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Cloud Computing at Unitec (March 2022)

Technical Report · March 2022

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 MARCH 19, 2022

CLOUD COMPUTING AT UNITEC

ISCG 8046 CLOUD COMPUTING

MARAEHAU SALMON (1556481) & AKASH PARMAR (1552076)

UNITE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ISCG 8046 Cloud Computing- Assignment
1
Abstract
Cloud computing is an interconnected servers providing service in various form over the internet. It
was parallelly developed with internet.

The cloud technology has played an important role in advancement what we have right now. we use
cloud services in our routine life in different forms and it has become an essential part.

Such services are Saas, PaaS, IaaS and XaaS. In this research paper we have discussed importance of
cloud computing, history, and the latest technical advancements in depth.

Also, this study aims to introduce and define Software as a Service. The intentions of utilizing Cloud
Services, the technical details regarding the SaaS products, its latest development, and an examination
of Cloud Computing’s growth.

Moreover, for the research development wide range of research papers is discussed including the
personal view toward the approach.

Keywords: SaaS, IaaS, PaaS, XaaS, Cloud Services

1
Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1 – Introduction (Cloud Computing History)........................................................................................... 5
2 – Reasons for Cloud Utilization ............................................................................................................ 8
2.1 – Save Time ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 – Instant Access to Critical Data.................................................................................................... 8
2.3 – Little to no Upfront Investment ................................................................................................. 8
2.4 – Faster Recovery .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.5 – Simplified Scalability .................................................................................................................. 8
2.6 – Improve Internal Communication .............................................................................................. 8
2.7 – Improve your Bottom Line ......................................................................................................... 8
3 – SaaS Products/Services ..................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 – About Microsoft Office 365 [4] .................................................................................................. 9
3.2 – About Adobe Creative Cloud [5] ................................................................................................ 9
3.2.1 – Stock & Marketplace ......................................................................................................... 10
3.2.2 – Collaboration Power ......................................................................................................... 10
3.2.3 – Creative Community ......................................................................................................... 10
3.3 – Google Workspace [6] .............................................................................................................. 10
3.4 – Xero [7]..................................................................................................................................... 10
4 – Discussions on Software as a Service (SaaS) ................................................................................... 12
4.1 – Paper 1 | Cloud Computing: SAAS ........................................................................................... 12
4.2 – Paper 2 | A Cloud Model to Implement SaaS .......................................................................... 13
4.3 – Paper 3 | Cloud Computing: Determinants Of Software As A Service (SaaS) Model Adoption
.......................................................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.1 – Software Maintainability [12] ........................................................................................... 16
4.3.2 – Reduced Implementation and Ownership Cost [12]......................................................... 17
4.3.3 – Rapid Elasticity and Scalability [12] ................................................................................... 17
4.3.4 – Security and Confidentiality [12]....................................................................................... 18
4.3.5 – Control Complexity [12] .................................................................................................... 19
4.4 – Paper 4 | Research Agenda in Cloud Technologies [14] .......................................................... 19
4.5 – Paper 5 | Research and Development on Cloud Computing [15]............................................ 19
4.6 – Paper 6 | Recent Developments in Cloud Based Systems: State of Art [16] ........................... 20
4.7 – Paper 7 | A Review of Evolutionary Trends in Cloud Computing and Applications to the
Healthcare Ecosystem [17] ............................................................................................................... 20
4.8 – Paper 8 | Next generation cloud computing: New trends and research directions [18] ........ 21
4.9 – Paper 9 | Cloud Manufacturing: Latest Advancements and Future Trends [19] ..................... 21

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 4.10 – Paper 10 | Cloud Computing Research and Development Trend [20] .................................. 22
5 – Analysis of the Growth in Cloud Computing ................................................................................... 22
5.1 – Market Trend ........................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 – Growing Global Cloud .............................................................................................................. 24
6 – Technical Details ............................................................................................................................. 25
6.1 – Artificial Intelligence (AI) .......................................................................................................... 25
6.2 – Machine Learning (ML) ............................................................................................................ 25
6.3 – Integration................................................................................................................................ 26
6.4 – Micro SaaS ................................................................................................................................ 26
6.5 – Low Code Application............................................................................................................... 26
6.6 – Technical Papers ...................................................................................................................... 27
6.6.1 – Paper 1 | Virtual machine placement in predictable computing clouds [5] ..................... 27
6.6.2 – Paper 2 | Making sense of A.I. in Public Cloud [6] ............................................................ 28
6.6.3 – Paper 3 | Edge Computing-Based Data Center Monitoring [21] ...................................... 29
6.6.4 – Paper 4 | A Design of Serverless Computing Service for Edge Clouds [22] ...................... 32
6.6.5 – Paper 5 | Research on Key Technology in SaaS [23] ......................................................... 34
7 – Summary of Latest Developments .................................................................................................. 38
7.1 – Edge Computing ....................................................................................................................... 38
7.1.1 – An Overview on Edge Computing Research [24] .............................................................. 38
7.1.2 – Enabling Edge Computing in an IoT-Based Weather Monitoring Application [25]........... 40
7.2 – AI in cloud computing .............................................................................................................. 41
7.2.1 – AI for Next Generation Computing: Emerging Trends and Future Directions [26] ........... 41
7.2.2 – Intelligent Computing Relating to Cloud Computing [27] ................................................. 42
7.3 – Hybrid cloud and multi-cloud infrastructure ........................................................................... 42
7.3.1 – Intel IT’s Multi-Cloud Strategy: Focused on the Business [28] ......................................... 42
7.3.2 – An Overview of Multi-cloud Computing [29] .................................................................... 43
8 – Discussions ...................................................................................................................................... 44
8.1 – Defining the Advantages and Disadvantages of SaaS [30] ....................................................... 44
8.1.1 – Advantages of SaaS ........................................................................................................... 44
8.1.2 – Disadvantages of SaaS....................................................................................................... 45
8.2 – Software as a Service (SAAS), Future of Information Technology & Business [31] ................. 45
8.2.1 – SaaS User Experience Design ............................................................................................ 45
8.3 – The Future of SaaS: Is There Light at the End of the Tunnel? [32] .......................................... 45
8.3.1 – Software vs. SaaS: Financial Performance Metrics ........................................................... 45
8.3.2 – Software vs. SaaS: Customer Lifetime Values (CLVs) ........................................................ 46
8.3.3 – Software vs. SaaS: Market Cap Growth ............................................................................ 46

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 8.4 – Personal Reflection .................................................................................................................. 48
9 – Business and/or Education and/or Social Impact ........................................................................... 48
9.1 – The impact of cloud computing [33] ........................................................................................ 48
10 – References..................................................................................................................................... 50
11 – Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 53
11.1 – Appendix 1 | Survey on Importance of SaaS in Companies ................................................... 53
11.2 – Appendix 2 | Microsoft Office 365 ........................................................................................ 53
11.3 – Appendix 3 | EUCS model’s five principles ............................................................................ 54
11.4 – Appendix 4 | EUCS model’s 12 items instrument .................................................................. 54
11.5 – Appendix 5 | SaaS, IaaS, and PaaS diagram ........................................................................... 55
11.6 – Appendix 6 | Cloud Computing Types ................................................................................... 55
11.7 – Appendix 7 | Cloud-Based Clinical Decision Support Service (CDSS)..................................... 56
11.8 – Appendix 8 | Cloud setting utilizing Microsoft Azure Cloud Computing platform and the
Healthcare SaaS Platform (HSP) ........................................................................................................ 56
11.9 – Appendix 9 | Research model ................................................................................................ 57
11.10 – Appendix 10 | Study topics related to Cloud Manufacturing .............................................. 57
11.11 – Appendix 11 | Cloud Service industry leaders ..................................................................... 58
11.12 – Appendix 12 | Worldwide revenue of public Cloud ............................................................ 58
11.13 – Appendix 13 | Model of Edge Computing ........................................................................... 59
11.14 – Appendix 14 | Monitoring System Architecture .................................................................. 59
11.15 – Appendix 15 | Centralized Architecture .............................................................................. 60
11.16 – Appendix 16 | Proposed Architecture ................................................................................. 61
11.17 – Appendix 17 | SaaS Architecture ......................................................................................... 62
11.18 – Appendix 18 | SaaS Maturity model .................................................................................... 62
11.19 – Appendix 19 | Edge Computing Architecture 3.0 [24]......................................................... 63
11.20 – Appendix 20 | EdgeX Architecture of Foundry [24]............................................................. 63
11.21 – Appendix 21 | Annual Monthly Mean Global Internet Traffic Forecast [24] ....................... 64
11.22 – Appendix 22 | Edge Computing Architecture Enable Internet of Things Application [25] .. 64
11.23 – Appendix 23 | Workflow of Application [25] ....................................................................... 65
11.24 – Appendix 24 | Edge and Cloud Comparative Examination [25] .......................................... 65
11.25 – Appendix 25 | Cloud Computing architecture [29].............................................................. 66
11.26 – Appendix 26 | SaaS Multiples Surpasses Solution Comparables ......................................... 66
11.27 – Appendix 27 | Software Company Participation Margins for SaaS to Match...................... 67
11.28 – Appendix 28 | Financial Metrics for Transition to SaaS ....................................................... 67
11.29 – Appendix 29 | Adoption of SaaS .......................................................................................... 68

4
1 – Introduction (Cloud Computing History)
The subject of this study is Software as a Service, or SaaS, which is part of the Cloud Services model.

Its main features are:

#ID Feature
1 The service is only leased for usage only and not ownership
2 Each software is installed and centralized on a single server instead of on the end user’s
machine
3 Users are allowed to access the solution via the Internet
4 The merchant is accountable for the correct maintenance and efficiency of the solution(s)
5 Merchants supply the resources e.g., support and upgrades from the hosting server regarding
the solution(s)
6 Suppliers are accountable for the solution’s gradual progression
Table 1.1. The SaaS industry is worth approximately $172 billion (Gartner)

In 2015, the Software as a Service business grew from $31.5 billion to an approximated $171.9 billion,
which relates to about five times growth within seven years; It is expected to encounter its major
yearly rise amidst 2021 and 2022, attaining a $171.9 billion in value by the end of 2022.

In general, this service’s space yearly rise rate is expected to exceed 17% this year (2022), companies
having between 100 to 500 members utilize practically two times this service more than businesses
having 50 to 100 members.

The biggest companies, having more than one thousand members, utilize 177 Software as a Service
solutions on average; Solutions in this service constitute 70% of the entire business’ software usage,
an expected 85% of solutions will be part of SaaS and utilized by businesses by 2025 [1].

In utter, Software as a Service is of some significance by 73% of people who replied to the survey
(1,724), dividing these data to [1]:

 SaaS being crucial to companies’ success: 38%

 SaaS being somewhat relevant: 35%

5
 Importance of SaaS in Companies (Survey)

Somewhat
Important
Important
48%
52%

Chart 1.1. Survey on importance of SaaS in companies (appendix 1)

In present-day, Software as a Service (SaaS) is a solution licensing and distribution model commonly
utilized by software businesses in B2B and B2C markets respectively.

The overall public cloud services demand is estimated to rise in 2017 by 18% to utter $247 billion; That
research also expect Cloud Application Services (CAS) or Software as a Service demand sector to be
rated second with a capital near $46 billion secondary to Cloud Advertising (CA) [2].

Regarding this study on SaaS, our team have focused on four services:

SaaS Product Usage Value

Office 365 1,000,000 $5,279,106.00
Adobe CC 12,000,000 $198,650,000,000.00
Google Workspace 2,600,000,000 $1,900,000,000.00
Xero 3,000,000 $252,850,000.00
Table 1.2. Selected SaaS products usage and value

Our team also described each technology and the type of services/software they provide.

For software customized to businesses, from small to large, the cost is between $75,000 and $750,000
which is a significant amount to consider with the company’s internal costs (e.g., production,
management, staff, etc.).

In theory, implementing a Software as a Service solution inside a company is relatively

straightforward.

Starting by purchasing a license or signing up to a SaaS solution, a customer is provided with an on-
demand access to the solution as a self-service which is separated from whether a machine or location.

The customer company is not required to utilize their server storage nor install and control the
solution; Upgrades and new functionalities are accessible as a continuing basis.

6
Related to on-site solutions, utilizing SaaS allows full performance of the solution instead of
maintaining it internally [3].

In practice, implementing a SaaS solution requires, most times, a license for each end user and a
possible hold of the company’s activity due to modifications done on their network.

Plus, there is a testing period on the company’s system to assure that the newly purchased SaaS
solution is adaptable to the company’s needs and activities.

There might also be some modifications on the software itself to customize it to the business’
requirements.

There is also a possibility that the SaaS solution(s) might be under maintenance and therefore not
available, which will be detrimental to the organization.

How to anticipate/prevent possible business activity hold?

What strategy can be used to allow the implementation of a SaaS solution inside a company’s network
without disturbing its activities.

This research is structured is the following manner:

1. Introduction: Introduces the studied topic, SaaS, and gives the current context in which SaaS
solutions are utilized by companies
2. Analysis of the Growth in Cloud Computing:
3. Technical Details: Lists the selected SaaS products and describes the service(s), process(es),
billing, licensing, etc.
4. Summary of Latest Developments:
5. Discussions: Discussion on the found research papers on the topic and comparison to the
selected SaaS solutions
6. Business and/or Education and/or Social Impact:
7. Conclusions: A conclusion on the SaaS topic with current data and future expectations of
development and growth
8. References and Appendices: List of referenced research papers and web sites, with figures
contained in the document

7
2 – Reasons for Cloud Utilization
Using the cloud can hugely impact industries or individuals. Again, the benefits of using the cloud
highly depend on the user's aim.

There are a few common uses of the cloud discussed below:

2.1 – Save Time

The amount of time for setting up and running a system is minimal in cloud computing due to no
equipment setup and maintenance required.

Cloud service providers are responsible for maintaining hardware, software updates and security.

2.2 – Instant Access to Critical Data

The most time-consuming part of any business use is facilitating data availability and instantly
providing it to the right employee.

By using cloud computing, every employee must have the devices connected to the cloud
infrastructure.

So, making the data available for them all the time they need is a must.

2.3 – Little to no Upfront Investment

Suppose an organisation chooses to go for cloud services. In that case, they do not need to buy any
physical hardware or licence software.

The organisation only needs to pay like rent for the things they have used.

2.4 – Faster Recovery

One of the critical parts of Cloud computing is that it offers data storage on cloud service. So, users do
not need to worry about the data because it is going to be stored in remote locations.

In case of a disaster situation, an organisation can fetch data from anywhere at any time.

Apart from that, data security is the responsibility of the service provider.

2.5 – Simplified Scalability

Cloud service also facilitates its user to upscale and downscale a number of resources at any time.

Whenever an organisation needs to expand or reduce their team, it can expand or reduce the I.T.
services needed for them with just one click.

Meanwhile, users will be only charged for the duration of resources used.

2.6 – Improve Internal Communication

Due to the number of users coming from the same cloud platform, it is easy to perform internal
communications.

Also, in case of company tie-up or collaboration with a different company for the short or long term,
the cloud provides features that allow users to work on multiple platforms simultaneously.

2.7 – Improve your Bottom Line

Due to timesaving and less technical work, the I.T. department can focus more on productivity.
Ultimately, it will result in financial gain.

8
3 – SaaS Products/Services
3.1 – About Microsoft Office 365 [4]
Cloud Computing is founded on the lease of design to perform a variety of activities, in which every
communication betwixt a customer and a computer inside the “Cloud” supplies via the Internet.

More common services categories within the Cloud are:

#ID Service Abbreviation

1 Software as a Service SaaS
2 Platform as a Service PaaS
3 Infrastructure as a Service IaaS
Table 2.1. Categories of services inside the Cloud

The topmost Cloud Computing’s benefit is the resources and services utilization that are particularly
advantageous to small businesses which are barely in activity and can prevent the investment of costly
supplies to do specific activities.

The most popular large Information Technology in the domain are: Amazon and Google.

In association with Microsoft Azure platform, Office 365 assures businesses of every scale high
productiveness without costly expense, time-saving, funds and make important resources available.

This service is an association of common desktop utilities (e.g., Office 2010) including communication
systems and technologically advanced cooperative services such as: Exchange, SharePoint, and Lync
Online.

The article shows Office365 platform’s aspects based upon the “Cloud” idea as cost-efficiency within
the similar company field; The identical solution is compared against existing Google Apps opponent.

Figure 1.1. Microsoft Office 365 [4] (appendix 2)

3.2 – About Adobe Creative Cloud [5]

Adobe Creative Cloud is a set of over 20 solutions for visual arts, media, design, web, User Experience
(UX), and social medias; In addition, included fundamentals such as palettes, fonts, and the capacity
to cooperate with anybody and anyplace.

9
3.2.1 – Stock & Marketplace
From their brand-new Stock and Marketplace, users can have instantaneous access to numerous fonts
from Adobe, including free and charged sets of excellent assets (e.g., pictures/images, audio/video
clips, 3D assets).

3.2.2 – Collaboration Power

Enhancing collaboration by providing quicker feedback from the collaborators and their shareholders.

3.2.3 – Creative Community

Distributing inventiveness and finding ideas on Behance, the largest inventive community around the
globe.

3.3 – Google Workspace [6]

The service administrator creates and manages accounts on the service, on the other hand, the
common Gmail or Google accounts are created by users; Administrators holds substantial control over
the service’s defaults, solution authorization, and safety configurations.

The service grants various settings which can be used on a variety of teams, organizational units, it
can be set for companies which handle extremely sensitive information too; For instance,
administrators might counter offline Workspace data storage (e.g., emails, calendar items, Google
Drive files).

3.4 – Xero [7]

Ranked within the top 10 accounting solution around the globe, by Forbes in 2016, yet with few
undertaken evaluation studies on Xero’s organized end-user contentment framework.

The purpose of the study is to assess customer satisfaction and achievement with the account Cloud
solution within Auckland’s finance companies, and Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs).

It (the research) used the End-User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) model, designed by Doll and
Torkzadeh in 1988, to evaluate the customer’s satisfaction and the accounting solution achievement.

The research contains a sample of 122 Xero customers from Auckland’s finance companies and SMEs,
surveys were used for collecting data; Reliable examination, descriptive stats and frequency
investigation, t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple-regression analysis to study the data.

The analysis of the data was done utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) solution.

The outputs of the research propose that customers were content with Xero and reported that it was
efficient.

The restraint of the research was due to the small scaled responders sample, thence, it doesn’t
conclude that the Cloud solution met the general Kiwis’ satisfaction.

Practical associations of the research involve turning the study accessible to research workers, experts,
and the overall public with the opportunity which the outputs can, in theory, be applied and benefit
users and suppliers.

Additionally, the research can supply research workers and experts with outputs that can be utilized
as a guidebook to analyse Cloud-Based solutions inside their academic study and work surrounding.

The research can also motivate the suppliers to update the solution to further meet the customers’
requirements that may lead to the solution’s value to rise.

10
Study associations of the research involve expanding EUCS model to analyse Cloud-Based solutions
inside accounting companies and SMEs.

Figure 1.2. EUCS model’s five principles [7]

Figure 1.3. EUCS model’s 12 items instrument [7]

#ID Principle #ID Instrument

1 Content C1 Does the system give the precise information needed?
C2 Does the information content match users’ requirements?
C3 Does the system give reports which appear to be what users need?
C4 Does the system supply adequate information?
2 Accuracy A1 Is the system precise?
A2 Are users contented with the preciseness of the system?
3 Format F1 Is the output shown in a useful manner?
F2 Is the data clear?
4 Ease of Use E1 Is it user friendly?
E2 Is it simple to use?

11
 5 Timeliness F1 Do users get the data they required in time?
F2 Are the system’s data up to date?
Table 2.2. The 12 items instruments in EUCS model [7]

4 – Discussions on Software as a Service (SaaS)

4.1 – Paper 1 | Cloud Computing: SAAS
Omnipresent, advantageous, and on-demand network connection to a joint merged designable
computing resource, such as: Networking related (connections, servers), Software and Services which
can be quickly provided and published with minimum control effort or interplay from provider(s) [8].

This model consists of:

Five Main Aspects

#ID Model Aspect
1 On-Demand Self-Service
2 Broad Network Access
3 Resource Pooling
4 Fast Elasticity
5 Moderated Service

Three Service Models

#ID Service Model
1 Software as a Service (SaaS)
2 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
3 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Four Cloud Deployment Models
#ID Cloud Model
1 Private
2 Public
3 Community
4 Hybrid
Table 3.1. Cloud Computing model composition [8]

The paper examines ongoing development of the SaaS cloud model inside a brand-new rising business
model within the Software Industry, the SaaS model’s growth being swift; An audit was performed on
this paper regarding its framework and Maturity Model [8].

12
4.2 – Paper 2 | A Cloud Model to Implement SaaS
Services and Software accessible through the Internet, activities assigned to a merger of links, these
are part of the framework idea of Cloud Computing; Cloud supply computing power, that is made
doable via deployed computing.

It can be viewed as an old-fashioned desktop computing model, in which resources of one

desktop/computer utilized to perform activities, and a client or server model’s extension.

This research explains a model regarding Cloud Computing to start the SaaS Cloud model [9].

Figure 2.1. SaaS, IaaS, and PaaS diagram [10]

13
 Figure 2.2. Cloud Computing types [9]

Figure 2.3. Cloud-Based Clinical Decision Support Service (CDSS) [11]

14
Figure 2.4. Cloud setting utilizing Microsoft Azure Cloud Computing platform and the Healthcare SaaS Platform
(HSP) [11]

4.3 – Paper 3 | Cloud Computing: Determinants Of Software As A Service (SaaS)

Model Adoption
Businesses and particulars have acknowledged Cloud Computing as an innovative technology
regarding a broad range of possible usage.

Software as a Server, or SaaS, is a service that is supplied at the uppermost service layer, which gathers
computing services and resources from extraneous suppliers and grant the distant usage of company
solutions.

Minor researchers were committed to identify the complicatedness and drivers of opting SaaS
services; Therefore, the article is restrained to that subject.

With the rise of people opting for this service are getting used with the technology and integrating
Cloud Computing inside their company’s activity(ies), comprehending what rules adoption choices is
crucial for Cloud Technologies to come to match the customers’ requirements.

The research introduces a model based on the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE)

architecture to access the elements which affect the opting of SaaS services; It principally targets to
introduce the notion of the service model SaaS and to critically appraise the complicatedness and
drivers for implementing a SaaS service.

Its outputs have provided practical policies not limited to businesses given the opting of SaaS services,
yet, regarding the vendors providing them [12].

15
 Figure 2.5. Research model

4.3.1 – Software Maintainability [12]

Diverging from on-premises solutions, regarding the SaaS service Cloud model, the provider supplies
maintenance and expects operational accountability; Thus, commonly the SaaS solution users are
allowed to utilize the solution with no worry regarding its maintenance whilst the service’s constancy
is assured by the provider.

A SaaS supplier commonly publishes new functions on a periodic interval based on users’ feedback
and market tendencies to assure that the offered value to users is regularly rising.

Important reduction of overhead and maintenance responsibility in adopting companies is done by

the centralization of all software updates on the providers’ environment for hosting and these not
being transferred to end clients or servers (cloud users).

Usually, brand-new main functionalities are automatically published to every user and new
implementations with different systems are done whilst an upgrade; Likewise, performance
enhancement, bug resolution, and software patching is done by the service supplier centrally.

These activities lie with the SaaS supplier and usually are done in the background; Ordinarily, SaaS
systems are user-friendly and customizable, and the customers can do updates with no need of the IT
department support.

Plus, SaaS users are offloaded from carrying the responsibility of hosting solutions and handling IT
framework related.

Nonetheless, although providers handle and maintain the software, there might be supplementary
work and liabilities transferred to users to test the solutions towards every update performed by the
provider regarding operational functions and local integrations, likewise, require to regularly view
release notes to get updates’ information.

16
4.3.2 – Reduced Implementation and Ownership Cost [12]
The total ownership expenditure is part of the most essential determining elements when opting for
Software as a Service (SaaS); These Cloud solutions support companies to lower the total ownership
expense as it removes the need for heavy investments towards Information Technology (IT)
infrastructure, software support, upgrade services, and IT recruitment via handing over to a third-
party mediator merchant.

This supports companies needing IT solutions to reduce their starting entry expenditures; It was
observed that Cloud-Based software provide companies and customers an ease of access to large
computational, networking, and data processing capacity at low cost.

By shifting IT functionalities, company software on the Cloud for example, businesses can possibly
lower the general IT solutions implementation expense.

Conforming with this, expense advantages are potential benefits which made IT outsourcing to be
thought-out as part of the most crucial key concepts during the last decades – says Stefanie Leimeister
[13].

Thus, in most cases, SaaS Cloud Computing software provide financial advantages which businesses
can no longer disregard.

Furthermore, most of these services are served as moderate services in which Cloud Services
spontaneously manage and improve resource utilization via enabling a gauging ability at various
abstraction levels, suitable to the services’ nature that is delivered such as Storage Capacity,
Processing Capacity, Bandwidth, and simultaneous/active customer accounts.

It allows to promptly monitor, manage, and report the utilizations of the resource that supplies
transparency in computing chargers, for the service supplier and Cloud Service user respectively.

4.3.3 – Rapid Elasticity and Scalability [12]

Cloud Services’ one of the main characteristics is the capacity to elastically providing and publishing it
capacities, spontaneously/manually, to quickly scale up or downward in proportion with the
utilization; The ability to adapt is a wanted characteristic for constant growth in business as the Cloud
Computing’s effective environment can host very wide data volumes.

For the ones opting for these services, the available capacities regarding the services’ scalability seem
to have no limit and available for supplying whatever amount anytime; Per se, this ability to adapt is
a crucial quality element with designing SaaS software frameworks.

The usage of adaptable resources as well as resource pooling companies leads in IT effectiveness,
whilst the Cloud Computing’s trade agility is provided although the capacity to redistribute resources
quickly and the reacting quickly to developing demands on the market.

Within such context, the IT effectiveness and trade agility merging can be recognized as positive
characteristics which are provided via Cloud Computing Services (CCS), that encourages its adoption
or that examines main drivers and obstacles regarding SaaS within different decision fields.

17
4.3.4 – Security and Confidentiality [12]
Because of the increasing interest regarding SaaS services, there is an obvious and constant endeavor
to appraise the latest trends inside security weaknesses for this technology; In such situation, it is
apparent that though Cloud Computing intents to supply IT efficiency and trade adaptiveness utilizing
Virtualization and resource pooling methods, full of security menaces.

Inside SaaS service, security is a specifically important problem considering the infrastructure utilized
to supply services does not have ownership nor is managed by customers; Users do not have control
over the Cloud Service (CS) protection framework not either have security menaces and weaknesses
encountered by their information and Cloud Services knowledge.

Such weaknesses within SaaS solutions might cause valuable and confidential data loss or occasionally
directly financial.

Few of security problems which should be thought-out while opting for SaaS are:

#ID Security Problem

1 Data Breaches
2 Data Deprivation
3 Accounts Theft
4 Insider Menace
5 Injected Malware
6 Cloud Services Abuse
7 Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) not Secured
8 Denial of Service (DoS) Attack
9 Lack of due Alertness
10 Deprivation of Data
11 Shared Weaknesses
Table 3.2. Security problems in SaaS

To address those problems, SaaS providers are responsible for assuring their customers that their data
are secured; Despite this, it is an increasing challenge due to the developing Cyber Security menace
landscape, in which new security menaces, laws, and consent requirements constantly rise.

Suppliers of Cloud Service must implement a scope of standards counting physical, technical, and
administrative to secure a large data range (e.g., personal, financial) from theft, deprivation,
modification, or abuse.

Regrettably, several small-size SaaS providers cannot operate at a level of complexity which matches
user governance and risk handling capacities; It is noteworthy that few companies concentrated on
security problems in CCS to aid making Cloud Computing a reliable and safe option regarding IT
solutions.

Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) is a non-profit company made to promote the usage of finest practices
regarding supplying security guaranty inside the Cloud Computing field and give training on Cloud
Computing Services (CCS) usage to support protect other Computing forms.

18
4.3.5 – Control Complexity [12]
When raising the provided services from the SaaS providers, the users’ data control is the main
concern; Knowing that the SaaS solutions are published inside the suppliers’ infrastructure, users do
not have authority over the infrastructure, safety, storage, or solution capacities.

Therefore, businesses are usually unsure and worried as they mostly rely on the provider’s provisions
regarding the system’s availability, security against rising cyber menaces, and integrity.

Lastly, companies opting for Cloud Services have very restrained if no knowledge of the precise service
provider datacentre’s location and do no have control over their data’s physical entry methods.

Most recognized SaaS providers possess datacentres situated around the globe, that can be a problem
towards several customers due to conformity and data confidentiality regulations in different
countries; Such laws usually make data locality dangerous for several company architectures.

For example, in several European countries, rules are established to assure that categories of
information cannot depart the country due to the possible data’s confidential nature.

Besides the rules imposed by local regulations, there is the issue of to whom jurisdiction the
information comes within control, during investigations or mediation reasons; Those worries make
company’s Cloud Computing Services migration choices difficult.

4.4 – Paper 4 | Research Agenda in Cloud Technologies [14]

Cloud Computing is the newest exertion in distributing Computing Resources as a Services (CRaaS);
This represent a deviation from Computing as a Product (CaaP) which is bought, to Computing as a
Service (CaaS) which is provided to clients through the Internet from wide-scale data centres or
Clouds.

This study is the first methodical peer-reviewed academic study audit released in the domain, and
intents to supply a synopsis of the rapidly developing improvements related to Cloud Computing’s
technical groundworks and their study exertions.

Organized together with Cloud agenda’s technical characteristics, they discuss practical wisdom from
akin technologies; Advancements regarding the standards introduction, interfaces, and models;
Modelling and Cloud building methods, and modern use-cases emerging from Cloud Computing.

4.5 – Paper 5 | Research and Development on Cloud Computing [15]

The key Cloud Computing concepts are to assign computing to a wide number of delivered computers,
instead of locally based computers or distant servers; Making the company utilize the application
resource(s) which are required, and access PCs and storage network in accord with the needs,
providing worry-free services to customers regarding data handling issues, allowing focus on business
activities.

Cloud Computing is a collection of IT services which are supplied to customers through a network on
a loaned basis including the capacity of scaling up or down their service needs.

This article discusses the aspects of Cloud Computing (CC) including numerous examples, to illustrate
the manner it makes the business environment simpler, more effective and narrower, plus, it
describes categories of Cloud Computing settings and styles, moreover, it discusses on various popular
Clouds such as: IBM, Google and Amazon Clouds and will disclose their usage, benefits, and
inconveniences.

19
Such service is a serious problem in nowadays education, they list its usage as:

 Web-Based Learning
 Mobile Video Schooling
 Observational Training
 Computer Programming Training

4.6 – Paper 6 | Recent Developments in Cloud Based Systems: State of Art [16]
The relevance and various Cloud Computing usage are astounding and therefore it is a topic of high
importance; It supplies numerous stunning functions such as: Multitenancy, On Demand Services, and
Pay Per Usage.

The study shows a thorough survey regarding Cloud Computing technology and tries to cover nearly
all developments which took place in this domain, it also shows a new view on advanced Cloud
Computing.

The most important studies were examined to discuss on the different Cloud Computing platforms,
Cloud security available, mention Cloud frameworks and Cloud data storage; Additionally, it provides
an observation on new Cloud environment developments with the support of use cases and the
viewpoint of the author on each use case’s future.

Lastly, they conclude with a discussion regarding actual open issues which require to be given
attention and emphasizes the new Cloud study routes.

4.7 – Paper 7 | A Review of Evolutionary Trends in Cloud Computing and Applications

to the Healthcare Ecosystem [17]
Cloud Computing grants adaptable and dynamic computing capacity and storage via on-demand
distribution and pay-as-you-go services through the Internet.

It brought important advancements regarding the IT field, its growth led to new technologies
development for instance: Cloud Federation, Edge, and Fog Computing.

Though with the arrival of Internet of Things, or IoT, some obstacles rose with them, thus, this study
discloses every rising Cloud-Based technology with their framework, possibilities of action, and
obstacles.

The show the way Cloud Computing changed over time going from one framework of ideas to another
via the interaction of advantages like computational resources advances by the association of different
Cloud Service Providers – CSPs – strengths, lower delay, improve bandwidth.

Additionally, the study emphasizes the usage of various Cloud examples inside the Healthcare
Ecosystem.

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4.8 – Paper 8 | Next generation cloud computing: New trends and research directions
[18]
The Cloud Computing view has truly changed over the last ten years, not only the fact that more
suppliers and service offer congested the space, yet also Cloud Infrastructure which traditionally was
restrained to one provider’s data centres is now changing.

This study discloses the evolving Cloud Infrastructure and considers the infrastructure usage from
several providers and the decentralisation of computing farther from data centres advantages.

Those tendencies resulted in the requirement for different modern computing design which will be
proposed by new cloud framework; These are expected to affect fields like connecting users and
devices, Data-Intensive Computing, service environment, and Self-Learning systems.

Lastly, it lays out a guideline of obstacles which will require to be given attention for let go of the new
Cloud Systems generations’ potential.

4.9 – Paper 9 | Cloud Manufacturing: Latest Advancements and Future Trends [19]
Cloud Manufacturing as a modern production example inspired plenty of studies, over 800 research
papers were published under that topic.

To boost studies on the topic and provide observations on new studies, the paper discloses the newest
study Cloud Manufacturing advances and describes upcoming tendencies within this area.

Figure 2.6. Study topics related to Cloud Manufacturing

21
4.10 – Paper 10 | Cloud Computing Research and Development Trend [20]
With Parallel, Distributed, Grid Computing development, a new model emerged; The computing
concept originates from Grid, Public Computing, and Software as a Service (SaaS).

It is a modern technique which shares simple infrastructure, Cloud Computing’s basic concept is to
assign computing to a wider number of scattered machines – as mentioned in paper 5 (Research and
Development on Cloud Computing).

The article presents the Cloud Computing’s concept and background, its character, style, and fact; It
also present the domain usage, its good quality (e.g., Cost reduction by low equipment requirements).

Cloud Computing supplies safe and reliable data storage centre, customers don’t need to store it
locally and handle viruses, this type of activity can be performed by experts; It is able to share data via
various equipment, analyse inquiries and undisclosed issues, forwards few solutions, and presents
Cloud Computing’s future.

5 – Analysis of the Growth in Cloud Computing

5.1 – Market Trend
When you look at revenue predictions for cloud services across the time, you can see how much the
market has grown in the previous eight years.

However, comparing different CSPs is more difficult due to a variety of issues, including the fact that
firms do not declare their income by the various types of cloud services and the fact that many of
these services overlap the borders between these three models.

Reporting on a CSP’s market share necessitates a specific methodology for determining what qualifies
as a cloud service versus what is alternatively regarded a virtualization service, the various private
enterprises that provide market share analyses in the cloud frequently disagree on their estimates.

As a result, these studies contain some information but are not conclusive.

There is also a slew of specialist cloud firms that strive to deliver cloud-based services to certain
industries.

Given the primer’s primary focus on generalized, public CSPs, this section concentrates on dynamics
among the big CSPs rather than the more specialised businesses.

The cloud business had just recently begun to take off in 2011, and many significant firms had lately
entered it.

According to one estimate, revenue from the worldwide public cloud business increased about sixfold
from $25.5 billion in 2011 to $145 billion in 2017.

These enormous sums should be regarded with caution.

They are forecasts for the whole public cloud industry, encompassing business operations and
advertisement, and are based on underlying cloud services and platforms, such as IaaS and PaaS.

Market rivalry among CSPs began to heat up in 2011 (4,5). AWS prevailed as the first major IaaS
provider, but there were other big contenders, including Rackspace, which established an open-source
cloud computing platform called OpenStack in conjunction with the NASA in 2010.

22
According to a market research analysis from 2012, AWS has a 32% share of the worldwide IaaS
market. Other rivals, such as IBM and Telecom, had less than 10% market share at the time.

50 Salesforce led the worldwide PaaS market in 2012, with a share of roughly 20%, according to the
same survey, followed by AWS and Microsoft Azure.

By 2013, the total cloud industry was growing quickly global AWS's revenues in the third quarter of
that year were 55 percent more than the previous quarter, and other rivals were rising as well: the
overall IaaS/PaaS market rose 46 percent from 2012.

2015 research revealed that 88 percent of U.S. organisations were utilising public cloud computing in
some capacity, while 63 percent were also using private cloud solutions, indicating a change of
company IT.

These figures are remarkable but estimating what they signify is difficult – there is a significant
difference between utilising a cloud service for email or data storage vs transferring essential business
processes.

Prior to 2014, almost all cloud computing services relied only on virtual machines, which simulate a
whole computer in virtual form, from programmes to hardware.

Containers, which provide separated computer environments yet operate on a common operating
system, were introduced in 2014 by the new containerization tool Docker.

The Docker engine runs on top of a common operating system and creates isolated environments
called containers that give the same level of isolation as a virtual machine.

The shared operating system allows containers to be more efficient than virtual machines since they
don't have to waste space and processing resources replicating an operating system that will be
destroyed once the virtual machine is no longer needed.

This makes computation considerably more efficient. Docker was swiftly implemented into several
CSPs' products.

23
 Figure 3.1. Cloud service industry leaders

5.2 – Growing Global Cloud

In terms of revenue, business maturity, and worldwide coverage, the cloud services market has
developed dramatically from its infancy in 2011.

Throughout this time, AWS has remained the worldwide leader, with a consistent market share.

Only a few other significant firms, such as Azure, Google Cloud, and IBM, remain in the competition.

The emergence of domestic Chinese CSPs, most notably Alibaba Cloud, with its almost majority market
share, has permitted a new source of regional competition, particularly for Asian and emerging
economies, where these CSPs have struggled to flourish.

According to projections, the worldwide cloud industry, notably for IaaS and PaaS, will continue to
develop rapidly (Figure 5), with Gartner estimating that the whole cloud market is $280 billion in 2021.

As cloud services become a larger part of mega-corporations' profit margins, such as Amazon and
Microsoft, the race to increase revenue will only get tougher.

24
 Figure 3.2. Worldwide revenue of public cloud

6 – Technical Details
6.1 – Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI is one of the most crucial cutting-edge technologies that will undoubtedly disrupt the SaaS business.
Most useful advantage of AI is, will help companies meet client demands in B2B, B2C, and DTC sectors.

Other applications of AI in SaaS include:

 Support services such as chatbot

 Intrusion detection
 Locate security breaches
 Code assessment

6.2 – Machine Learning (ML)

ML and AI are sometimes used interchangeably, which is erroneous. ML is a branch of AI that focuses
on data processing and learning capabilities.

The following are some of the most notable ML use cases in SaaS:

 Assisting companies in making their goods more user-friendly and intuitive

 Massive amount of data and insights are processed to assist businesses in optimising their
product and market positioning
 Internal cooperation and operational optimisation
 Advanced pattern recognition ensures greater data protection

Salesforce is an excellent example of a SaaS platform that uses machine learning.

25
One of the most popular and influential CRMs in the world aids in detecting trends in client behaviour
that would otherwise go unnoticed by the sales force.

In addition, the software proposes salespeople's next moves depending on the data it collects.

6.3 – Integration
There were no integration solutions in the early days of SaaS. It was impossible to combine products
and services.

Consequently, consumers were expected to turn to third-party solutions, which was inconvenient for
both individuals and institutions, particularly those who were not ready to shift their whole data to
the cloud.

However, as more SaaS suppliers give more robust integration possibilities, organisations who choose
a hybrid solution that includes a cloud back-end and on-premises system are becoming increasingly
interested.

Integrations in SaaS are especially important since they allow for the partial automation of processes,
which eliminates a significant amount of human error.

Zapier is an excellent example of this type of seamless automation – the application can easily
integrate a wide range of systems, from CRMs to email clients and beyond.

6.4 – Micro SaaS

The SaaS marketplace is becoming increasingly competitive and crowded.

As more rivals enter the market, we see more organisations attempting to adapt and take a more
inventive and creative approach to offer services to their clients.

Smaller, more adaptable goods, frequently handled by small teams or even a single individual, are one
approach to adapt to this competitive market.

Micro SaaS solutions are frequently expansions or add-ons to more extensive products to improve the
user experience for specific sectors.

We will see a massive boost in the number of this development products, especially those aimed at
serving tighter consumer groups and niches, due to their lower risk and relatively cheap operating
costs.

6.5 – Low Code Application

For the past few years, no-code and low-code development platforms have been on everyone's radar,
including the SaaS business.

Because low code platforms are more available to the average person, enabling fewer "techy" firms
and individuals to enter the industry, diversifying.

This incredible accessibility comes with a slew of other advantages. IT teams can spend more time and
money on innovation and tackling the industry's most urgent concerns since there is less code.

Low-code platforms, however, will enable entrepreneurs to quickly generate MVPs, allowing them to
test more ideas at a quicker pace, Zapier, Airtable, Webflow, and Typeform are some well-known low-
code app examples.

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6.6 – Technical Papers
6.6.1 – Paper 1 | Virtual machine placement in predictable computing clouds [5]
In cloud computing, utilization of resources is very important.

Many literatures of cloud computing suggest that it is impossible to predict resource demand for cloud
computing.

However, this research suggests that predictions are the result of workloads and to prove it researcher
has use an example of health care private cloud system.

It can predict the resources demand and on based of it, cloud computing can utilize its resources.

There are several steps which is discussed under this research paper to prove writer’s argument.

Load Balancing Approach

There are a few methods for distributing virtual computers over a group of real machines.

To our knowledge, no one takes into account long-term resource usage trends when mapping virtual
to real computers.

Novel Algorithm
Latest virtual machine mapping application uses recent data to take mapping decisions.

However, they are good for predicting unpredictable demands, but it ignores the predictable
information.

That is why researchers has written an algorithm which bypass hypervisor and react to new resource
demands, this algorithm is named as “LOOK AHEAD WINDOW”.

Which assesses the current condition of resource needs in comparison to historical norms and reacts
depending on the system's future resource demands, this method is known as "LARBOH (Look Ahead
and React Based on History).”

LARBOH need more hypervisor computation as well as historical state information.

The hypervisor must have access to a history of each virtual machine's performance characteristics
while running in the cloud.

The size of the datasets will vary depending on the amount of temporal precision and the cycle time.

The computational overhead of looking forwards in our approach was on par with that of
contemporary VMMAs.

The researcher concentrated on a period of 1-day with a sample frequency of 1-minute, thus the
storage required to store prior history was minimal.

Furthermore, the researcher limited the history of LARBOH in our simulations to 7-days.

The already exist systems have 12% (+/-) accuracy for predicting of resource usage in cloud. So, the
researchers did an experiment and use SNMP query for each VMs load, random access memory usage
and allocation to cache, bandwidth, and input/output disk process/s.

They found the highest movement was on RAM demand.

27
Simulation
The group of researchers build a simulation program to calculate how much time does it take for a VM
to migrate from different physical systems and impact of utilization, also VM’s responsiveness.

They also did research on how this process affect users depends on complexity of migration.

They found the amount of volatile memory dedicated to the VM affect the migration time.

Result
Tactical migration of VM in expectation of changes in resource requirements can help improve the
efficiency of the cloud system while only adding a small amount of computational cost to the
hypervisor, according to their simulation.

LARBOH was able to minimise the user effect of virtual machine migration by up to 99.7% depending
on the exact conditions of the machines and in highly predictable systems.

6.6.2 – Paper 2 | Making sense of A.I. in Public Cloud [6]

Artificial Intelligence is the most used application that will gain the most from the technology.

Such as Intrusion detection systems, Machine monitoring, and resource management. A.I. could either
be most beneficial or make things worse. A.I. required a lot of data storage and process.

In 1985, when A.I. was new to the I.T. department, few big budget companies try to use it for all the
application and they learnt an expensive lesson, that A.I. is not for all the applications.

However, nowadays cloud providers widely promoting benefits of A.I. and offer wide range of
availability in cheaper cost, the history is repeating, and the huge concern is being raised.

Due to the cheaper availability of A.I. in public cloud, it can be found with in most enterprise budgets.

However, few businesses find that using A.I. is game changer for them, because they have applied it
correctly.

The widely seen examples are Google cloud and Amazon A.I., both of them has applied A.I. and
benefited from it, big data management systems is the core of their artificial intelligence.

To make it effective, the AI should be fetched with data, middleware, and analytical services together
to make most out of it.

Public cloud providers offer artificial intelligence in Software development kits and Application
development interfaces which offers developers to integrate A.I. in their apps.

This helps to close the gap between artificial intelligence's capabilities and its real use.

Artificial Intelligence has different models and they all of them has to be trained, however they all give
different results patterns.

The majority of cloud providers, such as Microsoft, Google, and Amazon, provide three different types
of forecasts: Binary, category and value.

The binary prediction can only answer in either 0 or 1 (YES or NO). The types of applications can benefit
from this type is numerous, which has less complex response.

This kind of A.I. is found in order processing, credit check or for recommendation engines.

28
Category predications look at a data set and, based on learnt knowledge, classify it into one of many
categories.

This is important when analysing a variety of data types and a classification should be applied to help
the data be better understood and processed.

Finance and health care businesses can be most benefited from this category.

Value predictions are more difficult, but they are also more insightful.

They provide quantitative information about likely outcomes based on data culled through the use of
learning models to find patterns in the data.

By the help of this category, business can predict sells or expenses for next month; So, business can
utilize their manpower and money, and make future plan according to prediction results.

In this case A.I. learning is greatly dependent relative on the quality of data, there are lots of different
commercial AI systems are available.

However, the cost of running those system hardware and software is costly.

Even though some companies can afford it, they need to have a talent to design the model and data.

In past, cost and inhouse talent were the factor of major failure of cloud.

However, today cloud based AI solutions are affordable and easy to access; On top of that, it allows
to integrate AI into apps.

Also, cloud offers affordable data storage. Due to facilities provided by cloud of AI and storage, it is
widely accepted that AI can perform better due to direct data feeding to AI.

The disadvantage of AI in cloud is user will be bound in a specific public cloud because AI is bounded
to that specific cloud.

Also, the data storage technique is locally supported, in case of hybrid cloud, where AI and data are in
different platform can be a problem, in terms of money, performance and usability.

6.6.3 – Paper 3 | Edge Computing-Based Data Center Monitoring [21]

This paper proposed a solution of data center monitoring system based on edge computing. It is a
network of wireless sensors and edge computing to monitor the running status of data center through
intelligent platform management interface.

Since 70’s till 21st century, environmental monitoring system (EMS) was developed slowly due to
technological limitations.

However, in 21st century it begins to rapidly develop and adopt by data centers.

The power EMS of data center is broad and complicated; It is mainly focused on monitors and manages
the equipment in DC.

This technology includes sensors, DB, Web services etc. such things make EMS costly.

Therefore, small DC are still collected environmental data from different locations and fail to
investigate cause of problem.

However, edge hardware offers a cost-efficient solution to such kind of problem.

29
Wireless sensor Network is an integration of “micro electromechanical system (MEMS)”, networks
and sensors. Its main goal is to spread across the monitoring area and form a self-establishing network
via wireless communications.

Another goal of sensors is to sense, gather and process the information. Wireless sensors are made of
three parts, nodes, sensor networks and users.

The nodes use for covering area. Sensors to collect and process data between nodes and send it to
the base station. At end it will transmit to the dedicated user terminal.

Edge computing is the model that do computing at the edge of network.

Also, it transfers tasks to the surrounding area of data sources for execution which is timeliness and
divers.

Below figure shows how the edge computing mode of EMS.

“In it, sensors are generating and catching data. Also, they can communicate with data centers while
having privacy protection, data caching and processing.”

Figure 3.3. Model of Edge computing

The edge computing data center monitoring system has two parts: Edge Equipment part (Sensors) and
processing part (Raspberry Pie).

The design of edge devices includes nodes and topology of sensor network.

This system collects data from sensors and send it to the web page monitoring of the data center
monitoring.

Zigbee wireless network is used to eliminate the distance problem for communicating to the
management platform using single node.

The nodes pass the information to the node next to it and make it possible for data to reach to the
end node.

Where it passes data to the server which is connected to the management platform.

The data flow works according to the following diagram:

30
 Figure 3.4. Monitoring system architecture

Design of Edge Equipment needs sensor, network, and micro control to collect environmental data.

There are three types of sensors:

1. Single Bus Structure

2. Digital
3. Analog Channel

They all collect and pass units to their channels. From where it passed to Xbee network module.

As per suggested method, constructing sensor module and code according to it will lead to solve the
high energy usage problem and limit scope monitoring.

Also, it allows to config and add or remove monitoring points at any possible position where it is
needed in case of expansion.

31
6.6.4 – Paper 4 | A Design of Serverless Computing Service for Edge Clouds [22]
This paper offers a method and design for the serverless computing for an edge cloud to overcome
device diversity using kubernetes.

Deploying kubernetes for Edge

Edge nodes are used to deploy the whole Kubernetes cluster.

This approach is excellent for situations when the Edge node has limited capacity resources or a single
server machine and does not need to consume additional resources for control planes or nodes.

The reference architecture for this sort of solution is K3s.

The control plane is located in the cloud and is responsible for controlling the Edge nodes, which
contain containers and resources: This method is based on the KubeEdge architecture.

This design supports a variety of hardware resources at the Edge and allows for resource usage
optimization.

Virtual Kubelet is used in a hierarchical cloud edge: The cloud component houses virtual Kubelets.

It consists mostly of an abstract of nodes and pods deployed at the Edge.

Edge nodes holding containers are given supervisory control via Virtual Kubelets.

Virtual Kubelets allow for resource consumption flexibility in Edge-based architecture.

Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)

The horizontal pod autoscaler automatically measures the number of pods in replication controller,
deployment, replica set or stateful set based on observed CPU utilization. Though, it cannot reduce
the PODs to zero.

Kubernetes-based Event-Driven Autoscaler KEDA

Supports event-driven autoscalling. Keda mainly use for scaling agent and kubernets metric server.
Keda works with HPA and broaden functionality without duplication.

Also, it can increase PODs event queue depending on CPU and memory and also reduce the number
of PODs to zero in case of no events.

Proposed Architecture
As shown in below figure, In the control plane cluster, a centralized design with a Serverless Platform
is used.

When monitoring the resources in each cluster and deploying functions accordingly, or when
availability is crucial, this architecture might be used.

32
 Figure 3.5. Centralized architecture

In a centralised design, however, if a specific Edge's network connectivity or condition is poor, the
control plane cluster must identify abnormalities and redeploy the Functions while taking into account
the environment of other Edges.

Selecting and deploying to the right Edge will take some time.

Because the Edge's resource availability must be checked to determine the quantity of deployment to
the Edge, scheduling regulations play a significant role.

The scheduling algorithm grows more sophisticated when additional factors are taken into account,
like Edge resources, network connectivity, and user distance.

As a result, this paper suggests an architecture that connects a monitoring measure at a nearby edge
to one of the various event sources utilized as triggers.

Cross monitoring is defined as the monitoring metrics for neighbouring edge.

The suggested architecture is seen in below figure.

Because measurements are imported directly from the neighbouring edge to edge without passing via
control plane cluster, this design provides for faster responses.

33
 Figure 3.6. Proposed architecture

6.6.5 – Paper 5 | Research on Key Technology in SaaS [23]

SaaS is growing business model in software industry.

The idea behind Software as a service (SaaS) is subscribe for an application and pay in monthly rather
than buying the software license.

SaaS vendors provide such solutions on cloud and host it from there. Also, such vendors take
responsibility of updates, maintenance and other supports rather than organization customize and
manage such solutions according to their needs.

SaaS provides a model for software to run on network-based environment, where solutions host on
cloud and user can use it from anywhere.

34
SaaS eliminate need of licensing, running cost, infrastructure cost, technical support and many more
burden for organization. Followings are characteristics of SaaS model:

 Accessed via the Web

 Vendor Support

 Subscription Pricing

 Low Customization

 Managed Upgrades

The SaaS model has changed the pattern of software industry used to work. It has given new scope
for the area of pricing and upgrade models.

“The biggest changes for corporate levels are Shift to service-based mentality and success-based
revenue model.”.

Difference between Application service provider and SaaS model

Traditional software has high upfront costs and requires ongoing maintenance, support, and upgrade
fees that are multiples of the initial purchase price.

ASP tried to offer on premise software, ASPs became middlemen for old software that companies
didn't want to own or manage.

Each ASP would be in charge of purchasing and maintaining client/server software, as well as making
it available to clients from its own data centers.

The ASP model, on the other hand, was bound to fail from the outset.

With the rise of ASPs, the expense and complexity of providing client/server applications effectively
and profitably grew more complicated, time-consuming, and costly than even on-premises
deployments.

In the beginning ASP model was designed to let an enterprise to offload some application processing
tasks to a third-party managed server.

The provision of shared services to various tenants was not an issue for ASPs.

Furthermore, most ASPs lacked the necessary application and business domain knowledge for the
applications they were operating.

The other difference was ASP supported Apps were using client server program with web-based HTML,
and SaaS designed specifically for web environment.

Another problem with ASP was, it was introduced to clients without any performance check, security,
customization. Before user adopt ASP, they client started to realize benefit of SaaS.

SaaS Architecture
SaaS apps are comparable to other applications designed utilizing service-oriented design concepts in
terms of architecture.

35
 Figure 3.7. SaaS architecture

SaaS maturity Model

The first level is same as ASP, each client has their customized application running on own instance on
host’s server.

Second level, each tenant has their own instance of the application hosted by the vendor; At this level,
all instances utilise the same code implementation, and the vendor satisfies customers' demands by
giving comprehensive configuration choices that allow the customer to adjust how the application
appears and acts to its users.

Third level, vendor use single instances for all tenants with configurable metadata. Also,
authentication and security keep the data separated from each other.

Fourth level, multiple customers are hosted in a load-balanced, identical instances, with each
customer's data kept separate and customizable metadata providing a customised user experience
and feature set.

Due to the number of servers and instances on the back end can be change as needed to meet demand
without requiring additional re-architecting of the application, a SaaS system can scale to an arbitrary
large number of customers.

Changes or fixes can be rolled out to thousands of tenants as easily as a single tenant.

36
Advantages of SaaS
List below:

 Low cost of entry

 Platform independence

 Easy to implement

 Freedom of choice

 No need of infrastructure

 Cost effective unlimited scalability

 Increased accessibility and productivity

 Higher quality offerings at lower costs

 Defined predictable spends

 Improved security

Figure 3.8. SaaS Maturity model

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7 – Summary of Latest Developments
7.1 – Edge Computing
7.1.1 – An Overview on Edge Computing Research [24]
With Internet of Everything’s (IoE) quick development, the count of intelligent devices linked to the
Internet is rising, resulting in sizable data, that has brought about issues in conventional models in
Cloud Computing, for instance:

 Load of Bandwidth
 Slow Response Pace
 Insufficient Security and Confidentiality

Classic Cloud Computing is not enough anymore to help nowadays smart society various requirements
regarding data process; Thus, Edge Computing technologies have appeared.

This is a modern computing example for doing computation at the network’s edge, different from
Cloud Computing, it highlights nearer to users and the data source; At this level (network’s edge),
lightweight relating to local, small-size storage and processing of data.

The article principally reviews the linked studies and outcomes regarding Edge Computing; First, it
compiles Edge Computing’s idea and does a comparison against Cloud Computing, later, compiles its
framework, keyword technology, safety and confidentiality, and outlines usage of Edge Computing.

Figure 4.1. Edge Computing architecture 3.0 [24]

38
 Figure 4.2. EdgeX architecture of foundry [24]

Figure 4.3. Annual monthly mean global Internet traffic forecast [24]

39
7.1.2 – Enabling Edge Computing in an IoT-Based Weather Monitoring Application [25]
The Internet of Things – IoT – usage implies numerous sensors for data collection, these are usually
located at hard-to-reach places since they require to be unmonitored, they gather real-time data and
transfer it for further processing to a Cloud Server.

Usually, sensors create considerable data volume that is repeated in nature, sending these to a Cloud
Server leads to important bandwidth usage, latency, and rise in operational expense and data
protection problems.

Edge Computing grants those data to be both stored and examined on an Edge Device, and the data
summary alone is transferred towards the Cloud Server.

The paper presents a proposal on Edge Computing regarding data management and examination
inside a weather control case, the solution was built utilizing Raspberry Pi.

The calculation was done by developing Microsoft Azure Internet of Things Hub resource and Azure
Internet of Things Edge software, outputs were put in comparison against Azure Machine Learning
platform.

Figure 4.5. Edge Computing architecture enable Internet of Things application [25]

Figure 4.6. Workflow of application [25]

40
 Figure 4.7. Edge and Cloud comparative examination [25]

7.2 – AI in cloud computing

7.2.1 – AI for Next Generation Computing: Emerging Trends and Future Directions [26]
Autonomic Computing explores the way systems can perform user stated “control” results without
help, its fundamentals were essentially led by control theory regarding closed and open-loop systems
respectively; From a practical point of view, intricate systems might show several converging and
control loops dependent to each other.

In spite of study into Autonomic Models related to computer resources management, going from
individual to ensemble resources, study into desegregating both Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning to enhance the autonomy and efficiency of resources at scale persist to be an essential
obstacle.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning integration to accomplish such automated and systems’
self-management can be done at various stages of grain quality, ranging from whole to human-in-the-
loop automation.

This article experts in different Cloud Computing, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, and
Quantum Computing fields such as leading academics, engineers, and scientists, gathered to discuss
current studies and possible later routes regarding them (fields).

41
It also discusses obstacles and favourable circumstances for influencing Artificial Intelligence and
Machine Learning in future computing generations for rising computing framework of ideas, this
includes computing environments like:

 Cloud
 Fog
 Edge
 Serverless
 Quantum

7.2.2 – Intelligent Computing Relating to Cloud Computing [27]

The paper argues that natural language’s true understanding and Cloud Computing accomplishment
is not reachable without handling important sentimental elements, it draws attention on Cloud
Computing’s accomplishment and gratification are high dependent on Advanced Intelligence
advances.

Advanced Intelligence alludes to the important interaction level betwixt Natural and Artificial
Intelligence, it introduces Intelligent Computing Language inside the software so that devices can
make choices by themselves in real time; Using AI in the Cloud is expected to create a system from
which machines can be self-administered.

For instance, the development of solutions which follow power usage of computers and dynamic
operation regulation for requirements at any point of time, therefore lowering energy costs is under
study by computer scientists.

Embedding AI inside codes which will operate inside the Cloud to develop effectivity is part of the
strong lines of study, being a component of an objective to develop solutions, Cloud operated, which
goes further common automation to predict contexts and make real-time choices through the
Internet.

7.3 – Hybrid cloud and multi-cloud infrastructure

7.3.1 – Intel IT’s Multi-Cloud Strategy: Focused on the Business [28]
The simple statement “Make the most of Cloud’s business value” guides a three-year drive to change
the Cloud strategy of Intel Information Technology:

#ID Item
1 Remodel their solution stack via detaching it from the foundation to allow Anything as a
Service – XaaS – capacities
2 Concentrate on solution and business requirements instead of infrastructure
3 Identify most favourable workload installation to even out costs and capacity needs
4 Approve their proposal via communication with commuters and business standards
Table 4.1. Transforming Cloud strategy of Intel IT

They utilize solution platforms to detach basic infrastructure and distribution details.

They also supply locally developed, personal Database as a Service – DBaaS – capacities, that grant
developers to fixate towards writing first-rate solutions, enable company-wide standards evolution,
and authorize their solutions to evolve.

42
A processing solution justification to support identifying solutions that reached their end of usefulness
and that can be moved to a more applicable Cloud environment is currently in completion.

A Cloud plan of action which concentrates on solution and business requires to supply the following
advantages:

#ID Advantage
1 Intel acquires higher level of business rapidity and cleverness, including built-in repetition and
elasticity regarding XaaS capacities
2 Programmers can code without the infrastructure concern, granting best-suitable amount of
work placement
3 Cloud-Native environment provides a constant multi-cloud User Experience (UX) throughout
the company
4 Simpler Cloud stack supplies superior solution mobility
Their changed Cloud plan handles quick, Agile solution development
Table 4.2. Required advantages of Cloud strategy

7.3.2 – An Overview of Multi-cloud Computing [29]

The objective of this study is to furnish a short Cloud Computing technologies overview, especially
relating to multi-Cloud systems, briefly reviews:

1) Cloud Computing ideas basics

2) Summarize some obstacles confronting Cloud Computing
a. The mean multi-Cloud networks (along with multi/hybrid/federated/cross-clouds)
might be utilized to handle most problems
3) Lastly, multi-Cloud networks might also be utilized in in combination with modern developing
technologies like Machine Learning (ML) and Big Data – guiding to thrilling innovations.

The aim is to supply a new view on advanced multi-Cloud Computing and audit open problems in the
domain, support readers to comprehend obstacles confronting Cloud Computing, the way it addresses
most of those problems, and encourage public enthusiasm towards upcoming multi-Cloud platforms
integration including new technologies.

43
 Figure 4.8. Cloud Computing architecture [29]

8 – Discussions
8.1 – Defining the Advantages and Disadvantages of SaaS [30]
8.1.1 – Advantages of SaaS
Cost-Efficiency

Reducing costs is part of the outright benefits from utilizing SaaS in businesses, payments are
commonly via monthly subscriptions which is a more viable solution in comparison with the software
purchase and installation including the related Information Technology infrastructure.

Accessibility

In the usage of such service, every end-user requires a continuous Internet connection and a machine
for Cloud-Hosted solution access – remotely and/or locally.

Elasticity

Providers of this service are able to resolve problems or damages which might occur at some point of
time, allowing companies to focus on their activities without the concern of a non-functioning
software.

Easy Upgrade

Some businesses might lack funds or IT experts to support both hardware and software, resulting in
software being exposed to external menaces; Whilst SaaS providers are responsible for supplying
updates on the solution(s).

Highly Scalable

Businesses do not have to purchase additional solution licenses nor server storage for new members,
they only have to upgrade their current SaaS plan according to their needs.

44
8.1.2 – Disadvantages of SaaS
Stability

This service requires a constant Internet connection for utilization, problems in the network and low
broadband result in delays and lowered productivity.

Data Security

The critical inconvenient and companies’ concern of SaaS is the transparency and security deficiency,
hence why businesses are required to plan security strategies for confidential information and
handling access to providers prior to signing the contract.

Control

This is an important drawback for all businesses, vendors of this service are accountable for managing
all components of the solution making companies reliant on them (service providers).

8.2 – Software as a Service (SAAS), Future of Information Technology & Business [31]
There are four main factors regarding Return On Investment – or ROI – in SaaS that introduces new
opportunities for software merchant:

1) Increased Development Pace

2) Growth in User Adoption
3) Lower Maintenance Needs
4) Implementation and Upgrades Cost Reduction

8.2.1 – SaaS User Experience Design

Software as a Service solutions represent a type of new-generation path regarding designing
applications, it includes a proposal for User Interface (UI) design which is more constant which is User
Experience Design (UXD) – Graphical User Interface (GUI) is designed by the product team.

This allows teams to identify the features which will make a solution useful and relevant to customers.

8.3 – The Future of SaaS: Is There Light at the End of the Tunnel? [32]
8.3.1 – Software vs. SaaS: Financial Performance Metrics
SaaS companies have great Valuation Multiples led by long-term perceived value, repeating income
links, and maintained increase rates; Three categories were assessed in 28 solution companies:

#ID Company Revenue

1 Software Over 75% from software against other types
2 SaaS Over 75% from SaaS
3 Hybrids Under 75% From software or SaaS
Table 5.1. Categories of company

45
 Figure 5.1. SaaS multiples surpasses solution comparables

8.3.2 – Software vs. SaaS: Customer Lifetime Values (CLVs)

However, researchers evaluated one well-recognized software company as it migrated to SaaS, they
were able to compare client lifetime value evaluations regarding common software client against
common SaaS client.

They discovered that the business would need to lead important up/cross sale – 35% increase in
subscription pricing list – and price rise – 15% - regarding SaaS clients to attain similar Customer
Lifetime Value as its solution clients.

Figure 5.2. Software company participation margins for SaaS to match

8.3.3 – Software vs. SaaS: Market Cap Growth

To examine it, they have conducted a supplementary assessment where eight publicly marketed
software companies including declared strategies to move from software to Software as a Service
were analysed and assessed through their first five years’ transition:

46
Figure 5.3. Financial metrics for transition to SaaS

Figure 5.4. Adoption of SaaS

47
8.4 – Personal Reflection
Software as a Service is in constant growth and development due to the new technological
advancements and is being integrated and utilized by more and more companies of all size around the
globe as it allows them to reduce operational/maintenance costs of their software and focus on their
core activities thanks to outsourcing the updates/upgrades and security.

9 – Business and/or Education and/or Social Impact

9.1 – The impact of cloud computing [33]
The most frequently claimed cloud computing benefit is IT's lower cost of ownership; The entire cost
of information technology as a percentage of sales is lowered.

The savings may be re-invested to help the organisation develop.

While IT savings are appealing, the most compelling benefit of cloud computing is how it improves
company agility. Mainly how the cloud can assist in establishing completely new firms with little to no
up-front cost.

When cloud computing assists in establishing enterprises aimed at enhancing the larger social good,
cloud computing has the potential to alter the world.

Cloud computing is greatly accelerating endeavours to build socially responsible new enterprises.

Impact investing is a new asset class in which investors actively apply capital to enterprises that
provide social and environmental benefits while still making a profit.

Proponents think that impact investment can provide the incentive needed for charities and
governments to solve large-scale social concerns better.

One of the gathering places in the community where "purpose-driven people: interact and develop
solutions for a better future".

Members are social entrepreneurs who develop, cooperate, prototype, and test new products,
improve company strategies, obtain finance and sponsorship, create marketing campaigns, and start
new companies. All of this takes place in a creative, collaborative community.

In addition, many of the Hub's venture firms use cloud computing to develop new enterprises that
address a wide range of societal concerns.

"We believe in the capacity of technology innovation to alter the world for the better," says Hub
Ventures co-founder Wes Selke, "and cloud computing is an ideal example."

The cloud system helps world-changing entrepreneurs to start and expand their businesses more
quickly than ever before, while also making a meaningful impact with fewer resources."

MobileWorks, a Hub business, is "working to establish a crowdsourcing platform that allows

underemployed folks worldwide to earn a fair salary by performing crowdsourcing projects."

MobileWorks has created a mobile web app that allows low-income device clients in 7 countries to
earn their living by performing simple data entry chores, online research, content production, and
other work on a project basis.

The mobile web delivers data input jobs to each mobile device, and MobileWorks manages end-to-
end work distribution, accuracy assurance, and employee payment.

48
With this innovative concept, workers are guaranteed to get a higher salary, eliminating the excessive
overhead of typical business process outsourcing.

MobileWorks was founded with basically no funding due to free cloud computing capabilities that
enabled them to "create and serve their web application for free."

This was especially beneficial since it allowed them to distribute their software to users in
underdeveloped countries that lacked the technological infrastructure required to offer work to
employers on the other side of the world.

MobileWorks is an excellent illustration of how the mobile/cloud computing model can change how
technology is used for profit and social good cost-effectively when utilised to link people and work in
novel ways.

Cloud Currencies are another evidence of how cloud computing supports the establishment of socially
aware businesses.

Cloud Currencies provides community awards for local retailers and earned donations to popular non-
profit organisations.

Participation is easy, requiring simply the registration of any credit or debit card to the Cloud
Currencies web-based Open Loop Loyalty Rewards Technology Platform.

Consumers who participate will also accumulate local currency credits at their preferred participating
markets. It is a win-win situation for the entire community.

Cloud Currencies serve as a starting point for economic growth by encouraging customer loyalty to
local retailers by raising donations for chosen non-profits with each transaction.

The revenue effect can help the local economy create more employment and increase tax income for
schools and other services.

The next IT wave, cloud computing, has considerably decreased the cost of beginning any new
company initiative.

The growing variety of SaaS solutions available today for managing company activities such as finance,
HR, and others can assist startups in dealing with rapid expansion.

Offerings such as IaaS and PaaS can also give rapid, low-cost access to data centre resources for
software development and prototyping.

When a startup venture is focused on addressing social and environmental issues, cloud computing
becomes an even more powerful accelerator for how technology may assist global drive change in a
socially aware and lucrative manner.

49
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11 – Appendices
11.1 – Appendix 1 | Survey on Importance of SaaS in Companies
Figure below:

Importance of SaaS in Companies (Survey)

Somewhat
Important
Important
48%
52%

11.2 – Appendix 2 | Microsoft Office 365

Figure below:

53
11.3 – Appendix 3 | EUCS model’s five principles
Figure below:

11.4 – Appendix 4 | EUCS model’s 12 items instrument

Figure below:

54
11.5 – Appendix 5 | SaaS, IaaS, and PaaS diagram
Figure below:

11.6 – Appendix 6 | Cloud Computing Types

Figure below:

55
11.7 – Appendix 7 | Cloud-Based Clinical Decision Support Service (CDSS)
Figure below:

11.8 – Appendix 8 | Cloud setting utilizing Microsoft Azure Cloud Computing platform
and the Healthcare SaaS Platform (HSP)
Figure below:

56
11.9 – Appendix 9 | Research model
Figure below:

11.10 – Appendix 10 | Study topics related to Cloud Manufacturing

Figure below:

57
11.11 – Appendix 11 | Cloud Service industry leaders
Figure below:

11.12 – Appendix 12 | Worldwide revenue of public Cloud

Figure below:

58
11.13 – Appendix 13 | Model of Edge Computing
Figure below:

11.14 – Appendix 14 | Monitoring System Architecture

Figure below:

59
11.15 – Appendix 15 | Centralized Architecture
Figure below:

60
11.16 – Appendix 16 | Proposed Architecture
Figure below:

61
11.17 – Appendix 17 | SaaS Architecture
Figure below:

11.18 – Appendix 18 | SaaS Maturity model

Figure below:

62
11.19 – Appendix 19 | Edge Computing Architecture 3.0 [24]
Figure below:

11.20 – Appendix 20 | EdgeX Architecture of Foundry [24]

Figure below:

63
11.21 – Appendix 21 | Annual Monthly Mean Global Internet Traffic Forecast [24]
Figure below:

11.22 – Appendix 22 | Edge Computing Architecture Enable Internet of Things

Application [25]
Figure below:

64
11.23 – Appendix 23 | Workflow of Application [25]
Figure below:

11.24 – Appendix 24 | Edge and Cloud Comparative Examination [25]

Figure below:

65
11.25 – Appendix 25 | Cloud Computing architecture [29]
Figure below:

11.26 – Appendix 26 | SaaS Multiples Surpasses Solution Comparables

Figure below:

66
11.27 – Appendix 27 | Software Company Participation Margins for SaaS to Match
Figure below:

11.28 – Appendix 28 | Financial Metrics for Transition to SaaS

Figure below:

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View publication stats

11.29 – Appendix 29 | Adoption of SaaS

Figure below:

68