BIBLIOGRAPHY

Industrial Revolution. From the web site:

https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution

Agricultural Revolution. From the web site:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/crop-rotations

Burns, W. (2010): A brief History of Great Britain. Facts on File editors. New York.

SCRIPT -

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

IN BRITAIN

We frequently assume that the Industrial Revolution is the source of all the current advancements
we see around us, but in reality, they can be traced back much further to the British Agricultural
Revolution, which took place in the lush grounds of early modern England.

Britain had made significant technological advancements in agriculture by the Middle Ages.
However, as England reached the early modern age, important societal, economic, and technological
developments began to develop that made it much easier for an increase in agricultural productivity.
National markets were able to thrive and internal market regulation was able to be implemented as
a result of the rise of private marketing in Britain between the 16th and 19th century.

FENCING
Increased fencing around open farms, or enclosure, allowed for more precise control over the feed
given to cattle and increased meat production.

However, it also had the effect of reducing the number of personnel needed to operate these farms,
forcing those workers to look for employment in denser metropolitan areas.

DUTCH PLOUGH
The invention of the "Dutch plough" simplified plowing, increased productivity, and subsequently,
promoted infrastructural improvements in transportation. The plough was quite effective on soggy,
wet soil, and then was quickly utilized on regular ground. It was simple to build by a blacksmith, and
by the end of the 18th century, rural foundries were producing close to 86 different plough models
for various soil types.

SEED DRILL
The “seed drill” was yet another crucial addition to the mechanization of agriculture. Prior to the
seed drill, seeds were typically planted by broadcasting (evenly throwing) them by hand across the
prepared soil and then lightly harrowing the earth to cover the seed.

Birds, insects, and mice all ate the seeds that were left on the surface of the ground. Seeds were
planted too close together and too far apart since there was no control over spacing. Alternatively,
you might use a hoe and/or a shovel to patiently plant each seed one at a time, but this was too
laborious.

THRESHING MACHINE
In addition, the threshing machine -sometimes known as the thresher- was also developed. It was a
piece of machinery used to thresh grain, which involves pounding the plant until the seeds fall out
and separating the seeds from the husks and stalks. Prior to the invention of such tools, threshing
was done by hand with flails and was extremely time-consuming and labor-intensive, accounting for
nearly a quarter of agricultural work by the 18th century. Farm labor was significantly reduced in
drudgery as a result of this process' mechanization.

Norfolk four-course crop rotation

The "Norfolk four-course crop rotation" was probably the most significant invention since it
increased crop yields while reducing the need for fallow areas due to better soil fertility.
Greater food availability as a result of these advances contributed to England and Wales' rapid
population expansion, which increased from 5.5 million in 1700 to over 9 million by 1801.

The British agricultural revolution provided the background for the Industrial Revolution to take
place. Agricultural workers displaced by the enclosure system moved en masse to urban areas,
greatly swelling their populations.
At the same time manufacturing technology was undergoing its own revolution, and required its
own workforce. The combination of new machines and an influx of workers resulted in the first
factories. With this increased labor force other inventions such as steam engines could be mass-
produced and sold internationally; and these machines relied on coal that was mined by the same
labourers displaced by enclosure. All of these things could not have been achieved at such a frenetic
pace had it not been for the record production of food that the Agricultural Revolution made
possible.
In making the industrial revolution possible, the Agricultural Revolution gave birth to our modern
world. Without the Agricultural Revolution it's quite possible that everything that happened after it
would have happened anyway, albeit at a much slower pace.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

The term “Industrial Revolution” was first popularized by the English economic historian
Arnold Toynbee to describe Britain's economic development from 1760 to 1840. At that time,
the term Industrial revolution was not used.
Divided in two parts:

a) First Industrial Revolution. From the mid of XVIII century to 1830, and mostly
confined to Britain.
b) Second Industrial Revolution. From the mid of XIX century until early XX century.
Took place in Britain, Continental Europe, North America and Japan.

Political stability: Britain built the most advanced economy and largest empire in the world”.
1829: political rights to catholics.
1832: Great reform Bill. Increased the electorate.
1833: The Factory Act: Limited the hours of child labour. Set up a System of factory
inspectors.

Economy changes: Transforms economies based on agriculture and handicrafts into

economies based on large-sc
ale industry, mechanized manufacturing and the factory system. Increase of the overall
amount of wealth.
➔ increased use of natural resources.
➔ increase of international trade.
➔ mass production of the manufactured goods.
➔ developed system of capital markets.
➔ capital available for investment.
➔ production and trade of textiles: cotton.
➔ Britain markets: Colonies in North America, India and Africa.

Innovations:
➔ new materials: chiefly iron, steel
➔ new machines
➔ new power sources: coal, electricity, internal combustion engine, petroleum.
➔ new ways of organizing work.
➔ new industries: more productive and efficient. Mass production.
➔ application of science to industry.

Inventions
➔ Steam engine
➔ electric generations and electric motors.
➔ incandescent lamp, light bulb
➔ telegraph, telephone.
➔ radio.
➔ internal-combustion engine: automobile.
➔ developments in transportation: airplane, steam locomotive, steamship.

Society changes
➔ enlargement of the middle class.
➔ new workers: women and children.
 ➔ long hours of work and bag conditions.
➔ factory system: new organization of work.
➔ Growth of cities, urbanization, new cities crowded.
➔ work class movements.
➔ workers: become machine operators, subject to factory discipline.
➔ lack of workers protection and regulation.
➔ life regulated by the clock.

Religion:
➔ 1836: civil marriage was instituted.
➔ 1829: Political rights to catholics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Industrial Revolution. Retrieved from the web site:

https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution

Agricultural Revolution. Retrieved from the web site:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/crop-rotations

Burns, W. (2010): A brief History of Great Britain. Facts on File editors. New York.

Threshing machine - https://sites.google.com/a/masdstudent.org/inventions-that-

changed-america---the-industrial-revolution/2-the-trashing-m

Dutch plough - https://www.prints-online.com/farmer-ploughing-7224841.html

Steam locomotive - https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/industrial-revolution-

steam-engine-invention

Steam ship -
http://aladecouvertedessciencessociales.blogspot.com/2015/11/industrial-
revolution.html

Light bulb - https://www.webadidas.fr/products.aspx?

cname=the+first+electric+light+bulb&cid=111

XIX century factory - https://www.q-files.com/history/british-history/life-in-19th-

century-britain/print
Child labor factory - https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/child-
welfarechild-labor/national-child-labor-committee/

Green crops - https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-video-agriculture-wind-crop-

barley-blowing-over-video55066828

Cows in fence - https://www.kingtonlangleystud.com/services/livery/

MICRO TEACHING
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58996186

Vikings had a settlement in North America exactly one thousand years ago,
centuries before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas, a study says.
Scientists say a new dating technique analysing tree rings has provided evidence
that Vikings occupied a site in Newfoundland, Canada, in 1021AD.
It has long been known that Europeans reached the Americas before Columbus's
arrival in the New World in 1492.
But this is the first time researchers have suggested an exact date.
Writing in the journal Nature, scientists said they had analysed the tree rings of three
pieces of wood cut for the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows.
They said that using an atmospheric radiocarbon signal produced by a dated solar
storm as a reference, they were able to pin the "exact felling year of the tree" to
1021.

NORTH AMERICA PRE-COLUMBIAN

➔ Dozens of previous indigenous peoples displayed in North American territories.

➔ Originally crossed from Siberia to Alaska between 13,000 BC and 3,000 BC.
➔ Native groups had tribal organisation.
➔ Kin.based bands of hunters and gatherers together with semi-sedentary peoples that
planted crops.
➔ Adapted to eco-systems they inhabited.
 ➔ They viewed land as a resource to be held in common for the benefit of the group
•Some practiced farming, bison and deer hunting, others were fishermen.
➔ Most of the tribes opposed to European expansion.
➔ 1542: Bartolomé de las Casas advocated for better treatment of the natives. He
claims Indians were completely human and had souls, so enslaving them was not
justified..

TRIBES
• Eastern tribes were mostly matriarcal but chiefs mainly men.
• they lived in small tribal units
• A chief or tribal elders made decisions
• Matriarchy finished with European contact

In the 15th century there were many cultural groups among the Native Americans.
Tribes of the North East. The Iroquois and the Algonquins. Both were agricultural. The
Iroquois grow corn, squash and beans. They called these three sacred crops “The Three
Sisters”.. The Algonquins also began farming the three crops but continued to hunt and fish.
The Northeast tribes could trade with the tribes of the Great Plains for fur, silver,copper and
pearls. They tended to live in villages of a few hundred people. Many lived in longhouses
made of wood that could reach up to 100 feet long and housed up to 20 families.
Tribes of the South East: The Cherokee and the Seminole. These tribes were in some of the
most fertile land and practiced a wide range of agriculture-most notable corn farming but
also squash, beans,tobacco and sunflowers. They supplemented their diets with nuts, seeds
and fruits. In addition, they continued to hunt. They used bows and arrows and created
complex tapping systems for mussels, clams and fish in the ocean. They also built tools and
weapons for hunting large animals. They created larged societies and relied on trading hubs
to move goods and food among themselves. Despite those places, most people lived in
small villages of under a thousand people and they shared a set of politics. These were the
first groups of North Americans to organize their societies by chiefdoms. A chief was the
wealthiest and most powerful person in the village and the rest of society was ranked by
social status and wealth.
Midwest Region or Great Plains. This region was initially sparsely populated until groups like
the Pawee and the Cheyenne began to inhabit it. Initially, the people of this region were
sedentary, they set up their homes called Earth Lodges near crops and did not move.
Eventually this tribes began to hunt by carving sharp points into stone called clovis points
and attaching them to the end of long sticks. They hunted large animals like bison and
buffalo. This hunting lifestyle led to a more nomadic people. They followed the grazing
herds and built teepees that were easy to put up and take down as they moved. In the
Plains, the Native Americans separated into small groups called bands. They were made up
of a few hundred people who would live, hunt and travel together. These bands did not
have a social hierarchy . They would often unite and settle to help each other while hunting
large animals. The people had varying spiritual beliefs. It's thought that most rituals and
beliefs revolved around nature and the sun and that the earth was the mother of all spirits.
These groups regarded animal migration and life as sacred. They believed that some people
were blessed
to be leaders or medicine men and they harvested plants for medicinal purposes and cures.
Southwest. In this region the group referred to as The Pueblos or Ancestral Pueblos. These
people were credited with being the first farmers in North America. Corn was the first crop
they grew and they considered it not only necessary food but also a gift from the spirits. But
the southwest region is a very dry desert. In order to maintain their corn crop, The Pueblos
developed an irrigation system which allowed them to water their crops. Since they were
able to grow a surplus of food they were sedentary people. They built stone and adobe or
mud houses. These houses were like apartment buildings with many floors and rooms. They
lived in large towns with thousands of people. They hold spiritual ceremonies where they
pray to their gods for good weather and good harvest.
The Navajo and Apache people migrated from the Northwest region but instead ao
becoming an agricultural society, they remained hunters and gatherers and lived nomadic
lifestyles. Since they moved around a lot they built simple homes of mud and bark.
Northwest region. The Native America in this region lived off of the natural resources of the
land. Due to the big differences in land type and weather the many tribes that lived there
had very different lifestyles. Some were the Washoe, Mono and Chinhook. Most of them
were fishers, hunters and gatherers. Acorns were a large part of the diet. Women would
gather acorns and grind them into flour. also fishing for salmon sustained the people in this
region. Men would use a harpoon to strab the fish in the rivers. Many western natives lived
in easy-to-move huts made of sticks and leaves called wickiups. In areas where fish and food
were in abundance the tribes would live in more permanent houses and lived among
sedentary tribes. In areas with more food the tribes were more wealthy and powerful. The
Chinook were so powerful they enslaved members of other tribes to do the hard labor. The
Native Americans in this region gave spiritual meaning to most animals, plants and tasks.
Many groups prayed for good hunting and some had rituals like throwing salmos bones into
the river to replenish the salmon population and thank the river for its sacrifice.

When the English language arrived on the North American continent, the land
was already home to hundreds of rich and diverse languages that had been
developing there for thousands of years. This list is a sampling of some of the
English words borrowed from those languages.
In earliest evidence, this word is spelled squuncke. The creature's English
name is taken from the one the given it by the Massachusett tribe. Their word,
in turn, derived from an Algonquian one whose parts translate as "urinate" and
"fox" or "fox-like animal." (Algonquian is a family of Native American
languages spoken by peoples from Labrador to Carolina and westward into
the Great Plains.) Other animals not formerly encountered by English
speakers also received their English names from the names used by the
native people of the continent: chipmunk is thought to come from an Ojibwa
term meaning "red squirrel"; opossum traces back to an Algonquian word
whose parts translate as "white" and "dog" or "small animal." Raccoon,
moose, and caribou are all borrowings (from Virginian Algonquian,
Algonquian, and Micmac, respectively). Woodchuck also comes from
Algonquian, with its English-sounding components appearing through a
process known as folk etymology.

No one is surprised that the word tepee comes from a Native American
language. The conical structures used especially by some tribes of the Great
Plains and made from frames that were historically covered in animal skins
have become emblematic in American pop culture of the Plains Native
Americans. The word is borrowed from the Dakota thípi, the root of which
means "to dwell." The spellings teepee and, less commonly, tipi are also in
use.

Toboggan came to English by way of Canadian French, but its origin is

ultimately Algonquian. The word shares an ancestor with the Micmac tobâgun,
meaning "drag made of skin." Though toboggan typically refers to a long flat-
bottomed sled, its meaning sometimes extends to what toboggans work best
on ("a downward course or a sharp decline"). It's unclear how the word came
also to refer to the long knitted cone-shaped cap better known as a stocking
cap. That use is mainly limited to the southern and midland US.

When groups of English speakers began to settle on the North American

continent, the word squash was already part of their vocabulary. It was a verb
used as a synonym of crush, as it still is today, and it was also a noun
referring to an unripe pod of peas; Shakespeare used that now-obsolete
meaning in several plays (In Twelfth Night Malvolio describes Viola-in-disguise
as "Not yet old enough for a man, nor young enough for a boy; / as a squash
is before 'tis a peascod.") The zucchini, pumpkins, and their botanical relations
that we now know as squash were in the Narragansett language called
askútasquash. That word was borrowed into English as isquoutersquash,
which was later shortened and altered to match an earlier word the English
speakers were familiar with: squash.

Totem in its original English sense refers to an emblematic depiction of

something (such as an animal, plant, or supernatural being) that symbolizes a
family or tribe. Nowadays, it more broadly refers to something or someone
that is a revered symbol or emblem of something. The word is Ojibwa in
origin, borrowed from oto·te·man, meaning "his totem."

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American

https://www.britannica.com/topic/California-Indian/Leadership-and-social-status