Machine cycle

Fetch =>

 in the first instruction the processor fetches the instruction from the memory.
 The memory place the instruction on the data bus the processor then copies the instruction
from data bus to the main instruction register.
 The instruction is transferred from memory to instruction register

Decode=>

 in this step the instruction is decoded by the processor gets any operand if required by the
instruction.

Execute=>

In the last phase the processor execute the instruction

Exit

At the end it will be exit.

Programming language
What is Programming Language?
 A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to
a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create
programs that control the behaviour of a machine. It could be a rocket, computer or even a
smart TV
What is Program?
 A program is nothing but a list of instructions written in a programming language that is
used to control the behaviour of a machine.
What is the difference between High Level Language and Low Level Language?
High Level Language

High Level Language

Low Level Language

Objected oriented procedural Assembly Machine

Written in language which is easy to Written in codes or numbers which is difficult

understand, code and debug to understand, code or debug
Knowledge of hardware is not required Like word ,move case
 e.g. C, C++, Java etc.

What is Machine Language?

Machine language is the language which can directly run on CPU. They are numeric, in
series of bits which is 0s and 1s representing instructions that a computer can understand. 
This makes it tedious and error prone to write machine code manually.
They are not portable, means a language is specific to particular type of machine only
ultimately all languages need to be translated to machine language.
What is Assembly Language?
Assembly languages helped eliminate much of the error-prone and time-consuming
machine language programming. It replaces remembering 1 and 0s with instructions which
are mnemonic codes for corresponding machine language . Example it had commands like
MOV, JMP, CMP , ADD etc.
Each assembly language is specific to particular computer architecture and sometimes to
an operating system  . E.g MIPS, NASM, x86 etc.

What is a computer bus?

A bus is a communication system in computer architecture that transfers data
between components inside a computer, or between computers.

 A bus is a group of lines/wires which carry computer signals.

 A bus is the means of shared transmission.
 Lines are assigned to providing descriptive names. — carries a single
electrical signal, e.g. 1-bit memory address, data bits series, or timing
control that turns the device on or off.
 Data can be transferred from one computer system location to another
(between different I / O modules, memory, and CPU).
 The bus is not only cable but also hardware (bus architecture), protocol,
program, and bus controller.
 The address bus, a one-way pathway that allows information to pass in
one direction only, carries information about where data is stored in
memory.
 The data bus is a two-way pathway carrying the actual data
(information) to and from the main memory.
 The control bus holds the control and timing signals needed to
coordinate all of the computer’s activities.