UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF PHARMACY

ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL MEDICINES AND INVENTORY CONTROL

PRACTICE IN UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN
AMHARA REGION STATE OF ETHIOIPIA

BY: 1. BEZAWIT MESERET

2. MUHABAWU TEKA

3. TESHALE TESHOME

ADVISORS: ALEM ENDESHAW (BSc, MSc)

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

PHARMACEUTICS, SCHPPL OF PHARMACY, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
AND HEALTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR FOR PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR BACHELOR GEGREE
OF PHARMACY

January, 2019

Gondar, Ethiopia
 UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUITICS ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL
MEDICINES AND INVENTORY CONTROL PRACTICE IN UNIVERSITY
OF GONDAR REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN AMHARA REGION STATE OF
ETHIOIPIA

Advisors Signature Date

1. Mrs. ALEM ENDESHAW _______________
 ACKNOLEDGMENT

First of all we would like to thank to our Advisor Alem E. for your valuable suggestions,
advice, comments and concerns by spending her time and energy starting from proposal
development report.
Secondly we would like to forward our deepest gratitude to Gondar University for giving this
chance to attend BSc and for sponsoring us. Then we would like to thank Gondar university
CMHS , school of pharmacy , department of pharmaceutics for their help to search literature and
different online journals from internet.

I
TABLE OF CONTENT

S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................I

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................II

ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................................IV

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................V

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of the problem..................................................................................................2

1.3 Significant of the study…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................4

2.1 Availability of essential medicine…………………………………………………………………………………………………..4

2.2 inventory control…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY...............................................................................................6

3.1. General objective..............................................................................................................6

3.2. Specific objectives............................................................................................................6

4. METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................7

4.1. Study area and period........................................................................................................7

4.2. Study design......................................................................................................................7

4.3. Population.........................................................................................................................7

4.3.1. Source population......................................................................................................7

4.3.2. Study population........................................................................................................7

4.4. Inclusion and exclusion criteria’s.....................................................................................8

4.4.1. Inclusion criteria’s.....................................................................................................8

4.4.2. Exclusion criteria’s....................................................................................................8

II
 4.5. Sample size determination....................................................................................................8

4.5.1 study variables…………………………………………………………………………8

4.5.1.1 Dependent variable....................................................................................................8

4.5.2.2 Independent variables................................................................................................8

4.6. Data collection method.........................................................................................................9

4.6.1Data collection instrument……………………………………………………………..9

4.6.2 Data collector....................................................................................................................9

4.6.3 Data collection procedure ................................................................................................9

4.7.Oprational defnition...............................................................................................................9

4.8 Data quality control………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10

4.9.Data analysis........................................................................................................................10

4.10. Ethical consideration...................................................................................................10

4.11. Dissemination of the result..........................................................................................10

5. WORK PLAN........................................................................................................................11

6. BUDGET................................................................................................................................12

7. REFERENCE.........................................................................................................................13

ANNEXES

III
ABBRIVATTIONS
AAU Addis Ababa University

ADDOs Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets

CHAM Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM)
CMHS College of Medicine and Health Science
ED Essential Drug
ERC Ethiopia Red Cross
HAI Health Action International
JHC Jimma Health Center
LPG Lowest-Priced Generic Equivalent
MPRs Median price ratios MPRs
NEML National Essential Medicine List
NGO Non Governmental Organization
OB Originator Brand
PHCU Primary Health Care Unit
UGRH University of Gondar Referral Hospital
WHO World Health Organization

IV
ABSRTACT
Background: Access to essential medicines is a critical component of universal health
coverage and important factor to address patients' satisfaction and increase their health seeking
behavior.
Essential drugs are important for quality service delivery in the healthcare system. Proper
inventory management of essential drugs in the health facilities is critical in ensuring availability
of essential drugs (ED).Although availability of essential medicines is one of the most important
objectives of national medicines' policies, the unavailability of essential medicines remains a
major problem for poor countries. Health facilities experience an acute shortage of drugs thereby
forcing hospitals to use funds meant for development to buy emergency medicines from local
pharmacies.
Objectives: To Assess Accessibility Of Essential Medicines and Inventory Control Practice
In university of Gondar Referral Hospital ,Amhara .
Methods: The study will be conducted using institution based cross sectional study design for
the assessment of the essential medicines ,accessibility and inventory control practices in Gondar
university referral hospital.

Work plan: The time schedule for this study is start from research topic selection, OCTOBER
27/2018 to the final presentation of my study, JUNE 22/2019G.C.

Budget: The Budget breakdown for this study 1389.3 in Ethiopian birr.

Keywords: Essential Medicines, Inventory Control Practice, University of Gondar Referral

Hospital

V
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back ground
Essential medicines are those that fulfill the health care needs of the population and are
deliberated to be available within the context of a functioning health system at all times in
adequate quantity, in the right dosage form, and at the price the community can afford Inequities
in access to medicines reflect failures in health systems and policy(1).
Diseases causing high morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age in resource
limited settings could be treated if access to essential medicines is ensured. Medicines are the
second most significance component of healthcare budgets, second only to pays(2).
The World Health Organization (WHO) considers relevant choices of medicines as the most
cost-effective health intervention after childhood immunization.
Ethiopia is one of the developing countries in Africa with infectious diseases such as TB, HIV,
STI, diarrheal diseases, pneumonia and malaria being the major health problems. Provision of
basic health services in the country mostly remains to be the responsibility of the public sector.
This relies, among other factors, on availing the most cost-effective medicines that satisfy
priority healthcare needs of the population in adequate amount, appropriate dosage forms and of
assured quality at all times. Based on the common health problems in the country, Ethiopia has
developed national essential medicines list starting from 1985. In 2012 it has also published list
of medicines specifically for primary public health facilities of the country to ease making
available of the needed medicines at this facility level (3).

Availability of essential medicines is commonly cited as the most important element of quality
by health care consumers, and the absence of medicines is a key factor in the underuse of
government health services(4)

One-third of the world’s population does not have a regular access to full and effective
treatments with the medicine they need. Lack of access to Essential Drugs (EDs) is still a serious
global public problem, despite considerable progress made since introduction of ED concept
unaffordable for large sectors of the global population and major burden of government

1
Inventory management is the planning, controlling, organizing, directing towards achieving
efficiency in the procurement, transportation, stocking and utilization of inputs of a
manufacturing organization is therefore central to production activities and management(5).

1.2. Statement of the Problem

The absence of essential medicines in most of Ethiopian’s public health facilities highly
increases the country’s mortality rate as these facilities serve majority of Ethiopian with low
incomes and have to depend on subsidized cost of healthcare promised in public facilities.
The shortage of these medical supplies in Hospital pharmacies diverts patients hoping for
cheaper and government-subsidized rates to private facilities where costs are quite high(3).
Moreover, up to 90% of the population in low and middle-income countries must pay for
medicines out of pocket due to lack of social insurance and inadequate publicly subsidized
services Not only are medicines unaffordable for large sectors of the global population, they are
a major burden on government budgets(6).
The high cost of medicines (relative to the household budget) means that an illness in the family
exposes that family to the risk of catastrophic expenditure. Too often the choice is made to go
without (7).
Public health facilities have experienced difficulties in accessing those funds and hence have had
to rely on the county government to supply them with the essential medicines as and when they
deem fit. The patient flow has been diminishing since most of the medicines prescribed are not
available in those facilities. Large proportions of the allocations would go towards the
procurement of essential medicine. In its World Health Report 2000, WHO has ranked Ethiopia
at 180 among 191 countries for the performance in overall health care and this figure is an
indicator that much has to be done to improve the delivery of health care and in finicky to
advance availability and affordability of drugs (3).
Ethiopia practices a ‘‘free market economy’’ and a ‘‘price deregulation system’’ in which
manufacturers, distributors, and retailers set medicine prices without government control. Central
Gondar zone, as one of the provinces with strong trade and daily price inflations, faces a strong
challenge in the health care delivery and increasing health care expenditures on medicines is one
of them. This research will address the source of these problems, the extent of challenges faced

2
with the population, and the parties contributing to worsening of these problems with an
intention contributing reliable data and recommendations to resolve them.

1.3. Significant of the of the Study

This research provides an overview of data on the Accessibility of essential medicines and
inventory control practice. There by generating a reliable data on the above mentioned issues.
Therefore the significance of this study is to assess accessibility of essential medicine and
inventory control practices in university of Gondar Referral Hospital. There by to asses
unchecked problems faced in the area of Accessibility to provide insights and propose
recommendations to stakeholders on how to improve drug Accessibility and inventory control
practice in University of Gondar Referral Hospital.

3
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Availability of essential medicines

The study conducted in Brazil cross-sectional and evaluative study in 2017 availability in
essential medicines in 120 primary health care units, the average availability of tracer medicines
in primary health care was 52.9%, with differences between regions and sampling strata. This
index increased to 62.5% when phycotherapic medicines were excluded(8).
Epidemiological studies in Northeast Brazil in 2016 shows availability and accessibility to
medicines in primary health care ,The average availability of essential medicines from a key list
in stock observed in visits in Primary Health Care units was 98,3 ± 3,7% and in the past 12
months was 42,5 ± 13,6%(9).
A Population Based Cross-Sectional Study conducted in Uttar Pradesh, India, in 2016 showed
the on availability some essential child-specific medicines Both public sector and
nongovernmental organization (NGO)/mission sector health facilities procure only one brand of
medicines, mean percentage availability of medicines being 17% and 21.8%, respectively(10).
The study done in different 36 countries in 2014 shows the availability of essential medicine
in one administrative area (Manzini region) of Swaziland(OB) and (LPG) medicines mean
availability of LPG medicines in the private sector was 77.50% ± 27.7% compared with 68.00%
± 22.3% in the public sector. Mean availability of OB medicines was higher in the public sector
(80%) versus the private sector (40%)(11).
Based on community based study conducted in sudan ,2014 , medicines
price ,availability ,affordability showing result generic medicines were the predominant products
in public and private pharmacy sectors (39.5% and 56.6% respectively), while the availability of
originator brands were 1.8% in public sector pharmacies and 9.3% for private pharmacy
sector(12) .
In similar study Both Ethiopia and Tanzaniain 2017 shows that availability was better for local
products compared to imports, in the public (48% vs. 19%, respectively) and private (54% vs.
35%, respectively) sectors(13).
Another comparative study conducted at 36 developing and middle income countries in 2008
medicine availability In the public sector, the availability of the basket of 15 generic medicines

4
was low, ranging from 9·7% in Yemen to 79·2% in Mongolia Regional availability ranged from
29·4% in Africa to 54·4% in the Americas; mean availability in the public sector was lower than
in the private sector in all regions; Even in the private sector, availability of generics was low,
ranging from 50·1% in the western Pacific to 75·1% in southeast Asia. High private sector
availability of generics was recorded in Syria (97·5%) and Chennai, India (91·8%), whereas low
availability was seen in Chad (14·8%), Kuwait (36·3%), the Philippines (33·6%), and China
(34·6% in Shandong and 38·3% in Shanghai); Wide variations in availability were noted within
WHO regions. In western Pacific countries, public sector availability of generics ranged from
22·2% in the Philippines to 79·2% in Mongolia. Similarly, private sector availability of generics
in Africa ranged widely, from 14·8% in Chad to 79·1% in Ethiopia(14).
In Ethiopia at the end of 2013 to access: availability and affordability of essential drugs in
a retail outlet of a public health center in south western Ethiopia ,in jimma among 230 EDs
availability only 128 /55.65%/(15).
In community based cross sectional study in wollega zone in 2016 availability and affordability
of essential medicines for children ,EM average availability was 43% at public and 42.8% at
private sector(16).
In similar study conducted in addis ababa in 2009 availability of essential medicines ,availability
based of essential drugs at facility level was 91% based on a list of selected drugs
vs. 84% based on prescriptions filled(17).
In population based cross sectional study was conducted in south wollo zone in 2015 access to
Essential Medicines in Primary Health Care Units ,average availability of essential medicine in
PHCU and private medicine outlets was 85.5% and 91% respectively(18) .
In 2013 study was conducted at Gondar on availability of EM ,the average availability of EM in
public health center was 91%(19).

2.2. Inventory control

Stock management, also known as inventory management, involves all the policies, procedures,
and techniques used to maintain the optimum amount of each item in stock. It involves ordering,
receiving, storing, issuing, and reordering items. Stock and inventory management are the heart
of the medicines supply system. The principal goal of inventory management involves having to
balance the conflicting economics of not wanting to hold too much stock (21).

5
The inventory management can bring out significant improvement not only in patient care but
also in the optimal us e of resources. Continuous management can provide the value added
services to the patients (22).
According to study done in Indian, storage and inventory management system of medicines
around 95 % of public health facilities in Punjab had the dedicated storage space with
temperature control and proper ventilation. Cold storage facility was available in 85 % of
facilities in Punjab. All the public health facilities in Haryana had the dedicated space for storage
along with cold storage facility for medicines. Around 89 % had temperature control mechanism
and proper ventilation in Haryana. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) acknowledge
the critical importance of improving access to medicines in setting MDG target, which is: “in
cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, to provide access to affordable essential drugs in
developing countries” (23).
A well-functioning health system ensures equitable access to essential medical products,
vaccines and technology of assured quality, safety and efficacy as well as their scientific
soundness and cost effectiveness to use(24).
The main work involve in the inventory management operation of pharmacy is the balance of
stock used for pharmacy to ensure that the needs of patients are adequately addressed and also
ensure that the time taken in ordering and purchasing is reduced. It also prevents costs associated
with damages and expiration of inventory and it reduces the total cost to pharmacy and hence the
entire health care facility(25).

The management should be cautious what to stock at any given time to ensure that there is
neither overstocking nor under stocking of drugs within the hospital(26).

Health systems in various countries of the world have similar goals of improving health
outcomes, through systems that are responsive and financially fair. All health systems carry out
the same basic functions, regardless of how they are organized or which health interventions they
are trying to deliver. These functions of health systems are the development of human and other
key resources; service provision; financing; and stewardship.

6
 3. OBJECTIVE
3.1. General Objective

 To assess the availability of essential medicines accessibility and inventory control practices
in the university of Gondar referral hospital Amhara Ethiopia.

3.2. Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the research include the following:-

 To assess the physical availability of essential medicines in the university of Gondar referral
hospital Amhara ; Ethiopia.

 To assess inventory control practices in the university of Gondar referral hospital Amhara ;
Ethiopia

 To collect stock status information including stock out and duration,and descripancy

4. METHODOLOGY
4.1. Study Area and Period

The study will be employed among pharmacy store found in university of Gondar referral
hospital, central Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State. Those pharmacy stores are two pharmacy
stores found in university of Gondar referral hospital. The drug stores in UGRH are OPD drug
store and drug stores that is found around Emergency unit. Amhara Region is one of the nine
regional states of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) is one of the 11 zones of
Amhara Regional State. Gondar is the capital city of the zone and it is found at a distance of 727
km to the south of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Gondar hospital, as it is located in
the capital city of the zone, played a pivotal role by providing generalized services for the
community. The UGRH also enables easy access to patients from different areas due to its
location in the center of the zone {19}. The study will be conducted, from October 1to June
22 ,2019 G.C.

7
 4.2. Study Design
Institution based cross sectional study will be conducted using structured questionnaire for the
assessment of the essential medicines availability and inventory control practices in UGRH .

4.3. Population

4.3.1. Source population

The source of population will be all main drug stores that are found in the university of Gondar
referral hospital

4.3.2. Study population

Essential medicines in Gondar university referral hospital, 24 ED will be selected from drug
store in the survey period at the UGRH.

We will select the selected essential medicines by prioritize top 20 disease of UGRH and
determine their respective first line treatment, and these essential medicines be selected from
WHO core list and Ethiopian national list of essential medicines.

4.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

4.4.1. Inclusion Criteria

 Medicine outlets in GURH and those stock selected essential
medicines
 Pharmacy stores in UGRH
 Drugs which are first line treatment for top 20 diseases

4.4.2. Exclusion criteria

 Drugs which may overlap with the sampled core global
medicines.
 Those are ordered but not received selected essential medicines

8
 4.5. Sample Size Determination

Data need to will be collected in a systematic way in order to ensure that the findings are representative of
the UGRH. A hospital pharmacy stores (n=2) found in UGRH will be included in the study.

4.5.1Study Variables

4.5.1.1 Dependent variable

• Availability

• Inventory control

4.5.1.2 In dependent variable

• Education level

• Age

• Level of practice

• workload

4.6. Data Collection Method

4.6.1 Data collection instrument
• Bin cards will be utilized to assess availability essential medicines and Inventory
management practices

• The data collection tool logistics indicator assessment tool (LIAT)

• We will check list for selected essential medicines whether available or not.

• We will count or physically inventory for selected essential medicines

4.6.2 Data collector

The data will be collected by principal investigator using data abstraction formats.

4.6.3 Data collection procedure

• All information relevant to the study will forwarded to the chief store manager
pharmacist in the pharmacy store and an answer will be recorded on the

9
 questionnaire and we will also checked bin cards for selected essential medicines
and perform the physical count during the data collection.

4.7. Operational Definition(s)

Essential drugs
Essential drugs are those that satisfy the health care needs of majority of population
e.g. certain antibiotics , antihelment, antiulcer, anticancer
Inventory Management
Is the management of the routine ordering process and maintaining of stock properly at all levels
and at all times.

Drug availability

Drug availability is presence of the drug in the dosage form, strength, and quantity the consumer needs.

Bin card

Bin card is the statement of all the receipts and issue of the stock from the store department.

Bin card updated

Is updated as and when the receipts and issues are made in the store department in less than one
month duration

4.8. Data Quality Control

The data collected will be checked for the completeness, accuracy, and consistency at the end of every
day in addition to cross checking payment receipt and observation of availability of drugs on the spot
during data collection.

4.9. Data Processing and Analysis

Data will be summarized and analyzed manually and the results will be presented in tables and figures.
Furthermore explanatory statements will be used to clarify tables and figures.

10
 4.10. Ethical Consideration
All study pharmacies will be informed by a formal written letter from school of pharmacy the Department
of pharmaceutics, University of Gondar so as to respect ethical issues throughout the research.

4.11. Dissemination of Result

The results of the study will be disseminated to all stakeholders, academic advisors, university committee,
and school of pharmacy and with soft and hard copy.

5. WORK PLAN
Table Tentative work plan
GANTT CHART

1 Activities Responsib Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
le body 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019
2 Title selection PI
3 Proposal PI and
writing advisors

4 Proposal PI
submission
and
presentation
5 Obtain ethical PI
clearance
6 Preparation PI
study tools
7 Selection and PI
training of
data collectors
8 Data PI and
collection and DC
sample
processing
9 Data entry PI

11
10 Data analysis PI and
and advisors
processing
11 Thesis write PI and
up advisors
12 Final thesis PI
submission
and defense
PI = principal investigator

DC =data collector

6. BUDGET
Table: 2 The budget proposal for to evaluation of drug Prices, availability, and affordability of selected
drugs in retail outlet and hospital pharmacies of UGRH , central Zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2019.

No. Budget category Unit cost Multiplying Total cost

Supply items Cost per items Number(unit)

(birr)

Pen 5 10 50

Calculator 150 1 140

Pencil 4 3 12

Eraser 2 6 12

Sharper 2 3 6
1. Materials
resource Marker 10 3 30

Printing for 1 121*3 363

questioner

Typing for 5 30 150

research proposal

Binder 40 3 120

Ruler 10 3 30

12
 Internet service

Printing for 200

research proposal

Sub total 1128

2. Other things Tea coffee 10 15 150

Sub total 150

Total cost =1263

10 % contingency =1389.3

7. References

1. Kamuhabwa AA, Twaha K. AVAILABILITY AND AFFORDABILITY OF ESSENTIAL ANTIBIOTICS FOR

PEDIATRICS IN SEMI-RURAL AREAS IN TANZANIA. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Research. 2016;7(2):587-600.
2. Mahmić-Kaknjo M, Jeličić-Kadić A, Utrobičić A, Chan K, Bero L, Marušić A. Essential medicines
availability is still suboptimal in many countries: a scoping review. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2018.
3. Kagashe GA, Massawe T. Medicine stock out and inventory management problems in public
hospitals in Tanzania: A case of Dar Es Salaam region hospitals. International Journal of Pharmacy.
2012;2(2):252-9.
4. Aronovich D, Kinzett S. Assessment of the health commodity supply chains and the role of
KEMSA. Arlingington: DELLIVER/John Snow Inc. 2001.
5. Kamakia CW. Inventory management and supply chain performance of petroleum marketing
firms in Nairobi. unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi. 2015.
6. Organization WH. Measuring medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
7. Lu Y, Hernandez P, Abegunde D, Edejer T. The world medicines situation 2011. Medicine
expenditures World Health Organization, Geneva. 2011.
8. Nascimento RCRMd, Álvares J, Guerra Junior AA, Gomes IC, Costa EA, Leite SN, et al. Availability
of essential medicines in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Revista de saude
publica. 2017;51:10s.
9. Dutra KR, Martins UCM, Lima MG. Availability and Accessibility to Medicines in Primary Health
Care in a Brazilian Region. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2016;8(3):255.
10. Pujari NM, Sachan AK, Kumar Y. Cross-sectional study on availability and affordability of some
essential child-specific medicines in Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Medical Science and Public
Health. 2016;5(10):2047-51.
11. Mhlanga BS, Suleman F. Price, availability and affordability of medicines. African journal of
primary health care & family medicine. 2014;6(1):1-6.

13
12. Kheder SI, Ali HM. MEDICINE PRICES, AVAILABILITY, AFFORDABILITY AND PRICE COMPONENTS
IN SUDAN. 2014.
13. Ewen M, Kaplan W, Gedif T, Justin-Temu M, Vialle-Valentin C, Mirza Z, et al. Prices and
availability of locally produced and imported medicines in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Journal of
pharmaceutical policy and practice. 2017;10(1):7.
14. Cameron A, Ewen M, Ross-Degnan D, Ball D, Laing R. Medicine prices, availability, and
affordability in 36 developing and middle-income countries: a secondary analysis. The lancet.
2009;373(9659):240-9.
15. Abiye Z, Tesfaye A, Hawaze S. Barriers to access: availability and affordability of essential drugs
in a retail outlet of a public health center in South Western Ethiopia. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical
Science. 2013;3(10):11.
16. Sado E, Sufa A. Availability and affordability of essential medicines for children in the Western
part of Ethiopia: implication for access. BMC pediatrics. 2016;16(1):40.
17. Carasso BS, Lagarde M, Tesfaye A, Palmer N. Availability of essential medicines in Ethiopia: an
efficiency‐equity trade‐off? Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2009;14(11):1394-400.
18. Hussien M, Tafese F. Access to Essential Medicines in Primary Health Care Units of South Wollo
Zone, Ethiopia. Open Access Library Journal. 2015;2(01):1.
19. Fentie M, Addisie Fenta FM, Oumer H, Belay S, Sebhat Y, Atinafu T, et al. Availability of Essential
Medicines and Inventory Management Practice in Primary Public Health Facilities of Gondar Town,
North West Ethiopia. Journal of Pharma Sci Tech. 2015;4:54-6.
20. Khuluza F, Heide L. Availability and affordability of antimalarial and antibiotic medicines in
Malawi. PloS one. 2017;12(4):e0175399.
21. Adeyemi S, Salami A. Inventory management: A tool of optimizing resources in a manufacturing
industry a case study of coca-cola bottling company, Ilorin Plant. Journal of social Sciences.
2010;23(2):135-42.
22. Mahatme M, Hiware S, Shinde A, Salve A, Dakhale G. Medical store management: An integrated
economic analysis of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India. Journal of Young Pharmacists.
2012;4(2):114-8.
23. Bazargani YT, Ewen M, de Boer A, Leufkens HG, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK. Essential medicines are
more available than other medicines around the globe. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87576.
24. Mikkelsen-Lopez I, Wyss K, de Savigny D. An approach to addressing governance from a health
system framework perspective. BMC international health and human rights. 2011;11(1):13.
25. Awle IA. Relationship between effective drug inventory control management and stock-outs in
Kenya’s public hospitals: a case study of Kenyatta National Hospital and Defence Forces Memorial
Hospital: Strathmore University; 2016.
26. Mungu S. Supply chain management practices and stock levels of essential drugs in public health
facilities in Bungoma East Sub County. Unpublished Research Project, University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
2013.

14
 ANNEX
Assessment of Availability and inventory management of Essential Medicines in Gondar
university compressive hospital, Gondar Ethiopia.

Part 1. Questions for pharmacy store managers.

S.№ questions Code classifications Comments

01 Number of years you have worked <1year__1-5yrs___>5yrs___

Degree____Diploma____other
02 Your educational qualification
(specify) _____________

How many staff do you have under

03 ___________
pharmacy unit?

What type of trainings staffs of
04
pharmacy unit have taken?
IPLS_____
Pre-service trainings______
On job trainings _______
Never been trained______
Others(specify)_________

Are you satisfied with your current

05 Yes=1 No=0
Job? If not why?

15
 1.every week
2.every two week
06 Your facility stock taking is 3.any time during issue
4.Monthly
5.annualy

Is there automated stock recording

07 Yes=1 No=0
system?

Thank you for your collaboration !!!

Part II. Check list to assess availability and inventory management practice of selected essential
medicines at Gondar university compressive hospital

Part II. Check list to assess availability and inventory management practice of selected essential
medicines at Gondar university compressive hospital

The reason for discrepancy

Total number of day stock
Pack size found (Physical

Stock out most recent 6

out in the last 6 months

Availability of expired

Is there discrepancy

inventory and stock

Bin card available

between physical
Bin cardUpdated
Stock out to day
Product Name

Dosage form

inventory)

recorded?
product
month
S.N

Y N Y N Y N Y N

1.
Amoxicillin

500-mg-cap

2.
20/120 mg tab
lumefantrine
Artemether/

16
 9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
S.N

Phenobarbital Cotrimoxazol Product Name Enalapril Cloxacillin Omeprazole RHZE Metformi

e n

100 mg ab (40/200/ Dosage form 5mg tab 500mg cap 20-mg-tab 150/75/400/ 500
mg)/5ml susp 125 mg tab mg ,tab

Y
Stock out to day

N
Pack size found (Physical
inventory)

Y
Bin card available

N
Y

17
Bin cardUpdated

N
Stock out most recent 6
month

Total number of day stock

out in the last 6 months

Availability of expired
product

Y
Is there discrepancy
between physical

N
inventory and stock
recorded?

The reason for discrepancy

 16.
15.
14.
S.N

13.
12.
11.
10.
Ceftria Cipro Oral Product Name
xone Rehydration Salt Mebendazol Ferreous Forusemide Paracetamol
sulfate
1 g, 500 mg 1 pack /L Dosage form
solutio tab 100 mg tab 325 mg tab 40 mg tab 500 mg tab

Y
Stock out to day

N
Pack size found (Physical
inventory)

Y
Bin card available

N
Y
Bin cardUpdated

18
N
Stock out most recent 6
month

Total number of day stock

out in the last 6 months

Availability of expired
product

Y Is there discrepancy
between physical
N

inventory and stock

recorded?

The reason for discrepancy

 23.
22.
21.
20.
19.
18.
17.
Paracetamol Amoxicillin Amoxicillin TDF+3TC+EFV Tetracycline Salbut
amol Predniso
300 mg +150 mg
125/5 ml syrup 250mg/5ml syrup 250mg cap 1% ophtointment 200 5 mg tab
+600 mg ,tab
mcg

19
 24.
AZT+3TC+EFV

60/30/50 mg tab

20