis dasawyisis
inglisSi damkvidrda e.w. Seqspiruli scena _ adamianis
simaRlis oTxkuTxa ficarnagi, romelic Tavisebur
SuSabandze iyo midgmuli, TiTqos iqidan gamozrdili

97
nawili. am scenas saxuravic hqonda, romelic or svets
eyrdnoboda. swored isini hyofdnen saTamaSo moedans or
nawilad, e.w. mTavar da Sua scenad. maT ukan moTavsebuli
iyo Sida scena, xolo Tavze _ zeda scena.
1539 wels italiis qalaq vinCencaSi arqiteqtorma
serliom aaSena saTeatro Senoba, romlis scenac dRevandeli
saTamaSo moednis pirvelsaxea.
Tanamedrove scena mayurebelTa darbazisagan gamoiyofa
scenis portaliT anu e.w. scenis sarkiT.
scenis portali _ arqiteqturuli portali, romelic
ganacalkevebs scenas darbazisgan da qmnis scenis sarkes.
prosceniumi da avanscena _ scenis wina, mayureblisaTvis
uaxloesi nawili, moTavsebuli portalis win.
rampa _ 1.ganaTebis aparatura, romelic mdebareobs
scenis iatakze, mis wina mxares. igi anaTebs scenas winidan
da qvemodan.
2. sazRvari scenasa da mayurebelTa darbazs Soris.
3. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _ saerTod scena, Teatri.
xSirad amboben: ,,speqtaklma rampis Suqi ixilao~. es imas
niSnavs, rom igi sajarod iqna warmodgenili.
scenis mbrunavi wre _ sasceno moednis mbrunavi nawili.
igi scenur movlenaTa swrafi cvlis saSualebas iZleva,
scenuri qmedebis uwyvetobis Seqmnis STabeWdilebas.
arierscena _ scenis ukana mxare.
liukebi _ sasceno mowyobiloba, scenisqveSa triumebidan
speqtaklis calkeul monawileTa saTamaSo moedanze
amosayvanad an scenuri gaformebis detalebis amosatanad.
kulisebi _ Teatraluri dekoraciis rbili da CarCoze
gadakruli brtyeli nawilebi, romlebic scenis gverdebSia
ganlagebuli. kulisebi, dekoraciis sxva nawilebTan erTad,
teqnikur funqciasac asruleben _ mayureblisagan scenis
gverdiTa samsaxureobriv saTavsoebs faraven.
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT sityva kulisas xmaroben
Teatris im nawilis aRsaniSnavad, romelic fardis ukanaa.
masSi Sedis scena da yvela is damxmare saTavso, sadac
ucxoebs Sesvla ekrZalebaT.

98
 scenis gverdebzea e. w. gverdiTi jibeebi _ specialuri
saTavsoebi, romlebic saTamaSo moednis orive mxaresaa
ganlagebuli. es teritoria gamoiyeneba dekoraciis
Sesanaxad, asawyobad an speqtaklis msvlelobis dros
dekoraciis SecvlisaTvis.
yvela Teatraluri qmnileba scenaze ganxorcieldeba.
magram misi dabadebac da Semdgomi sicocxlec mxolod
mayurebelTan urTierTobaSi mJRavndeba. warmodgenaze
mosuli mayurebeli sasceno nawarmoebis sruluflebiani
TanaSemoqmedia. speqtakli imden xans cocxlobs, vidre mas
mayurebeli eswreba. kote marjaniSvilis ,,uriel akosta~
70 wlis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 600-jer daidga, dimitri
aleqsiZis mier rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli
mixeil mrevliSvilis ,,nikoloz baraTaSvili~ 10 wlis
ganmavlobaSi _ 200-jer, robert sturuas mier rusTavelis
TeatrSi dadgmuli nodar dumbaZis ,,sabraldebo daskvna~
_ 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis 1000-jer. speqtaklis
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, misi mxatvruli xarisxis garda,
mniSvnelovanwilad, mayurebelzec aris damokidebuli.
arsebobs termini ,,sakuTari mayurebeli“, anu im adamianTa
jgufi, romelic mudmivad dadis ama Tu im TeatrSi da e.w.
,,ucxo mayurebeli,~ romelsac Teatri xvdeba sagastrolo
mogzaurobis dros.
sasceno xelovnebis nawarmoebi aucileblad gulisxmobs
mis ara erT, aramed mraval aRmqmels, maTSi garkveuli
emociebis, azrebis, asociaciebis aRmocenebas. amitom Teatri
sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis did Zalas SeiZleba flobdes.
msaxiobi da mayurebeli urTierTzemoqmedeben erTmaneTze.
arc mwerlis, arc mxatvris da arc kompozitoris nawarmoebs
ar ZaluZs cvlileba ganicados mayureblis zemoqmedebiT.
aseTi ram mxolod TeatrSi SeiZleba moxdes.
Teatraluri qmnilebis warmateba mravalnairia, igi
sxvadasxva formiT SeiZleba gamoixatos. mayureblis mier
speqtaklis aRiarebis erT-erTi formaa anSlagi _ specialuri
gancxadeba: ,,yvela bileTi gayidulia!~ romelsac, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, kideben Teatris salarosTan. es termini savse
darbazs niSnavs.
99
 warmatebis niSania aplodismentebi (frangulad _ taSis
dakvra) _ mowonebis, misalmebis gamoxatva. aplodismentebs
uwodeben mayureblis mier taSis dakvras scenaze
Sesrulebulis mowonebis niSnad, agreTve msaxiobTa scenaze
gamosaZaxeblad moqmedebis damTavrebis Semdeg. zogjer taSs
Tan axlavs aRfrTovanebuli SeZaxilebi bravo, bravisimo _
saucxoo, Cinebuli.
taSi mravalnairia. igi SeiZleba daimsaxuros dramaturgma
_ rodesac mayurebeli reagirebs teqstze, mxatvarma _
mayurebels moswons dekoracia an kostiumi, kompozitorma
_ musika axdens masze Zlier STabeWdilebas, reJisorma _
saxeobrivi mizansceniT, msaxiobma _ rodesac misi gmiris
saqcieli metyveli da emociuria. magram taSTan erTad,
warmatebis aranakleb mniSvnelovani niSnebia mayureblis
aRfrTovaneba, tirili, sicili, daZabuli mdumareba da
sxva.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom scenis SemoqmedTagan swored
msaxiobi uyvars mayurebels gansakuTrebiT. cocxali
kontaqti xom uSualod maT Soris myardeba.
msaxiobi mravali mwerlis STagonebis wyarod qceula.
vaJa-fSavelam leqsi uZRvna lado mesxiSvilsa da nato
gabunias, akaki wereTelma _ mako safarovis, lado
asaTianma, valerian gafrindaSvilma, uSangi CxeiZem, simon
Ciqovanma _ veriko anjafariZes, ana kalandaZem _ medea
jafariZes, mixeil qvliviZem _ giorgi SavguliZes, moris
focxiSvilma _ akaki xoravas, valerian gafrindaSvilma
Tamar WavWavaZes da uSangi CxeiZes, ioseb griSaSvilma ki
_ vaso abaSiZes, lado mesxiSvils, elisabed CerqeziSvils,
nuca CxeiZes, aleqsandre imedaSvils, valerian gunias, kote
marjaniSvilsa da Tavisi drois TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovan
Teatralur moRvawes.
msaxiobis mayurebelze zemoqmedebis Zala SeiZleba
iseTi iyos, rom mravali wlis manZilze, an mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ar amoiSalos misi mexsierebidan.
aseTi aqtiorebi msaxiob-legendebad rCebian STamomavlobis
SegnebaSi. qarTvelTa Soris amgvarad moixseniebian lado

100
mesxiSvili, nato gabunia, vaso abaSiZe, uSangi CxeiZe, akaki
xorava, veriko anjafariZe...
Teatraluri xelovnebis WeSmaritma qmnilebam ar
SeiZleba ar miaRwios mayureblis sulamde, ar SeZras igi,
siamovneba ar mianiWos. aseTi esTetikuri tkbobis momentebi
Zalze iSviaTia, magram _ dauviwyari...
1956 wels xangrZlivi gadasaxlebidan samSobloSi
dabrunda 1937 wels usamarTlod daxvretili didi
qarTveli reJisoris, sandro axmetelis meuRle, msaxiobi
Tamar wulukiZe. rusTavelis Teatris speqtaklSi ,,ojaxi~
man leninis dedis roli Seasrula. TviT T.wulukiZe ase
igonebs pirvel warmodgenas: ,,darbazi xalxs ver itevs.
,,Cemi~ mayurebeli ovaciiT mxvdeba. aq myofTa umravlesoba
_ adrindeli, axmetelis Teatris mayurebelia, saSa
axmetelis megobrebi da pativismcemelni... Cemi saxiT isini
sandro axmetels esalmebian... ovaciebi mas ekuTvnis.
taSi Cacxra, me vubrundebi sinamdviles... Cemi gmiris
pirveli replika _ is uxmobs Tavis ufros vaJs: ,,saSa,
sad xar, saSa?~ da uecrad darbazSi kidev ufro Zlierma
taSma ifeTqa. fexze wamodga yvela da ase didxans, didxans
ukravdnen taSs~.1
mayurebels, romelsac 20 wlis manZilze s.axmetelis
mxolod augad moxseniebis ufleba hqonda, bolos da bolos,
misdami uzomo mowiwebis, pativiscemis, aRfrTovanebis
gamoxatvis saSualebac mieca. gardacvalebidan 20
wlisTavze SeZlo qarTulma sazogadoebam aSkarad, sajarod
eglova saTayvanebeli reJisori da pativi miego misi
xsovnisTvis.
1989 wlis 16 ivniss, mravali wlis Semdeg, qarTul
scenas daubrunda didi mwerali grigol robaqiZe. am dRes
marjaniSvilis Teatrma warmoadgina misi ,,graalis mcvelni~
(reJisori daviT andRulaZe), nawarmoebi, romelSic asaxulia
1924 wels saqarTveloSi datrialebuli tragikuli
movlenebi. g.robaqiZem TiTqos iwinaswarmetyvela Tavisi
1
Тамара Цулукидзе, ,,Всего одна жизнь~, изд. ,,Хеловнеба~, Тбилиси,1983
г., стр.292-293

101
qveynis momavali, misi romani xom saocrad exmianeboda XX
saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos mdgomareobas.
...warmodgenis dasasruls scenis siRrmeSi RvTismSoblis
xati naTdeba. Tavad giorgis ganmasaxierebeli msaxiobi
oTar meRvineTuxucesi araCveulebrivi sulieri ZaliTa
da, amave dros, sakuTar simarTleSi darwmunebuli kacis
saocari Sinagani simSvidiT warmoTqvams g.robaqiZis imediT
savse brZnul striqonebs: ,,dao da dedao, RvTismSoblis
dobilo, varT Senze dandobili da Senis SendobiT _
ar gadavSendebiT!~ speqtakli damTavrda da uceb daiwyo
meore ,,warmodgena~, romelsac msaxiobTa da mayurebelTa
sulieri erTianobis umSvenieresi gamoxatuleba SeiZleba
vuwodoT. scenaze qarTuli sulis sadidebeli ,,Sen xar
venaxi~ aJRerda, darbazSi mayurebelma ,,Cemo kargo qveyanav~
daaguguna. am didebuli hangebis fonze darbazidan scenisaken
,,gaemarTa~ damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droSa. mayurebeli
fexze abrZanda. droSa axla ukve scenaze afrialda.
ukeTilSobilesi grZnobebi SeuerTda erTmaneTs _ aRtaceba
da Tanadgoma, imedi da rwmena. es iyo SemoqmedTa da maTi
xelovnebis mxilvelTa sulieri ganwmendis wuTebi.
rogor hgavs es ambavi mweral ekaterine gabaSvilis
monaTxrobs, romelic 130 wlis winandel warmodgenas,
d.erisTavis legendarul ,,samSoblos~ exeba: ,,ar SemiZlia
ar aRvniSno erTi didi momenti, romelic iSviaT wamad
unda CaiTvalos qarTvelTa cxovrebaSi. es is momenti iyo,
rodesac mesame moqmedebaSi metexis darbazSi sabrZolvelad
gamzadebuli gmirebi droSaze fics sdeben samSoblosaTvis
Tavis gawirvaze. sakvirveli iyo es wami da swored saswaul
moqmedebad aRibeWda msmenelebze. mTeli sazogadoeba,
parteris wina rigebidan dawyebuli galiorkis ukanasknel
rigamde fexze idga da sasoebiT gamsWvaluli, mzad iyo muxli
moedrika erovnuli droSis win, rom Teatri gaWedili ar
yofiliyo da muxlis mosadreki adgili hqonoda. amisTana
wamebi iSviaTia da mas ar iviwyebs STamomavloba da mis
momniWebelTa eTayvaneba~.1
1
ekaterine gabaSvili, `tkbili mogoneba~, J. `klde~, 1913 w., #7

102
 swored aseTi wuTebisaTvis arsebobs Teatraluri
xelovneba, romlis specifikasa da Semadgenel komponentebze,
speqtaklis Seqmnis mTel procesze visaubreT am wignSi.

103
 anbanuri saZiebeli

a
avanscena - 98
amplua - 42
amfiTeatri - 96
anonsi - 95
ansambli - 12
antraqti - 18
antrepreniori - 41
aparte - 20
aplodismentebi - 100
arierscena - 98
afiSa - 94
aqti - 18

b
benefisi - 40
butaforia (butafori) - 89

g
ganaTeba (gamnaTebeli) - 88
gardasaxva - 44
gastroli - 94
generaluri repeticia – 90
gmiri – 42
grimi (grimiori) – 87

d
dasi - 34
debiuti - 94
dekoracia - 75
dialogi - 20
drama - 14
dramaturgi (dramaturgia) - 13
dubliori - 34.

104
e
epizodi - 18
eskizi - 74

v
vodevili - 14

T
TamaSi - 48
Teatri - 5
Teatraluri sezoni - 94
Teatris mxatvari - 73

i
iarusi – 97
inscenireba – 16
interpretacia – 27
intriga - 18.

k
komedia - 14
korife - 41
kostiumeri - 87
kostiumi - 77
kulisebi - 98

l
liukebi - 98
loJa - 96

m
maketi - 74
masobrivi scena - 69
mayurebeli - 99
melodrama - 14
mizanscena - 65

105
mimika - 60
movlena - 18
monologi - 20
moqmedeba - 53
msaxiobi (aqtiori, artisti) - 35
musikaluri gaformeba - 79

n
niRabi - 87

o
orqestra - 95

p
pariki - 88
parteri - 96
peri petia - 19
personaJi - 22
piesa - 26
premiera - 93
premieri (premierSa) - 28
programa - 95
prosceniumi - 98

J
Janri - 14
Jesti - 60

r
rampa - 98
rekviziti (rekvizitori) - 89
remarka - 23
repertuari - 17
repeticia - 62
replika - 20
reJisoris TanaSemwe - 89
roli - 22
106
s
sareJisoro xelovneba (reJisura) – 27
sasceno metyveleba - 59
saxasiaTo msaxiobi – 57
siuJeti - 19
skene - 95
speqtakli - 13
statisti - 69
suraTi - 18
sufliori - 86
scena - 97
scenis gverdiTi jibeebi - 99
scenis mbrunavi wre - 98
scenis portali - 98
scenis Cacmuloba - 74
scenografia - 73
scenuri gancda – 50
scenuri saxe – 55
scenuri xasiaTi - 56

t
tragedia – 14
travesti - 42

u
uwyveti repeticia - 90

f
fabula - 19
farda - 97

q
qoreografia - 82

x
xmauri - 81

107
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SeniSvnebisTvis

109
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