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All you need to pass WTF - PREPARACION

Variaciones Fonético-Fonológicas de la Lengua Inglesa (UNED)

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All you need to pass WTF, I mean VFF by LAB

THE ACCENTS HERE ARE GA/ RP /SCOTTISH / AUSSIE

General info

RP= Received Pronunciation

Variability in pronunciation can depend on age, sex, social status, education, attitudes,
personality….. Can vary because of situation: social relationship, topic, private/public, purpose.

Social and geographical/regional kinds of languages= dialects (everybody speaks a dialect)

Style: in formal situations we tend to speak more slowly and carefully and more quickly in
informal situations

Words that are used in very informal situation= SLANG

Registers have to do with VOCABULARY (NOT dialect or style). JARGON/technical registers

used by “insiders” to understand each other.

When you pronounce a language= ACCENT (you can speak a dialect with ANY accent)

NO NECESSARY CONNECTION between dialect (or accent) and register (or style)

FREE VARIATION: how each individual decides to pronounce

A linguistically simplified, mixed and restricted language used when there is no common
language= PIDGIN

When a pidgin is acquired as a native language=CREOLE

When a language learning introduces elements from his own language into the language they
are learning is MIXING

Models of English:

ENL (English as Native Language)/ “Inner Circle” English: English as mother tongue

EFL (English as Foreign Language)/ “Expanding Circle” English: English not spoken as mother
tongue, used to speak to foreigners.

ESL (English as Second Language)/ “Outer Circle” English: not a mother tongue but has official
status (among educated class)

Comparing accents: (at word level)

Systematic/phonological differences: phonemic inventory (#). For example in RP we see /ʊ/

and /u:/ but in Scottish only /u/.

Realization/phonetic: allophones (/l/ vs. /l/). Differences in realization of different phonemes.

Phonotactic distribution differences: accents differ in environments: /r/ varies in rhotic or not
rhotic accents. Happy at the end is /i/ or /ɪ/. Yod dropping. Neutralization.

Lexical Distribution differences: accents differ in their phonemes. H-dropping. Set of words are
pronounced differently.

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Suprasegmental features: stress and intonation, pitch, continuous speech differ as well.

How to indicate speech processes signs:

Labialization: with a little raised “w”= EX: /ɡʷ/, and /kʷ/

Velarization: crossed l = EX: /l/

Aspiration: with a little raised “h”= EX: [sʰ], [fʰ]

Devoicing: with a little circle under the consonant= EX: [ʃiːz̥ səʊ ɡʊd̥]

Glottal stop /?/ (RP and SCOTTISH)

Alveolar flap /ɾ/ (SCOTTISH)

Post alveolar frictionless continuent /ɹ/ (retroflex)

Voiced alveolar flap /ḓ/ (GA and AUSSIE)

Voiceless velar fricative /x/ (SCOTTISH loch)

RP

RP is regionless (used in radio/TV and upper class: only spoken by 3-5%). Spelling fixed in the
18th c. RP varies from Conservative (older speaker) to advanced (younger speakers)

Younger RP speakers say “boots” with a FRONTED /u:/

The current tendency is for the /ʊ/ to be pronounced UNROUNDED and FRONTED

The “o” before voiceless fricatives (/f/, /θ/, /s/ y /h/) is currently pronounced /ɒ/

/p/ is aspirated in initial stressed syllable followed by a vowel

/r/ is usually an approximate

/ɔ:/ used by younger speakers instead of /ʊə/

Younger speakers omit /j/ in /sjut/ (suit) and /sjupə/ (super)

/l/ is clear at beginning or middle and velarized (dark) at the end

Glottal stop /?/ when before /tʃ/ and nasal clusters is called glottal reinforcement/
glotallization

Smoothing of tripthongs /ɑuə/ = /ɑ:/

Non rhotic /Linking R /Sometimes intrusive R (debated) / No /ʍ/

Older (Conservative) Younger (Advanced)

U: u: is fronted (except before /l/)
ʊ pronounced unrounded and fronted
ɔ: (before) The “o” before voiceless fricatives (/f/, /θ/, /s/ y /h/) is
currently pronounced /ɒ/
/ʊ/ de put is now unrounded vowel /ɣ/
/ʊə/ (lost) /ɔ:/ now
Tripthong smoothing (become monothongs)
Don´t omit /j/ /j/ in /sjut/ (suit) and /sjupə/ (super) omitted
eə Monothonged to ɜ:

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GA

Modern changes:

Northern Cities Chain Shift:

-/ɑ/ is moving up (fronted), closer to /æ/

-/æ/ is lengthening and moving up to /Ɛ:/ and even dipthonged

-/Ɛ/ (getting out of the way of /æ/ is retracting and becoming more central, closer to /ʌ/

/eɪ/ becoming more narrow

/u/ of boot is fronted

/oʊ/ of boat has a fronter first element

Happy and city end in /i/

Intonation: use a drop tone (EX: in farewells) while RPs use a FALL RISE

In billion, /lj/ the /l/ is usually dropped leaving only the /j/.

/Ɛ/ is more open than in RP

All GA vowels have r coloring when followed by an “r”

/t/

-No glottal stop except in a stressed syllable followed by an “n” (button). No glottal
reinforcement.

-Tapping may affect /t/ and /d/ between unaccented vowels

-/t/ can be ellided when preceded by a stressed vowel followed by an “n” (center/winter)

/ɔ/ is shorter, less rounded and more open than in RP

Yod-dropping in stressed syllables after /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/ and /z/

/r/ pronounced as approximant with great retroflection /ɹ/, but can be an alveolar flap /ɾ/
(intervocalic position)

/l/ is velarized/dark /l/ in most situations

Path, laugh and grass = æ

Foreign words are accented have stress on the last syllable

Rhotic

Yes /ʍ/ on words like where and which

Stress:

-ary, -ory, -ery have strong vowel

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-two syllable verbs have accent on first syllable in GA (second in RP): rotate, donate….

-leer páginas 59-93 para variaciones entre verbos, vocab, etc……

Scottish

*Scottish Vowel Length Rule: all vowels are of the same length except before (voiced fricatives)
/v/, /đ/, /z/ and /r/ where they are longer (and elsewhere where they occur at the end of the
word). EXCEPT FOR /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ which are not affected by this rule.

So “leave” has a longer sound than “lead”.

So “greed” is short and “agreed” is long.

The fricative velar /x/ occurs in “loch” (lɔx) and other specifically Scottish words: dreich (drix)

/r/ is an alveolar flap /ɾ/ or post alveolar approximant /ɹ/

Main phonological difference with RP is loss os systematic durational difference between long
and short vowels

Yod dropping after /l/ and /s/ (lure and suit)

/l/ velarized (dark) in all positions

No h-dropping (except in auxiliaries and unstressed pronouns)

All vowels are monophthonged except /aɪ/, /au/ and /ɔɪ/

/ɜ:/ in RP is here replaced by /Ɛr/, /ɪr/ or /ʌ/

Schwa /ə/ substituted by /ɪ/ in words like butter and father, and by /ʌ/ in sofa and mamma.

Final sound /e/ as in “happy” /hape/

Initial voiceless plosives (p,t,k) are unaspirated and can be pronounced with glottal
reinforcement.

Yes /ʍ/ in words like where and which

With= /wɪθ/ (not like /wɪđ/ in RP)

Glottal stop for non initial /t/

Words that end in –IZE are accented there

Schwa = /ɪ/ in wanted and many weak endings

Don´t distinguish between:

-/ɑ/ and /æ/ = use /a/

-/ʊ/ and /u:/ = use /u/

-/ɒ/ and /ɔ:/= use /ɔ/

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Australian

Mild (cultivated 10% of pop.) Australian English= RP and Broad AE (30%) = cockney

Before the Mitchell-Delbridge (MD) system was used (40s to 60s). But now the Harrington, Cox
and Evans (HCE) one used (1970s-).

One of the most homogenous language varieties in the world

Checking tone= in declarative, high rise (not falling tone as in RP)

Dipthong Shift: (closing of dipthongs)

a) When /æɪ/ is produced widely open, /ɑe/ has its starting-point retracted and rounded so
that late is kept distinct from light. Also, they tend to be wider than RP (greater difference
between the first and the second element of the diphthong).

b) When /ɑe/ is clearly retracted and rounded, the starting point of /oɪ/ moves up, being closer
than that of RP (something between close-mid and open-mid)

c) When the first starting point of /əu/ moves down, /æɔ/ shifts to a more front and,
sometimes closer, position.

/ə/ in unstressed syllables (occurs a lot at the end)

Intervalic /t/ is a voiced flap/tap /ḓ/ (EX: pity)-but not as common as in AmEng

Dipthongs are slower (and wider) with a longer first element.

Front vowels are closer than in RP

/a:/ very fronted

h-dropping (don´t pronounce it)

yod coalescence: When /t/ and /d/ (also /s/ and /z/ for some speakers) are followed by /j/ in
stressed syllables may be pronounced /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ (and /ʃ/ and /ʒ/), as in tune or duke (and
suit or presume)

/r/ is more strongly retroflexed /ɹ/ than in RP

/lj/ becomes /j/ like in AmEng

Days of the week with final /eɪ/= mʌndeɪ and in RP= mʌndɪ

/ʊ/ more lip rounding

Non rhotic, so there are linking R and intrusive R

Initial /tj/ and /dj/ pronounced /tʃ/ and /dʒ/

/l/ is darker than in RP (in all positions)

No smoothing of tripthongs

/ʊə/ dipthong is almost extinct nowadays

Raising of front short vowels

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Australia/auction/ salt = /ɒ/ whereas /ɔ:/ or /ɒ/ in RP

Laugh, path, grass = /a:/ (same as RP) BUT branch, plant, sample, dance = /æ/ same as AmEng

SUMMARY

RP GA SCOTT AUSSIE
Yod dropping /lj/ /j/ /lj/ /j/
(billion)
glottal Glottal stop (but No glottal stop, Glottal stop: /t/ No glottal stop
not at beginning of
stressed syllable)
except stressed and /d/ in non except for final
vowel followed initial positions position
by /n/ (button) followed by
consonant
Realization/phonetic Clear /l/ at Velarized (dark) Velarized Darker /l/ than
allophones: L beginning, /l/ everywhere (dark) /l/ in RP in all
velarized (dark) everywhere positions
at the end
/t/ and /r/ Intervocalic /t/ Intervocalic /r/ Intervocalic /t/
is is flapped is a flap/tap (but
flapped/tapped not as frequent as in
GA)
-/r/ is an /r/ is more strongly
approximant or reflected than in RP
/ɹ/ flap in
intervocalic
position
Distinguish /w/ No /ʍ/ yes yes No /ʍ/
and /ʍ/?
Phonotactic Non rhotic Rhotic Rhotic Non rhotic
distribution: accents Linking /r/* Linking /r/
differ in their environment (Debate about NO Intrusive /r/ NO /intrusive Intrusive /r/
Rhotic or not intrusive /r/**)
/r/
And r insertion
H- dropping No h-dropping No h-dropping No h-dropping Yes some h-
dropping

*LINKING /r/ = in RP and AUSSIE

“far away” fa: əweɪ becomes fa:r əweɪ (needs the /r/ in front of the vowel)

**INTRUSIVE /r/= in all these accents (but debated in RP)

“law and order” lɔ: ən ɔ:rdə becomes lɔ:r ən ɔ:rdə

An /r/ sound is understood after /ə/, /a:/ or /ɔ:/

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VOWEL CHART

RP GA SCOTT AUSSIE
/æ/ /æ/ (path, grass, laugh. /æ/

A
Lengthened and moved
/a/ (opener, lower and
upwards ) more central: no difference
/ɑ:/ (Laugh, path, grass) between /æ/ and /ɑ/) /ɐ:/ (Laugh, path, grass,
more advanced)

/ɑ/ (more fronted)

or /æ/
/e/ /Ɛ/ (more open and /Ɛ/ (more open and /e/

E
retracted) lower)

/ɜ:/ /ɜ:/ (more

/ɜ/ + r ɪr /Ɛr/ʌr advanced)

/ɪ/ /ɪ/ (more open and slightly /ɪ/

I
dipthonged)
/ɪ/ (more open and
/i:/ retracted) /i:/
/i/ /i/
/ɒ/ (rounded) /ɔ/ or /ɑ/ /ɔ/ (closer and

O /ɔ:/
(unrounded)

/ɔ/ (shorter, more open,

less rounded)
/ɔ/ (no difference
between /ɔ/ and /ɒ/)
higher)

/o:/ (closer and

higher)
/ʊ/ /ʊ/ /ʊ/

U /u:/ /u/
/u/ (more advanced and
centralized: no difference
between /ʊ/ and /u:/) /u:/ (more advanced)

/ʌ/ /ʌ/ (less open) /ʌ/ (further back) /ɐ/

Dipthongs
Example of RP GA SCOTT AUSSIE
sound
say /eɪ/ /eɪ/ (more narrow /e/ (pronounced as /æɪ/ (widely open)
and closer) long monothong)
I /aɪ/ /aɪ/ /ai/ /ae/ (Retracted and
Only 3 rounded-very slow)
dipthongs
Boy /ɔɪ/ /oɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /oɪ/ (starting point
moves up-closer and
higher)
cow /aʊ/ /aʊ/ (fronting of /au/ /æɔ/ (more
first element) fronted)
so /əʊ/ (more /oʊ / (more back /o/(pronounced as /əu/ (starting point
and rounded) long monothong) moves down)
fonted)
hair /eə/ e+r e+r /e:/
here /ɪə/ ɪ+r i+r /ɪə/
pure /ʊə/ ʊ+r u+r /ʊə/ (Lots of
variability-
disappearing)

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Connected Speech

Regressive Assimilation (second sound doesn´t change)

Becomes bilabial…. Becomes velar….

P before a p/b/m K before k/g
T That pad = đæp pæd That can= đæk kæn
B before a p/b/m G before k/g
D good morning = gʊb mɔ:niŋ Bad goat = bæg gəʊt
M before an p/b/m ŋ before k/g
N One man = wʌm mæn one cat = wʌŋ kæt

Become post alveolar…..

ʃ before ʃ/ʒ/j
s this shoe =đɪʃ ʃu:
ʒ before ʃ/ʒ/j
z these yams = đi:ʒ jæmz

Final voiced fricative (/v/, /đ/, / z/) + voiceless consonant in next word (when similar sounds
collide they take the second sound)

“With thanks” wɪđ θæŋks becomes wɪθ θæŋks

“these socks” θi:z sɒks becomes θi:s sɒks becomes

Coalescence (two sounds merge to form one)

/t/ + /j /= /tʃ/ (met you= /metʃu/)

/d/ + /j/ = /dʒ/ (would you= wʊdʒu)

/s/or /z/ + /j/ = /ʒ/ (has your= həʒər)

Elision: /t/ and /d/ between consonants of same voicing (except /h/) (sound dropped)

Voiceless C + /t/ + C (except h): /t/ is lost: (last night= la:s naɪt)

Voiced C + /d/ + C (except h): /d/ is lost: (cold night= cəʊl naɪt)

-but can´t be elided before pauses, vowels, and /h/

Also with negatives: (lose the /t/)

Didn´t think = dɪdn θɪŋk

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End sound and schwa

RP: end sound /i/ GA: end sound /i/ SCOT: end sound /e/

-schwa usually replaced by /ɪ/ but sometimes by /ʌ/ (in sofa)

AUSSIE:

-/i:/ instead of /ɪ/ but use……./i/

-schwa for unstressed internal syllables

SUMMARY of intonation and end sound

RP GA SE AE
I i e i
-final vowel en –y

Intonation Fall rise -Drop tone -Dipping/raising -Checking high

-High raise in pattern in rise tones
yes/no yes/no, -Speak slowly
questions questions and -More nasal
-Nasal qualities statements than RP
-Narrower pitch
-Prefer open
syllables

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PHONO-INFO

GA SC AUSSIE
Systematic/phonological Phonemic inventory: EX: No diff between -No long vowels, Similar to RP
Number and identity of in Scott only short long and short many less vowels except that /ʊə/ is
phonemes vowels/many less than RP vowels -Scottish vowel length rare
-no diff rule
between /ɒ/ -ɜ: replaced by
and /a:/ ɪr/Ɛr/ʌr
-r coloring -monoth-onging of
-has /w/ and many dipthongs
/ʍ/ -/x/
-/ʍ/
Realization/phonetic Allophones: -t-tapping -voiceless plosive -glottal stop
pronunciation dark/velarized or light /l/, -t omission unaspired (Ptk) -dipthong shift
flapped /t/, flapped /r/ before /n/ in -/r/ = alveolar flap [ɾ] (raising of short
unstressed or approx. [ɹ] front vowels)
syllable -/l/ is dark -no smoothing of
-/r/ is -/t/ and /d/ can be dipthongs
approximant alveolar or dental -t tapping
with a great -[ɻ] is more
retroflexion [ɻ], retroflected than in
or alveolar flap RP
[ɾ] -/l/ dark
-/l/ dark -no glottal stop
Phonotactic Rhotic/non rhotic, -y - rhotic - rhotic -non Rhotic
distribution endings (/i/ or /e/), -Final sound i -Final sound e -Final sound i
Different accents in yod dropping, -yod -/ə/ replaced by -yod dropping
their environments nuetralization dropping /ɪ/ -
-loss of /j/ in -yod dropping /ə/ rather than
/lj/ after /l/ /ɪ/ is used in
unstressed
word-internal
syllables.
-yod-
coalescence
-loss of /j/ in /lj/
Lexical distribution: Accents differ in H dropping
different their phonemes. H-
pronunciation in dropping
different accents

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