FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

KUALA LUMPUR CAMPUS

Semester:​ ​[ ✔ ] May [ ] September [ ] January (​please tick “​✓​”)

Academic Year:​ 2018​
Course Code & Title: ​AACB 1253 BIOENERGETICS
Programme: ​Diploma in Science (Chemistry and Biology )
Student’s Name (Registration Number):​ Chin Jia Yue (18WLD03979)
Submission Date:

Declaration
I confirm that I have read and shall comply with all the terms and condition of TAR
College’s plagiarism policy.
I declare that this assignment is free from all forms of plagiarism and for all intents
and purposes is my own properly derived work.

Signature(s):_____________________________________________________________

Name(s):_________________________________________________________________

Date: __________________
Title: ​Structure of Leaves
Aims:
1. To examine the structures of monocotyledonous leaf and dicotyledonous leaf and
their functions;
2. To investigate the structures of hydrophyte, mesophyte and xerophyte;

Observation:
Instruction: Attach your labelled photomicrographs/drawings. Give a suitable title by
completing the necessary information.

a) A ​ cross ​ section of a monocotyledonous leaf (Zea mays). Total magnification:

4x10 ​. Label the upper and lower epidermis, bulliform cells, bundle sheath
cells, phloem, xylem, and mesophyll.

Figure 1: The cross section of a monocotyledonous leaf (Zea mays)

Magnification: 4x10
b) A ​ cross ​ section of a dicotyledonous leaf (hibiscus). Total magnification:
10x10 ​. Label the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, guard cells, upper
epidermis, lower epidermis, and cuticle.

Figure 3: The cross section of a dicotyledonous leaf (hibiscus)

Magnification: 10x10
Questions:
1. Provide a table to show the parts or structures observed in the leaves and their
functions.

Table 1: The parts in the leaves and their functions

Monocotyledonous leaf Dicotyledonous leaf

Part Function Part Function

Upper epidermis One cell thick, thin and Upper epidermis One cell thick, thin
transparent that allows and transparent that
sunlight to pass allows sunlight to
through. pass through.

Lower epidermis Contains stomata that Lower epidermis Contains stomata that
regulates gas regulates gas
exchange. exchange.

Bulliform cells To minimise water Cuticle It is waterproof that

loss. prevent water loss and
transparent to allow
sunlight to pass
through.
 Bundle sheath To protect the vascular Palisade Contains large amount
cells tissue and control the mesophyll of chloroplast to carry
substance in and out of out photosynthesis. It
vascular tissues. is tall and close to the
upper epidermis to
absorb maximum
light.

Phloem To transport the Spongy To allow gas

product of mesophyll exchange for
photosynthesis. photosynthesis. It
contains less
chloroplasts compared
to palisade mesophyll.

Xylem To transport water and Guard cells To regulate the rate of

mineral from the root transpiration by
to the leaf. opening and closing
the stomata.

Mesophyll Contains large amount

of chloroplasts that
carry out
photosynthesis.

2. What is the advantage of a flat, thin leaf blade to the process of photosynthesis?
A flat ,thin leaf blade allows the maximum sunlight to pass through easily , larger
surface area allows gases to exchange more efficiently to carry out photosynthesis.

3. Are the bulliform cells more abundant in the upper or lower epidermis? How do
you know which epidermis is the upper epidermis, anyway?
Bulliform cells more abundant in the upper epidermis.Upper epidermis is covered by
a layer of cuticle and it does not contain any chloroplast as well as stomata which
present in lower epidermis.

4. Examine the midrib or main vein. Which tissue is on top, the xylem or phloem?
Xylem.

Attach your labeled photomicrographs of the three types of plants. State clearly the
section of the slide and the total magnification. State which is a mesophyte, a xerophyte,
and a hydrophyte.
Figure 5: The cross section of hydrophyte

Magnification: 10x10

Figure 6: The cross section of mesophyte

Magnification: 10x10
 Figure 7: The cross section of xerophyte

Magnification: 10x10
Which of the following is a xerophyte? Which is a hydrophyte?

P Q R 

Q is a xerophyte whereas P is a hydrophyte.

Reference:

Gan Wat Yeat, 2016, Success Biology SPM, Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam , Selangor Darul
Ehsan. Pp 171