INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 2021-22

“SHRI SAI ACADEMY”

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2021-22

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT OF CHEMISTRY

TOPIC :DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS CONTENTS OF COLD DRINKS

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
Ms Jyoti Mohod Mayank Thakur
 INVESTIGATORY PROJECT 2021-22

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

chemistry teacher “Miss Jyoti Mohod” for her able guidance and
support in completing my project I would like to extend my
gratitude to our Principal sir Mr. Vijay Tiwari and Vice Principal
ma’am Miss Anita Joshi For providing me with all the facility that
was required.

DATE: 16 Jan 2022 STUDENT NAME:

Mayank Thakur
 INVE ST IGATO RY PROJECT
_ _ _ 2021-22

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mayank thakur of class XII A has
successfully completed her/his chemistry investigatory
project on the Topic DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS CONTENTS OF
COLD DRINKS in the year 2021-22 under the guidance of
Miss Jyoti Mohod.

Teacher's signature Principal's seal sign

External signature
Contents
•Introduction
•Theory
•Aim
• Apparatus
•Chemicals Required
•Detection of pH
•Test for Carbon Dioxide
•Test for Glucose
•Test for Phosphate
•Test for Alcohol
•Test for Sucrose
• Result
•Precautions
•Conclusion
•Bibliography
Introduction

The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the

industrialization in India marked its beginning with
the launching of Limca and Goldspot by parley group
of companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks
was highly profitable and luring, many multinational
companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi
and Coke. Now days, it is observed in general that
majority of people viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to
give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up
to activate pulse and brain.
Theory:
.
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon
dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and
have a tangy taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the
formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in
water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste.
Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major
source of energy to our body.
General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size
carbohydrates are classified as:- Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and
Polysaccharides.
Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6. It occurs in Free State in the
ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood
to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our
daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of
many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 %
sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of
sucrose is C12H22O11. It is produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is
non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in
nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values
also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
Aim
Comparative and Quantitive analysis of contents of
following cold drinks:-
1.Coca Cola
2.Limca
3.Sprite
4.Fanta
5.Mountain Dew
Apparatus
• Test Tubes
• Test Tube Holder
• Test Tube Stand
• Stop Watch
• Beaker
• Bunsen Burner
• pH Paper
• Tripod Stand
• China Dish
• Wire Gauge
• Water Bath
Chemicals Required
• Iodine Solution
• Potassium Iodide
• Sodium Hydroxide
• Lime Water
• Fehling‟s A & B Solution
• Concentrated Nitric Acid
• Benedict Solution
• Ammonium Molybdate
*Detection Of pH*
Experiment Small samples of cold drinks of different
brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper.
The change in colour of pH paper was noticed and was
compared with standard pH scale.
Sr no. Name of Cold Drink Colour Observed pH value

1 Coca Cola Pink 2.3

2 Limca Dark Orange 4

3 Sprite Light Orange 3.1

4 Fanta Pale Orange 3.5

5 Mountain Dew Dark Yellow 3.2

Inference
Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid
and phosphoric acid.
pH values of cold drinks of different brand are different due to
the variation in amount of acidic content.
Test For Carbon Dioxide*
Experiment
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the samples
were passed through lime water. The lime water turned
milky.
Sr. No Name of cold Time taken Conclusion
drink (in seconds)
1 Coca Cola 28 C02 is present
2 Limca 38 C02 is present
3 Sprite 20 C02 is present
4 Fanta 36 C02 is present
5 Mountain Dew 30 C02 is present

Inference
All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon
dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is
responsible for its tangy taste. Chemical Reaction Ca(OH)2 (s) + CO2 (g)
→ CaCO3 (s) + H2O(l)
Test For Glucose
Experiments
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the
following test:-
1.Benedict’s Reagent Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test
tube and a few drops of Benedict‟s reagent were added. The test tube
was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the
presence of glucose in cold drinks.
Sr. no Name of Cold Drink Observation Conclusion
1 Coca cola Reddish brown Glucose is present
Precipitate
2 Limca Reddish brown Glucose is present
Precipitate
3 Sprite Reddish brown Glucose is present
Precipitate
4 Fanta Reddish brown Glucose is present
Precipitate
5 Mountain Dew Reddish brown Glucose is present
Precipitate
Inference
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedict‟s
reagent. Hence all the drinks contain glucose.
2. Fehling’s Solution Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a
test tube and a few drops of Fehling‟s A solution and Fehling‟s B
solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in
water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate
confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
[Same as Benedict‟s observation.
Inference
All samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehling‟s (A &
B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.
.
 Test For Phosphate
Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and
Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was
added to it.
The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow
precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.
Sr. no Name of Cold observation Conclusion
drink
1 Coca cola Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present
2 Limca Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present
3 Sprite Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present
4 Fanta Canary yellow Phosphate is
precipitate present
5 Mountain dew Canary yellow Phosphate is
Inference precipitate present
All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks
contain phosphate.
Test For Alcohol

Experiment
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine
followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to
each test tube.
Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes.
Appearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold
drinks.
Sr. no Name of cold drink observation Conclusion
1 Coca cola Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol
2 Limca Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol
3 Sprite Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol
4 Fanta Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol
5 Mountain dew Yellow precipitate Presence of alcohol

Inference
All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all
the cold drinks contain alcohol. Chemical Reaction CH3CH2OH +
4I2 + 6NaOH → CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
 Test for Sucrose
Experiment
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate
china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur.
Black coloured residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in
cold drinks.
Sr.no Name of cold observation Conclusion
drink
1 Coca cola Black Sucrose is
precipitate present
2 Limca Black Sucrose is
precipitate present
3 Fanta Black Sucrose is
precipitate present
4 Sprite Black Sucrose is
precipitate present
5 Mountain dew Black Sucrose is
Inference precipitate present

All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of
drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.
Result
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the
different brands of cold drinks namely:
1.Coca Cola
2.Sprite
3.Limca
4.Fanta
5.Mountain Dew
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon
dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature.
On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the
most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken.
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the
maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the
minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.
Precautions*
Some of the precautions which need to be taken care of are :–

• Concentrated solutions should be handled with

immense care.
• Hands should be washed thoroughly after
performing each experiment.
• If possible, one should wear hand gloves to prevent
from any possible damage.
• If chemicals come into contact with your skin or eyes,
flush immediately with copious amounts of water
• Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off
whenever you leave your workstation.
• Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are
heating at yourself or your neighbour.
Conclusion
DISADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS
1.Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain sugar in
large amount which cause problems in diabetes patients.
2.Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body‟snatural ability
to suppress hunger feeling.
3.Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful for our
bones.
4.Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve
a nail in about 4 days.
5.For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the
hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly
consive material.
6.Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very harmful to our body.
USES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.
2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers.
3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.
4.Soft drinks are used as an excellent „detergent‟ to remove grease from clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
Bibliography
Following books and websites were a source for my project . www. Google.com
www.Wikipedia.com
www. Icbse.com www. Unoregon.edu
Coca Cola
The Coca-Cola formula is The Coca-Cola Company's secret recipe for Coca-
Cola syrup that bottlers combine with carbonated water to create its line of cola
soft drinks. As
a publicity, marketing, and intellectual property protection strategy started by
Robert W. Woodruff, the company presents the formula as a closely held trade
secret known only to a few
employees.
The primary ingredients of Coca-Cola syrup include either high fructose corn
syrup or sucrose derived from cane sugar, caramel color, caffeine, phosphoric acid,
coca extract,lime extract, vanilla, and glycerin.[citation needed] High fructose corn syrup
or sucrose are overwhelmingly the major added ingredients: one 600 ml bottle
(≈20.29 U.S. fl. oz.) of Coca Cola contains the approximate equivalent of 15
teaspoons of sugar.[1] However, contrary to what is implied by the "cola" name,
Coca-Cola syrup does not contain any kola nut extract.[2] Since no kola extracts are
present in the recipe, the primary taste of Coca-Cola comes
from vanilla and cinnamon with trace amounts of orange, lime and lemon and spices
Fanta
Fanta is a global brand of fruit-flavored carbonated soft drinks created by The
Coca-Cola Company. There are over 100 flavors worldwide. The drink originated
in Germany in 1941.[1] In India, Fanta entered the market as a substitute for the
then-popular Indian soft drink Gold Spot. When Coca-Cola re-entered the Indian
market in 1993, it bought Gold Spot fromParle and withdrew it from the market in
order to make space for Fanta.

Limca
Limca is a lemon and lime flavoured carbonated soft drink made
primarily in India and certain parts of the U.S. Prior to 1988 the original
formula of Limca
contained brominated vegetable oil (BVO). After world wide reports of ill
effects of BVO
- the use of BVO in soft drinks was banned in India. As a result of this ban
- the formula for Limca was changed and BVO was removed from the
concentrate for Limca. Limca also publishes the Limca Book of Records,
a record book similar to the Guinness Book of Records, started originally
by Mr Ramesh Chauhan. The Limca Book of
Records details feats, records and other unique statistics from an Indian
perspective.
Sprite
Sprite is a colorless, lemon-lime flavored, caffeine-free soft drink, created by
the Coca-Cola Company. It was developed in West Germany in 1959 as
Fanta Klare Zitrone ("Clear
Lemon Fanta") and introduced in the United States as Sprite in 1961. This was
Coke's response to the popularity of 7 Up. It comes in a primarily silver, green,
and blue can or a green
transparent bottle with a primarily green and blue label.

Mountain dew
Mountain Dew (stylized as Mtn Dew in the United States) is a carbonated soft
drink brand produced and owned by PepsiCo. The original formula was invented
in 1940 by Tennessee beverage bottlers Barney and Ally Hartman and was first
marketed in Marion, Between the 1940s and 1980s, there was just one variety of
Mountain Dew, which was citrus-flavored and caffeinated. Diet Mountain Dew
was introduced in 1988,[3] followed by Mountain Dew Red, which was introduced
and subsequently discontinued in 1988.[4] In 2001, a cherry flavor called Code
Red debuted.