*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

25-02-2022

1. Breast
2. Shoulder Joint
3. Parotid Gland
4. Thyroid Gland and its development
5. Brachial Plexus
6. Nuclei, Functional Component, Branches, and lesions of the Facial Nerve
7. Cerebrospinal fluid- site of formation, the pathway of circulation, sites of drainage
8. Circle of Willis or arterial supply of brain
9. Barr body
10. Weber’s syndrome
11. Benedikt’s syndrome
12. Turner syndrome
13. Klienfelter’s syndrome
14. Cubital fossa
15. Deep palmar arch
16. Superficial Palmar Arch

26-02-2022

1. Larynx- gross anatomy, arterial supply, and nerve supply

2. Axillary Lymph Nodes
3. Deltoid Muscle
4. Blood supply of cerebrum
5. Scalp
6. Cartilaginous joint
7. Down syndrome
8. Styloid Process of skull
9. Styloid Process of Ulna
10. Rotator cuff
11. Infratemporal fossa

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

12. White matter of the cerebrum

13. Histology of tonsil
14. Neural crest
15. Erb’s paralysis
16. Bell’s Palsy

27-02-2022

1. Cavernous sinus
2. Movements of vocal folds
3. Sensory nerve supply of face
4. medial wall of the middle ear
5. Ansa cervicalis
6. Styloid Apparatus
7. Lateral wall of the nose
8. Clavipectoral fascia
9. Ulnar Nerve
10. Lateral lemniscus
11. Injury of the lower trunk of brachial plexus
12. Axillary artery
13. Sulci and gyri on the superolateral surface of the left cerebral hemisphere
14. Development of tongue
15. Histology of thick skin
16. Corticospinal Tract or Pyramidal Tract
17. Extraocular muscle
18. Histology of submandibular salivary gland
19. Ulnar Nerve
20. Corpus callosum

28-02-2022

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

1. Cerebellum
2. Types of epiphyses
3. Difference between shunt and spurt muscles
4. Difference between compact bone and cancellous bone
5. Difference between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
6. Difference between type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers
7. Brown-Sequard syndrome
8. Syringomyelia
9. Waldeyer Lymphatic Ring
10. Parinaud syndrome
11. Spinothalamic tract
12. External features of spinal cord
13. Tracheoesophageal fistula
14. Nasal septum
15. Carotid Triangle
16. Situation of Thyroid
17. Robertsonian Translocation
18. Arterial anastomosis around scapula
19. Arterial anastomosis around elbow joint
20. Median Nerve

01-03-2022

1. Primitive urogenital sinus

2. External retinaculum of Hand
3. Histology of tongue
4. Facial vessels
5. Cartilages of Larynx and Gross anatomy, arterial supply and nerve supply
6. Histology of parotid
7. Histology of trachea
8. Histology of thin skin
9. Histology of Parotid

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

02-03-2022

10. Histology of tongue

11. Stellate Ganglion
12. Transitional Epithelium
13. Histology of thyroid
14. Lacrimal apparatus
15. Development of face, nose, palate

03-03-2022

1. Otic Ganglion
2. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
3. Primitive streak
4. Internal capsule
5. Cricothyroid
6. Medial Lemniscus
7. Pre-central Gyrus
8. Histology of lymph node
9. Duramater folds and nerve supply
10. Hypoglossal Nerve/ Cranial Nerve XII
11. Muscles of mastication—Origin, Insertion, Nerve supply, and Actions
12. Maxillary artery
13. Tongue—Development, Lymphatic drainage, nerve supply, clinical
14. Brachial artery
15. Joints

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Diagrams

19-02-2022

1. Boundaries of Internal Capsule

2. Fibres of Internal Capsule
3. Contents of Internal Capsule
4. Arterial Supply of Internal Capsule
5. Floor of IV ventricle
6. Shoulder Joint
7. Relations of shoulder Joint
8. Arterial Supply of Thyroid Gland
9. Venous supply of Thyroid Gland
10. Situation of Parotid Gland
11. Capsule of Parotid gland
12. Arterial Supply of Parotid Gland
13. Venous supply of Parotid Gland
14. Cavernous Sinus
15. Scalp- Coronal Section through scalp
16. Arterial supply and nerve supply of scalp
17. Venous supply of Face
18. Styloid Process
19. Styloid Apparatus
20. Cerebrospinal fluid: site of formation, circulation
21. Flow chart for cerebrospinal fluid

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

20-02-2022

1. Movements of the vocal cords

2. Larynx
3. Sensory nerve supply of face
4. Medial wall of middle ear
5. Ansa cervicalis
6. Lateral wall of nose
7. Arterial supply of lateral wall of nose
8. Nerve supply of lateral wall of nose
9. Clavipectoral fascia
10. Superficial Palmar arch and Deep Palmar Arch
11. Radial Nerve
12. Lateral lemniscus
13. Otic Ganglion
14. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
15. Axillary artery
16. Cerebellum
17. Sulci and gyri on the superolateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere
18. Development of tongue
19. Histology of thick skin
20. Corticospinal Tract or Pyramidal Tract
21. Medial Lemniscus

21-02-2022

1. Weber’s syndrome
2. Course of facial nerve

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

3. Benedikt’s syndrome
4. Parinaud’s syndrome
5. Syringomyelia
6. Waldeyer Lymphatic Ring
7. Brown-sequard syndrome
8. Spinothalamic tract
9. External features of spinal cord
10. Tracheo-esophageal fistula
11. Nasal septum
12. Carotid Triangle
13. Corpus callosum
14. Facial vessels
15. Ulnar Nerve
16. Infratemporal fossa
17. Extraocular muscles

22-02-2022

1. Tongue—Development, Lymphatic drainage, nerve supply, clinical

2. Histology of lymph node
3. Duramater folds and nerve supply
4. Hypoglossal Nerve/ Cranial Nerve XII
5. Muscles of mastication—Origin, Insertion, Nerve supply and Actions

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

6. Maxillary artery
7. White matter of cerebrum
8. Histology of tonsil
9. Brachial artery
10. External retinaculum of Hand
11. Arterial anastomosis around elbow
12. Arterial anastomosis around scapula

23-02-2022

1. Lacrimal apparatus
2. Median Nerve
3. Bell’s Palsy
4. Development of face, nose, palate
5. Revision of tongue
6. Revision of Cerebellum
7. Revision of Parotid Gland
8. Revision of styloid process and apparatus
9. Revision of clavipectoral fascia
10. Sulci and Gyri on superolateral surface of cerebellum

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

11. Revision of Axillary Artery

12. Revision of IV ventricle
13. Revision of Duramater folds and nerve supply
14. Revision of Hypoglossal Nerve/ Cranial Nerve XII
15. Revision of Muscles of mastication—Origin, Insertion, Nerve supply and Actions
16. Revision of Maxillary artery
17. Revision of White matter of cerebrum
18. Cartilages of Larynx and Gross anatomy, arterial supply and nerve supply.

24-02-2022

1. Histology of submandibular salivary gland

2. Histology of tongue
3. Histology of thymus
4. Histology of parotid
5. Histology of trachea
6. Histology of thin skin
7. Histology of thick skin
8. Histology of mammary gland
9. Histology of tongue
10. Histology of Compact Bone. Transverse section (T.S.)
11. Histology of Compact Bone. Longitudinal section (L.S.)
12. Transitional Epithelium
13. Histology of thyroid
14. + Red coloured topics of previous day i.e. 23.02.2022

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Histology of Submandibular salivary gland

1. It is a compound tubuloacinar gland.

2. It is a mixed gland, containing both serous and mucous acini, with serous acini
predominating
3. Presence of both serous and mucous acini distinguishes the submandibular gland
from the parotid gland
4. It has presence of :many serous acini and few mucous acini; (ii) many striated ducts;
(iii) serous demilunes.

Histology of tongue

1. Tongue is covered on both surfaces by non-keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium
2. Ventral surface of tongue is smooth, but dorsal surface shows numerous projections
or papillae 
3. Main mass of tongue is formed by skeletal muscle seen below lamina propria
4. Each papilla has a core of connective tissue covered by epithelium.
5. Numerous serous and mucous glands are present amongst the muscle fibres

Histology of thymus

1. The thymus is made up of lymphoid tissue arranged in form of distinct lobules.

2. Lobules are partially separated from each other by connective tissue septae

3. Each lobule has an outer dark stained cortex and an inner lightly stained medulla
4. Cortex is confined to one lobule

5. Medulla is continuous from one lobule to another

6. Medulla contains pink staining rounded masses

Histology of parotid

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

1. It is a serous salivary gland.

2. Only serous acini are present which contain basophilic zymogen granules and darkly
stained
3. Intercalated and striated ducts are seen
4. Interlobular duct can be seen

5. It also contains adipocyte

Histology of trachea

1. hyaline cartilage is also present

2. Lining of epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet
cells.
3. Arteriole and venule supply the connective tissue of the submucosa and lamina
propria

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Histology of thick skin

1. Epidermis is very thick with a thick layer of stratum corneum.

2. Epidermis is made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
3. It is Found in palms of hands and soles of feet
4. It is devoid of hair.
5. Sebaceous Glands are absent Sweat glands are present in the dermis.

Histology of thin skin

1. Presence of thin epidermis

2. Epidermis is made up of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

3. Presence of Hair follicles

4. Sebaceous glands are present Sweat Glands are present in Dermis
5. Found in all parts of body except palm and feet.

Histology of tongue

1. Tongue is covered on both surfaces by non-keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium.
2. Ventral surface of tongue is smooth, but dorsal surface shows numerous projections
or papillae
3. Two types of papillae are present Fungiform and fusiform papillae
4. Each papilla has a core of connective tissue covered by epithelium.
5. Numerous serous and mucous glands are present.

Histology of Compact Bone. Transverse section (T.S.)

1. Haversian canal is made up of concentric lamellae, lacunae with osteocytes.

2. Haversian (central) canal contains blood vessels and nerves

3. Three types of lamellae are seen- (1) circumferential, (2) concentric, (3) interstitial

Canaliculi radiate from lacunae

4. In Longitudinal Section (L.S.) Volkmann's canal can be seen

5. In L.S. Lacunae can be seen with osteocytes

Histology of Thyroid

1. Thyroid follicles lined by simple cuboidal epithelium; (ii) thyroid follicles filled with

colloid (thyroglobulin); (iii) parafollicular cells or clear (C) cells between thyroid
follicles
2. It is characterized by variable sized follicles that are filled with an acidophilic colloid.
3. Connective tissue septa from thyroid capsule extend into thyroid gland interior and

divides into lobules

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

4. Numerous blood vessels, arterioles, venules, and capillaries are seen in the

connective tissue septa and around thyroid follicles.

Histology of Tonsil

1. It is an aggregation of lymphoid tissue

2. At places the epithelium dips in the form of deep crypts
3. Deep to epithelium there is diffuse lymphoid tissue in which lymphatic nodules can
be seen.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Transitional Epithelium

It is also known as uroepithelium. It is a multilayer epithelium and is 4 to 6 cells thick.

The deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar. The middle layers are made up of polyhedral
or pear-shaped cells. The cells of the surface layer are large and often shaped like an
umbrella.

In urinary bladder, it is seen that cells of transitional epithelium can be stretched

considerably without losing their integrity.

When stretched it appears to be thinner and the cells become flattened.

Location

It is found in the renal pelvis and calyces, the ureter, the urinary bladder and part of the
urethra. Because of this distribution it is also called urothelium

Function

It makes membrane resistant to toxic effects of substances present in urine, and

thus afford protection to adjacent tissues.
It serves as a permeability barrier

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

1. Histology of submandibular salivary gland

2. Histology of tongue
3. Histology of thymus

4. Histology of parotid
5. Histology of trachea

6. Histology of tonsil
7. Histology of Lymph Node

8. Histology of thin skin

9. Histology of thick skin

10. Histology of Compact Bone. Transverse section (T.S.) practice diagram with L.S.
too
11. Transitional Epithelium
12. Histology of thyroid

Histology of Lymph Node

 Lymphatic nodules are present in the cortex.

 A layer of connective tissue with a venule and arteriole surrounding the lymph node
capsule.
 Lined with endothelium.
 Lymph node has an outer cortex and inner medulla.
 Cortex of Lymph node consists of lymphatic nodule situated adjacent to each other
 Cortex of lymph node is separated from connective tissue.

Otic Ganglion

It is a peripheral parasympathetic ganglion which relays secretomotor fibres to the parotid

gland.

It is a part of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

SIZE AND SITUATION

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

It is 2 to 3 mm in size, and is situated in the infratemporal fossa, just below the foramen
ovale. It lies medial to the mandibular nerve, and lateral to the tensor veli palatini. It
surrounds the origin of the nerve to the medial pterygoid.

CONNECTIONS AND BRANCHES

The secretomotor motor or parasympathetic root is formed by the lesser petrosal nerve. The
sympathetic root is derived from the plexus on the middle meningeal artery. It contains
postganglionic fibres arising in the superior cervical ganglion. The fibres pass through the
otic ganglion without relay and reach the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve. They
are vasomotor in function. The sensory root comes from the auriculotemporal nerve and is
sensory to the parotid gland.

Other fibres passing through the ganglion are as follows:

a. The nerve to medial pterygoid gives a motor root to the ganglion which passes through it
without relay and supplies medially placed tensor veli palatini and laterally placed tensor
tympani muscles.

b. The chorda tympani nerve is connected to the otic ganglion and also to the nerve of the
pterygoid canal. These connections provide an alternative pathway of taste from the
anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Clinical Anatomy

 The motor part of the mandibular nerve is tested clinically by asking the patient to
clench her/his teeth and then feeling for the contracting masseter and temporalis
muscles on the two sides. If one masseter is paralysed, the jaw deviates to the
paralysed side, on opening the mouth by the action of the normal lateral pterygoid
of the opposite side. The activity of the pterygoid muscles is tested by asking the
patient to move the chin from side to side. .
 Referred pain: In cases with cancer of the tongue, pain radiates to the ear and to the
temporal fossa, over the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve as both lingual
and auriculotemporal are branches of mandibular nerve. Sometimes the lingual
nerve

Larynx

It is an organ used for production of voice.

Situation

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

It lies in the anterior midline of the neck, extending from roof of tongue to trachea. In adults
male it extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae, but in children and female it lies at higher
level.

Size of larynx

In males it is 44 mm long

In females it is 36 mm long

Constitution of larynx

Larynx is made up of skeletal framework of cartilage. These cartilage are connected by

joints, ligaments and membranes and are moved by number of muscles.

Cavity of larynx is lined by mucous membrane

Cartilages of Larynx

Larynx contains total 9 cartilages, out of which 3 are paired and 3 are unpaired

Cartilages of Larynx
Paired Cartilages of Larynx

1. Arytenoid cartilage
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Corniculate cartilage

Unpaired Cartilages of Larynx

1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Cavity of Larynx

1. The cavity of the larynx extends from the inlet of the larynx to the lower border of
the cricoid cartilage. The inlet of larynx is placed obliquely. The interior is bounded
anteriorly by the epiglottis; posteriorly by the Interarytenoid fold of mucous
membrane and on each side by the aryepiglottic fold.
2. Within cavity of larynx, there are two folds of mucous membranes on each side. The
space between the right and left vestibular folds is the rima vestibuli; and the space
between the vocal folds is the rima glottidis. vocal fold is attached anteriorly to the
middle of the angle of the thyroid cartilage on its posterior aspect; and posteriorly to
the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. The rima glottidis is limited posteriorly
by an interarytenoid fold of mucous membrane. Rima is the narrowest part of larynx.
It is longer in males (23 mm) than females (17 mm).
3. - The vestibular and vocal folds divide the cavity of the larynx into three parts.
a. The part above the vestibular fold is called the supraglottis.
b. The part between the vestibular and vocal folds is called the sinus of the larynx .
c. The part below the vocal folds is called the infraglottis.

Mucous membranes of Larynx

1. The anterior surface and upper half of the posterior surface of the epiglottis, the
upper parts of the aryepiglottic folds, and the vocal folds are lined by the stratified
squamous epithelium.
2. The mucous membrane is loosely attached to the cartilages of the larynx except over

the vocal ligaments

3. The mucous glands are absent over the vocal cords.

Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage

Up to the Vocal Folds

By the superior laryngeal artery, a branch of the superior thyroid artery.

Below the Vocal Folds

By the inferior laryngeal artery, a branch of the inferior thyroid artery.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Nerve Supply

Motor Supply  Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral

cricoarytenoid, transverse and oblique arytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroarytenoid,
thyroepiglottic muscles. External laryngeal nerve only supplies cricothyroid muscle.

Sensory Nerves The internal laryngeal nerve supplies the mucous membrane up to the
level of the vocal folds. The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies it below the level of the vocal
folds.

Lymphatic Drainage

Lymphatics from the part above the vocal folds drain along the superior thyroid vessels to
the anterosuperior group of deep cervical nodes by piercing thyrohyoid membrane. Those
from the part below the vocal folds drain to the posteroinferior group of deep cervical nodes.
A few of them drain into the pre-laryngeal nodes by piercing cricothyroid.

Clinical Anatomy

 The larynx can be examined either directly through a laryngoscope); By

laryngoscopy, one can inspect the base of the tongue, the valleculae, the epiglottis,
the aryepiglottic folds, the piriform fossae, the vestibular folds, and the vocal folds.
 Tumours of the vocal cords can be diagnosed early, because there are changes in the
voice.
 Tracheostomy is a permanent procedure. Part of 2nd-4th rings of trachea are
removed after incising the isthmus of the thyroid gland. If the patient is unconscious,
one must remember A-Airway, B-Breathing, C-Circulation in that order. For the
patency of afuway, pull the tongue out and also endotracheal tube needs to be
passed. The tube should be passed between the right and left vocal cords down to
the trachea.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Internal Capsule

The internal capsule is a compact bundle of projection fibres between the thalamus and caudate
nucleus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally.

These fibres fan out rostrally to form corona radiata and condense caudally to continue as crus
cerebri of the midbrain. The ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fibres of internal capsule
chiefly interconnect the cerebral cortex with the brainstem and spinal cord.

These fibres are mainly responsible for the sensory and motor innervation of the opposite half of the
body.

Shape and boundaries of the internal capsule

In a horizontal section of the cerebral hemisphere, the internal capsule appears as a V-shaped
compact bundle of white fibres with its concavity directed laterally:

It is bounded medially by the caudate nucleus and thalamus, and laterally by the lentiform nucleus.

Parts of the internal capsule

The internal capsule is divided into following five parts

• Anterior limb, lies between the head of caudate nucleus medially and the anterior part of the
lentiform nucleus laterally.

• Posterior limb, lies between the thalamus medially and the posterior part of the lentiform nucleus
laterally.

• Genu, is the bend between the anterior and posterior limbs with concavity of the bend facing
laterally.

• Retrolentiform part, lies behind the lentiform nucleus.

• Sublentiform part, lies below the lentiform nucleus.

Constituent fibres of the internal capsule

Motor fibres

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

• Corticopontine fibres originate from the cerebral cortex of all the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere
and form the largest single group of projection fibres in the internal capsule (about 2/3rd of the total
fibre component).

They are named according to the lobe from which they arise, e.g. frontopontine, parietopontine,
occipitopontine and temporopontine, arising from frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
respectively.

The frontopontine fibres are most numerous and pass through the anterior limb, genu, and posterior
limb. The parietopontine and occipitopontine fibres pass through the retrolentiform part. The
temporopontine fibres pass through the sublentiform part (Fig. 14.10). The corticopontine fibres
relay (synapse) in the ipsilat-eral pontine nuclei. The fibres arising from pontine nuclei cross the
midline to relay in the cortex of the opposite cerebellar hemisphere, thus forming the cortico-ponto-
cerebellar pathway. The corticoponto-cerebellar pathway is most recent in development and best
developed in man. • Pyramidal fibres arise in the cerebral cortex and relay in the lower motor
neurons within the brainstem and spinal cord. The pyramidal fibres are of two types: –
Corticonuclear fibres synapse with the contralateral motor nuclei of the cranial nerves which
innervate the head and neck muscles. The corticonuclear fibres occupy the genu of the internal
capsule. – Corticospinal fibres synapse with the anterior horn cells of the opposite half of the spinal
cord, which innervate the muscles of the upper limb, trunk and lower limb. The corticospinal fibres
form several discrete bundles in the anterior two-third of the posterior limb. The fibres for the upper
limb are most anterior, followed in that order, by the fibres for the trunk and the lower limb. •
Extrapyramidal fibres arise in the cerebral cortex and relay into the subcortical grey matter
belonging to the extrapyramidal system, viz. red nucleus, corpus stria-tum, substantia nigra, etc.
They are named according to their destinations, viz. corticorubral, corticostriate, cor-ticonigral, etc.
respectively. Most of the extrapyramidal fibres occupy the position near the corticospinal fibres in
the internal capsule, and are therefore affected in the lesions of the posterior limb. Sensory fibres
(Fig. 14.9A,B) Sensory fibres are mostly thalamocortical fibres, which radiate from thalamus in
different directions to reach the widespread areas of the cerebral cortex and constitute most of
thalamic radiation

According to the direction of these fibres the thalamic radiation is divided into following subgroups:
• Anterior thalamic radiation: the fibres of anterior thal-amic radiation are directed anteriorly and
connects the anterior and dorsomedial nuclei of thalamus to frontal lobe cortex. • Superior thalamic
radiation is directed superiorly. Its fibres pass through anterior limb of internal capsule and connect

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

the ventral tier of thalamic nuclei with the sensory cortex of the frontal and parietal lobes. •
Posterior thalamic radiation is directed posteriorly. The fibres of posterior thalamic radiation pass
through the retrolentiform part of internal capsule and connect the lateral geniculate body to the
primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe forming optic radiation

Inferior thalamic radiation is directed inferiorly. Its fibres pass through sublentiform part of internal
capsule and most of them connect the medial geniculate body with the primary auditory area of the
temporal lobe forming auditory radiation

Arterial supply of the internal capsule

Anterior Limb The anterior limb is supplied by:

1. Branches of anterior cerebral artery

2. Artery from recurrent branch

Genu The genu is supplied by:

1. Branch of internal carotid artery

2. Branch of posterior communicating artery

Posterior Limb The posterior limb is supplied by:

1. Branches of lateral and medial striate arteries

2. Branches of anterior choroidal artery
3. Branches of posterior cerebral artery

Sublentiform Part The sublentiform part is supplied by:

1. Branches of anterior choroideal artery

2. Branches of posterior choroideal artery

3. Branches of posterior cerebral artery

Clinical Correlation

1. Damage to the internal capsule, due to haemorrhage leads to loss of sensations and
paralysis of the opposite half of the body (contralateral hemiplagia).

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

2. Involvement of recurrent artery of Huebner (due to thrombosis/rupture) results in

paralysis of face and upper limb on opposite side.
3. Lesions of posterior one-third of the posterior limb and sublentiform and
retrolentiform parts of the internal capsule leads to visual defects.

Surface Anatomy of thyroid gland

The isthmus of thyroid gland is marked by two transverse parallel lines (each 1.2 cm long) on
the trachea.

Each thyroid lobe extends up to the middle of the thyroid cartilages, below to the clavicle
and laterally to be overlapped by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
The upper pole of the thyroid lobe is pointed and lower pole is broad and rounded

Situation of Parotid Gland

To mark this duct, first draw a line joining these two points:

First point 1, at the lower border of the tragus

Second part 2, midway between the ala of the nose and the red margin of the upper
lip.

The middle third of this line represents the parotid duct.

Duramater and its folds and its nerve supply

The dura mater is the outermost, thickest, and toughest membrane covering the brain.

There are two layers of dura:

1. An outer or endosteal layer,

2. An inner or meningeal layer,

The two layers are fused to each other at all places, except where the cranial venous sinuses
are enclosed between them.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Endosteal layer

It serves as an endosteum for the skull bones

1. It is continuous:
a. With the periosteum lining the outside of the skull
b. With the periosteal lining of the orbit
2. It provides sheaths for the cranial nerves, the sheath fuse with the epineurium
outside the skull.
3. Its outer surface is adherent to the inner surface of the cranial bones by a number of
fine fibrous and vascular process.

Meningeal Layer

It surrounds the brains

At places, the meningeal layer of dura mater is folded on itself to form partitions which
divide the cranial cavity into compartments which lodge different parts of the brain. The
folds are:

Falx cerebri
Tentorium Cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma Sellae

Blood supply

The outer layer is richly vascular. The inner meningeal layer is more fibrous and requires
little blood supply.

1. The vault is supplied by the middle meningeal artery

2. The anterior cranial fossa and dural lining is supplied by meningeal branches of the
anterior ethmoidal, posterior ethmoidal and ophthalmic arteries

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

3. The middle cranial fossa is supplied by the middle meningeal, accessory meningeal
and internal carotid arteries and by meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal
artery
4. The posterior cranial fossa is supplied by meningeal branches of the vertebral,
occipital, and ascending pharyngeal arteries

Nerve supply

1. The dura of the vault has only a few sensory nerves which are derived mostly from
the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.
2. The dura of the floor has a rich nerve supply and is quite sensitive to pain.

Clinical Anatomy

Pain-sensitive intracranial structures are:

a. The large cranial venous sinuses and their tributaries from the surface of the
brain
b. Dural arteries
c. The dura floor of the anterior and posterior cranial fossa
d. Arteries at the base of the brain
Headache may be caused by:
a. Dilatation of intracranial arteries
b. Dilatation of extracranial arteries
c. Distention of intracranial pain sensitive structures
d. Infection and inflammation of intracranial and extracranial structures supplies by
the sensory, cranial, and cervical nerves.
Extradural and subdural hemorrhages both are common.

Venous sinuses of Dura mater

There are venous spaces, the walls of which are formed by dura mater. They have an inner
lining of endothelium. There is no muscle in their walls. They have no values.

Venous sinuses receive venous blood from the brain, the meninges, and bones of the skull.
Cerebrospinal fluid is poured into some of them.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Cranial venous sinuses communicate with veins outside the skull through emissary veins.
These communications helps to keep the pressure of blood in the sinuses constant.

There are 23 venous sinuses, of which 8 are paired, 7 are unpaired.

Development of thyroid gland

o The thyroid gland begins to develop as endodermal thickening in the midline of the
floor of the pharynx immediately behind the tuberculum impar during 3 rd week of
intrauterine life.
o This thickening is soon depressed below the surface to form a diverticulum called
thyroglossal duct.
o This duct grows downwards across the tongue, then descends in front of the neck.
o In the neck, it passes in front of hyoid bone, binds around its lower border to
become retrohyoid and finally descends below the hyoid with slight inclination to
one side, usually to left to reach its definitive position (by the end of the 7th week)
where its tip bifurcates and proliferates to form the bilateral terminal swellings,
which expand to form the thyroid gland.
o A portion of the duct near its tip sometimes forms the pyramidal lobe.
o The remaining duct disappears. The site of origin of thyroglossal duct is, however,
marked by foramen caecum at the junction of the anterior two-third and posterior
one-third of the tongue in adults.
o The thyroid is the earliest glandular tissue to develop and becomes functional during
the 3rd month.

Congenital anomalies: The development of the thyroid gland may account for the following
common congenital anomalies:

o Thyroglossal cyst/fistula: Thyroglossal duct may persist and lead to formation of

thyroglossal cyst and fistula.
o Ectopic thyroid: The Thyroid gland (thyroid tissue) may be found at an abnormal position
anywhere along the course of thyroglossal duct

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

(a) at the base of the tongue (lingual thyroid). In lingual thyroid, the mass of thyroid tissue is
located within the tongue just beneath the foramen caecum, and if large, it may cause
difficulty in swallowing by the infant.

(b) above, behind or below the hyoid bone (suprahyoid, retrohyoid, or infrahyoid thyroid).

 One of the lobes may be absent.

 Isthmus may be absent.
 Descent of the thyroglossal duct may go beyond the definitive position in the neck to
superior mediastinum (retrosternal thyroid).
 Thyroid tissue may be situated away from the normal course of the thyroglossal duct,
viz. in relation to carotid sheath, in the mediastinum, in the pericardium (aberrant
thyroid).

Lateral wall of the nose

The lateral wall of the nose is complicated. It is formed by a number of bones and cartilages.

It is formed by a number of bones and cartilages.

The bones forming the lateral wall are:

a. Nasal
b. Frontal process of maxilla
c. Lacrimal
d. Conchae and labyrinth of ethmoid
e. Inferior nasal concha
f. Perpendicular plate of palatine
g. Medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid

The cartilages forming the lateral wall are:

a. Lateral nasal cartilage

b. Major alar cartilage
c. 3 to 4 tiny cartilages of the alae

Features of Lateral wall of the nose

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

The lateral wall is divided into the following three areas:

a. Anterior part presents a small depressed area, the vestibule. It is lined by skin
containing short stiff curved hair
b. Middle part is known as atrium of the middle meatus. It is limited above by agar
nasi. The curved musculocutaneous junction between atrium and vestibule is known
as limen nasi.
c. Posterior part presents three scroll-like projections, the concha. The spaces
separating the conchae are called meatuses.

Arterial supply of lateral wall of the nose

Arterial supply of the various parts of the lateral wall is as follows:

1. Anterosuperior quadrant is supplied by anterior ethmoidal artery

2. Anteroinferior quadrant is supplied by branches of facial and greater palatine
arteries
3. Posterosuperior quadrant is supplied by sphenopalatine artery, a branch of maxillary
artery
4. Posteroinferior quadrant is supplied by branches of greater palatine artery.

Venous Drainage

The veins form a plexus which drains into facial vein; pharyngeal plexus of veins; pterygoid plexus of
veins.

Nerve supply of Lateral wall of the Nose

The following nerve supply the different parts of the lateral wall:

1. Olfactory nerve—Supplying the upper one third part just below cribriform plate of
ethmoid up to the superior concha.
2. Anterior ethmoidal nerve—Supplying the anterosuperior quadrant.
3. Anterior superior alveolar nerve—Supplying anteroinferior quadrant.
4. Posterior superior lateral branches—Supplying posterosuperior quadrant.
5. Nasal branches of greater palatine nerve—Supplying posteroinferior quadrant.

Clinical Anatomy

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

o Common cold or rhinitis is the commonest infection of the nose.

o The paranasal air sinuses may get infected from the nose. Maxillary sinusitis is the
commonest of such infections.
o Examination of the nasal cavity (Rhinoscopy): The nasal cavity can be examined in
the living individual either through the nostril (anterior rhinoscopy) or through the
pharynx (posterior rhinoscopy).

Spaces of hand

These are quadrangular (one) and triangular (two) intermuscular spaces in the scapular
region.

The knowledge of these spaces is essential during surgery in the shoulder region.

Quadrangular Space

Boundaries

Superior Teres minor, subscapularis, Capsule of shoulder joint between the above two
muscles

Inferior Teres major

Medial Long head of the triceps

Lateral Surgical neck of the humerus

Structures passing through quadrangular space

 Axillary Nerve
 Posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein

Upper Triangular Space

Boundaries

Superior Teres minor

Lateral Long head of triceps

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Inferior Teres major

Structures passing through this space

 Circumflex scapular artery

Lower Triangular Space

Boundaries

Medial Long head of triceps

Lateral Shaft of humerus

Superior Teres major

Structures passing through this space

 Radial Nerve
 Profunda Brachii artery and vein

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Floor of the 4th ventricle

It is also called ‘rhomboid fossa’ because of its rhomboid space.

The floor of the 4th ventricle is formed by:

1. Posterior surface of lower part of pons

2. Posterior surface of upper part of medulla oblongata.

Entire floor is divided into two halves by median sulcus.

Floor of 4th ventricle is lined by:

1. Ependyma
2. A thin layer of neuroglia beneath ependyma
3. A layer of grey matter, forming the various nuclei deep to neuroglia.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Openings in the fourth ventricle

There are 5 openings:

1. Central opening in the roof Foramen Magendie

2. Two lateral openings in the roof Foramen Luschka
3. Central Canal of medulla oblongata
4. Central aqueduct of midbrain.

Features of the floor of the 4th ventricle

1. Dorsal median sulcus divides the floor into symmetrical halves

2. Sulcus limitans divides each half into median eminence and lateral vestibular area.
3. Medial eminence is wider above and narrow above
4. In the uppermost part, the sulcus limitans overlies an area that is bluish in color and
is called locus coeruleus.
5. Descending from inferior fovea, there is a sulcus that runs obliquely towards midline
6. Between vagal triangle above and gracile tubercle below, there is small area called
the area postrema which may function as chemoreceptor
7. Vestibular area lies lateral to the inferior fovea which overlies the vestibular nuclei.

The lowest part of the floor resembles the pointed nib of pen.

Clinical Anatomy

Medulloblastoma It is the most common tumor in the region of 4th ventricle

Internal Hydrocephalus It occurs due to blockage of opening of 4th ventricle.

MCQ From model Paper. Anatomy Model Paper 1

1. A- Serrate
2. A- subfascial
3. A- Brachialis Muscle
4. C- Axillary Nerve
5. A- Cephalic Vein

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

6. B- Elastic
7. A- Paraxial
8. B- Hyoglossus
9. B- Four
10. C- Blood Supply

Arterial anastomosis around elbow joint

The arterial anastomosis around the elbow takes place between the branches of brachial
artery and those from the upper ends of radial and ulnar arteries.

The arterial anastomosis is divided in the following parts:

1. In front of the medial epicondyle:

a. Inferior ulnar collateral artery and branch from the superior ulnar collateral
artery; anastomose with
b. Anterior ulnar recurrent artery
2. Behind the medial epicondyle:
a. Superior ulnar collateral artery and a branch from the inferior ulnar collateral
artery; anastomose with
b. Posterior ulnar recurrent artery
3. In front of lateral epicondyle:
a. Radial collateral artery; anastomose with
b. Radial recurrent artery
4. Behind the lateral epicondyle
a. Posterior descending artery; anastomose with
b. Interosseous recurrent artery and a branch of the common interosseous artery
5. Above the olecranon fossa:
a. Middle collateral artery; anastomose with
b. Transverse branch from the posterior division of inferior ulnar collateral artery.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Precentral Gyrus

It is a prominent gyrus on the surface of the posterior frontal lobe of the brain. It is the site
of primary cortex in humans. It is defined as Broadman Number 4.

Structure

It lies in front of the precentral gyrus. Its anterior border is represented by the precentral
sulcus, while inferiorly it borders to the lateral sulcus. Medially it is attached with
paracentral lobule.

The internal pyramidal layer contains large pyramidal neurons called Betz cell, which sends
long axons to contralateral motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and to the lower motor
neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord. These axons forms corticospinal tract. The Betz
cell along with their long axons are referred to as upper motor neurons (UMN).

Function

As they travel down through the cerebral white matter, the motor axons move closer
together and forms part of posterior limb of internal capsule

Blood Supply

Branches of middle cerebral artery provides most of the blood supply for primary motor
cortex.

Medial aspect of leg is supplied by Branches of anterior cerebral artery

Clinical Significance

Lesions of precentral gyrus results in the contralateral side of body.

Brachial artery

 It is the main artery of the arm.

 It begins at the lower border of the teres major muscle as a continuation of the
axillary artery and terminates in front of the elbow at the level of neck of radius by
dividing into radial and ulnar arteries.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Relations

 Anteriorly
In the upper part, it is related to medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, which lies in
front of it.
In the middle part, it is crossed by the median nerve from lateral to medial side
In the lower part, in cubital fossa, it is crossed by bicipital aponeurosis
 Posteriorly
From above downwards, brachial artery lies successfully on long head of triceps,
medial head of triceps, coracobrachialis, and brachialis muscle
 Medially
The ulnar nerve and basilic vein in the upper part of the arm and medial nerve in the
lower part of arm
 Laterally
The median nerve, coracobrachialis, and biceps in the upper part of the arm and
tendons of biceps in the lower part.
Branches
1. Muscular branches to muscles of anterior compartment of arm
2. Profunda brachii artery.
3. Nutrient artery to humerus enters nutrient foramen of humerus located near
insertion of coracobrachialis.
4. Superior ulnar collateral artery arises near middle of arm and accompanies ulnar
nerve
5. Inferior ulnar collateral arises near lower end of humerus
6. Radial and ulnar arteries (terminal branches)

Clinical Anatomy

1. Brachial Pulse: It is commonly felt in the cubital fossa medial to the tendon of biceps
and its pulsation are auscultated for recording blood pressure .
2. Compression of brachial artery The brachial artery can be effectively compressed
against the shaft of humerus at the level of insertion of coracobrachialis to stop

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

hemorrhages in the upper limb occurring from any artery distal to the brachial
artery. Example bleeding wounds of palmar arterial arches.
3. Rupture of brachial artery in supracondylar fracture of humerus may lead to
Volkmann’s ischemic contracture.

Development of face, nose, palate

 The development of face revolve around stomodeum and is contributed by 5
processes—the frontonasal process, the pair of maxillary processes, and the pair of
mandibular processes.
 Each process consists of a core of mesenchyme and is covered by the surface
ectoderm.
 At about 4th week, the stomodeum is bounded on head side by bulging of forebrain
vesicles and tail by ventral end of mandibular arches.
 During 5th week, mesenchyme at caudal surface begins to proliferate with surface
ectoderm and forms Fronto-nasal process.
 On each side, frontonasal process presents an elevation known as olfactory placode.
 Overgrowth of surrounding mesenchyme converts them into olfactory pits
 Olfactory pits divides frontonasal process into a median nasal process and a lateral
nasal process.
 Lateral nasal process forms the alae of the nose, median nasal process extend more
caudally and forms Globular processes.
 Olfactory pits grows deeper to form primitive nasal cavities, the median nasal
process persists as nasal septum
 The globular processes are fused and forms the Philtrum of the upper lip and
primitive palate
 A pair of triangular projections, the Maxillary Processes develop from the cephalic
side of the dorsal part of the mandibular arches
 Each maxillary process grows ventro-medially, meets and fuses with lateral nasal
process
 Along the line of fusion of maxillary and lateral nasal process, superficial part of
surface ectoderm merges with each other
 Deep part of ectoderm is buried into mesenchyme which is canalised to form Naso-
lacrimal duct.
 The maxillary processes grows medially below olfactory pits, fusses with the
corresponding globular swelling of median nasal process
 External opening of pit persist as primitive anterior nares

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

 Upper lip is formed by—philtrum, from which globular process and maxillary
processes forms
 Oral fissure is bounded below by two mandibular arches which persists as lower lip
 Lateral angle of oral fissure are formed by junction of maxillary processes and
mandibular arches
 This produces development of check and vestibule

Development of Nasal cavity

 The olfactory pits extend dorsally into the mesenchyme as nasal sacs on each side of
medial nasal process.
 Each nasal cavity presents a dorsal end and extends on cephalic side upto the floor
of fore brain vesicle
 Dorsal part nasal sacs comes in close contact with stomodeum. That is separated by
a thin Bucco-nasal membrane.
 The Bucco-nasal membrane ruptures soon and each nasal sacs opens on the roof of
the stomodeum by primitive posterior nares

Development of Palate

 The partition which intervenes between primitive nasal and oral cavity ventral to
posterior nares, and persists as Primitive palate
 Primitive palate is formed by the fusion of maxillary process and globular part of
median nasal process
 Continuous above with primitive nasal septum
 The caudal edge of nasal septum hangs freely into stomodeum and comes in contact
with dorsal surface of developing tongue.
 During 6th week, a shelf like projection, Palatine process grows medially from inner
surface of each maxillary process
 Palatine process grows caudally alongside of tongue
 During 7th week, mandibular arches grows more ventrally and caudally producing the
prominence of the chin
 Palatine processes assume horizontal position, meets and fuse with each other, and
forms Permanent Palate
 Ventrally, the permanent palate meets and fuses with the primitive palate in a Y-
shaped manner
 Each limb of Y passes between lateral incisor and canine teeth
 The junction between primitive and permanent palate is represented in adults by
incisive fossa
 Ventral 3/4th of the permanent palate is formed by fusion of palatine process with
each other and with the caudal edge of nasal septum

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

 Dorsal 1/4th of the permanent palate is formed by the fusion of the palatine process
which fails to fuse with nasal septum and hangs as a curtain
 Fusion of the palatine processes with each other and with the primitive palate takes
place from before backwards and completed by 8th week.
 Mesenchyme around nasal cavity forms a nasal capsule which undergo
chondrification.
 Between 6th-8th weeks, several ossific centres appears in cartilaginous nasal capsule.

Congenital Anomalies
1. Cleft Lip
2. Facial Cleft
3. Macrostoma
4. Microstoma
5. Cleft palate

Internal Capsule
Internal capsule is a broad band of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fibres to and
from the cerebral cortex. It is continuous above with the fan-shaped corona radiata and
below with crus cerebri
Location: It is located between the lentiform nucleus and thalamus and caudate nucleus/

Parts of Internal capsule

The internal capsule is divided into 5 parts:

 Anterior Limb
 Genu
 Posterior Limb
 Retrolentiform Part
 Sublentiform Part

1. Anterior limb Part of internal capsule that lies between the anterior part of
lentiform nucleus laterally ad head of caudate nucleus medially.

2. Genu It is bend between the anterior and posterior limb of internal capsule.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

3. Posterior limb Lies between thalamus medially and posterior part of lentiform
nucleus laterally.

4. Retrolentiform part Located posterior to lentiform nucleus

5. Sublentiform Part Located inferior to lentiform nucleus

Constituent fibres of internal capsule Internal capsule contains both motor and sensory
fibres.
Motor fibres in Internal Capsule
Following are the motor fibers in the internal capsule:

 Corticospinal
 Corticonuclear
 Corticopontine
 Corticorubral, corticostriate, corticonigral fibres, etc.

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Sensory Fibres in Internal Capsule

Thalmocortical Fibres: The four thalamic radiations bands are:

 Anterior thalamic radiation

 Superior thalamic radiation
 Posterior thalamic radiation
 Inferior thalamic radiation

Parts of Internal Capsule Motor Fibres Sensory Fibres

Anterior Limb Frontopontine Fibres Anterior thalamic radiation
Genu Frontopontine fibres, Superior thalamic radiation
corticonuclear and
corticospinal fibres for head
and neck region
Posterior Limb Corticospinal fibres for trunk Superior Thalamic Radiation
and limbs, Corticorubral
fibres
Retrolentiform Part Parietopontine and Posterior thalamic radiation
Occipitopontine fibres

Sublentiform Part Parietopontine and Inferior thalamic radiation

Occipitopontine fibres

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*
*----------------Sometimes later becomes never…… Do it Now---------------*

Arterial supply of Internal Capsule

Anterior Limb
1. Arterial supply from anterior cerebral
2. Recurrent branch of anterior cerebral

Genu
1. Striate branch of anterior cerebral, Middle cerebral
2. Direct branches from Internal carotid

Posterior Limb
1. Striate branches from middle cerebral
2. Anterior choroideal

Sublentiform Part
1. Striate branches from posterior cerebral artery
2. Anterior choroideal artery

Retrolentiform Part
1. Striate branches from Posterior cerebral

Applied Anatomy

 A small lesion of internal capsule may result in hemiplagia and loss of sensations in
the opposite half of the body
 The largest lateral striate branch of middle artery is known as charcot artery of
cerebral artery, because hemorrhage occurs in internal capsule, most commonly
occurs due to rupture of this artery
 Thrombosis of recurrent artery of Heubner will result in paralysis of muscles of lower
half of face and upper limb on the opposite side due to the involvement of
corticonuclear fibres on genu of the internal capsule and the corticospinal fibers for
upper limb in the adjacent part of posterior limb of internal capsule

*------Focus on what you want, but never forget to be grateful for what you already have------------*