CHAPTER 2
Dynamics of Incompressible Fluids
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will provide an introduction to the differential
‘equations that describe the motion of fluids, Unfortunately, we will also find
that these equations are rather complicated, partial differential equations that
cannot be solved exactly except in a few cases, at least without making some
simplifying assumptions. Thus, although differential analysis has the
potential for supplying very detailed information about flow fields, this
information is not easily extracted. Nevertheless, this approach provides a
fundamental basis for the study of fluid mechanics. In addition, by making
some simplifying assumptions many other analytical solutions can be
obtained. For example, in some circumstances it may be reasonable to
assume that the effect of viscosity is small and can be neglected. This rather
drastic assumption greatly simplifies the analysis and provides the
opportunity to obtain detailed solutions to a variety of complex flow
problems.
2.2 Conservation of Mass
As is discussed before for the integral form , conservation of mass
requires that the mass, M , of a system remain constant as the system moves
through the flow field. In equation form this principle is expressed as
Dt
We found it convenient to use the control volume approach for fluid flow
problems, with the control volume representation of the conservation of mass
written as
37
Scanned by CamScanner 2 pave [oF eti=0 @.1)
a cv cs
Where the equation (commonly called the continuity equation) can be applied
to a finite control volume (c.v), which is bounded by a control surface (c.s).
The first integral on the left side of Eq. (2.1) represents the rate at which the
mass within the control volume is changing, and the second integral
is flowing out through the control
flow). To obtain the differential
Fepresents the net rate at which mas
surface (rate of mass outflow rate of mas
form of the continuity equation, Eq. (2.1) is applied to an infinitesimal
control volume,
2.1.1 Continuity Equation in Cartesian Coordinates
We will take as our control volume the small, stationary cubical
element shown in Figure (2.1),
At the center of the clement the fluid density is and the velocity has
components 1, v, and w. Since the element is small, the volume integral in
Eq, (2.1) can be expressed as
zleo- Laon (2.2)
The rate of mass flow through the surfaces of the element can be obtained by
considering the flow in each of the coordinate directions separately.
mint ne
prea. Levan
Fig. (2.1)
38.
Scanned by CamScanner For mass conservation, if pu known on the left face, the value of this product
onthe right face is pu + 12 ge,
ox
Figure (2.1) shows only the mass flows on the xor left and right faces. The
flows on the y (bottom and top) and the z (back and front) faces have been
omitted to avoid cluttering up the drawing, We can list all these six flows as
follows:
Face Inlet mass flow
Outlet mass flow
‘The differential equation for conservation of mass is
a ap
2 pav= 2 sedyie
ad? a
Net rate of mass low rate = 2? ddd
Min Mow = 2 dcdye
ao
(pudydz + pudedz + pwdxdy)—
{e + ed sie [> + He ay it [mw + ei |= 2 scape
[Ae arte Apt +22") 6 ett) 2 sede
Alou) , Aor) , alow) 2
ay 2p), 0 ice Baie
39.
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the
i ion is a referred to as
‘As previously mentioned, this equation is also commonly
equation.
‘The continuity equation is one of the fu
(2.3), is valid for steady or unsteady flow,
indamental equations of fluid
mechanics and, as expressed in Eq.
i of
and compressible or incompressible fluids. Two special cases are
particular interest.
(i) For steady flow of compressible fluids
alow), Aer) , ow) 9 (2.4)
a | a
This follows since by definition is not a function of time for steady flow, but
could be a function of position.
(ii) For incompressible fluids the fluid density, is a constant throughout
the flow field so that Eq. 6.28 becomes
25)
Equation (2.5) applies to both steady and unsteady flow of incompressible
fluids. Note that Eq. (2.5) is the same as that obtained by setting the
1B
volumetric dilatation rate equal to zero. This result should not be surpri
since both relationships are based on conservation of mass for incompressible
fluids. However, the expression for the volumetric dilation rate was
developed from a system approach, whereas Eq, (2.5) was developed from a
control volume approach. In the former case the deformation of a particular
differential mass of fluid was studied, and in the latter case mass flow
through a fixed differential volume was studied,
40
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An incompressible velocity field is
ven by
wea?
) and w=a(y? ==)
Where a and b are constants, What must the form of the velocity component v be?
fy conservation of mass as expressed by the
Integration with resp
clloy
(b—2ax)y
hy—2axy
xample 2.4)
A compressible flow field is described by pV = (axi
buyje™ Caleul
late the rate of change of p
per unit time at any point (x,y)
Solution
pu=axe™
Continuity equation:
or or
a. {aed
a,
(bx ae
a
sample
Determine the veomponents of velocity for irr
Solution
jonal flow for: v= 6x +.xy
Continuity equation
4
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~6-y
Ort
ow
a
Integrating with respect to y
2.2.2 Continuity Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates
For some problems it is more convenient to express the various differential relationships in
cylindrical polar coordinates rather than Cartesian coordinates. As is shown in Figure (2.2), with
cylindrical coordinates a point is located by specifying the coordinates r, and z. The coordinate r is
the radial distance from the z axis, is the angle méasured from a line parallel to the x axis (with
counterclockwise taken as positive), and z is the coordinate along the z axis,
Fig. (2.2): The velocity components in cylindrical polar coordinates
| are the radial velocity
the tangei
The velocity components, as sketched in Fig.
das
velocity. and the axial velocity. Thus, the velocity at some arbitrary point P ean be express
Pave, + p09 +¥.0, (26)
42
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Ory ed
ov
ov
boy
ov
Intepoting with respect to y
vey bya 7a)
For irotational flow a, © 0
‘quation in Cylindrical Coordinates
For some problems it is more convenient to express the various
ferential relationships in
cylindrical polar coordinates rather than Cartesian coordinates, As is shown in Figure (2.2), with
eylindrical coordinates a point is located by specilying the coordi
sr.andz. The coordinate ris
the radial distance from the axis, is the
ngle measured from a line parallel to the x axis (with
counterclockwise ta
ew as positive), and
is the coordinate along the = axis,
Vig. (2.2): ‘The velocity components in eylindieal polar coordinate
The velocity components,
sketched in Fig, (2.2), are the radial velocity, the tangential
‘locity. and the axial velocity, Thus, the velocity at some arbitrary point 7 ean be expressed its
(2.6)
Scanned by CamScanner trated
tively. as are illust
hhen the boundaries of the Flow
n
cand = directions, respe
Where and are the unit vectors in the
particularly convenient w!
(2.2). The use of cylindrical coordinates
Jindrical coordina
Several examples illustrating the use of ey!
es will be gi
system are cylindrical,
in sueceeding sections inthis chapter.
The differential form of the continuity equation in eylindrieal coordina
v)
Ca:
derived by following the same procedure used
2
a
‘This equation can be in the preceding se
(i) For steady, compressible Now
olor) , 0) 9 2.8)
Lae.)
+ & 6 2
(ii) For incompressible fluids the fluid density. is constant throughout
the flow field
29)
2.3 Conse!
To develop th fan start with the linear momentum
he differential, linear momentum equations we ¢:
equation
P|
Dr
(2.10)
lye
.. P is the linear momentum defined as
Where Fis the resultant force acting on a fluid
P= [vam
be
)/Dr is the material derivative. was demonstrated how Eq. (2.10) in the form
Y Femenso al dvs (Po? oa Qi
|
andthe operator D(
to finite control volume to solve a variety of low problems. To obtain the
Could be appli
differential form of the linear momentum equation, we can either apply Eq (2.10) to a differential
stem, consisting of a mass, din or apply Fg. 2.11) to an infinitesimal control volume, 2 which
ally bounds the mass dn. It is probably simpler to use the system approach since appl
Eq, (2.10) to the differential mass, éin yields
ran)
Di
Where SF is the resultant force acting on Using this system approach can be treated as a
constant so that
43
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. ame result that would be
Which is simply Newton's second law applied to the mass This is the same result that
five We.tani proceed ft 1s
obtained by applying Eq. (2.12) to an infinitesimal control volume .Before we can proceed, i
xamine how the force can be most conveniently expressed.
necessary to
24 Equations of Motion for Nonviscous Fluids (Euler's Equations)
24.1 Euler's Equations in Cartesian Coordinates
‘The normal pressures acting on the six sides of a cubical nonviscous fluid element are shown
in Figure (2.3), Let dF, be the body forees in the x, y and z direction such that the resultant body
force
(2.3)
The surface forces om an element ofsides cs. dy, and deand of mass Pdd are due to pressure only
and the resultant force
in the x direction
DA = 6na,
bing, + Padve
(p+ Sucloue =dna,
Blige, + Pedyde— Pate Lyte = pdva,
44
a Scanned by CamScanner paledyde.
ap
~ Ftd = patria,
Ler
S =a,
pee
Lap
4, = 85-55
pe
similarly for y° and directions:
(2.13a)
(2.130)
(2.13¢)
(2.14a)
(2.146)
2.14¢)
In cylindrical coordinates the Euler's equation are given as follows:
Lap.
(2.154)
(2.15b)
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Te velocity components in an ideal, two ~ dimensional velocity field are given by the equations
we3fet-y), ve
6xy
All body forces are negligible.
(a) Does this velocity satisfy the continuity equation?
(b) Determine the equation for the pressure gradient in the y direction at any point in the field
(a) To satisfy the continuity eq)
ou |, ov
a
ax ay
x 6x =0= RUS
This means that the continuity equation is satisfied.
(b) The eq)
ion for the pressure gradient in the y direction.
Euler equation for the steady flow and two dimensional in the y direction
= ~p[-i8x?y +18y? +36x"
Fa-rlacty+i8)']
-18p[r’y+y"]
Example 2.7)
‘Suppose that pressure distribution in steady flow wave is given as
Po6xt+y+ eleration
2410 Pa, If the fluid has a density of 1000 kg/m? , determine the
that a fluid particle would have at position
r=6i+27+10k m (Neglect viscosity )
‘olution
46
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Euler equation:
X-direction
Lap
(2x6) a, =-0.072 m/s?
diy
1000
Y-direetion
1
— (I a, = -0,001 m/s
rao") % i
Z-direction
a= (-0.072) +(-0.001)° +(-10.01)
2.4.3 Bernoulli Equation
For irrotational flow: @ = Oor Vx’ =0
@,=0. thus
2.16)
7
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du | au, ou Lar (17a)
@.17b)
(2.17¢)
J and equation (2,17e) as in =
Wace Mate wa
ox ex
ou ov ew
u—dy + v— dy + wh
1 ey a
iyo 2,
dus vdv+ wads gee (2.18)
p
Integrating Eq.(2.18) assuming incompressible Muid gives
constant
+g 2= constant (2.19)
Which is the Bemoulli equation. The const
entire Nuid,
tant in the r. h,
19) is the same throughout the
48
Scanned by CamScanner Lecture dy 3/1072
ations of Motion for Viseous Fluids (Navier-Stokes Equations)
2.8.1 Navier-Stokes Equations in Cartesian Coordinates
for which the appropriate form of
ame elemental control volume as in Fig, 2
We use the
omentum relation is
YF 8 froas)-Z (a) (in) 220
gral simply reduces to a deriv
the lin
hat the volume intey
Again the element is so sm
Thus we have now reduced Eq. (4.20) to
zea
Fe p—dvdydz
LF=paea
SF dma.
‘These forves are of two types, body’ forces and surface forces. Body forces are due to external fickls
(gravity, magnetism, electric potential) whieh aet upon the entire mass within the element, The only
body forve we shall consider in this lecture is gravity. The body force on the differential mass
pede dy dz within the control volume is
2
dE, = pe dedy
Where @ may in general have an arbitrary orientation with respect to the coordinate system. In many
“ek,
“up.” and &
applications, such as Bemoulli’s equation, we t
Surface forces on a viscous uid element in motion are shown in Figure (2.4), Normal
stresses are designated as o and shear stresses ast. The first subscript indicates the plane of the
nd the second subscript indicates the
tion of the normal to the
area element by giving the di
direction of the stress component, Normal stresses reduce in magnitude to the Nuid pressure as the
viscosity is reduced to zero, whereas the shear stresses reduce to zero as the viscosity goes to zero,
(ion of stresses
51
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Drama,
(1) Body Force = dF, = dns,
al, = pg, dy de
(2) Surface Foree = UF yas = Fores due to stresses
Wis not these stresses but their gradients, or differences, which cause a net foree on the differential
control surface. This is seen by referring to Fig. 2.5, which shows only the x-directed stresses 10
avoid cluttering up the drawing.
yt 3 aac
7m
(6,0 et an aves
ee
(out 8 ay ae
(4 ME ae dey
Fig, 2.5): Elemental Cartesian fixed control volume showing the surface forees fn the x
direction only
tone
fe +
ar, =e 20 deep + Se diy + Fe die
ete =
‘The surface forces are due to the stresses on the sides of the control surface, These stresses are the
sum of hydrostatic pressure plus viscous stresses _jj which arise from motion with velocity gradients
Pity Fe
o,=|t, -P+r, fy
oe Ty Per,
Then
. 32
Scanned by CamScanner Fae *| 92
a
APs [Zeros
AF , fice
or By
Since the inertia forces of the fluid give a moment of higher order and are thus negligible here, the
ar, re 135
[-$-%s-% ehioe 22)
equations of moments about the edges of the elemental volume give
» and ra,
in order to express
Phenomenolgic relations for the normal and for the shear stresses are necessary
them in terms of fluid properties and flow parameters. For a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is the
product of dynamic viscosity and rate of angular deformation. we get
Then
Pig + UF, sce = Me
edy de+| 2 em, Oe dedy de-a
p8,-dedy me Te pede dy de-a,
3
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From continuity equation 2 ,
ae
then
ae, aw
Gray” xd
Substitute in equation (2.22)
8, — 4 Py yt OU, f 2),
PBs at ar ST tS tH
Then
Similar y-direction and z-direction
av ay at
+4 4S oe
a art ae
Scanned by CamScanner wg that there is an additional term in the Navier-Stokes
Comparison with the Euler equations sho
equations which accounts for viscous effeets,
Where vis the kinematie viseosity and v= 41/p
Example 2.9)
‘The velocity of a Muid particl
1¢ moving along @ streamline with two dimensional, incompressible,
viscous flow field was experimentally found to be described by the equation =x". Along this
streamline determine an expression for
(a) The v-component of velocity
(b) The acceleration of the particle,
(©) The pressure gradient in the x direction.
Solution
(a) The v-component of velocity
From the continuity equation
(b) The acceleration of the pai
x-direction
ou, ou, ou
ne yyw
aye
a,=2x°
y-direetion
wav, ae oe
a yaw
a ae ay
a, = 04x) e-2y+-2aye2x40
35
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(©) The pressure gi
Navier-Stokes equati
2H 2p?
2.5.2 Navier-Stokes Equations in Cylinderical Coordinates
'meylindrical coordinates the Navier- Stokes equation are given as follows:
noe ti (t2( 2) 22
1a i) (2.26b)
peo" re
; (2.266)
Scanned by CamScanner Lecture 3, 7/10/2018,
2.6 Simple Applications of the Navier-Stokes Equa
“The Navier-Stokes equations for viscous fluid motion are not mathematically amenable te
solution owing to the non-linearly. It is only through certain valid assumptions that these equations
are simplified and the main hurdle of non-finearity overcome, This 1s possible in case of a very fe
special problems where in the boundary configuration is simple and the fluid characteristics such as
the density and viscosity are almost constant
These assumptions of constant density and constant viscosity are valid for liquids and gases
at low Mach number. With these simplifying assumptions we can solve the Navier-Stokes equations
forthe three velocity components and the pressure making use of the continuity equation
We have two applications of Navier-Stokes equations:
2.6.1 Lamit
Flow between Two straight parallel Boundaries
two horizontal. infinite
We first consider steady. laminar, incompressible flow betwe
parallel plates shown in Figure (2.6), We shall apply the linear momentum equation, For this
geometry the fluid particles move in the x direction parallel to the plates, and there is no velocity Im
the y or direction that is, ¥
From the continuity equation:
,
wo q
Fig, 2.6): The viscous flow between parallel plates
rrunthermore there would be no variation of w in the = direction for infinite plates. and for
conditions are used in the Navie
steady flow 2u/2v = Oso that w= ai(y) Huh Stokes equations,
This equation reduce to Particular problem the Navier-Stokes equations reduce to some rather simple equations
Pen
aor
ox
That is. the y axis points up. We see that for this
The pressure gradient @P/éx is depending on x only but the velocity « = u(y) is depending on
only. So, each side of the equation is a function of a separate distinct variable.
So, the Navier-Stokes equation may be written as:
au _ ap
eu _ 1a
ne
= +Cy4e,
we 2”
The two constants C, and C, must be determined from the boundary conditions.
~h, the velocity u=0
Solve for the constants, C, = 0 and C, =
‘The velocity profile ma
then given as:
eo daP.y*
He 2
Gye,
38 (2.30)
nthe x ~ direction.
Where AP = pressure drop through length /.
ample (2.10
Oil of viscosity j1 = 0.38 Pa.s flows steadily between fixed, horizontal, parallel plates, The pressure
Urop per unit Length along the channel is 20 APa/m.and the distance between the plates is 4anm. The
ow is laminar, Determine:
a) The volume rate of flow per meter of width,
(b) The shearing stress acting on the bottom plate
we of the channel
(c) The velocity along the center
Solution
(a) The volume rate of flow per meter of width
0.00028 m/s
ring st
5 0
The velocity distributions between the two plates are:
1 oP
27-0), v= 0
Siar? ) ‘
60 AP
=< xh
long the centerline of the channel
‘The velocity distributions between the two plates are:
20% 10° x (0,002
20.38 -
gue = 0.105 m/s
Example (2.11)
Two fixed, horizontal, parallel plates are spaced Sem apart. A viscous liquid with
n= 0.01 Nas/m? Nows beween the plates with a wean velocity of 0.25m/s,Determine the
pressure drop per unit length inthe direction of flow. W* » is the maximum velocity inthe channel?
olution
(a) The pressure drop per unit length
h 2,5em = 0.025 m
O=VA
Q=0.25 «0.05% 1 = 0.0125 n"/s
“Th
30,011 x 0.0125 v4
ap = 30011x0.0125 wot
2 (0.025)
AP #132 N/m?
‘he maximum velocity
b)
The velocity distributions between the two plate
1 oP =
ney -h
a a )
The maximum velocity is at the center line of the channel 3
6 Consider the fully, developed two-dimensional, steacly
laminar flow between two parallel plates. The upper
plate is moving with velocity U in the flow direction. The
| lower plate is stationary. Find the volume flow rate
between the two plates.
For steady flow with v
of low)
a
au au, au
Deneve
a
ou Lar
At y=0, 1 =0 and it follows that C, = 0 AUy=5, =U and it follows that
The volume flow rate can be obtained by the integration
O= Jueas = fustxay
‘An incompressible, viscous uid is placed between horizontal,
is shown in Fig. The two plates we in
infinite, parallel plates
opposite directions with constant velocities, Uyand Us shown,
‘Show that
(a) The velocity distrib
nn between the plates given by:
ne-U,+Y +U)e 2; £ (v-s')
(b) The volume Mow rate between the two plates given by:
6 oo”
2.5.2 Navier-Stokes Equations in Cylinderical Coordinates
In cylindrical coordinates the Navier-Stokes equation are given ag flan,
}
l
an a
2.6 Simple Applications of the Navier-Stokes Equations
The Navier-Stokes equations for viscous fluid motion are not
mathematically amenable to solution owing to the nonlinearly. It is only
through certain valid assumptions that these equations are simplified and the
‘main hurdle of non-tinearity overcome. This is possible in case ofa very few
Special problems where in the boundary configuration is simple an ji
characteristics such as the density and viscosity are almost constant.
These assumptions of constant density and constant viscosity are valid
for liquids and gases at low Mach number, With these simplifying
assumptions we can solve the Navier-Stokes equations for the three velocity
components and the pressure making use of the continuity equation.
We have two applications of Navier-Stokes equations:
2.6.1 Laminar Flow between Two straight parallel Boundaries
We first consider steady, laminar, incompressible flow between two
horizontal, infinite parallel plates shown in Figure (2.6). We shall apply the
64
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e
allel to the plates, and there is no velocity in the y
x direction pat or z direction
thatis, Y= = 0
From the continuity equation:
ou
pha
¥
|
{a) (b)
Fig. (2.6): The viscous flow between parallel plates,
A
Furthermore, there would be no variation of w in the z direction for
infinite plates, and for steady flow 6u/At = Oso that u = u(y). If these
conditions are used in the Navier-Stokes equations, This equation reduce to
_g. That is, the y axis points up.
where we have set g,=g, =Oand g, =
We see that for this particular problem the Navier-Stokes equations reduce to
some rather simple equations.
65
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a ae
The pressure gradient 4P/Gx is depending on x only but the Velocity y — X)
is depending on Yonly. So, each side of the equation is a fun,
tion of,
Separate distinct variable,
So, the Navier-Stokes equation may be written as:
@u_ ap
Hos
Can be integrated to give:
aaa
“ox
And integrated again to yield:
Gq
1aPy
nae TOU EC,
The two constants C, and Cz must be determined from the boundary
conditions.
(i)at y
—h, the velocity v= 0
Ona
Tan +Cy+C,
66
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ye for the constants, ©, = 0 and C, = oe
Solv'
‘The velocity profile may then given as:
(2.27)
As has been indicated in figure (7.12), the profile is that of a two dimensional
parabote surface. The maxinnum velocity occurs at y= 0, so that
? aP
u (228)
‘The volume rate of flow, Q,, passing between the plates for a unit width in
the z direction is obtained from the relationship:
O= Jud = fuxtedy
4
a
o-[nae
Scanned by CamScanner = teh
2 ae 3
2 ar
Dee Qay
Oe an Ox 1
Solving for AP/ax we get:
(230)
Where AP = pressure drop through length L in the x — direction.
Example 9
Oil of viscosity 41 = 0.38 Pa.s flows steadily between fixed, horizontal,
parallel plates. The pressure drop per unit length along the channel is
20 kPa/m,and the distance between the plates is 4 mm. The flow is lamina
Determine:
(a) The volume rate of flow per meter of width,
(b) The shearing stress acting on the bottom plate
(c) The velocity along the centerline of the channel
Solution
68
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a
pot mm = 2mm = 0.002 m
2
= 0.00028 m’ /:
(b) The shearing stress acting on the bottom plate
The velocity distributions between the two plates are:
v=0
At the bottom plate, y =—h
= 20x 10° x 0.002
7.=40 N/m?
(©) The velocity along the centerline of the channel
The velocity distributions between the two plates are:
wah Popp)
2 ax
At the center line of the channel y = 0
69
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. xl
noe = Fy Ax
1. AP op
i
a
yb at
3]
2
1x29 10° x (0.002)
Mow 3x 0.38
wo, = 0.105 m/s
‘Two fixed, horizontal, parallel plates are spaced 5 cm apart. A viscous liqiy
with = 0.011 N.s/m? flows between the plates with a mean velocity of
0.25m/s.Determine the pressure drop per unit length in the direction of fly
What is the maximum velocity in the channel?
Solution
(a) The pressure drop per unit length
h= Sem Sem = 0.025 m
Q=VA
Q =0.25x0.05x1 = 0.0125 m/s
2 (0.025)
AP =13.2 N/m?
(b) The maximum velocity
The velocity distributions betwee;
1 op
aa")
The maximum velocity is at the center line of the ch:
n the two plates are:
annel_y = 0
70
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Example 212)
Consider the fully, developed — two- aa
dimensional, steady laminar flow between
The upper plate is
two parallel pla
moving with velocity U_ in the flow
direction. The lower plate is stationary. Find
the volume flow rate between the two plates.
Solution
For steady flow with v= it follows that the N
reduce to (in the direction of flow)
ou as ou au
oa +0
Ou Ou
Sale eee
ax’ ay
The velocity component can be t= uly Ho
ox
0 eae ou
pox “y
au _ ap
a ee
Scanned by CamScanner By integration
au LP yc,
ay wax”
Avy =0, w=0 and it follows that C, =0
At y=b, w=U and it follows that
oP
=|S
nis
l=
2
Therefore
olor? (0 _ Lap
wax 2 \b pox2
vu. 1 ay,
u=—yt+——ly’ -by
mares aioe? y)
The volume flow rate can be obtained by the integration
4 »
O=fuedd=[uelxay
o 2
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2g ax 3
1 ap 2b 3b"
gua: 6
‘An incompressible, viscous fluid is placed
between horizontal, infinite, parallel plates i
as is shown in Fig. The two plates move in
opposite directions with constant velocities,
U,and U,as shown. Show that a
(a) The velocity distribution between the plates given by:
La
u=-U, +, +0.) a5
(b) The volume flow rate between the two plates given by:
b 1 ap b>
=2lu, -u,|-———
2 al Usd 2 ox 6
Solution
(a) The velocity distribution between the plates
Use the Navier-Stokes equations, For steady flow with v= w= it follows
that the Navier-Stokes equations reduce to (in the direction of flow)
Gu 5, u , Ou Ou 1 {Zt ou 2)
+w—=g,-— eal
oe oe a pax la? ay? ae?
73
Scanned by CamScanner au
component can be v= u(y), so Sexo
‘The velocity
Lap, au
pox a
au_1aP
ey Hae
By integration
oT LOG,
ay wax
lay. Cc
uae Dt ”
At y=0, w=-U; and it follows that Cy =-U,
At y=b, u=U, and it follows that
Lape
WT HU,
2
Gi-t,20,
we 2
c-UUs_1ap
b Hex?
Therefore
uel a y*
wo 2
u=-U, +(U, +U,) ae by-92)
(b) The volume flow rate between the two plates
ri
O= Juda = furctsay
° 0
74
‘Scanned by CamScanner 1 OP
o i y+, 4UE- ae “
0
y? 1 Or,
fo y+, +02) 95 3p oe by
Q
v 1,2 2 )\o
o-[- p,b+W, Uda 2 Ezy 2 3
b 1 ar(e
Ups“ Ina? 3
1 aP(3h* 2b"
geupeu,b4Us5- pee i
apc (e)
772 We 7
A constant-thickness film of viscous liquid flows in laminar motion down a
plate inclined at angle @, as in Fig. The velocity profile is
u=Cy(2h—-y) v=w=0
Find the constant C in terms of the specific weight and viscosity and the
angle. Find the volume flux Q per unit width in terms of these parameters.
Scanned by CamScanner Ly Wace C Sac)
(a) Find the constant = uy, Ba Ebro He Sv
There is atmospheric pressure ail -alon;
the> surface” at yeh,
aP/éx=0.The x-momentum on ia
_casil be ee from the
ftotie Se eS a Se Le, cf
ae" pox lax?) ” ay?
ee emg! x0-4y {rEt+0) |
2 oy
i a
O= y
rinor{ 501-20)
O= gsind+o(-2¢)
av lu
(b) The volume flux per unit width
The flow rate Per unit width ig found by ii
‘ntegrating the velocity profile
Scanned by CamScanner o= [ued =[netxar
3 a
Co(2h— yy
0
O-= [lcci =Cy?
o=cw -Low
3
2 pgsind 3
hi’ sin 8
9-
ae
Example (2.15)
Oil with viscosity 0.38 V.s/m? flows between parallel plates spaced 5 mm
apart. The bottom plate is fixed, but the upper plate moves with a velocity of
0.2m/sin the positive x direction. The pressure gradient is 60 kPa/m , and it
is negative, Compute the velocity at various points across the channel.
Assume laminar flow.
Solution
the Navier-Stokes equations reduce to (in the direction of flow)
71
|
Scanned by CamScanner Lap, au
One
au_ 1 ar
ay ax
By integration
© I at
ay wax”
wet 2 sey ees
1 Ox
At y=0, w=0 and it follows that C,
At y=b, u =U and it follows that
1a ce Z 1d
EtG Saas
Therefore
Lary
nox 2
U 1 aP
Uy eh
b Que dx
0.2
“O.0057 * a" -60000(y? 0.005% y)
u=40y~7.89%10*[y? —0,005y)
labie \ y uly)
very Cate) a 7
. 0.0005 0.1975
(0.007 0.3556 |
0.0015 | 0.4742
0.002 0.5534
9.0025 | 0.5931
0.003 0.5934
78
Scanned by CamScanner A viscous, incompressible fluid flows
between the two infinite, vertical, parallel
plates of Fig. Determine, by use of the
Navier-Stokes equations, an expression for
the pressure gradient in the direction of
flow, Express your answer in terms of the
volume flow rate. Assume that the flow is
laminar, steady, and uniform.
Solution
With the coordinate system shown u = w=0 and from continuity equation
v/v =0. Thus from y — component of the Navier-Stokes equation with
1a (63 av
pay
sya
a oat
0+0+0+0= gitafets +04 +o)
it a. ov
pay "ar
oP
Scanned by CamScanner Integrated to obtain
oP
gx +C,
12s 04}
At x=h, w=0 and it follows that
on) 12 toa) Roca —_
oy
By solving equation (a) and (b) to obtain:
The volume flow rate can be obtained by the integration
' Q= faa eae
ey i
7 o={f(2, a =I Jee
= . yr
Scanned by CamScanner 4 D he
Lleol -+is)|
av 3 LEN
alte (aeee en
Yrs (Feve[s : ]
81
Scanned by CamScanner 2.6.2 Steady, Laminar Flow in Cireular 7 Tubes
Probably the best known exact solution to the Navier-Stokes
equations is for steady, incompressible, laminar flow through a Straight
circular tube of constant cross section. This type of flow is commonly
Calle
lle flow.
Hagen-Poiseuille flow, ot simply Poi
Consider the flow through a horizontal circular tube of radius Rasig
shown in Figure.(2.7). Because of the cylindrical geometry it is Convenient,
use cylindrical coordinates.
ta)
Fle. 2.7): the viscous flow j in
a horizontal, circular tube.
We assume that the flow ig circular
— Parallel to th
© walls so that v, = Qand vp ="
kom the continuity equatioy at v, = Oand Ve =
82
Scanned by CamScanner ymmetric flow, v, isnota function of t or @ so the
ction of the radial position within the tube that is,
Under these conditions the Navier-Stokes equations reduce to
Lap
a-gsind-—S
o=-8sind-7 58
sin@ and gy =—gc0s
Where we have used the relationships
with @ measured from the horizontal plane).
‘The equation ‘of motion in the z direction can be written in the form
af, M) LM
hl a) ae \
i
2( te) re
a! ar) wa
and integrated (using the fact that OP/dz = constant) to give:
Integrating again we obtain:
LOPE
mara cs
The constants C,and C, obtained from the boundary conditions.
83
Scanned by CamScanner Fig, (2.8); Boundary condition of flow inside a circular Pipe
the velocity has maximum value y = y
(i) at the center line (r 2» $0
ite ov
can write
’ or
So, the constant C, = 0
(ii) at the pipe wall (r= R) the velocity must be zero (
oP
So, the constant C)) +(2) IR?
He
So the velocity distribution becomes:
wage *l ea
‘Thus, at any cross section the velocity distribution is parabolic.
To obtain a relationship between the volume rate of flow, Q, passing throw
‘he tube and the pressure gradient, we consider the flow thro
ugh the
differential, washer-shaped ring of
Fig. 6.33. Since v, is constant on this
ring, the volume rat rn i i
me ‘te of flow through the differential area dd = (2ar\dris
Ay o-|
i
®) Jredt= fy, a). 2ef bee
:
AN 9 f(a
wey : aa Sle — eee
Scanned by CamScanner Su
aed \e Ter (232)
“the relationship can be expressed in terms of the pressure drop, AP, which
occurs over length, Z,along the tube, sine Sew 2\
re 5 ie 2b
a gl?
a 7 L
x AP
And therefore (Q= Ze (2.33)
2 § Soe uni? lonsd
Fora given pressure drop per unit tong the volume rate of flow i is inverselyf —7
ye fourth
proportional to the viscosity and proportional to the tube radius to th
power. A doubling of the tube radius produces a sixteen fold i ee in, ingle
Equation (2.33) is commonly called poiseuille’s law. SE et oc
In terms of the mean velocity, Vana» where Vilia'= oa ose ae
(2.33) ber
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