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Provide, with drawing, the possible results of this demonstration with brief
explanation. (6)
Transport into receiver takes place in the hypocotyl section and the transport into
receiver is blocked when the hypocotyl section is inverted.
2. a) Predict the possible outcome of the following experiments.
Unidirectional light is provided by the lamp on the right side. (4)
- The tip that is removed from the shoot could no longer ‘bend’ toward the
light.
- The tip that is cut off and replaced bends toward the light.
- The shoot tip with agar blocks bend toward the light.
- There is no growth or bending occurring in the shoot tip that cover with
metal disc.
b) What will the direction of curvature be when a auxin-filled agar block
is placed on the right half of a decapitated shoot placed in the dark? (2)
Do the experimental data above support any of the hypotheses? Explain. (7)
It does support the hypothesis that lateral transport from the lit side to the shaded
side. In the undivided agar block, the unilateral light does not cause the
photodestruction of auxin on the illuminated side. There is no destruction of auxin.
On the other hand, in divided agar block, the coleoptile tip of the diagram C is
completely divided and there is no redistribution of auxin observed too.In diagram
D, the coleoptile that are partly divided show that lateral redistribution of auxin
occur. Therefore, it is concluded that auxin is transported laterally to the shaded
side in the tip.
3. Relate the figure below with acid growth hypothesis to explain the effect of
IAA on growth of coleoptile section. (5)
IAA stimulates proton pumping, lowering the pH of cell walls, correlating with
growth, and optimizing enzyme activities. The hypothesis where auxin-signalled
acid-induced growth is explained by the expansion dynamics of cells and organs in
plants. The naturally occurring plant hormone, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA),
induces H+ proton extrusion into the apoplast. Besides, acid-induced growth is
short-lived. While tremendous growth is possible under that mechanism, the cell
walls become thin and eventually the cell breaks through the wall with its turgor
and lyses. For a growth response to be sustained, additional wall material must be
added to the wall.
4. a. What is the aim of performing the experiments in the figure below?
The vector of gravity is vertically down. Do the data correspond with your
understanding of gravitropism? Explain.(5)
This experiment performs that auxin is also involved in gravitropism. The
distribution of auxins that causes differential growth in phototropism of coleoptiles
also occurs iroots held horizontally which is perpendicular to the gravity vector.
Roots are positively gravitropic. They grow down in the direction of the force of
gravity. Plants must sense gravity in order that roots grow downwards in the right
direction to absorb the maximum amounts of water and mineral ions. If a root is
tending to grow sideways-horizontally, then, due to gravity it tends to have more
auxin on its lower side - unequal distribution of auxin. However excess auxin in the
root tip can inhibit growth and so the upper cells tend to elongate faster the lower
side cells, causing the root to bend round downwards and become more firmly
embedded in the soil. By growing downwards the roots can better access the soil
for minerals and water.
b. EGTA is a chelating agent that binds calcium. In the following
experiments (fig. 1) , 1. EGTA applied to the root; (2) Calcium application following
EGTA pretreatment; (3) Calcium application to one side of the cap. Changes in
apoplastic pH in the root cap of gravistimulated roots in the columella cells and
meristematic zone are shown in fig 2. S2/3 refers to the tier/layer of cells.
Based on these results, make a conclusion about the relation between apoplast pH
and calcium during gravitropism. (3)
Altering the gravity-related columella cytoplasmic pH shift with caged protons
delayed the gravitropic response. Together, these results suggest that alterations in
root cap pH likely are involved in the initial events that mediate root gravity
perception or signal transduction.
gravity
5. Briefly discuss the changes in photosynthesis and photosynthetic
characteristics during leaf senescence. (6)
During leaf senescence, where the leaves detached or attached in the whole plant
causes photosynthesis to decline. The leaves will begin to turn yellow. There is a
decrease in activity and content of photosynthetic key enzymes which is rubisco
and a decrease in activity of photoelectron transport and photophosphorylation.
Besides, declining photosynthesis also causes a decrease in stomatal conductance
and the chlorophyll pigments that contribute to the color change of leaf to yellow.
Moreover, during leaf senescence, photosynthetic rate declines gradually in the
beginning but accelerates during later stages of senescence. Young and old eaves
degenerate and the rate of photosynthesis declines with equal rapidity. The overall
decrease in photosynthetic rate in senescing leaves results from a decline in carbon
monoxide reduction reactions.
6. Complete the following: (12)
O2 + ribulose bisphosphate catalyzed by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
oxygenase forms _phosphoglycolate_ and _3-phosphoglycerate__
Phosphoglycolate becomes glycolate by dephosphorylation_which then enters into
_chloroplast___. Here glyoxylate and _glycine_ are formed in the presence of
oxygen. In mitochondria, two molecules of _glycine_ formed combine to form
serine. A nitrogenous byproduct _NH2_ is formed and _carbon dioxide_ gas is
released. Serine enters into the peroxisome to form _glycerate__. Hydroxy
pyruvate with help of NADH + H+ becomes _NADPH__ which then is cycled back to
_mitochondria__. It is then phosphorylated into phosphoglycerate which can then
enter the _calvin benson_ cycle.