LGBT culture in the Philippines

The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ)

people in the Philippines have a distinctive culture in society and LGBT rights in the
also have limited legal rights. Gays and lesbians are more so Philippines
tolerated than accepted in Filipino society. Despite recent events
that have promoted the rights, general acceptance, and
empowerment of the Filipino LGBT community, discrimination
remains. Homosexuals in the Philippines are known as "bakla",
though there exist other terms to describe them.[2] According to the
2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey, 11 percent of
sexually active Filipinos between the ages of 15 and 24 have had
sex with someone of the same sex.[3] According to Filipino poet
and critic Lilia Quindoza Santiago, Filipino culture may have a
more flexible concept of gender; kasarian (Tagalog for "gender")
is defined in less binary terms than the English word;[4] kasarian
means "kind, species, or genus".[5]
Philippines
Status Legal
Military Gays, lesbians
Contents
and bisexuals
History allowed to serve
Representation in indigenous mythologies openly since 2009

Nomenclature Discrimination None at the

protections national level but
Rights
LGBT Rights Bill (SOGIE Bill) many anti-
discrimination
Language ordinances exist at
Politics the local
Media government level.

Events Family rights

LGBT Organizations Recognition None

of
See also
relationships
References
Restrictions The Family Code
External links
of the Philippines
defines marriage
as "a special
History
contract of
permanent union
Gender crossing practices go back to the history of pre-colonial
communities in the Philippines. The babaylans are typically female between a man
spiritual leaders, priests or shamans, in native communities, whose and a woman".
position can also be taken by males who crossed genders, and The Constitution
were called asog, among many names.[6] Effeminate people, of the Philippines
together with the weak, were handled gently during raids.[7] does not prohibit
According to J. Neil C. Garcia, the feminized men were similar to same-sex
women in almost all aspects, except for childbearing.[8] marriage.[1]

Movements to promote the acceptance of the gays in Philippine Adoption Allowed for
society include, but are not limited to the establishment of the individuals but not
Home of the Golden Gays by Justo Justo, the 1980 Women's allowed for same-
Movement which focused on the lesbian struggle of Filipinas, the sex couples.
formation of The Lesbian Collective which was the first formal
lesbian organization in the country, the organization of the first LGBT Pride March in Asia and the Pacific
on 26 June 1994 by Pro-Gay Philippines and Metropolitan Community Church Manila. The 1994 Pride
March was organized in connection to the 25th commemoration of Stonewall Uprising in New York in
1969. Notable organizers were Murphy Red and Rev. Fr. Richard Mickley, then an MCC clergy and now
retired. There are however, other individuals and groups who believes that the first pride march in the
Philippines was in 1996.[9] Beyond this, there have been numerous efforts to spread awareness of the
LGBT. The community has become generally accepted in society, and have continued to initiate efforts that
move for the greater acceptance, protection, and empowerment of its members.

Representation in indigenous mythologies

Prior to colonization, the Philippines was a polytheistic nation with
several tribes worshipping different deities. Those mythologies
included transgender gods like Lakapati (or Ikapati), the goddess of
fertility and good harvest, who was described as an androgynous,
intersex, or transgender goddess.[11] Lakapati is a
hermaphrodite[12] and a major fertility deity in the Tagalog
mythology.[13] Her prowess on fertility covers not only human and
divine fertility, but also the fertility of all other things such as
wildlife, crops, trees, and plants. She is also the goddess of
Gongs of the Teduray people. The
cultivated land. A prayer dedicated to Lakapati was recited by
Teduray bases their concept of
children when sowing seeds: "Lakapati, pakanin mo yaring alipin
gender towards their ethnic beliefs,
mo; huwag mong gutumin (Lakapati, feed this thy slave; let him
with a trans woman being called
not hunger)".[14][15] mentefuwaley libun and trans man
being called mentefuwaley lagey.[10]
According to the scholar and linguist Jean-Paul Potet (2017), there
is silence regarding the gender of Bathala in the early Spanish
accounts of the Tagalog religion. The term may have been used as
an epicene one by the Tagalog people but the use of the Sanskrit-derived masculine term also suggests that
the deity's gender might be male.[16] In a similar vein, the Tagalog word hari (meaning "sovereign) is also
mentioned as an epicene or genderless term by Potet, since the term is not exclusive to male-gendered
sovereigns, but also to those who are of the female gender.[17]

In Suludnon mythology, there are accounts of female binukots (well-kept maidens) who had powers to
transition into male warriors. The most famous of which are Nagmalitong Yawa and Matan-ayon. In one
epic, after Buyong Humadapnon was captured by the magical binukot Sinangkating Bulawan, the also
powerful female binukot, Nagmalitong Yawa, cast her magic and transitioned into a male warrior named
Buyong Sumasakay. He afterwards successfully rescued the warrior Buyong Humadapnon. In a similar
epic, the female binukot Matan-ayon, in search of her husband Labaw Donggon, sailed the stormy seas
using the golden ship Hulinday together with her less powerful brother-in-law Paubari. Once when she was
bathing after sailing far, Buyong Pahagunong spotted her and tried to make her his bride. The event was
followed by a series of combat, where in one instance, Matan-ayon transitioned into the male warrior
Buyong Makalimpong. After a series of battles, Labaw Donggon arrives and attacks Buyong Pahagunong,
while Buyong Makalimpong once again transitioned into Matan-ayon. Matan-ayon then has a conversation
with the supreme goddess Laonsina about why the men are fighting and agree to sit back and watch them if
they truly are seeking death.[18]

Nomenclature
Bakla and bading are Tagalog words for a man who has feminine
mannerisms, or dresses or identifies as a woman. Although the
terms are not the equivalent of the English "gay",[19] the bakla are
the most culturally visible subset of gay men in the Philippines.
They are often considered a third gender, embodying femininity
(pagkababae) in a male body.[20][21] Although bakla is sometimes
used in a derogatory sense, bakla people have largely embraced it. Itneg potters, the person on the right
In addition to this, lesbians in the Filipino community are called is wearing women's clothes.
tibo or tibs, which are likewise often used as derogatory terms.
However, lesbians too have recently embraced this terms, and have
used these terms jokingly to refer to each other. But despite being used to refer to lesbians, the word tibo or
tibs often refer to the more masculine lesbian, otherwise known as the 'Butch'.

In the Philippines, the word "gay" is used to refer to any LGBT person. For Filipino gays the Tagalog
phrase paglaladlad ng kapa ("unfurling the cape") or, more commonly, paglaladlad ("unfurling" or
"unveiling") refers to the coming-out process. Some lesbians (butch and femme) use the words magic or
shunggril to refer to themselves;[19] paminta describes masculine gay men. Neutral slang terms for gay men
include "billy boy", badette , "badaf" and bading. Although many of these terms are considered
derogatory, they are sometimes used casually or jokingly by the Filipino gay and lesbian community.

Rights
Although legislation supporting same-sex marriage in the Philippines has been proposed several times in
the Philippine legislature, none has been passed.[22] The Philippine Commission on Elections
(COMELEC) disqualified the Filipino LGBT political party Ladlad from fronting a candidate in the 2007
general election, concluding that the party did not have a nationwide membership.[23] COMELEC again
refused Ladlad's petition to contest the 2010 elections on the grounds of "immorality".[24] However, on 8
April 2010, the Supreme Court of the Philippines overturned COMELEC's decision and allowed Ladlad to
participate in the May 2010 elections.[25]

The Philippines has been ranked one of the most gay-friendly nations in the world and is the most gay-
friendly in Asia. In a survey of 39 countries (only 17 of which had a majority accepting homosexuality), the
Philippines were the 10th most gay-friendly.[26] The survey, "The Global Divide on Homosexuality"
conducted by the US-based Pew Research Center, showed that 73 percent of adult Filipinos agreed that
"homosexuality should be accepted by society" (up from 64 percent in 2002).[26]

LGBT Rights Bill (SOGIE Bill)

The House of Representatives approved LGBT Rights on 20 September 2017. The lawmakers had voted
198-0 in the approval of House Bill 4982, otherwise known as the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
and Expression Equality (SOGIE) Bill. Those who violate this bill are required to pay a penalty of
₱100,000 to ₱500,000 and imprisonment for one to six years. This bill prohibits and penalizes any
discriminatory acts against Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgender people.

The SOGIE Bill penalizes the following acts:

Gender Profiling
Denying or revoking a professional or other similar kinds of license, clearance, except
marriage license, issued by the government
Denying access to public service, including military service including SOGIE as criteria for
human resource action
Refusing admission or expelling a person from any educational or training institution
Denying a person access to public or private medical and other health services open to the
general public

Language
Swardspeak, or "gay lingo", is cant or argot derived from Taglish (Tagalog-English pidgin) and is used by
the Filipino LGBT community.[27] It uses elements of Tagalog, English, Spanish and Japanese, celebrities'
names and trademarked brands, giving them new meanings in different contexts.[28] Words derived from
indigenous languages, including Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Bicolano and others, are also used by
LGBT communities.

A Swardspeak speaker could be identified as homosexual, making it easier for people in the LGBT
community to recognize each other. This created a group of speakers, helping the community resist cultural
assimilation and marginalization. Straight people have begun to use Swardspeak, however, particularly in
gay-dominated industries such as fashion and film.

Politics
While there are no laws pertaining to same-sex marriage or unions,
Open Table MCC Church, a local church (Mandaluyong,
Philippines) of the Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan
Community Churches (UFMCC), cites freedom of religion in
sanctioning what it calls holy unions. These ceremonies are
conducted solely for the purpose of celebrating love and are not March 2018 rally at the People
legally recognized.[29] When participating in the political dialogue, Power Monument by supporters of
political representation is important. Because of this, the existence the SOGIE Equality Bill, a proposed
legislation tackling LGBT rights in
of LGBT political party Ang Ladlad and their representation of the
the country.
LGBT community in politics is important.[30] The Filipino Ang
Ladlad party, whose founders, leaders, and core constituency
belong to the LGBT community, was recognized by the
government and participated in party elections in 2013.[31]

Transnational networks such as LGBT non-government organizations allow connected brokers in the
Philippines to widely adopt goals and strategies that are cross-culturally recognizable. Efforts to pass an
anti-discrimination bill that prohibits using sexual orientation and gender identity as a basis for
discrimination is an example. Goals and tactics used in the Philippines such as emphasis on "sexual
orientation" and "gender identity" as a distinct part of the self, the idea of being "out", and pursuit of rights-
based remedies are hallmarks of transnational LGBT politics.[32]
The diffusion of LGBT subjectivities affected by the shifts in the global system allow studies exploring
links between LGBT advocacy and hegemonic geopolitics to increase. An example is through the non-
relational diffusion though media, technology, and shifts in democracy and neoliberalism. According to
Oscar Atadero, one of the organizers of the 1994 Pride in Manila, the decline of interest in a style of
mobilization that is public and militant and the failure of mass movement in the Philippines can be attributed
to "the sudden appearance of the Internet at the same time gays and lesbians were forming political
movements".[33]

There are, however, notable movements as well. One mobilization was Ladlad's "immoRALLY" in front of
the COMELEC office in Manila, two weeks after the rejection of their petition for party-list accreditation in
the 2010 elections. The protest rally was held after COMELEC rejected the petition based on moral
grounds, claiming that the LGBT people are not immoral. The event brought together national
organizations such as Babaylan, Task Force Pride, and the Akbayan party-list to protest the charge against
the LGBTs.[34]

Geraldine Roman is the first transgender person to be elected to the Philippine congress.[35] She has been a
staunch advocate of an anti-discrimination bill.[36] Entertainers Aiza Seguerra and Arnell Ignacio are the
first LGBT-community members appointed as government officials; they were appointed by President
Rodrigo Duterte chair of the National Youth Commission and vice-chair of the Philippine Amusement and
Gaming Corporation, respectively.[37][38]

In December 2019, Duterte appointed trans activist Dindi Tan as director of the Department of Agrarian
Reform.[39]

The Communist Party of the Philippines, a Maxist-Leninist-Maoist political organization, states that it has
recognized same-sex relationships within its membership since 1998.[40]

Media
The Philippine media and show business scene—encompassing film, radio, and television—comprises a
vital part of LGBT culture in terms of representation. Prominent celebrities including Vice Ganda and Boy
Abunda are all featured in major programs and are often tapped to endorse major products and services.

In 2004, the Republic of the Philippines Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB)
had disseminated a memorandum calling homosexual relationships—particularly lesbian relationships—an
"abnormality of human nature",[41] discouraging producers from broadcast any sort of portrayals that
promoted these relationships. While there are still several LGBT personalities in show business as well as
LGBT characters in films and television programs in the Philippines, notices such as this have limited
particular LGBT portrayals in media.[42] While there is an acknowledgement of LGBT people, there is also
a lack of understanding leading to stereotyped portrayals dominating the media.[30]

For the gay Filipino man, two main stereotypes have been revealed in studies to be dominantly presented in
media. There is the feminine gay who often cross-dresses, demonstrates stereotypically feminine actions
and speech and is attracted to stereotypically masculine men. The following films have portrayals of the
feminine gay:

Markova: Comfort Gay

Aishite Imasu: 1941: Mahal Kita
Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros
Petrang Kabayo
In contrast to this is the masculine gay portrayal, where the men still appear stereotypically masculine but
are attracted to the same sex. A cited example of this is the film In My Life.[43]

Lesbianism in Philippine media has also been studied with two common stereotypes emerging: the butch
and the femme. The two are often seen in a butch-femme dichotomy, where in a lesbian couple one
assumes the traditional roles of the masculine-male and the feminine-female, respectively. Femme-to-femme
relationships, when depicted, have been shown more often as abused or ridiculed couples in a more
heteronormative society.[42] The following teleseries are recent portrayals of femme-to-femme lesbian
relationships in the Philippines:

The Rich Man's Daughter (2015)

Baka Bukas (2016)

Die Beautiful, a 2016 comedy-drama narrating the life (and death) of a transgender beauty queen, was
entered into the 2016 Metro Manila Film Festival and won two awards at the Tokyo International Film
Festival in 2016.[44]

LGBT representation outside of television and films have been made through existence of gay beauty
pageants such as Miss Gay Philippines. It is in this competition that all manner of gays, men or women, as
well as transgender and bisexuals are eligible to enter, granted that they first meet the
qualifications/requirements of the pageant. However, the organization of these events have been met with
controversy in certain cases. For example, in 2013, at the 9th Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film
Festival awarding, transgender woman Mimi Juareza was still considered under the "male" category as
Best Actor and referred to with the pronoun "he".[41]

Events
With the general tolerance of the country towards the LGBT
community, its members have organized a number of events in the
past years to empower the Filipino community in creating a safe
space for the LGBT.[45] Since the First Pride March in 1994,[46]
the LGBT community has continued to celebrate this event on the
month of June.

The more recent Pride Marches have become more visible to the
public with its organizers' use of social media to promote the 2019 Metro Manila Pride.
advocacy, and the event.

More Recent Metro Manila Pride Marches

2015 - Fight For Love

The 21st Metro Manila Pride March in 2015, entitled Fight For
Love, was held on 25 July. The turnout of the event was an
estimated number of 2,000 participants.[47]

2016 - Let Love In

2019 Metro Manila Pride.
The following Metro Manila Pride March was themed Let Love In.
There was an uncertainty whether or not the event would take
place due to the Orlando Nightclub Shooting, but the event still pushed through. The march began at
Luneta Park on 25 June 2016.[48]
2017 - #HereTogether

Pride March in 2017 was entitled #HereTogether. On 24 June that year, members and supporters of the
LGBT Community gathered at Plaza de los Alcaldes, Marikina to begin the 2017 Metro Manila Pride
March.[49]

2018 - #RiseUpTogether

The 2018 Metro Manila Pride March, which took place on 30 June 2018 and began at Marikina Sports
Center, was themed #RiseUpTogether.[45] Compared to the previous year with about 7,700 participants,
this year's Pride March round up to 20,000 attendees.

2019 - #ResistTogether

Held at the Marikina Sports Complex, the 2019 Pride was themed #ResistTogether, which fashioned the
march as a celebration of the country's diversity and a protest against homophobia, biphobia, and
transphobia. The pride also focused on the passage and support for the SOGIE Equality Bill in Congress.
Attendance in the 2019 march peaked at 70,000 people, almost thrice the number from the 2018 march.[50]

LGBT Organizations
Alpha Nu: Begun in 2014 and considered the Philippines' first openly gay fraternity, Alpha
Nu is recognized by the University of the Philippines-Diliman and advocates non-violent
initiations, gender sensitivity and psychological support. It holds annual forums on HIV
awareness.
USeP Maharlika: The first LGBT student organization at the University of Southeastern
Philippines, established in 2013
PUP Kabaro: A gender-equality activist organization at the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines
UP Babaylan: Established in 1992, UP Babaylan is the first LGBT student organization in
the Philippines and is the only LGBT support and advocacy student group at the University
of the Philippines Diliman in Metro Manila.
Doll House: A community group for open-minded individuals at Ateneo de Manila University
ProGay Philippines (Progressive Organization of Gays in the Philippines): A gay-rights
organization in Metro Manila that led the Asia and Pacific's first Pride March in the
Philippines in 1994.
Open Table Metropolitan Community Church: A local progressive, ecumenical and LGBT
affirming church Mandaluyong
Open Table MCC (http://opentablemcc.ph) - the Mandaluyong church of Metropolitan
Community Church

Can't Live in the Closet: Lesbian activist group in Metro Manila

Lesbian Advocates Philippines (LeAP): Metro Manila

Lunduyan ng Sining (Sanctuary of Art): Registered lesbian art studio, providing a venue for
lesbian art. The studio has produced a lesbian literary and art folio, What These Hands Can
Do, and holds monthly music, film or art performances at Mag:net Katipunan in Quezon City
IWAG: Social and support group in Davao City
Northern Samar LGBT Community (NSLGBT): Northern Samar
GAHUM: A gay support and advocacy group in Cebu City
 Rainbow Rights (R-Rights) Philippines (formerly the Rainbow Rights Project): Non-profit,
non-partisan, non-governmental organization to create an environment which upholds
human rights and equal opportunities for all, regardless of sexual orientation and gender
identity or expression (SOGIE).
Society of Transsexual Women of the Philippines (STRAP): Metro Manila
PinoyFTM: Founded in July 2011 as the first organization for transsexual and transgender
men in the Philippines. Based in Metro Manila, it has members throughout the Philippines.
Order of St. Aelred: Spiritual gay center in Metro Manila
AKOD: Gay support group at the Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology
Gorgeous and Young (GAY): Support group
Philippine Financial and Inter-Industry Pride: The Philippine Financial & Inter- Industry Pride
(PFIP) is a collaborative, voluntary, and not-for-profit community composed of dedicated
representatives from LGBT+ Employee Resource Groups (ERGs) or Human Resource /
Diversity teams of the financial services industry and associate partner organizations. The
PFIP aims to foster working environments that are safe and inclusive for the LGBT+
community.
Philippine Forum on Sports, Culture, Sexuality and Human Rights (Team Pilipinas): A forum
promoting human rights, sexual and gender diversity and equality through sports, culture
and recreation
UPLB Babaylan: LGBT organization and support group at the University of the Philippines
Los Baños; promotes gender equality among the student body and beyond. Sponsors Pink
Flicks (a film festival focusing on gender issues), symposiums, educational discussions and
gatherings with other LGBT organizations.
Metro Manila Pride: Umbrella organization for the annual Metro Manila Pride events[51]
Quezon City Pride Council (QCPC): A pioneering initiative of the Quezon City government
and the first of its kind in the country, it is a council to enforce LGBT rights and gender-based
policies and programs. Created by Mayor Herbert Bautista with an office order, it was
launched on 25 March 2013 to highlight the city government's support for the implementation
and enforcement of gender-based policies, programs and activities.
Equality Philippines (EqualityPH): Non-profit organization to promote and safeguard the
rights of LGBT members and allies in the Philippines
True Colors Coalition (TCC): Political LGBT organization to continue the community's
struggle for equality, acceptance and freedom by organizing, educating and mobilizing the
community and its allies and campaigning to end all forms of discrimination. TCC is a
member of Kilusan para sa Pambansang Demokrasya (KILUSAN).

See also
LGBT culture

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External links
Barangay Los Angeles (https://web.archive.org/web/20180302174438/http://www.barangayl
a.org/) - Filipino LGBT organization in Los Angeles.
Outrage Magazine (http://www.outragemag.com) - publication for the gay, lesbian, bisexual,
transgender, queer, intersex and asexual (GLBTQIA) communities in the Philippines.

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