PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

Constitution
A Constitution is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established,
limited, and defined and by which the powers are distributed among several departments for their safe and
useful exercise for the benefit of the body politic.
It is a written charter, enacted and adopted by the people of the state, through a convention of representatives
or in any way the people may choose to act, which a government for them is ordained or established, and by
which the people give organic and corporate form to that ideal thing: the state.

Types of Constitution
There are several types of a constitution.

1. Written constitution is a kind of constitution whose provisions a contained in a single document. A good
example of this constitution is the Philippine constitution.
2. Unwritten constitution is a kind of constitution where the provisions are not contained in a single document
but rather in different documents which are considered as part of the fundamental law of the
land. A more appropriate term for this kind would be un-compiled constitution.

The constitution of United Kingdom is a fine example of this type of constitution.

3. Conventional or enacted constitution is a type of constitution that was formulated by a constitutional

convention that is called to draft the constitution.

4. Cumulative or evolved constitution is a constitution which is not drafted by a positive act of the state but it
developed as part of the history of the nation.

5. Rigid or inelastic constitution is one which cannot be easily amended unless such amendment is provided for
by the constitution itself.

6. Flexible or elastic constitution is one which can easily be changed anytime.

Parts of a Constitution
The Constitution as a fundamental law has three major parts namely:
1. Constitution of Government which refers to those provisions which set up the governmental structure
specifically, Articles VI, VII, VIII, IX and X of the 1987 Constitution.
2. Constitution of Liberty are the provisions which guarantee individual fundamental liberties against
governmental abuse specifically provided in Articles III, IV, V, XII, XIII, XIV and XV of the 1987
Constitution and

3. Constitution of Sovereignty which refers to those provisions which outline the process
whereby the sovereign people may change the constitution. These are provided in XVII and
Article II Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution (Duka, 2019)

Essential Qualities of a Written Constitution

It must be broad that in the sense that provides for organization and structure of the entire
government. It must embody the political history of the nation, it must be broad in the sense
that it provides for the organization and structure of present realities and the future prospects
of the nation's destiny.

The constitution must be brief for it must limit itself to the basic principles and leave the
implementations of such fundamental principles to the sound judgment of the legislative
department.

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It must be definite in order to avoid unnecessary ambiguities which would later on lead to
confusion, brought about by the different interpretations and constructions of its provisions
(Cruz, 2003).

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

The 1987 Constitution is founded upon certain fundamental principles of government which
have become part and parcel of our cherished democratic heritage as a people. A knowledge
of these principles is, therefore, essential to proper understanding of our organic law. Among
these principles as contained in the new Constitution are the following:

1. Recognition of the aid of the Almighty God. (See Preamble)

2. Sovereignty of the people (Art. II, Sec 1);
3. Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy (Art. II, Sec 2);
4. Supremacy of civilian authority over the military (Art. II, Sec 3);
5. Separation of church and state (Art. II, Sec 6);
6. Recognition of the importance of the family as a basic social institution
and of the vital role of the youth in nation-building (Art. II, Sec. 12, 13;
Art. XV);
7. Guarantee of Human Rights (Art. III, Sec 1-22);
8. Government through suffrage (Art. V, Sec 1);
9. Separation of powers (Art VI, Sec 1);
10. Independence of the Judiciary (Art. VIII, Sec 1);
11. Guarantee of local autonomy (Art. X, Sec 2);
12. High sense of public service morality and accountability of public
officers (Art XI, Sec 1);
13. Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises
affected with public interest (Art. XII, Sec 2, 3, 17, 18);
14. Non-suability of the State (Art. XVI, Sec. 3);
15. Rule of the majority; and
16. Government of laws and not of men

PREAMBLE

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and
our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

ARTICLE I

National Territory

The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters
embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea,
the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around,
between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and
dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

ARTICLE II

Declaration of Principles and State Policies

Principles
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SECTION 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the
people and all government authority emanates from them.

SECTION 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the
generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to
the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.

SECTION 3. Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military. The Armed Forces of
the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty
of the State and the integrity of the national territory.

SECTION 4. The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The
Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all
citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil
service.

SECTION 5. The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property,
and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of
the blessings of democracy.

SECTION 6. The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.

State Policies

SECTION 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other
states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national
interest, and the right to self-determination.

SECTION 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopts and pursues a policy
of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.

SECTION 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the
prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies
that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and
an improved quality of life for all.

SECTION 10. The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national development.

SECTION 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect
for human rights.

SECTION 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen
the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother
and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in
the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall
receive the support of the Government.

SECTION 13. The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall
promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall
inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public
and civic affairs.

SECTION 14. The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of women and men.

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SECTION 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill
health consciousness among them.

SECTION 16. The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and
healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

SECTION 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture,
and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total
human liberation and development.

SECTION 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the
rights of workers and promote their welfare.

SECTION 19. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national economy
effectively controlled by Filipinos.

SECTION 20. The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages
private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments.

SECTION 21. The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.

SECTION 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural
communities within the framework of national unity and development.

SECTION 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral

organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.

SECTION 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-
building.

SECTION 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments.

SECTION 26. The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and
prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.

SECTION 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take
positive and effective measures against graft and corruption.

SECTION 28. Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and
implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.

Article III - The Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights may be defined as a declaration and enumeration of the individual rights and
privileges which the Constitution is designed to protect against violations by the government or
by individual or groups of individuals. It is a charter of liberties for the individual and a limitation
upon the power of the State.

Classification of Rights

1. Natural Rights - possessed by every citizen without being granted by the State for they
are conferred by God so that human beings may live a fulfilled life. Examples: the right
to live; the right to love.

2. Constitutional Rights - conferred and protected by the Constitution. They cannot be

modified or taken away by the law-making body.

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 Constitutional Rights are classified as follows:

2.1. Political Rights clothes the citizens with the power to participate, directly or
indirectly, in the establishment or administration of the government.

Examples: right of citizenships; suffrage.

2.2 Civil Rights - enforced by law at the instance of private individuals for the purpose of
securing to them the enjoyment of their means of happiness.

2.3 Social and Economic Rights intended to insure the well-being and economic security
of the individual.

2.4 Rights of the Accused intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime.

3. Statutory Rights - provided by laws promulgated by the law-making

body and may be abolished by the same body.

ARTICLE III

Bill of Rights

SECTION 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law,
nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

SECTION 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects
against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause
to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be seized.

SECTION 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except
upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed
by law.

(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for
any purpose in any proceeding.

SECTION 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for
redress of grievances.

SECTION 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the

free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be
required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

SECTION 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law
shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be
impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be
provided by law.

SECTION 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts,
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transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by
law.

SECTION 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.

SECTION 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

SECTION 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

SECTION 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.

SECTION 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have
the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he
must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the
presence of counsel.

(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar
forms of detention are prohibited.

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.

(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.

SECTION 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient
sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not
be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail
shall not be required.

SECTION 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process
of law.

(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to
meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may
proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified
and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.

SECTION 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in
cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.

SECTION 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all
judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.

SECTION 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

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SECTION 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.

(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted.

SECTION 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already
imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.

(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner
or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.

SECTION 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

SECTION 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If
an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.

SECTION 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.

Article IV
Citizenship

Citizenship denotes membership of a permanent character in a community. A citizen of a state

is one who owes allegiance to it and is correspondingly entitled to its protection.

Methods of Acquiring Citizenship

A person's citizenship may be acquired either by birth or by naturalization. Those who acquired
citizenship by birth are considered as natural born citizens.

There are two principles in acquiring citizenship by birth - jus sanguinis and jus soli principles.

1. Citizenship by birth
A person's citizenship is determined at the time of his birth by following either of the following
principles:

(a) jus sanguinis - under this principle a child follows the nationality or citizenship of the
parents regardless of the place of his birth.

b. jus soli - under this principle a child's citizenship is determined by the

place of his birth.

The Philippines adheres to the jus sanguinis principle

The Philippine law on citizenship adheres to the principle of jus sanguinis. Thereunder, a child
follows the nationality or citizenship of the parents regardless of the place of his/her birth, as
opposed to the doctrine of jus soli which determines nationality or citizenship on the basis of
place of birth.
(Valles vs. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 137000, August 9, 2000)

2. Citizenship by naturalization
Naturalization refers to an act whereby a person acquires a citizenship different from that
person's citizenship at birth. Naturalization is most commonly associated with economic
migrants or refugees who have immigrated to a country and resided there as aliens, and who
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have voluntarily and actively chosen to become citizens of that country after meeting specific
requirements.

a. Administrative Naturalization under Republic Act No. 9139, also known as the
Administrative Naturalization Act of 2000.

Special Committee on Naturalization

There shall be constituted a Special Committee on Naturalization herein referred to as the
"Committee", with the Solicitor General as chairman, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, or his
representative, and the National Security Adviser, as members, with the power to approve,
deny or reject applications for naturalization as provided in this Act. (Section 6, R.A. 9139)

b. Judicial Naturalization under Commonwealth Act No. 473. The applicant for
naturalization must file his petition for naturalization with the Court.

c. Citizenship by Congressional grant. The Congress of the Philippines may enact a law
which would grant an alien an outright Philippine citizenship.

The examples of this mode of acquiring Philippine citizenship by an alien is Republic Act No.
10636 granting Philippine citizenship to Andray Blatche, Republic Act No. 10148 granting
Philippine citizenship to Marcus Douthit and Republic Act No. 8266 which granted Filipino
citizenship to Rev. Fr. Paul Van Parijs, CICM.

Natural born citizens

Based on the express provisions of the 1987 Constitution, the following
are natural born citizens of the Philippines:

1. Citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect
their Philippine citizenship;

2. Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority.

Duties and Obligations of a Citizen

1. To be loyal to the Republic.
2. To defend the State.
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State.
4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws.
5. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities.
6. To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others.
7. To engage in gainful work.
8. To register and vote.

NOTE:
Citizen - a member of a democratic state
Subject - a member of a monarchial state

Article V-Suffrage

Suffrage is the right and obligation of qualified citizens to vote in the election of certain national
and local officials of the government and in the decision of public questions submitted to the
people.

Scope of Suffrage
1. Election
- a political exercise whereby the sovereign people choose a
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candidate to fill up an elective government position.

2. Plebiscite
- a political right of the sovereign people to ratify or reject constitutional amendments or
proposed laws.

3. Referendum - the right reserved to the people to adopt or reject any or act measure which
has been passed by a legislative body and which in most cases would, without action on the
part of the electors, becomes a law.

4. Initiative – the power of the people to propose bills and laws to enact or reject them at the
polls independent of the legislative assembly.

5. Recall – a system by which an elective official is removed by popular vote before the end of
his term.

Persons Disqualified to Vote

1. Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less
than one year, such disability not having been removed by plenary pardon or amnesty. But
such person shall automatically reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of five years
after service of sentence.

2. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of
having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as
rebellion, sedition, violation of the antisubversion and firearms laws, or any crime against
national security, unless restored to his full civil and political rights in accordance
with law. Such person shall likewise automatically regain his right to vote upon expiration of
five years after service of sentence.

3. Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority.

Article VI- Legislative Department

Legislative power is essentially the authority under the Constitution to make laws and to alter
and repeal them. Under the present Constitution, the legislative branch of government is
divided into two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

The Senate
The Senate is composed of 24 members elected by qualified voters all over
the country. The senators shall have the following qualifications:
1. Natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
2. At least 35 years old on the day of election;
3. Able to read and write; and
4. A resident of the Philippines for at least two years before election day.

The senators have a six-year term of office and may be reelected for not more than two terms.

The House of Representatives

The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than 250 members. They shall
be elected by qualified voters in the different districts all over the country through the party-list
system. The congressmen shall have the following qualifications:
1. Natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
2. At least 25 years old on the day of election;
3. able to read and write
4. registered voter
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5. Resident of the Philippines for not less than one year before the day of election.

The congressman has a term of 3 years and may be reelected for not more than 3 terms.

The Party-List System

Based on the Constitution, the different sectors of the Philippine society like the farmers, labor,
education, women, youth, and others except the religious sector shall be represented in
Congress. The different sectors form a party and register their respective parties with the
Commission on Elections. The voters write the party that they want in the ballot on election day
and the party which garners at least two percent (2%) of the votes will be entitled to one party-
list representative. (Republic Act No. 7941)

Duties of the Legislative Department

The Congress of the Philippines is tasked by the present Constitution to:
1. enact laws intended as a rule of conduct to govern relationships among individuals or
between the individuals and the state;
2. choose who shall become president in case two or more candidates have equal number of
highest votes;
3. approve the annual budget of the government;
4. ratify treaties and agreements between the Philippines and other countries;
5. conduct inquiries and investigations in aid of legislation;
6. confirm through the Commission on Appointments certain appointees of the President;
7. declare the existence of a state of war;
8. impose taxes and appropriate government funds;
9. impeach government officials as provided by the Constitution;
10. act as constituent assembly in revising or amending the Constitution;
11. confirm or cancel the declaration of martial law by the President; and
12. decide on election protests involving its members through the House of Representatives
Electoral Tribunal (HRET). The Congress holds regular sessions throughout the year starting
on the fourth Monday of July until June of the succeeding year. The President may also call on
Congress for special sessions anytime to settle important issues affecting the country.

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 Article VII-Executive Department

The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines.

Executive power defined as the power to administer the laws, which means
carrying them into practical operation and enforcing their due observance.

The executive department is composed of the President and the Vice President with the
following qualifications:

1. Natural-born citizen of the Philippines;

2. Registered voter;
3. Able to read and write;
4. At least forty years old on the day of the election; and
5. A resident of the Philippines for at least ten years before the election.

The Constitution provides that the President will serve the country for a term of six years and
after that he can no longer be reelected as President. The President is the commander-in-chief
of all the armed forces. He has the power to veto the bills passed by Congress. He has the
power to appoint members of the cabinet and other officials as provided by the Constitution.

Duties of the President

The President is mandated by the Constitution among others to:

1. be the commander in chief of all the Armed Forces of the Philippines;
2. veto the bills enacted by Congress;
3. appoint heads of executive departments, ambassadors and other public ministers, consuls,
heads of bureaus, and other offices;
4. declare martial law in accordance with the Constitution; and
5. grant reprieves, commutations, pardons, and amnesty.

Article VIII-Judicial 
The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be
established by law. Judicial power is the power to apply the laws to contests or disputes
concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the state and private persons, or
between individual litigants in cases properly brought before the judicial tribunal.

The Constitution provides that judicial power shall be exercised by one Supreme Court and
other lower courts as may be provided by law. The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief
Justice and 14 Associate Justices. It may sit en banc or in its discretion, in divisions of three,
five, or seven members.

The following qualifications are required for appointment to the Supreme

Court:
1. A natural-born citizen of the Philippines;
2. At least 40 years old;
3. A judge of a lower court or a practicing lawyer in the Philippines for at
least 15 years; and
4. A person with proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence.

Powers of the Supreme Court

Article VIII of the Constitution vested the Supreme Court with the following
powers:
1. To settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally determinable and
enforceable

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2. To determine whether there has been a grave abuse of power on the part of any branch of
the government;
3. To determine the validity or constitutionality. of the laws passed by Congress and the acts
by other departments of the government;

4. To interpret the provisions of the Constitution, laws, and ordinances;

5. As a court of last resort, it renders authoritative judgments on disputes
involving individuals.

The Organization of Court

A court is a judicial body to which the public administration of justice is
delegated.

The Court of Appeals. It is composed of a Presiding Justice and 50 Associate Justices. It has
17 divisions each of which is composed of three members. It decides cases appealed from the
Regional Trial Courts and other quasi-judicial bodies.

The Regional Trial Court. It is presided by a Regional Trial Court Judge in each of the regions
of the country.

The Metropolitan Trial Court. A Metropolitan Trial Court sits in each

metropolitan area like Metro Manila and others throughout the archipelago.

Municipal Trial Court. A Municipal Trial Court is in every city not forming part of the
metropolitan area and in each of the municipalities not comprised within the metropolitan area.

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CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC
OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND
EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC OFFICE BEING A PUBLIC TRUST,
GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR EXEMPLARY SERVICE, ENUMERATING PROHIBITED ACTS
AND TRANSACTIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC
OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC OFFICE BEING A
PUBLIC TRUST, GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR EXEMPLARY SERVICE, ENUMERATING
PROHIBITED ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND
FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public
Officials and Employees."
Section 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in
public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and shall
discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and loyalty, act with
patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public interest over personal interest.
Section 3. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the term:
(a) "Government" includes the National Government, the local governments, and all other
instrumentalities, agencies or branches of the Republic of the Philippines including government-owned
or controlled corporations, and their subsidiaries.lawphi1.net
(b) "Public Officials" includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary,
whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not
they receive compensation, regardless of amount.
(c) "Gift" refers to a thing or a right to dispose of gratuitously, or any act or liberality, in favor of
another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition thereof.
It shall not include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or in
exchange for, a favor from a public official or employee.
(d) "Receiving any gift" includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly, a gift from a person other
than a member of his family or relative as defined in this Act, even on the occasion of a family
celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is neither nominal nor
insignificant, or the gift is given in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor.
(e) "Loan" covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees, financing arrangements or
accommodations intended to ensure its approval.
(f) "Substantial stockholder" means any person who owns, directly or indirectly, shares of stock
sufficient to elect a director of a corporation. This term shall also apply to the parties to a voting trust.
(g) "Family of public officials or employees" means their spouses and unmarried children under
eighteen (18) years of age.
(h) "Person" includes natural and juridical persons unless the context indicates otherwise.

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(i) "Conflict of interest" arises when a public official or employee is a member of a board, an officer, or
a substantial stockholder of a private corporation or owner or has a substantial interest in a business,
and the interest of such corporation or business, or his rights or duties therein, may be opposed to or
affected by the faithful performance of official duty.
(j) "Divestment" is the transfer of title or disposal of interest in property by voluntarily, completely and
actually depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right or title to it in favor of a person or persons other
than his spouse and relatives as defined in this Act.
(k) "Relatives" refers to any and all persons related to a public official or employee within the fourth
civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, including bilas, inso and balae.
Section 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. - (A) Every public official and employee
shall observe the following as standards of personal conduct in the discharge and execution of official
duties:
(a) Commitment to public interest. - Public officials and employees shall always uphold the public
interest over and above personal interest. All government resources and powers of their respective
offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly and economically, particularly to
avoid wastage in public funds and revenues.
(b) Professionalism. - Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties with the
highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter public service with
utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor to discourage wrong perceptions of their
roles as dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage.
(c) Justness and sincerity. - Public officials and employees shall remain true to the people at all times.
They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate against anyone, especially the poor
and the underprivileged. They shall at all times respect the rights of others, and shall refrain from doing
acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public policy, public order, public safety and public
interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on account of their office to their relatives
whether by consanguinity or affinity except with respect to appointments of such relatives to positions
considered strictly confidential or as members of their personal staff whose terms are coterminous
with theirs.
(d) Political neutrality. - Public officials and employees shall provide service to everyone without unfair
discrimination and regardless of party affiliation or preference.
(e) Responsiveness to the public. - Public officials and employees shall extend prompt, courteous, and
adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise provided by law or when required by the public
interest, public officials and employees shall provide information of their policies and procedures in
clear and understandable language, ensure openness of information, public consultations and hearings
whenever appropriate, encourage suggestions, simplify and systematize policy, rules and procedures,
avoid red tape and develop an understanding and appreciation of the socio-economic conditions
prevailing in the country, especially in the depressed rural and urban areas.
(f) Nationalism and patriotism. - Public officials and employees shall at all times be loyal to the Republic
and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally produced goods, resources and technology and
encourage appreciation and pride of country and people. They shall endeavor to maintain and defend
Philippine sovereignty against foreign intrusion.
(g) Commitment to democracy. - Public officials and employees shall commit themselves to the
democratic way of life and values, maintain the principle of public accountability, and manifest by

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deeds the supremacy of civilian authority over the military. They shall at all times uphold the
Constitution and put loyalty to country above loyalty to persons or party.
(h) Simple living. - Public officials and employees and their families shall lead modest lives appropriate
to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in extravagant or ostentatious display of wealth in
any form.
(B) The Civil Service Commission shall adopt positive measures to promote (1) observance of these
standards including the dissemination of information programs and workshops authorizing merit
increases beyond regular progression steps, to a limited number of employees recognized by their
office colleagues to be outstanding in their observance of ethical standards; and (2) continuing
research and experimentation on measures which provide positive motivation to public officials and
employees in raising the general level of observance of these standards.
Section 5. Duties of Public Officials and Employees. - In the performance of their duties, all public
officials and employees are under obligation to:lawphi1.net
(a) Act promptly on letters and requests. - All public officials and employees shall, within fifteen (15)
working days from receipt thereof, respond to letters, telegrams or other means of communications
sent by the public. The reply must contain the action taken on the request.
(b) Submit annual performance reports. - All heads or other responsible officers of offices and agencies
of the government and of government-owned or controlled corporations shall, within forty-five (45)
working days from the end of the year, render a performance report of the agency or office or
corporation concerned. Such report shall be open and available to the public within regular office
hours.
(c) Process documents and papers expeditiously. - All official papers and documents must be processed
and completed within a reasonable time from the preparation thereof and must contain, as far as
practicable, not more than three (3) signatories therein. In the absence of duly authorized signatories,
the official next-in-rank or officer in charge shall sign for and in their behalf.
(d) Act immediately on the public's personal transactions. - All public officials and employees must
attend to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of their offices and must, at all times, act
promptly and expeditiously.
(e) Make documents accessible to the public. - All public documents must be made accessible to, and
readily available for inspection by, the public within reasonable working hours.
Section 6. System of Incentives and Rewards. - A system of annual incentives and rewards is hereby
established in order to motivate and inspire public servants to uphold the highest standards of ethics.
For this purpose, a Committee on Awards to Outstanding Public Officials and Employees is hereby
created composed of the following: the Ombudsman and Chairman of the Civil Service Commission as
Co-Chairmen, and the Chairman of the Commission on Audit, and two government employees to be
appointed by the President, as members.
It shall be the task of this Committee to conduct a periodic, continuing review of the performance of
public officials and employees, in all the branches and agencies of Government and establish a system
of annual incentives and rewards to the end that due recognition is given to public officials and
employees of outstanding merit on the basis of the standards set forth in this Act.
The conferment of awards shall take into account, among other things, the following: the years of
service and the quality and consistency of performance, the obscurity of the position, the level of
salary, the unique and exemplary quality of a certain achievement, and the risks or temptations

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inherent in the work. Incentives and rewards to government officials and employees of the year to be
announced in public ceremonies honoring them may take the form of bonuses, citations, directorships
in government-owned or controlled corporations, local and foreign scholarship grants, paid vacations
and the like. They shall likewise be automatically promoted to the next higher position with the
commensurate salary suitable to their qualifications. In case there is no next higher position or it is not
vacant, said position shall be included in the budget of the office in the next General Appropriations
Act. The Committee on Awards shall adopt its own rules to govern the conduct of its activities.
Section 7. Prohibited Acts and Transactions. - In addition to acts and omissions of public officials and
employees now prescribed in the Constitution and existing laws, the following shall constitute
prohibited acts and transactions of any public official and employee and are hereby declared to be
unlawful:
(a) Financial and material interest. - Public officials and employees shall not, directly or indirectly, have
any financial or material interest in any transaction requiring the approval of their office.
(b) Outside employment and other activities related thereto. - Public officials and employees during
their incumbency shall not:
(1) Own, control, manage or accept employment as officer, employee, consultant, counsel, broker,
agent, trustee or nominee in any private enterprise regulated, supervised or licensed by their office
unless expressly allowed by law;
(2) Engage in the private practice of their profession unless authorized by the Constitution or law,
provided, that such practice will not conflict or tend to conflict with their official functions; or
(3) Recommend any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a regular or pending
official transaction with their office.
These prohibitions shall continue to apply for a period of one (1) year after resignation, retirement, or
separation from public office, except in the case of subparagraph (b) (2) above, but the professional
concerned cannot practice his profession in connection with any matter before the office he used to be
with, in which case the one-year prohibition shall likewise apply.
(c) Disclosure and/or misuse of confidential information. - Public officials and employees shall not use
or divulge, confidential or classified information officially known to them by reason of their office and
not made available to the public, either:
(1) To further their private interests, or give undue advantage to anyone; or
(2) To prejudice the public interest.
(d) Solicitation or acceptance of gifts. - Public officials and employees shall not solicit or accept, directly
or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value from any
person in the course of their official duties or in connection with any operation being regulated by, or
any transaction which may be affected by the functions of their office.
As to gifts or grants from foreign governments, the Congress consents to:
(i) The acceptance and retention by a public official or employee of a gift of nominal value tendered
and received as a souvenir or mark of courtesy;
(ii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of a gift in the nature of a scholarship or fellowship
grant or medical treatment; or

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(iii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of travel grants or expenses for travel taking place
entirely outside the Philippine (such as allowances, transportation, food, and lodging) of more than
nominal value if such acceptance is appropriate or consistent with the interests of the Philippines, and
permitted by the head of office, branch or agency to which he belongs.
The Ombudsman shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of this
subsection, including pertinent reporting and disclosure requirements.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or prohibit any educational, scientific or cultural
exchange programs subject to national security requirements.
Section 8. Statements and Disclosure. - Public officials and employees have an obligation to accomplish
and submit declarations under oath of, and the public has the right to know, their assets, liabilities, net
worth and financial and business interests including those of their spouses and of unmarried children
under eighteen (18) years of age living in their households.
(A) Statements of Assets and Liabilities and Financial Disclosure. - All public officials and employees,
except those who serve in an honorary capacity, laborers and casual or temporary workers, shall file
under oath their Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and a Disclosure of Business Interests
and Financial Connections and those of their spouses and unmarried children under eighteen (18)
years of age living in their households.
The two documents shall contain information on the following:
(a) real property, its improvements, acquisition costs, assessed value and current fair market value;
(b) personal property and acquisition cost;
(c) all other assets such as investments, cash on hand or in banks, stocks, bonds, and the like;
(d) liabilities, and;
(e) all business interests and financial connections.
The documents must be filed:
(a) within thirty (30) days after assumption of office;
(b) on or before April 30, of every year thereafter; and
(c) within thirty (30) days after separation from the service.
All public officials and employees required under this section to file the aforestated documents shall
also execute, within thirty (30) days from the date of their assumption of office, the necessary
authority in favor of the Ombudsman to obtain from all appropriate government agencies, including
the Bureau of Internal Revenue, such documents as may show their assets, liabilities, net worth, and
also their business interests and financial connections in previous years, including, if possible, the year
when they first assumed any office in the Government.
Husband and wife who are both public officials or employees may file the required statements jointly
or separately.
The Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and the Disclosure of Business Interests and
Financial Connections shall be filed by:
(1) Constitutional and national elective officials, with the national office of the Ombudsman;

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(2) Senators and Congressmen, with the Secretaries of the Senate and the House of Representatives,
respectively; Justices, with the Clerk of Court of the Supreme Court; Judges, with the Court
Administrator; and all national executive officials with the Office of the President.
(3) Regional and local officials and employees, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective regions;
(4) Officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, with the Office of the
President, and those below said ranks, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective regions; and
(5) All other public officials and employees, defined in Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, with the
Civil Service Commission.
(B) Identification and disclosure of relatives. - It shall be the duty of every public official or employee to
identify and disclose, to the best of his knowledge and information, his relatives in the Government in
the form, manner and frequency prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.
(C) Accessibility of documents. - (1) Any and all statements filed under this Act, shall be made available
for inspection at reasonable hours.
(2) Such statements shall be made available for copying or reproduction after ten (10) working days
from the time they are filed as required by law.
(3) Any person requesting a copy of a statement shall be required to pay a reasonable fee to cover the
cost of reproduction and mailing of such statement, as well as the cost of certification.
(4) Any statement filed under this Act shall be available to the public for a period of ten (10) years after
receipt of the statement. After such period, the statement may be destroyed unless needed in an
ongoing investigation.
(D) Prohibited acts. - It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain or use any statement filed under this
Act for:
(a) any purpose contrary to morals or public policy; or
(b) any commercial purpose other than by news and communications media for dissemination to the
general public.
Section 9. Divestment. - A public official or employee shall avoid conflicts of interest at all times. When
a conflict of interest arises, he shall resign from his position in any private business enterprise within
thirty (30) days from his assumption of office and/or divest himself of his shareholdings or interest
within sixty (60) days from such assumption.
The same rule shall apply where the public official or employee is a partner in a partnership.
The requirement of divestment shall not apply to those who serve the Government in an honorary
capacity nor to laborers and casual or temporary workers.
Section 10. Review and Compliance Procedure. - (a) The designated Committees of both Houses of the
Congress shall establish procedures for the review of statements to determine whether said
statements which have been submitted on time, are complete, and are in proper form. In the event a
determination is made that a statement is not so filed, the appropriate Committee shall so inform the
reporting individual and direct him to take the necessary corrective action.
(b) In order to carry out their responsibilities under this Act, the designated Committees of both
Houses of Congress shall have the power within their respective jurisdictions, to render any opinion
interpreting this Act, in writing, to persons covered by this Act, subject in each instance to the approval
by affirmative vote of the majority of the particular House concerned.
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The individual to whom an opinion is rendered, and any other individual involved in a similar factual
situation, and who, after issuance of the opinion acts in good faith in accordance with it shall not be
subject to any sanction provided in this Act.
(c) The heads of other offices shall perform the duties stated in subsections (a) and (b) hereof insofar as
their respective offices are concerned, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Justice, in the case of
the Executive Department and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in the case of the Judicial
Department.
Section 11. Penalties. - (a) Any public official or employee, regardless of whether or not he holds office
or employment in a casual, temporary, holdover, permanent or regular capacity, committing any
violation of this Act shall be punished with a fine not exceeding the equivalent of six (6) months' salary
or suspension not exceeding one (1) year, or removal depending on the gravity of the offense after due
notice and hearing by the appropriate body or agency. If the violation is punishable by a heavier
penalty under another law, he shall be prosecuted under the latter statute. Violations of Sections 7, 8
or 9 of this Act shall be punishable with imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years, or a fine not
exceeding five thousand pesos (P5,000), or both, and, in the discretion of the court of competent
jurisdiction, disqualification to hold public office.
(b) Any violation hereof proven in a proper administrative proceeding shall be sufficient cause for
removal or dismissal of a public official or employee, even if no criminal prosecution is instituted
against him.
(c) Private individuals who participate in conspiracy as co-principals, accomplices or accessories, with
public officials or employees, in violation of this Act, shall be subject to the same penal liabilities as the
public officials or employees and shall be tried jointly with them.
(d) The official or employee concerned may bring an action against any person who obtains or uses a
report for any purpose prohibited by Section 8 (D) of this Act. The Court in which such action is brought
may assess against such person a penalty in any amount not to exceed twenty-five thousand pesos
(P25,000). If another sanction hereunder or under any other law is heavier, the latter shall apply.
Section 12. Promulgation of Rules and Regulations, Administration and Enforcement of this Act. - The
Civil Service Commission shall have the primary responsibility for the administration and enforcement
of this Act. It shall transmit all cases for prosecution arising from violations of this Act to the proper
authorities for appropriate action: Provided, however, That it may institute such administrative actions
and disciplinary measures as may be warranted in accordance with law. Nothing in this provision shall
be construed as a deprivation of the right of each House of Congress to discipline its Members for
disorderly behavior.
The Civil Service Commission is hereby authorized to promulgate rules and regulations necessary to
carry out the provisions of this Act, including guidelines for individuals who render free voluntary
service to the Government. The Ombudsman shall likewise take steps to protect citizens who
denounce acts or omissions of public officials and employees which are in violation of this Act.
Section 13. Provisions for More Stringent Standards. - Nothing in this Act shall be construed to derogate
from any law, or any regulation prescribed by any body or agency, which provides for more stringent
standards for its official and employees.
Section 14. Appropriations. - The sum necessary for the effective implementation of this Act shall be
taken from the appropriations of the Civil Service Commission. Thereafter, such sum as may be needed
for its continued implementation shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act.

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Section 15. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any
person or circumstance is declared invalid, the remainder of the Act or the application of such
provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.
Section 16. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees and orders or parts thereof inconsistent herewith, are
deemed repealed or modified accordingly, unless the same provide for a heavier penalty.
Section 17. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect after thirty (30) days following the completion of its
publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.

CURRENT EVENTS
PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES AND CONCEPTS
Human Rights
Human Rights - Those rights which human beings have, simply because they are human
beings. These are quite independent of social circumstance or the level of achievement which
an individual has attained.

A person's human rights cannot be relinquished, transferred, or forfeited by the actions of

another individual. Additional rights which a person may have are largely derived from the
human rights which are basic to each individual.

Proponents of Human Rights

1. Hebrews - The first civilization to put into practice a policy of respect for the dignity of every
individual.

In ancient Israel, slaves were also given rights and women had definite
property rights.

2. Greeks-Contributed the idea of democracy to the modern world. In ancient Greek city states
(polis), citizen's rights were clearly defined and accorded much respect, but women and slaves
had very few rights to exercise. Cleistenes (600 BC) - Made military service and civil
administration open to poorer classes.

Pericles (409-429 BC) - Made democracy complete for all free men.

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - Justice and fairness must prevail in all human affairs. Honors and
riches in society must be granted on the basis of the efforts expended on the qualities which
were displayed by each individual.

Stoics - Believed that justice is the natural expression of the law of reason ordained by God.
They believed that men must be bound by the spirit of brotherhood regardless of their status
and gender.

3. Romans - They based the rights accorded to every individual on the Laws of the Twelve
Tables (449 BC) which emphasized proper trial, the presentation of evidence and proof, and
the illegality of bribery in judicial proceedings.

Jus Gentium (law of peoples) - Based on the prevailing customs of the captured people used
by the Romans in ruling conquered territories. This law was regarded as common to all
mankind based on the nature of things and the general sense of equity among all men. This
law became a shield and a protector against arbitrary power of the Roman governors or the
unlawful acts of the citizens.
-

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Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) Proposed a well-developed conception of natural law (just
naturale) which was eternal and immutable and which applied to all people at all times. GOD,
he believed, is the source of all universal laws. He further contended that natural law binds all
men in such a way that "whoever is disobedient is fleeing from himself and denying his human
nature."

4. Christianity - A religious movement founded by the Lord Jesus Christ.

- Espoused the idea that all men are created equal.
- Advanced the idea that man's soul is immortal such that each person who is actually created
by God has the right to be treated with respect because he is a unique being designed for a
definite Divine purpose.

Contemporary Human Rights Advocates

1. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)

most important agent of history was the state, which is the creator and protector of values,
including human rights of individuals.

2. Karl Marx (1788-1883) - Advocated communism which is to be achieved through the

overthrowing of the ruling classes (the Bourgeois) to pave the way for the proletarian rule.

3. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) - He believed that governments which issued pious

declarations of the rights of man were making statements which cost nothing and tended to
delay much needed substantive reform.

4. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) - Advanced the idea that men have the right to disobey man-
made legislations which violated eternal principles of law. Cessante ratione cessat lex ipsa

5. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Wrote the Social Contract Theory. He argued that if
there was much evil in the world it could not be blamed on man's natural inclinations but on
social injustice and inequality which drove man to commit every conceivable depraved act.

6. Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778) He contended persuasively for freedom of

person, the press, and religion.

7. John Locke (1632-1704) - He advocated that to protect the interest of the people, of which
the chief were life, liberty, and property. The society is founded by unattached individuals in a
"state of nature." They, therefore, had contracted among themselves to obey a government to
which each resigned his rights of self-protection.

8. The Magna Carta - The great charter of liberties exacted from the English king, John, by his
rebellious barons and sealed at Unnymede on June 15, 1215 is a famous embodiment of
resistance to monarchy unregulated by law.

Many of Magna Carta's 63 clauses deal with feudal privileges of benefit only to the barons.
Moreover, the charter even if it were soon violated by King John, was reissued by King Henry
III, John's successor, and by 1225, it received its final form and was accepted as a major
symbol of the supremacy of law.

9. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights - One of the first major achievements of the
United Nations was the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General
Assembly on December 10, 1948. The Assembly proclaimed the Declaration "a common
standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations."

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It called upon all member states and all people to promote and secure the effective recognition
and observance of the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration.

In 1950, the General Assembly decided that December 10 of each year should be observed
internationally as Human Rights Day.

Articles 1 and 2 of the Declaration state that "All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights" and are "entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration,
without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status."
Articles 3 to 21 of the Declaration set forth the civil and political rights to
which all human beings are entitled, including

1. the right to life, liberty, and security of person;

2. freedom from slavery and servitude;
3. freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment;
4. the right to recognition as a person before the law; equal protection of the law; to be brought
to an effective judicial remedy; freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile; the right to a
fair trial and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal; the right to be
presumed innocent until proven guilty;

5. freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence;

6. freedom of movement; the right of asylum; the right to a nationality;
7. the right to marry and to found a family; the right to own property;
8. freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; freedom of opinion and expression;
9. the right of association and of assembly; and
10. the right to take part in government and the right of equal access to public service.

Articles 22 to 27 of the Declaration set forth the economic, social, and cultural rights to which
all human beings are entitled, including
1. the right to social security;
2. the right to work;
3. the right to rest and leisure;
4. the right to standard of living adequate for health and well-being;
5. the right to education; and
6. the right to participate in the cultural life of the community.

The concluding Articles 28 to 30 recognize that everyone is entitled to social and international
order in which these rights and freedom may be fully realized, and they stress the duties and
responsibilities which the individual owes to the Community

Human Rights and the 1987 Philippine Constitution

Article XIII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution stipulated provisions pertaining to Social Justice
and Human Rights, and aims to

1. protect and enhance the right of all people to human dignity;

2. reduce social, economic, and political inequalities; and
3. remove cultural iniquities.

To attain this end, Article XIII Section 17 (1) provides for the creation of
the Commission on Human Rights.

These provisions are in addition to the basic rights that are already guaranteed by the Bill of
Rights in Article III of the 1987 Constitution.

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ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
Ecology
Ecology-(Greek oikos or house and logos or the study of)
- The scientific study of the interrelationship of plants, animals, and
environment
In recent years has been misused as a synonym for environment
- Includes Wildlife management, Forestry, Agriculture, Pollution
control, and conservation-
Divisions of Ecology
Terrestrial ecology
Fresh water (limnology) ecology
Marine ecology
Population ecology
Community ecology
Ecosystem ecology

Ecological Classifications of Organisms (based on their function in the environment)

1. Autotrophs ("self-nourishers" or producers)

manufacture their own food from carbon dioxide, water, minerals, and mainly green plants;
sunlight.

2. Heterotrophs lack metabolic machinery to synthesize their own food and must obtain it from
other sources.

Classification:
2.1 Herbivores-plant eaters
2.2 Carnivores - predators/animal eaters

2.3 Omnivores - eat both plants and animals

2.4. Scavengers - eat large dead organisms

2.5. Decomposers - smaller heterotrophs that feed on dead organisms such as bacteria and
fungi

2.6. Parasites - eat living organisms but unlike predators, they do not devour their hosts at one
time
e.g., ticks, fleas, tape worms, round worms

Communities - the term applied to the assemblages of organisms. Some communities are very
small such as those composed of invertebrates and decomposers living within a rotten log.
Others may be as large as an entire forest.

Biomes - the most extensive communities which occupy wide geographic areas.

Ecosystem - refers to an area whose chemical, physical, biological traits and forms of energy
present like air, water, soil, including the organisms, small and big, are interrelating in a natural
way showing specific characteristics that distinguish the area from adjacent communities. It is
a life support system in
equilibrium.

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Endangered Species refers to organisms whose population has been so reduced that they are
threatened with extinction.

Extinct Species-In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of
organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be
the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may
have been lost before this point.

Causes of Extinction
1. Genetics and demographic phenomena
2. Genetic pollution
3. Habitat degradation
4. Pollution
5. Predation, competition, and disease
6. Co extinction
7. Mass Extinction
8. Modern Extinction

Other Environmental Concerns

Pollution - the addition of a chemical, physical, or biological agent into the air, water, or soil in
an amount or rate that threatens human health, wildlife, and plants or disrupts the orderly
functioning of the environment. Main pollutants are industrial wastes.

 Water pollution
 Air pollution

Ozone depletion the ozone (03) layer protects the earth from too much radiation (ultraviolet
rays) of the sun. When the ozone layer is destroyed, ultraviolet rays coming through it pose
health risks to people and other living organisms on earth.

Biodegradable - describes substances which can be broken down by the decomposing action
of living organisms such as bacteria. e.g., vegetables, fruit peelings, leaves

Non-biodegradable - substances that cannot be broken down by decomposers. They are

pollutants like plastics and other man-made chemicals.

Acid rain rainfall with a pH less than 5.6 in the measuring scale that runs from 0 to 14.
 rain is neutral when it reads 5.6 and above
 pollutants and other emissions coming from industrial and electric plants
increase acidification
 the usual sources of acid rain are electricity-generating plants and large-
scale burning of oil and coal

Climate change - refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an
extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in
temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several
decades or longer.

Global Warming The recent and ongoing global average increase in temperature near the
Earths surface.

Sustainable development - the term applied to the idea of securing the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

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El Niño - a change in the circulation of pacific currents caused by the dropping of pressure in
the giant high pressure system centered near East Pacific, off South America. This brings
warmer water on certain areas and colder water to others in the circulation of Pacific currents.

This phenomenon seems to occur every 4 to 7 years which brings drought to affected areas. It
is named after the Child Jesus as this occurs often on Christmas season.

La Niña (opposite of El Niño) - brings heavy torrential rains on affected areas.

Republic Act No. 9003 - Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 It provides for mandatory
segregation of solid waste to be conducted primarily at the source such as household,
institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources. It sets minimum requirements to
ensure systematic collection and transport of wastes and the proper protection of garbage
collectors' health. It also provides for the establishment of reclamation programs and buy-
back centers for recyclable and toxic materials, promotion of eco-labeling in local products and
services and prohibition on non-environmentally acceptable products and packaging.

Republic Act No. 8749 - Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 Provides that people have the right to
balanced and healthful ecology,
and intends to promote and protect global environment to attain sustainable
development, while recognizing primary responsibility of LGUs to deal with
environmental problems. Public building or enclosed public place. This law
prohibits smoking in public vehicles and other means of transport, any enclosed
area outside private residence or place of work or duly designated smoking area.
Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases
The Supreme Court true to its mandate of upholding the Constituttion
has issued Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases on April 13, 2010 to
protect the environment among them are Strategic Lawsuit Against Public
Participation (SLAPP), Writ of Kalikasan and Writ of Continuing Mandamus.

Civil service Review Page 27 of 27