Lesson Economics – Geopolitical and water crisis

15

Focus on reading

Reading strategy

1. b The JCPOA allows Iran to enrich uranium to 3.67% purity, but it breached that limit in 2019
and is exceeding it to an ever greater degree.

Exercises

1. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is a nuclear deal that Iran signed in 2015
with six world powers: the US, the UK, France, China, Russia, and Germany. Under the
accord, Iran allows international inspection of its nuclear activities in return for the lifting
of the economic sanctions imposed on the country.
2. Possible answers:
a) In the beginning of 2021 / In 2021 / In the first semester of 2021
b) almost dangerous / almost with military purpose
3. “The unrest” has the same meaning as “protest”, which can be found in the third paragraph:
“Residents of Isfahan, in central Iran, have held weeks of protests in the Zayandeh Roud [...].”
4. According to the excerpt and the text, the popular protests against the water crisis in
Iran are a reminder of good deeds that the country could obtain from a deal with JCPOA
because the support from the United States can help Iran to give incentive to farmers to
increase efficiency in water use, besides providing new technology for agriculture and,
therefore, could reduce its 92% of the country’s water consumption.
In the text:
“The unrest is a reminder of what the country could gain from a deal.”
5. lran’s government has done little to help the population because of its bad water
management, leading to protests against the water crisis.

Focus on grammar

Exercises

6. The sentences expressing future events or actions are those in b, d and e.

7. a) are coming
b) starts
c) is studying
d) mows
e) tells

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Focus on vocabulary

Exercise

8. a) Every
b) each
c) Every
d) each
e) each
f ) every
g) every
h) Each

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 Lesson Physics – Neutrino mystery
16

Focus on reading

Exercises

1. Neutrinos are the lightest and most elusive of all known elementary particles.
In the text:
“The Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) was searching for bursts of radiation
created by neutrinos, the lightest and most elusive of all known elementary particles.”
2. The LSND aims a beam of muon neutrinos toward the oil tank and counts the number of
electron neutrinos that arrive there.
In the text:
“Theorists had postulated that neutrinos might oscillate between types as they fly along – a
hypothesis that explained various astronomical observations. LSND had set out to test this
idea by aiming a beam of muon neutrinos, one of the three known types, toward the oil
tank, and counting the number of electron neutrinos that arrived there.”
3. Bill Louis and his team discovered a lot of electron neutrinos arriving in the tank, much
more than the simple theory of neutrino oscillations predicted.
In the text:
“Yet Louis and his team detected far more electron neutrinos arriving in the tank than the
simple theory of neutrino oscillations predicted”.
4. Many other bigger neutrino experiments were conducted after Los Alamos National
Laboratory’s 1993’s experiment.
In the text:
“Since then, dozens more neutrino experiments have been built, each grander than the last.”
5. Carlos Argüelles-Delgado compares neutrino research to detective stories, because
contradictory results have sent theorists down a variety of paths.
In the text:
“‘It’s a very confusing story. I call it the Garden of Forking Paths,’ said Carlos Argüelles-
Delgado, a neutrino physicist at Harvard University. In Jorge Luis Borges’ 1941 short story
of that title, time branches into an infinite number of possible futures. With neutrinos,
contradictory results have sent theorists down a variety of paths, unsure which data to
trust and which might be leading them astray. ‘Like any detective story, sometimes you see
clues and they throw you in the wrong direction,’ Argüelles-Delgado said.”

Focus on entrance exam

Exercises

6. d Todas as afirmações podem ser encontradas no texto, exceto a II, pois o texto afirma que o
temor de as máquinas substituírem o trabalho humano está de volta.
No texto:
“After 200 years, the machinery question is back.”

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 7. d Ao analisar os trechos, a única alternativa na qual não foi indicado um sinônimo é a alter-
nativa d; “concerns” é o antônimo de “disregards”.
8. b No texto:
“Since it has the trapping of a tedious scholarly treatise, readers often skip the appendix.”
9. e A palavra “rather” traduz-se por “ao invés de”. Apesar de “instead” (na alternativa c) também
traduzir-se por “ao invés de”, o uso da preposição “of” na locução “instead of” impossibilita
seu uso na oração. A expressão correta “more exactly” (mais exatamente) não traduz
literalmente, mas condiz com a ideia apresentada no texto.
10. d O texto afirma que a intenção da língua Newspeak é ser restrita, tornando impossível
expressar ideias complexas.
No texto:
“‘The whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought.’ It will render dissent
‘literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it’.”

Focus on grammar

Exercises

11. a) any
b) any
c) no
d) some
e) some
12. a) She didn’t teach any/She taught no subjects in a detention camp in north-eastern Syria.
b) Some severe drought resulted in three million children suffering from malnutrition.
c) Do you have some money you can give to charity?
d) Some water assistance is needed in regions suffering from the driest summers.
e) Does your sister have to buy any second-hand car for her older son?

Focus on vocabulary

Exercise

13. a) Her boss gathers everyone/everybody and tells them to pack up everything and go home.
b) Somebody was playing in the streets when they kicked the ball through Mrs. Strauss’
window.
c) Somebody had nowhere to go and they passed all the afternoon sitting in anywhere,
in the middle of the people.

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 Lesson Culture – Cultural heritage
17

Focus on reading

Reading strategy

1. a) Argument for: “[...] artifacts that were stolen or otherwise acquired in an illegal or
illegitimate fashion during periods of occupation, colonialism, and war. Critics also argue
that maintaining control over these objects causes museums to perpetuate white fantasies
about conquest that no longer hold up to scrutiny.”
b) Argument against: “One of the counterarguments museum directors make to defend
their ownership of artifacts plundered addresses how expensive and potentially risky it
could be to transport some of these priceless objects. The Neues Museum in Berlin, for
example, once claimed that Nefertiti’s bust was too delicate to transport back to Egypt. They
also point to issues of safe-keeping and what happens when they get to their destination –
especially if that’s in a country that may be experiencing instability and warfare.”

Exercises

1. People who are against repatriation point to issues of safe-keeping the artifacts and this
notion angers many because this means that countries cannot be trusted to preserve their
own cultural heritage.
In the text:
“They also point to issues of safe-keeping and what happens when they get to their
destination – especially if that’s in a country that may be experiencing instability and
warfare. This may seem like a valiant cause, but it essentially means that countries like
Egypt cannot be trusted to preserve their own cultural heritage. This notion angers many.”

2. Egypt managed to recover 1,000 illegally traded objects from overseas and doesn’t help
foreign museums unless they return trafficked artifacts.
In the text:
“Egypt has drastically stepped up efforts in recent years to stop the trafficking of its
antiquities. Over the past two years, it has recovered 1,000 illegally trafficked objects from
abroad, including 586 in 2017, and has warned foreign museums that it will not help them
mount exhibits on ancient Egyptian sites unless smuggled artifacts are returned.”

3. Repatriation enthusiasts criticize museums for frequently refusing to return objects

acquired illegally during periods of occupation, colonialism, and war.
In the text:
“Museums, in particular, are being criticized for perpetuating a colonialist paradigm by
frequently refusing to return artifacts that were stolen or otherwise acquired in an illegal
or illegitimate fashion during periods of occupation, colonialism, and war.”

4. According to Procter, museums are institutions of memory and they should admit they
have interfered negatively in the way we see the past.

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 In the text:
“As Procter writes in an op-ed for The Guardian that explains her tours, which focus on
slavery and colonialism throughout Britain’s imperial rule: ‘Museums are institutions of
memory – they must stop pretending there’s only one version of events and be willing to
own up to their role in shaping the way we see the past’.”
5. Western institutions in countries with imperial legacies are increasingly dealing with
thorough examination over the origin of the antique artifacts they have on display and for
sale and the discussions about returning these objects to where they belong.
In the text:
“Western institutions in countries with imperial legacies are increasingly facing scrutiny
over the provenance of the antiquities on display and for sale. England, France, Germany
and, to a lesser extent, the United States remain at the center of conversations about the
surrender of sensitive objects.”
Focus on grammar

Exercises

6. a) are going to travel

b) will sunbathe
c) will buy
d) is going to learn
7. a) I will have a pineapple juice, please.
b) Mr. Sinclair is going to quit smoking soon.
c) The guy is going to fall into the hole.
d) You won’t read/finish that book in time for the literature test.
e) It is going to snow soon.
Focus on vocabulary

Exercise

8. a) Swimming is good for your health.

b) I love reading novels.
c) Smoking is bad for your lungs.
d) Pauline hates eating salad/greens and vegetables.
e) Drinking and driving is dangerous.

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 Lesson Biology – Dinosaur feathers
18

Focus on reading

Exercises

1. Theropods are the meat-eating dinosaurs. This group also includes birds.
In the text:
“‘To date, most examples of dinosaur feathers have been found in the meat-eating
dinosaurs, known as theropods, which is the group that also includes birds,’ explains Paul.
‘So that is not too much of a surprise.’”
2. Most examples are from meat-eating dinosaurs.
In the text:
“‘To date, most examples of dinosaur feathers have been found in the meat-eating
dinosaurs, [...]’”
3. Because there are examples of other dinosaurs from completely unrelated groups with
feather-like coverings and it is also thought that some pterosaurs, the next closest relatives
to dinosaurs, may have been covered in feather-like structures too.
In the text:
“This is because there are a couple of examples of other dinosaurs from completely
unrelated groups with feather-like coverings, most notably the herbivorous dinosaurs
Kulindadromeus, Psittacosaurus and Tianyulong. In addition, it is also thought that some
pterosaurs, which are the next closest relatives to dinosaurs, may also have been covered
in feather-like structures.”
4. The speculation was that many other groups of dinosaurs may have had a smattering of
feathers too.
In the text:
“This has led to speculation that feathers were not just concentrated in the meat-eaters,
but that many other groups, like the horned ceratopsians such as Triceratops, may also
have had a smattering of feathers.”
5. The analysis supports the notion that dinosaurs that had true feathers were in the group
closest to living birds.
In the text:
“But the analysis by Paul and his colleagues shows that this was unlikely, and it supports
the idea that true feathers were concentrated only in the group closest to living birds.”

Focus on entrance exam

Exercises

6. c O texto aponta como diversos aspectos do cotidiano são consequências da globalização

(“[...] car is German [...]”, “[...] eletronics are Chinese [...]”, “[...] coffee is Brazilian [...]”) e questiona
o fato de que ainda existem pessoas que consideram imigração algo negativo.

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 7. c O autor ironiza a contratação para um emprego precário e extremamente concorrido
como sinal da recuperação econômica, com isso, abordando a precarização do trabalho
nas sociedades contemporâneas.
8. b No texto:
“They grow up to be women who silence themselves. They grow up to be women who
cannot say what they truly think [...] to be women who turn pretense into an art form.”
Pretense = falsidade; fantasia; dissimulação.
9. c “Minha pátria é minha língua” é a expressão que resume de maneira mais precisa a ideia
central do texto de Elena Ferrante, que afirma de maneira sucinta: “Being Italian, for me,
begins and ends with the fact that I speak and write in the Italian language” [Ser italiana,
para mim, começa e termina com o fato de que eu falo e escrevo no idioma italiano].
10. b De acordo com o poema, a falta de amor é apontada como causa de muitos procura-
rem a morte (“Yet many a man is making friends with death / Even as I speak, for lack
of love alone.”). Lack = falta de, ausência.

Focus on grammar

Exercises

11. a) in – at – on
b) at – on
c) in – on
d) at – on – in
e) in – at – on
12. a) at ten-thirty – at the airport
b) in bed – at night
c) at the club – on Saturdays
d) on the street – in the hospital
e) on the subway – in the afternoon

Focus on vocabulary

Exercise

13. a) regularly
b) terribly
c) heavily
d) seriously
e) patiently

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