Clutches = 889 {Ihe axial pressure exerted by the spring provides a frictional force inthe eicumterental direction schon the relative motion between the driving and driven members tends to take place. I the torque due to this frictional force exceeds the torque to be transmitted, ten no slipping takes place and the ‘power is transmitted from the driving shaft to the driven shaft 24.9 Design of a Disc or Plate Clutch Consider two friction surfaces maintained in contact by an axial thrust (1”) as shown in Fig. 24.3 (a). omeeae orate friction surface @ o Fig, 24.3, Forees on a dise clutch Let T~ Torque wansmitted by the euteh, _p ~ Intensity of axial pressure with which the contact surfaces are held together, ‘ternal and intemal rai of fiction faces, 1r = Mean radius ofthe friction face, and = Coetficient of fretion. Consider an elementary ring of radius rand thickness dr as shown in Fig, 24.3 (6). We know that area of the contact surface or friction surface = 2rrate Normal or axial forse on the ring, a and the fictional force on the ring acting tangentially at radi F= Wx SW =p» 2a nde Frictional torque acting onthe ring, T= F,xr= pp» Inrdrx r= 2m p Pdr We shall now consider the following two cases : 1, When there isa uniform pressure, and 2. Wheu there is unifon rand ry we x Area = px On rr sail wear 1. Considering uniform pressure. When the pressure is uniformly distributed over the entire area of the friction face as shown in Fig. 24.3 (a) then the intensity of pressure, Ww alin 0?)890 = A Textbook of Machine Design where 1 > Axvel thrust with which the friction surfaces are held together. ‘We have discussed above that the frictional torque on the elementary ring of radius rand thickness dr is 1, = 2euprdr Integrating this equation within the limits from; to, forthe total fiction torque. ‘Total frictional torque acting on the friction surface or an the clutch, oy [[2upr'dr=2en9]2 | 7 wpa | Ww |atze| mes TET Ge 3 (Substituting the value of p) ~ 2 wl law wank af [ere * = a 2. Considering uniform axial mer, "The basic principle in designing rchine pats tha are subjected to wear duet sliding rion tha te normal wears proportion tote work ion ‘Thru tin tryna othe ttn if mcr puurs)t the ditingvalecty (V), Therefore, Toon we Wor on = on pY=K(aconsan)) ot p=KV a) gina Iemay be noted that when the fietion surface isnewsthere 7 iseunitorm pressure dstburion over tiene contac suri, Ths pressure will wear most rapidly where the sliding velocity t is maximum and this will reduce the pressure between the friction n surfaces, This wearingin press cmtnues unt the prodict } pp.Fis constant over the entire surtace. Aer this, the wear will bbe uniform as shown in Fig. 24.4, Let p be the normal intensity of pressure at a distance r Fig. 24.4, Uniform axial wear from the axis of the clutch. Since the intensity of pressure varies inversely with the distance, therefore sr = C(aconstant) or ‘and the normal force on the ring, cir wi br = p2wrde = © x Inrdr = InCdr + Total force acing on the fiction surface. we Ji2e Cdr = 2m Clrh, =2nC() 4) 2H)Clutches = 894 We know that the tntetional torque acting on the ring, = tenprars2epx er dre 2muced cope Total frictional torque acting on the friction surface (or on the clutch), r= [fren cede meuc[=] = any c[ S| -awctiy -(e) eee, ete toe bea og memin rll tat le be ea) a = 1-49 -seandiae tc suts ee ce eee ee ae = Se R= Meas radi of friction surface (For uniform pressure) x (For uniform wea) 2. For a single dis or plate cuich, normally both sides ofthe disc are effective. Therefore a single ise lurch has two pairs of surfaces in contact (i.e. 0 = 2 3. Since the intensity of pressure is maximum at the inne radius (r,) ofthe friction or contact surface, equation (i) may bo writen as Po ™F2=C Prag CIP 4. Since the intensity of pressure is minimum atthe outer radius (r,) ofthe friction or contact surface, therefore equation (if) may be written as Pan C 8 Pa CIF, 5. The avery fiction or cont protcure(p,) on surface i given by ‘Total foes on fietion surface Cross-sectional area of fiietion surface ~ m((n)' — (4) 1 6. In case ofa new clutch, the intensity of pressure is approximstely uniform, but in an old clutch, the ‘uniform wear theory is more approximate “1. The uniform pressure theory gives higher fiction torque ‘than the unio wea thoory. Therefor in ease of eeton clutches, ‘uniform wear should be considered, unless otherwise stated. 24.10 Multiple Disc Clutch A multiple dise clutch. as shown in Fig. 24.5. may be used when a large torque is to be transmitted, The inside diss (usualy of steel) are fastens to the driven shaft to penit axial motion (execpt forthe Inst die). The outside diss (usually of bronze) are held y bolts and are fastened to the housing which is keyed to the driving shaft. The multiple dsc clutches are extensively used in motor cars, ‘Ain ise clutch machine tools ee. Poy =892 = A Textbook of Machine Design Ouiside dses Lo vst ig 245, Let 1n, = Number of dises on the driving shaft. and in, = Number of dises on the driven shaf. [Number of paits of contact surfaces, ile elise clutch nny tny-1 and total frictional torque acting an the frietion surfaces or onthe clutch, WR where (ean radius of friction surfaces (Por uniform pressure) ath z Example 24.1. Determine the maximum, minimum and everage pressure in a plate clutch ‘when the axial force is 4 KN. The inside radius of the contact surface is SO mm and the outside radius (For uniform wear) is 100 mm. Assume uniform wear. Solution. Given : W'=4 N= 4000 N ; r= 50 mm; r, = 100 mm ‘Maximum pressure Let Pygy ~ Maxinnum pressure Since the intensity of pressure is maximum atthe inner radius (r,), therefore PoaX=C oF 50 Pac We also know that total fore: on the contact surface (WV). 4000 = 2AC (ry ~ 13) = 24% 50 Pg (100 ~50)= 15 710 Py Pyge = 4000/15 710= 0.2546 Nim? Ans. ‘Minimum pressure Let Py ~ Minimum pressure. Since the intensity of pressure is minimum atthe outer radius (r,)s therefore, 00 Pig Prin = COTClutches = 893 We know that the total forceon the contact surface (W’), 4000 = 2NC (ry =1,) = 2 100 Py (100-50) = 31 420 Pig Pin ~ 4000/31 420 ~ 0.1273 Nima? Ans. Average pressure We know that average pressure, ‘Total normal force on contact surface Pov ~ Cross-sectional area of contact surface ~ [Cy — (4) ___4000 00)" = (50)°] Example 24.2. plate clutch having a single driving platewith contact stfaces om cach ide is required to transmit 110 kW ai 1250 rp.m. The outer diameter of the contact surfaces is 10 be 300 mm. The coefficient of frietion is 0.4 (a) Assuming a uniform pressure of 0.17 Nim; determine the inner diameter of the fection surfaces. (©) Assuning the same dimensions and the Same total axial crust, determine the maximum torque that can be transmitted and the maximum intensity af pressure when uniform wear conditions have been recched. Solution. Given : P= HO KW= 110 « 108W; N= 1250r.pm. sd, = 300 mmr, w= 045 p= 0.17 Nim (0) Inner diameter of the friction surfaces Let dy ~ Inner diameter of the contact or friction surfaces, and 17 Nimmm? At 50 mm 5 1, = Inner radius ofthe contact or frctien surfaces. We know thatthe torque transmitted by the clutch, P x60 _ 110 x10 x 60 2aN 2nx1250 40 « 10° N-mm Axil thrust with which the contact surfaces are held together, W = Pressure * Area =p m(r,)°—(ry¥] = 0.17 x [1309 ~ (F,?] = 0.534 [C307 ~ (7?) o ‘end mean radius of the contact surface for uniform pressure conéitions, 2f ar 2 aso -@y mY GP} 3Las0? Gy 2+ Torgue ransmited by the clutch (7), 840 109 = WR = 840 Nan = 2x04 x 0534 050)" (PZ = 0.285 (150) — (*,)] or (1507 (rs ‘i wy and dy 95 * 10° 425 « 106 or 7, =75 mm 1, =2%75= 150mm Ans.A Textbook of (0) Maximum torque transmitted ‘We know tha the axa! thrust, W = 0.334 [1507 —(F] «(From equator (5) = 0.534 [(150) — (75)"] = 9011 N and mean radius of the contact surfaces for uniform wear conditions, 150+ 75 2 2 Maximum torque transmitted, P= ngu.R=2 % 04 x 9OL1 % 112.5=811 x 10 Nemm = 811.N-m Ans. R 129 mm Maximum intensity of pressure For uniform wear conditions p.r=C (a constant). Since the intensity of pressure is maximum at the nner radius (,), therefore Pmac®Fy—=C Of C=Pgg, 7S Niemen We know that the axial thrust (W), GOL = 2 WC (7, =r) = 28% Pigg, * 75 (150 ~75) = 35 347 Pg, Poge = #01135 347 =0.255 Nimm? Ans. Example 243. A single plate clutch, effective on both sides, 1s required to transmut 25 KW at 3000 rpm. Determine the outer and inner diameters of frictional surface ifthe coefficient of friction is 0.255, ratio of diameters is 1.25 and the maximum pressure is not to exceed 0.1 Nimm?. Also, determine the axial thrust to be provided by springs. Assume the theory of uniform wear Solution, Given : n= 2; P= 25 kW = 25» 10° W; N= 3000 rp.m.; p= 0.255; Gy 1.25 08-74 /%y~ 1.235 Dyas O21 Nim? Ower and inner diameters of fictional surface Let d, and d,~ Outerand inner diameters (in mm) of fictional surface, and rand", ~ Coresponding radii (in mm) of frietional surface, We know that the torque transmitted by the elutch, © P x60 _ 25% 10° x 60 2aN 2"x3000 For uniform wear conditions, p.r= C (a constant) Since the intensity of pressure is maximum at the unner radius (r,), theretore. = 19.6 Nan = 79 600 Nem Prax ™ and normal or axial Toad acting or the fiction surface, W~2RC(r, my) 20.1 7 (125% 157 (7)? We know that mean radius of he frictional surface (Tor uniiorm weat), nth 1S try 2 2 ‘and the torque transmitted (T"), 79 600 = nuk = 2% 0.255 * 0.157 (Fy) L125 ry = 0.09 (73) (74)? = 79.6 » 10°/ 0.09 = 884 * 10° of 7)= 96 mm and ry = 125 r= 125 * 96 = 120 mm 17, Nimm 123 ryClutches = 895 <. Outer diameter of tretional surace, 4, = 27-2 120= 240mm Ans, nd inno diameter of fictional surfuce, y= 22296 192 mm Ans. Axial thrust to be provided by springs ‘We know that axial thrust tobe provided by springs, W = 2K C(r, =r) = 28% O75 (1.25 7-1) = 0,157 (r,? = 0.157 (96)? = 1447 N Ans, Example 24.4, 4 dry single plate clutch is to be designed for an automotive vehicle whose engine is rated to give 100 KW at 2400 rp.m. and maximum torque 500 N m. The outer radius oj the {friction plate is 25% more than the inner radius. The intensity of pressure between the plate is not to exceed 0.07 Nimm?. The coefficient of friction may be assumed equal to 0.3. The helical springs required by this clutch to provide axial force necessary to engage the clutch are eight, If each spring haz stiffness equal 1040 Ninm, determine the dimensions of the friction plate and initial comres- sion inthe springs. Solution. Given: P = 100 kW = 100 * 10° W; *N = 2400 r.p.m.; T = $00 N-m = $00 * 108 Nmm ; p= 0.07 Ninum? ; w= 0.3 ; No. of springs = 8; SliTaess/spring = 40 Nim Dimensions of the fiction plate Let 1, = Our radi ofthe fietion pate and ry ~ Inner radius ofthe friction plate. Since the enter radius ofthe fretion plate is 25% mace than the inner rains, therefore 28r, For uniform wear conditions p.r=C (a constant). Since the ntensity of pressure is maximum at theinner radius (therefore pry = C or C=0077,Nimm and axial load acting on the friction plate, W = 2WC(F,—1.)= 2K * 0.07 Fy (1.25 7, HG@YN a ‘We know that mean radius of the friction plate, for uniform wear, Rtn 1285p +n =a 2 + Torque transmitted (7), 500* 10? = ng =2% 030.11 (FP L125 r= O07 (bs (72)) ~ 500 10/ 0.074 ~ 6757 » 108 or 7 ~ 190 umn Ay and ny = 12Sry~ 1.25 « 190 = 237.5 mm Ans. Initial compression in the springs ‘We know that total stiffness of the springs, '5 = Stiffness per spring * No. of springs = 40 * 8 = 320 Nimm, Axial foree required to engage the cluteh, W = 0.11 (7, =0.11 (190)! = 3970 N [From equator (} compression in the springs = W/s=3970 1 320~ 124 mm Ans. 125 ry Superfluous data