OMP110090 Radio Propagation and CW Test ISSUE1.01

Radio Propagation
and CW Test
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 Radio Propagation is the most basic knowledge of GSM
wireless communication.
 CW test, which is used for radio propagation mode

calibration, It is very important for network planning.
Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. Radio Link Propagation
2. Propagation Mode
3. CW Test
Radio Link Characteristic
 Multi-path
 Reflection, Diffraction, Absorption
 Limited transmitting energy

 The coverage is determined by the transmission power of
mobiles
 Battery life-time
 Limited spectrum
 Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannon´s theorem)
 Frequency Reuse -> Interference
Shannon’s theorem
 C: capacity, or max transmission rate
 W: channel bandwidth
 SNR: signal noise ratio
C  W log 2 (1  SNR)
 GSM channel 200KHz BW, suppose SNR 10dB(10).
 C is nearly 690kbits/s.
 Shared by 8 users, every user about 85kbit/s.
Wireless Transmission
Antenna Propagation (Reflection, Receive

(Fading)
Diffraction, Absorption)
Diversity
Antenna Propagation Basics (Cont.)
 Point Antenna A Transmission, Point Antenna B Receive
R
A B
 For A, on spherical surface of transmission, energy density

is: PT / 4R 2
For B, effective
2 receive area of Point Antenna is:
 / 4

Antenna Propagation Basics
 For B, Reiceive energy is:
PR  PT ( 4R) 2
 So Pathloss of free space by Omini antenna is:
LP  (4R /  ) 2
 32.4  20 lg f MHz  20 lg Rkm (dB)
f MHz-> 2 f MHz, Lp increase 6dB

Rkm -> 2Rkm, Lp increase 12dB
Propagation
①Building Reflection
②Diffraction Wave
③Incident Wave
④Ground Reflection
Propagation – Reflection (Cont.)
 Reflection
 Specula R.
 Amplitude : A --> α*A (α< 1)
 Phase : Ф > -Ф specula reflection
 Polarization : material determining phase shift
 Diffuse R.
 Amplitude : A --> α*A (α<< 1)
 Phase : random
 Polarization : random
diffuse reflection
Propagation – Diffraction
 Diffraction occurs when un-transparent object is on the
propagation path.
 When Diffraction, transmission direction changes.
Fresnel Region (Cont.)
 Here Obstacle C changes transmission direction. Fresnel
Region is defined by:
( N  1) N
 d AC  B  d A B 
2 2
C 1st Fresnel Region
N=1: d AC  B  d A B   / 2 1st Fresnel Region
Fresnel Region (Cont.)
 In 1st Fresnel region, the path difference is less than half
wavelength.
 The 1st Fresnel region is the main transmission region,

obstacle in this region counteracts the direct incident
wave.
 No obstacle should appear in this region, by this way the

diffraction loss can be minimal.
Fresnel Region
 The radius R of N th Fresnel Region can be calculated as
follows:
Nd1d 2
R
d1  d 2
C 1st Fresnel Region
d1 d2
R=5m, 1st Fresnel Region

d=2km, d1=100m, 900MHz
Propagation – Diffraction (Cont.)
 Wedge-model
 Knife edge
 Multiple knife edges
Propagation – Diffraction
 Diffraction loss F can be calculated with parameter V
v   H 2 /  (1 / d1  1 / d 2 )
v   H 2 /  (1 / d1  1 / d 2 )
F0 v v 1
1
 20 lg
lg0.5  0.62v 00v
v  11
 20 lg
lg0.5e 0.45v  11v
v 0
0
 20 lg
lg0.4  0.12  0.1v  0.38 2   2.2.4
4 v
v  1
1
 20 lg
lg0.225/v vv 
2.4
2.4
Propagation – Absorption
 Absorption
A 5 to 30 dB
 Heavy amplitude attenuation
 Material determining phase shift
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17dB
concrete wall, no windows 30dB
concrete wall within building 10dB
brick wall 9dB
armed glass 8dB
wood or plaster wall 6dB
window glass 2dB
Receive – Fading(Cont.)
power
Fast Fading
(Rayleigh Fading)
+20 dB
Slow Fading
(Lognormal Fading)
mean
value
- 20 dB
2M 4M 6M Distance
Receive – Fading
Fast Fading Large Scale
Slow Fading (Lognormal)
(Raleigh) Fading
terrain & clutter

Multipath Shadowing or reflect by
Cause Propagation trees, building, cars
structure, Earth
curvature
Correlation <λ 10 ... 100m > 100m
Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable predictable
Digital Map and

Statistical Consider lognormal
Planning thresholds distribution around local
good
method (Diversity) mean (use σ=7-10dB)
Propergation
Mode
Receive – Fading
(Raleigh) Fading
terrain & clutter

structure, Earth
curvature
Digital Map and

good
Propergation
Mode
Diversity
 Diversity solve the problem of fast fading:
 Time diversity -> Interleaving
 Frequency diversity -> Hopping
 Space diversity -> Multiple antennas
 Polarization diversity -> Dual-polarized antennas
 Multi-path diversity -> Equalizer
Diversity - Equalizer
 Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay
 No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window
 Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer

window
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 20 s
Receive – Fading
(Raleigh) Fading
terrain & clutter

structure, Earth
curvature
Digital Map and

good
Propergation
Mode
Lognormal Distribution(Cont.)
 Variable x and probability y:
Range Probability
( x ) 2
1 
(μ-σ, μ+σ) 68.3%
y e 2 2
2  (μ-2σ, μ+2σ) 95.4%
(μ-3σ, μ+3σ) 99.7%
68.3% 95.4% 99.7%
 x  x  x
2 4 6
Lognormal Distribution
 Many natural phenomenon accord with Lognomal Distribution, for
exmple, the distribution of human height:
Practical Distrib. Theoretical

Range(cm)
No. Portion(%) (%)
μ±σ 168.69-176.71 67 67.00 68.27
μ±1.96σ 164.84-180.56 95 95.00 95.00
μ±2.58σ 162.35-183.05 99 99.00 99.00
For Example:
Slow Fading 5dB±2dB 95%
<7dB 97.5%%
Contents
2. Propagation Mode
3. CW Test
Propagation Mode
 Fast Fading Statistic Threshold
 Slow Fading Lognormal Distribution
 Large Scale Fading Propagation Mode
Propagation Mode
Name Application
Okumura-Hata 150-1500 MHz macro cell
Cost231-Hata 1500-2000 MHz macro cell
Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami 900 MHz and 1800 MHz micro Cell
Keenan-Motley 900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor
K – Mode (U-net) 900 MHz and1800MHz macro cell
Okumura-Hata Model
 Frequency: f:150~1500MHz
 BTS antenna height: Hb:30~200m
 Mobile station height: Hm:1~10m
 Distance: d:1~20km
Lp  69.55  26.16 log f 13.82 log hb  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  Ahm
Lp : Path loss (dB) f : Carrier frequency (MHz)

Ahm: MS correction factor (dB) d : Distance of BS and MS (Km)
Middle or small cities: Ah  (1.1 log f  0.7)hm  (1.56 log f  0.8)
m
Big cities: Ah
m
 3.2(log 11.75hm ) 2  4.97
Cost231-Hata
 Frequency range f:1500~2000MHz
 BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
 Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
 Distance d:1~20km
Lp  46.3  33.9 log f 13.82 log hb  (44.9  6.55 log hb ) log d  Ahm  Cm
C m ＝0dB Large-size cities

C m ＝3dB Big cities
Walfish- Ikegami Model(Cont.)
 Frequency range f:
800~2000MHz
 BTS antenna height Hbase: 4~50m
 Mobile station height Hmobile: 1~3m
 Distance d: 0.02~5km
 Urban environment, micro cell
 Not applicable to suburban or rural environment
K Model (U-net)
Lp=K1+K2logd+K3log(Heff)+K4*Diffraction
+K5log(d)log(Heff)+K6(Hmeff)+Kclutterf(clutter)+K(hill,los)
K1: constant offset (dB).

d: distance between the receiver and the transmitter (m).
Heff: effective height of the transmitter antenna (m).
K4: multiplying factor for diffraction calculation.
Diffraction loss: loss due to diffraction over an obstructed path (dB).
Hmeff: effective mobile antenna height (m).
Kclutter: multiplying factor for f(clutter).
f(clutter): average of weighted losses due to clutter.
K Values
 These values are typical in a medium-size city:
Clutter Attenuation
Inland water -3.0
K parameter Parameter value Watery land -3.00
name
Open areas -2.00
K1 (MHz) -52.92 Rangeland -1.00
Forest 13.00
K2 68.6
Industrial & commercial
5.00
K3 5.83 area
Village -2.90
K4 1
Parallel low buildings -2.50
K5 -6.55
Suburban -2.50
K6 0 Urban 0
Dense urban 5
High building 16
Model Comparison
Model Distance HBTS HMS Pathloss Frequency Condition

Okumura 3Km 144dB 900MHz Dense Urban
-Hata
5.8Km 30m 1.5m Suburban
Cost231- 1.19Km 142dB 1800MHz Dense Urban
Hata
3.17Km Suburban
Contents
2. Propagation Mode
3. CW Test
CW Test
 To obtain the precise radio
propagation model accord
with the actual environment,
increase the correctness of
the coverage prediction, it is
essential to do propagation
mode calibration - CW test.
CW Test - Flow
Test Environment Default Propagation Mode
CW Data Collection Parameter Setting
Measured Pathloss Predicted Pathloss
Comparison
Difference
within Range？
Finish
CW Test - Preparation
 Transmisson: Signal Source, Antenna(Omni), Support, Cable
 Receiving: CW Test Equipment, GPS, Software, Laptop
GPS
Antenna
Antenna CW
Signal Source Receive Laptop
Cable
CW Test – Requirment(Cont.)
 Site
 Antenna height HAnt > 20m.
 Avoid effect of obstacle, HAnt - Hobstacle > 5m.
 The building of site should be higher the average height of

surrounding building.
5m
Obstacle
CW Test – Requirment
 Terrain: Including all the main terrains of the area.
 Height: Including different height of the area.
 Distance: Including different distance from the site.
 Direction: Vertical and horizontal path both involves.
 Length, Time, Points: >60km, >4hr, >10000Pts.
 Overlapping: Different test path should be overlap as more as
possible.
 Blocking: Signal not block by the buildings.
CW Test – Drive Test(Cont.)
 Receiving Signal is combination of Local mean value m(x) and
fast fading r(x):
Rx( x)  m( x)r ( x)
 Get m(x) through integration of different RxLevel sample
around: x L
1
m( x )  
2L xL
Rx ( y )dy
 Li Law: Scientist Mr.Li Jianye proved that: when 2L=40λ,

Sampling Pts = 50, the Precision of m(x) calculation is within
1dB.
CW Test – Drive Test
 Requirment
 Within 40λ, at least sampling
50Pts.
 Drive test Vmax < 0.8 λ / TSample,
TSample is the time interval of 2
continuous sample.
 Not too close or too far. Too
close makes sample limited. Too
far makes the samples out of the
coverage area, be meaningless.
The calibration unprecise.
CW Test – Data Processing
 Filtering:
 Sample with abnormal fading, for example, 30dB fading.
 Sample with abnormal GPS information. For example, beneath
bridge, in tunnel, high building block.
 Sample receiving level too low, because it is not stable. Usually
less than -100dBm.
 Geographical Averaging:
 GPS speed is not as high as RxLevel sampling, so maybe several
sample for one GPS point. Suppose car run in constant speed,
we can place samples averagely between two GPS points.
CW Test – Calibration
 Import data into specific software
 Calibration
CW Test – Check
 If the Calibration result is not good, check from these four
aspects:
 Import wrong information. Such as wrong antenan information.
 Data processing error. For exmaple, filtering many good

samples or reserve bad samples.
 Digatal Map is inaccurate.
 Improper design of CW test leads to non-effective test data.

For example, bad DT path, not 50Pts in 40λ.
Summary
 In this course, we have learned:
 Characteristic of Radio Propagation
 Technologies to improve Wireless Communication
 Different Propagation Mode
 Propagation Mode Calibration - CW test
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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Radio Propagation

Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 CW test, which is used for radio propagation mode

 Limited transmitting energy

 SNR: signal noise ratio

 GSM channel 200KHz BW, suppose SNR 10dB(10).

 Shared by 8 users, every user about 85kbit/s.

Antenna Propagation (Reflection, Receive

 For A, on spherical surface of transmission, energy density

f MHz-> 2 f MHz, Lp increase 6dB

 Phase : Ф > -Ф specula reflection

 Polarization : material determining phase shift

 When Diffraction, transmission direction changes.

C 1st Fresnel Region

N=1: d AC  B  d A B   / 2 1st Fresnel Region

 The 1st Fresnel region is the main transmission region,

 No obstacle should appear in this region, by this way the

R=5m, 1st Fresnel Region

 Multiple knife edges

 Material determining phase shift

reinforced concrete wall, windows 17dB

concrete wall, no windows 30dB

concrete wall within building 10dB

brick wall 9dB

armed glass 8dB

wood or plaster wall 6dB

window glass 2dB

terrain & clutter

Correlation <λ 10 ... 100m > 100m

Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable predictable

Digital Map and

terrain & clutter

Correlation <λ 10 ... 100m > 100m

Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable predictable

Digital Map and

 Time diversity -> Interleaving

 Frequency diversity -> Hopping

 Space diversity -> Multiple antennas

 Polarization diversity -> Dual-polarized antennas

 Multi-path diversity -> Equalizer

 Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer

amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

terrain & clutter

Correlation <λ 10 ... 100m > 100m

Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable predictable

Digital Map and

2  (μ-2σ, μ+2σ) 95.4%

(μ-3σ, μ+3σ) 99.7%

68.3% 95.4% 99.7%

Practical Distrib. Theoretical

 Fast Fading Statistic Threshold

 Slow Fading Lognormal Distribution

 Large Scale Fading Propagation Mode

Okumura-Hata 150-1500 MHz macro cell

Cost231-Hata 1500-2000 MHz macro cell

Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami 900 MHz and 1800 MHz micro Cell

Keenan-Motley 900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor

K – Mode (U-net) 900 MHz and1800MHz macro cell

Lp : Path loss (dB) f : Carrier frequency (MHz)

C m ＝0dB Large-size cities

K1: constant offset (dB).

Model Distance HBTS HMS Pathloss Frequency Condition

CW Data Collection Parameter Setting

Measured Pathloss Predicted Pathloss