Updated Important Question List final

ANATOMY
PAPER 2
Short Notes:
GENERAL ANATOMY 1. Dangerous area of Scalp
1. Types of epiphysis
2. Dangerous area of face
2. Reflex arc (diagram very imp)
3. Emissary veins
3. Synovial joints
4. Sensory innervations of face
4. Hyaline cartilage
5. Orbicularis oculi
5. Histology of bone
6. Orbicularis oris
6. Histology of muscular artery
7. Buccinator
7. CS of bone
8. Facial Artery
8. Histology of lymph node
9. Facial Vein
9. Classification of joints
10. Sternocleidomastoid muscle
10. Ossification of long bone
11. External Jugular vein and Internal jugular vein
11. Blood supply of long bone
12. Boundaries and contents of Subclavian triangle
12. Cartilage
13. Burn’s space
13. Connective tissue – cells present
14. Pretracheal fascia
14. Primitive streak
15. Mylohyiod Muscle
15. Notochord
16. Hyoglossus
16. Fibrous joints
17. Digastric muscle
17. Periosteum
18. Carotid sheath
18. Somites
19. Ansa cervicalis
19. Histology of skeletal muscle
20. External carotid artery branches
20. Yolk Sac
21. Sub occipital nerve
21. Spermatogenesis
22. Superior sagittal sinus
22. Sesamoid bone
23. Straight sinus
23. Trisomy 21
24. Sigmoid sinus
24. Turner’s Syndrome
25. Falx cerebri
25. Karyotyping
26. Tentorium Cerebelli
26. Cartilagenous joints
27. Middle meningeal Artery
27. Histology of skin
28. Superior cervical ganglion.
28. Formation of blastocyst
29. Inferior or Stellate ganglion.
29. Amnion
30. Scalenus anterior muscle.
30. Klinefelter’s syndrome
31. Ciliary ganglion.
31. Nutrient Artery
32. Nasociliary nerve.
33. Ophthalmic artery.
HEAD AND NECK 34. Parotid duct.
Essays 35. Structures within the parotid gland.
1. Thyroid gland 36. Mandibular nerve.
2. Tongue 37. Otic ganglion.
3. Extra-ocular muscles.. 38. Chorda tympani nerve.
4. Parotid gland 39. Pterygopalatine ganglion
5. Pharynx 40. Petrosal nerves.
6. Facial Nerve. 41. Hyoglossus muscle & its relations.
7. Muscle of mastication 42. Submandibular ganglion.
8. Dural venous sinus + Cavernous sinus.. 43. Lingual artery.
9. Pituitary gland+ devt. 44. Constrictor muscles of the pharynx.
10. Scalp.. 45. Features of the naso pharynx.
11. Submandibular gland 46. Auditory tube.
12. Carotid triangle.. 47. Passavant’s ridge & Killain’s dehiscence.
13. Temporomandibular joint 48. Muscles of the soft palate.
14. Middle ear.. 49. Tonsillar bed.
15. Abducent nerve 50. Features, blood supply & nerve supply of the
16. Lachrymal apparatus.. lateral wall of nasal cavity.
17. Larynx 51. Features, blood supply & nerve supply of the
18. Palatine tonsils medial wall of nasal cavity/Nasal Septum + Epistaxis
19. Mandibular nerve 52. Inlet of the larynx.
20. Lateral wall of Nasal cavity 53. Piriform fossa.
54. Rimaglottidis. 6. Sinuses of Pericardium.
55. Intrinsic muscles of the larynx. 7. External features of Heart.
56. Vocal cords – attachments, muscles present & 8. Cardiac Plexuses.
movements. 9. Splanchnic nerves.
57. Tympanic membrane. 10. Ligamentum arteriosum + ductus arteriosus
58. Mastoid antrum. 11. Superior Vena Cava
59. Organ of corti. 12. Pulmonary ligament
60. Membranous labyrinth. 13. Phrenic nerve
61. Waldeyer’s ring. 14. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
62. Maxillary artery 15. Area of superficial cardiac dullness
63. Paranasal air sinuses(Maxillary Sinus) 16. Bronchiole
64. Digastric triangle 17. Pleural recess
65. Posterior triangle 18. Sternal angle
66. Nucleus of origin, fibres present, course, 19. Embryology of trachea
distribution and effect of lesion of 3rd ,4th, 5th, 6th 20. Transverse thoracis
7th ,9th,11th and 12th cranial nerves. 21. Interventricular septum
67. Derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch 22. Fissures of lung
68. Derivativees of 2nd Branchial arch 23. Developmaent of Interatrial septum
69. Lateral pterygoid muscle 24. Mitral valve
70. Development of tongue 25. Cardiac plexus
71. Lateral wall of nose 26. Brachiocephalic veins
72. Submandibular gland 27. Coronary sinus
73. Styloid Apparatus 28. Nerve supply and Blood supply of heart
74. Development of face and its anomalies 29. Fate of Aortic arches
75. Lacrimal Apparatus 30. Internal Mammary artery
76. Histology of retina 31. Fallot’s Tetralogy
77. Extraocular muscles
78. Venous drainage of face BRAIN
79. Middle meatus of nose 1. Internal Capsule
80. Atlanto-axial joint 2. Sulci and gyri with functional areas
81. Nerve supply of lacrimal gland 3. Cerebrum white fibres
82. Lymphatic drainage of tongue 4. Circle of willis
83. External acoustic meatus 5. Cerebrum + its Histology
84. Sagittal section of eyeball 6. Inferior Colliculus
85. Torticollis 7. Arterial supply of cerebral hemisphere
86. Sibson’s Fascia 8. Blood supply of spinal cord
9. Nuclei of thalamus + Thalamic pain
THORAX 10. 3rd and 4th ventricle
Essays 11. Basal ganglia and its connections
1. Right Atrium + development 12. Classify white fibres of cerebrum + corpus
2. Typical intercostal space callosum
3. Heart 13. Interpeduncular fossa
4. Thoracic Diaphragm 14. TS at superior colliculus
5. Coronary circulation 15. Lateral Medullary syndrome
6. Typical intercostals nerve 16. Cerebellar peduncles
7. Bronchopulmonary segments 17. Nuclei of Cerebellum
8. Right lung 18. Microscopic structure of ganglion
9. Pleura 19. CS of pons @ facial colliculus
10. Lungs 20. Rhomboid fossa
11. Blood supply to the heart 21. Calcarine sulcus
12. Trachea 22. Spinal cord at thoracic level with tracts
13. Left Ventricle 23. Devt. And BS of cerebellum
14. Thoracic duct 24. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
15. Superior mediastinum 25. Medulla at mid olivary level
16. Arch of aorta 26. Ventricles
27. Metathalamus
Short Notes: 28. Histology of cerebral cortex
1. Internal thoracic artery. 29. Horns of lateral ventricle
2. Azygos system of veins. 30. Histology of cerebellum
3. Pleural recesses. 31. Corpus Striatum
4. Hilum of lungs. 32. Neural Tube
5. Relations of Medial surface of Lungs with diagrams. 33. Histology of Hypophysis cerebri
34. Pathway of visual reflexes 37. Movement of fingers
35. Meninges with meningeal spaces 38. Cutaneous nerves of hand
36. Superolateral surface of cerebrum 39. Bicipital aponeurosis
37. Lumbar puncture 40. Brachialis muscle
38. Bell’s Palsy 41. Quadrangular space
42. Lower end of humerus
PAPER 1 43. Pronation and Supination
44. Boundaries and contents of Axilla
UPPER LIMB 45. Superior radio-ulnar joint
Essays:
46. Musculo-cutaneous nerve
1. Axillary Artery.
47. Mid-palmar space
2. Mammary Gland.
3. Brachial Plexus.
4. Shoulder joint LOWER LIMB
5. Brachial Artery. Essays:
6. Ulnar Nerve in Forearm & Hand. 1. Femoral triangle.
7. Median Nerve in Forearm & Hand. 2. Hip joint.
8. Radial Nerve. (specially its branches in spiral 3. Sciatic nerve.
groove) 4. Arches of foot.
9. Pronation and Supination 5. Venous drainage of lower limb.
10. Axillary nerve 6. Knee joint
11. Elbow joint 7. Profunda femoris
12. Radial artery 8. Hamstrings
13. Spaces of hand 9. Femoral Sheath
10. Lumbar plexus
Short Notes :
1. Clavipectoral Fascia. Short notes:
2. Erb’s point. 1. Femoral artery.
3. Axillary Lymph Nodes 2. Femoral nerve.
4. Lymphatic drainage of breast. 3. Profunda femoris artery & its perforating branch &
5. Quadrangular & Triangular spaces. anastamoses in the back of thigh.
6. Serratus Anterior Muscle. 4. Fascia lata & Iliotibial tract.
7. Deltoid Muscle. 5. Inguinal lymph nodes.
8. Rotator Cuff of the Shoulder. 6. Quadriceps femoris.
9. Anatomical snuff box 7. Adductor magnus.
10. Anastomoses around scapula. 8. Adductor canal.
11. Changes at the level of Coracobrachialis insertion. 9. Obturator nerve.
12. Radial nerve in Radial groove. 10. Gluteus maximus and structures under it
13. Profunda brachii artery. 11. Gluteus Medius & minimus with trendlenberg’s
14. Anastomosis around Elbow. sign.
15. Cubital fossa. 12. Cruciate & Trochanteric anastomoses.
16. Supinator muscle. 13. Hamstrings muscles.
17. Anterior & Posterior interosseous vessels & 14. Guy ropes of the pelvis.
nerves. 15. Popliteal fossa.
18. Elbow joint. 16. Popliteal artery.
19. Trapezius muscle 17. Tibial nerve.
20. Wrist Joint. 18. Common peroneal nerve.
21. I st Carpometacarpal joint. 19. Collateral ligaments of knee joint.
22. Extensor retinaculum. 20. Cruciate ligaments of knee joint.
23. Flexor retinaculum. 21. Menisci of knee joint.
24. Dorsal digital expansion. 22. Anastomosis around the knee joint.
25. Superficial & Deep palmar arches. 23. Popliteus - Locking & Unlocking of knee joint.
26. Lumbricals. 24. Bursae around the knee joint.
27. Dorsal & Palmar interossei muscles. 25. Dorsalis pedis artery.
28. Sensory Innervation of Hand. 26. Extensor, Flexor & Peroneal retinacula.
29. Palmar aponeurosis. 27. Triceps surae.
30. Spaces of palm & forearm. 28. Posterior tibial artery.
31. Carpal tunnel syndrome. 29. Perforating veins.
32. Radial & Ulnar bursa 30. Ankle joint.
33. Erb’s paralysis 31. Cutaneous innervation of dorsum & sole of foot.
34. Flexor Pollicis longus 32. Plantar aponeurosis.
35. Cephalic vein 33. Lateral plantar & medial plantar vessels & nerves.
36. Movement of Thumb 34. Subtalar joint.
35. Inversion & Eversion. 21. Meckel’s diverticulum
36. Great Saphenous vein 22. Spermatic cord – Coverings and Contents
37. Deep peroneal nerve 23. Coeliac trunk
38. Inguinal ligament 24. Superior & Inferior mesenteric arteries
39. Tibial collateral ligament 25. Testes.
40. Genitofemoral nerve 26. Epididymis
41. Iliofemoral ligament 27. Descent of Testis & Cryptorchidism
42. Lumbricals of foot 28. Sigmoid mesocolon
43. Spring ligament 29. Portocaval anatomosis
44. Iliotibial tract 30. Marginal artery of Drummond
45. Tensor fascia lata 31. Portocaval anatomosis
46. Structures passing through greater sciatic foramen 32. Renal fascia
47. Saphenous opening 33. Relations of Kidney (anterior and posterior of both
48. Tendocalcaneus sides)
49. Blood supply of head of femur 34. Abdominal Aorta – Origin, termination, branches
50. Pudendal canal and relations.
51. Rectus femoris 35. Inferior Vena Cava - Formation, termination,
52. Ligamentum patella
branches and relations
53. Peroneal retinacula
36. Histology of spleen
54. Extensor retinacula of leg
55. Piriformis muscle 37. Development of pancreas
56. Medial longitudinal arch of foot 38. Histology of appendix
57. Muscles of foot (layer by layer) with nerve supply 39. Histology of Stomach
58. Short lateral rotators of thigh 40. Congenital anomalies of kidney
41. 2nd part of duodenum
ABDOMEN 42. Histology of kidney
Essays: 43. Development of diaphragm
1. Inguinal canal 44. Ligaments of liver
2. Stomach 45. Development of liver & gall bladder & Anomalies.
3. Duodenum 46. Development of pancreas.
4. Pancreas 47. Annular pancreas.
5. Extrahepatic biliary apparatus 48. Rotation of midgut loop & its anomalies.
6. Caecum and appendix 49. Tracheo oesophageal fistula.
7. Portal vein +Portocaval anastomosis 50. Exomphalos, Omphalocele.
8. Suprarenal Gland 51. Gastrochisis.
9. Diaphragm 52. Umbilical hernia
10. Kidney 53. Development of Kidney
11. Splenic artery 54. Ascent of kidney
12. Inferior surface of liver with peritoneal relations 55. Congenital anomalies of Kidney
56. Coeliac ganglion
13. Superior mesenteric artery
57. Thoraco-lumbar fascia
Short Notes :
1. Transpyloric plane PELVIS AND PERINIUM
2. Umbilicus Essay
3. Rectus sheath – formation and contents 1. Urinary Bladder
4. Cremaster muscle 2. Prostate
5. Falx inguinalis 3. Uterus
6. Inguinal ligament and its modifications 4. Rectum and Anal Canal
7. Hasselbach’s triangle 5. Ischiorectal fossa
8. Greater & Lesser omentum 6. Pelvic diaphragm
9. Foramen Epiploicum
10. Lesser sac/Omental bursa Short Notes
11. Mesentery 1. Interior of Urinary Bladder
12. Stomach bed 2. Ureter
13. Subphrenic spaces 3. Male Urethra
14. Porta hepatis 4. Pelvic diaphragm
15. Visceral surface of liver - relations 5. Pudendal canal
16. Bare areas of the liver 6. Boundaries and contents of superficial and deep
17. Visceral surface of the spleen perineal pouches in male and female.
18. Gall bladder 7. Perineal membrane – attachments, structures
19. Bile duct piercing it in male and female.
20. Calot’s triangle 8. Perineal body and its applied significance.
9. Anal sphincters 24. Cloacal abnormalities.
10. Broad Ligament – attachments, contents, parts 25. Development of ureter and urinary bladder
11. Supports of uterus 26. Ectopia vesicae
12. Ovary 27. Epispadias
13. Uterine Tube 28. Hypospadias
14. Pouch of Douglas 29. Derivatives of mesonephric ducts in male and
15. Retropubic Space of Retzius – Boundaries and female
contents 30. Derivatives of paramesonephric ducts in male and
16. Urogenital diaphragm female.
17. Haemorrhoids 31. Developmental anomalies of uterus
18. Devt. Of urinary bladder 32. Development of Testis & Ovary
19. Superficial perineal pouch 33. Descent of Testes
20. Trigone of bladder 34. Ischiorectal fossa
21. Prostatic part of urethra 35. Menstrual Cycle
22. Histology of ovary 36. Supports of uterus
23. Cloaca and its fate 37. Internal Pudendal Artery
 Physiology
PAPER 1 11. Vomiting –tests and disorders
ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY 12. Gastric movements + motility
ESSAY 13. Peristalsis
1. Thyroid + Hypothyroidism 14. Myenteric reflex
2. Insulin & Diabetes Mellitus 15. Dietary fibre
3. Hypothalamus + nuclei + hypothalamic obesity 16. Intestinal motility
4. Pituitary + growth hormone + acromegaly 17. Regulation by vagus, atropine, adrenaline etc on
5. Cortisol peristalsis
6. Adrenal Cortex + Glucocorticoids + Cushing’s 18. Intestinal villi + funct.
syndrome 19. Digestive proteases
7. Glucose homeostasis + GTT 20. Deglutition reflex
8. Serum Ca conc. + tetany 21. Counter-current blood flow in villi
9. Hormones of Neurohypophysis + diabetes insipedus 22. Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer
10. Adreno-medullary hormones 23. Migratory Motor Complex
11. Aldosterone + Addison’s
12. Thyroxine Synthesis+ hypo/hyper secretions REPRODUCTION
13. Anterior pituitary hormones ESSAYS
1. Menstrual cycle + ovarian changes
SHORT NOTES 2. Hormonal and endometrial changes during
1. Myxoedema Menstrual cycle
2. Conn’s syndrome
3. Functions of glucocorticoids SHORT NOTES
4. Parathormone 1. Semen composition and its application as diagnostic
5. –ve feedback mechanism in hormone control tool
6. Thyrotoxicosis 2. Formation And functions of Corpus luteum
7. Adrenogenital syndrome 3. Indicators of ovulation
8. Neuroendocrinal reflex 4. Mechanism of Parturition + Positive Feedback
9. Tubular maximum for glucose Mechanism
10. Acromegaly 5. Female and Male contraceptive methods
11. Adrenaline and Noradrenalin 6. Hormones acting on Breast
12. Thyroid funct. Tests and importance 7. Pregnancy tests + physiological basis
13. Pheochromocytoma 8. Feto maternal units/Feto-placental unit
14. Dwarfism 9. Lactation
15. Glucagon 10. Spermatogenesis +hormones
16. Calcitriol 11. hCG
17. Thyrotoxicosis 12. Castration in males and females before and after
18. Hyperthyroidism puberty
13. Testosterone
GIT 14. Placenta
ESSAY 15. Ovulation + tests
1. Gastric juice 16. Oral contraceptives
2. Pancreatic juice 17. Puberty
3. Phases of deglutition 18. LH surge
4. Functions of liver + Jaundice 19. Tests for fertility in males and females
5. Salivary glands + secretions 20. Contraceptive methods
6. Gastrointestinal hormones 21. Milk ejection reflex
7. HCl secretion – regulation and phases 22. IUCD
23. Endometrial changes in secretory phase
SHORT NOTES 24. Sertoli cell functions
1. Bile
2. Gastric Emptying EXCRETION
3. Entero hepatic circulation of bile ESSAYS
4. Succus Entericus 1. Countercurrent mechanism
5. Movts of small intestine 2. Concentration of Urine + renal function tests
6. Fat absorption 3. GFR + inulin clearance
7. Defecation reflex 4. Mechanism of urine formation
8. Pancreas endocrine funct. 5. Filling and emptying of urinary bladder+ micturition
9. Large intestine functions reflex + cystometrogram
10. Bile salts + enterohepatic circulation 6. Artificial kidney
SHORT NOTES 2. Sarcomere
1. JGA + functions 3. Tetany
2. Cystometrogram 4. Neuromuscular junction
3. Tubuloglomerular feedback 5. Muscle proteins
4. Reabsorption of water from kidneys 6. Ca2+ role in muscle contraction
5. Acidification in urine 7. Sliding filament theory
6. Vasa recta 8. Neuromuscular blocking agents
7. ADH 9. Fatigue in skeletal muscle
8. Diuretics 10. Molecular basis of muscle contraction
9. Renal clearance 11. EC coupling
10. P amino hippuric acid 12. Rigor mortis
11. Renin angiotensin mechanism 13. Excitable tissue – properties
12. Renal threshold 14. RMP in a single muscle fibre
13. Phosphate buffer in kidneys 15. Diff b/w single and multi unit muscle fibres
14. Thiocyanate space 16. Isotonic, isometric, preload and afterload
15. Renal circulation contractions
16. Abnormalities of micturition 17. Diff. Between skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
17. Transport maximum
18. Dialysis MISCELLANEOUS
19. Primary Active Transport 1. ECF+ body fluid compartments
2. Transport mechanisms across cell membrane
BLOOD 3. Carrier mediated transport
ESSAYS 4. Action Potential and its ionic basis
1. Haemostasis 5. Saltatory conduction
2. Immunity 6. Functions of skin
3. Erythropoiesis and factors controlling it 7. Cytoskeleton
4. Role of platelets in coagulation + anticoagulants 8. ECF volume
5. Plasma proteins 9. ECF measurement
6. Coagulation + haemophilia + haemorrhagic factors 10. Facilitated diffusion
7. Blood Groups 11. ECF regulation
12. Tissue fluids
SHORT NOTES 13. Gating of channels
1. Lymph 14. Compound action potential
2. Immunoglobulin – formn and funct 15. Neuroglia functions
3. Albumin : Globulin Ratio 16. Nerve fibre classification
4. Plasma Volume -determination 17. Refractory period
5. Erythroblastosis fetalis 18. Intercellular concentration
6. Thrombocyte 19. Thermoregulation by skin
7. Functions of blood 20. 2nd messengers
8. B lymphocytes 21. Action potential
9. Erythropoietin 22. Sweat glands
10. Calcitonin 23. BMR
11. T lymphocytes 24. Na K pump
12. Blood transfusions 25. Starling forces and oedema
13. Haemophilia 26. Neurohumoral reflexes
14. RBC life span 27. Negative feedback mechanism
15. Plasmapheresis 28. G-protein
16. Diff b/w humoral and cellular immunity 29. Autoimmune diseases
17. Osmotic potential + albumin 30. Hypothalamic thermostat
18. Fibrinolytic system 31. Functions of skin
19. Anti-coagulants
20. Polycythemia PAPER 2
21. Bombay Blood Group
22. Triple response CVS
ESSAYS
MUSCLE 1. Cardiac cycle + mechanical changes during cardiac
ESSAYS cycle + heart sounds + pressure changes in aorta, left
1. Smooth muscle and skeletal muscle diff ventricle and atria.
2. Skeletal Muscle 2. BP + normal value + short term regulation +
hypertension +measurement
SHORT NOTES 3. Cardiac Output + regulation + MCI
1. Sarcotubular system 4. ECG + abnormalities + lead 2
5. Heart innervations + Regulation of Heart rate + 25. Refractory period\
Arrhythmias 26. Isometric contraction phase of ventricle
6. Cardiac impulse + Heart Block + Conducting 27. Cardiac reserve
System + AP of ventricular muscles+ Pacemaker 28. Auto rhythmicity in cardiac muscle.
potential 29. Peripheral resistance.
7. Hypovolemic Shock + Compensatory mechanisms 30. Venous return.
8. Pulmonary circulation + regulation 31. Cardio-vascular changes during exercise.
9. Foetal Circulation + PDA 32. S.A. node. And pacemaker potential
10. Marey’s law + Reflexes based on it 33. Myasthenia gravis
11. Vasomotor centre (input, output, functions) 34. Baroreceptor mechanism
12. Mechanism of blood flow to diff organs 35. Chemoreceptor mechanism
13. Properties of cardiac muscle + physiological 36. Long term regulation of BP
significance+ refractory period 37. CNS Ischaemic control of BP
14. Regulation of blood pressure 38. Kirchoff’s law and Einthoven’s law
39. Endothelins
SHORT NOTES 40. Hypovolemic Shock
1. Coronary blood flow 41. Cardiac Index
2. Heart sounds 42. Pacemaker potential
3. Korotkov’s Sound
4. Heart failure CNS
5. Mean arterial and pulse pressure ESSAYS
6. JVP 1. CEREBELLUM + functional divisions + structure,
7. P-R interval connections, and functions + cerebellar lesions
8. Cardiac catheterization 2. Ascending tracts +pain pathway + referred pain
9. Arterial pulse 3. Stretch reflex + muscle spindle + reciprocal
10. Microcirculation inhibition
11. Heart rate 4. Basal Ganglia
12. Conducting tissue of Heart 5. Functions of Hypothalamus and its connections
13. ST segment 6. Descending tracts + Pyramidal tracts + effects of
14. Starling’s force (of capillaries) lesions
15. Carotid body 7. Synapse + mechanism of transmission + properties
16. Triple response + central neurotransmitters
17. All or none law 8. CSF
18. Circulation time 9. Reflex arc diagram + muscle tone maintenance
19. Fick principle 10. Reticular formation
20. Ventricular action potential 11. Diagram of primary and association areas of
21. Frank-Starling’s law cerebral cortex + connections of frontal lobe
22. Vaso vagal syncope 12. Fine touch pathway + sensory homunculus
23. Heart block 13. Internal capsule + its lesion effects
24. Sinus arrhythmia
14. Receptors + classification + properties 58. Vestibulocerebellum
15. Brown-Sequards’ syndrome 59. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
SHORT NOTES 60. Functions of pre-frontal lobe
1. Stages of sleep - Rem & non rem sleep 61. Classify Memory
2. Chronaxie rheobase 62. Classical Conditioning
3. Parkinson’s disease 63. Operant Conditioning
4. Decerebrate rigidity 64. Cerebellum functions
5. Function of parietal lobe 65. Bainbridge reflex
6. Function of thalamus 66. . Posterior Column sensations
7. Electroencephalograph
8. Conditioned reflex 67. Facilitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters +
9. Salutatory conduction site of action
10. Blood brain barrier
11. Wallerian degeneration
12. Nerve fibres classification
13. Lateral hemisection of spinal cord
14. Monosynaptic reflex
15. Somaesthetic cortex SPECIAL SENSES
16. Occlusion and subliminal fringe 1. Otolith organ
17. Paradoxial sleep 2. Refractive errors of the eye
18. Receptors adaptation 3. Visual pathway +lesions
19. Papez circuit 4. Travelling wave theory
20. Conditioned reflex 5. Theories of hearing
21. Dorsal column-lemniscal system. 6. Accommodation of the eye
22. Antero-lateral sensory system. 7. Explain ‘Dark Adaptation’
23. Central analgesic system (Brain opiate system or 8. Organ of corti
Brain analgesic system. 9. Pupillary light Reflexes.
24. Effects of posterior nerve root lesions. 10. Taste pathway
25. Effects of anterior nerve root lesions. 11. Middle ear
26. Visceral pain. 12. Colour blindness
27. Functions of gamma neurons. 13. Middle ear
28. Primary motor area. 14. Aqueous humour
29. Physiology of memory. 15. Cochlear Microphonic potential
30. Functions of limbic system. 16. Dark adaptation
31. Slow wave sleep. 17. Colour vision
32. E.E.G Rhythms. 18. Olfactory pathway
33. Aphasias 19. Taste buds
34. Central connections of trigeminal nerve. 20. Hearing tests + Rinne’s
35. Lower motor neuron lesion/ upper motor neuron 21. Visual acuity
lesion 22. Basilar membrane
36. Withdrawal reflex. 23. Attenuation reflex
37. Inverse stretch reflex. 24. Macula lutea
38. Reciprocal inhibition. 25. Near response
39. Frontal lobe syndrome. 26. Light reflexes +pathways
40. Crossed extensor reflex. 27. Retina
41. Righting reflexes. 28. Intra ocular fluids
42. Complete transection of spinal cord 29. Photoreceptors
43. Strength - Duration curve (SD curve) 30. Audiometry
44. Saturday night palsy 31. Crista, macula
45. Phantom limb 32. Vestibular apparatus
46. EPSP and IPSP 33. Organ of corti
47. Gamma motor neuron 34. Middle ear functions
48. Action potential
49. Neuroglia RESPIRATION
50. Mechanism of conduction + saltatory 51. Triple ESSAYS
response 1. neural regulation of respiration+ periodic breathing
52. Aphasia + herring breur reflex
53. Endorphins 2. hypoxia +types +oxygen therapy + acclimatization
54. Induction of sleep 3. Chemoreceptors + chemical control of breathing+
55. Decorticate rigidity cheyne stokes breathing
56. Climbing, Mossy and parallel fibres 4. Differentiate between Types of Respiratory Failure
57. Role of Purkinje cells in cerebellum
5. Differentiate between Obstructive and Restrictive 16. Stages of asphyxia
Respiratory Diseases 17. Functional Residual Capacity
18. Periodic breathing
SHORT NOTES 19. Acclimatization
1. CO2 transport 20. V/Q ratio
2. O2 transport 21. Cyanosis
3. Lung function tests 22. Voluntary hyperventilation
4. Decompression sickness 23. Dyspnoeic index
5. Compliance of lungs (2) 24. Residual Volume
6. Artificial respiration 25. Airway Resistance
7. Lung volumes and capacities 26. Functional Residual Capacity
8. Surfactant 27. Non-respiratory Functions of lungs
9. Chloride shift 28. Timed vital capacity
10. Timed vital capacity 29. Gas exchange in lungs
11. O2 dissociation curve 30. Dead space
12. Non respiratory functions of lungs 31. Cough reflex
13. Spirogram 32. Caisson’s disease
14. Dysbarism/Decompression sickness
15. Maximum breathing capacity 33. Hypoxic hypoxia
 53. Fate of private
BIOCHEMISTRY 54. Fate of Acetyl COA
CARBOHYDRATES 55. Fate of Glucose 6.P04
Short Notes 56. Rapaport-Leubering Shunt Pathway
1. Optical isomerism 57. Renal glycosuria
2. Mutarotation 58. Mutarotation
3. Isomerism 59. Fructose Intolerance
4. Mucopolysaccharides/ Hetro polysaccharides 60. Galactosemia
5. Homopolysaccharides
6. Disaccharides
7. Glycosides
8. Classification carbohydrate Essays:
9. Dietary fiber 1. HMP pathway
10. Lactose intolerance 2. TCA cycle
3. Anaerobic Glycolysis
11. Carbohydrate digestion & absorption
4. Glycogenolysis
12. Glycolysis
5. Gluconeogenesis
13. Energetic of glycolysis (aerobic & anaerobic) & 6. Regulation of Blood sugar
inhibitors
14. Regulation of glycolysis LIPIDS
15. 2, 3 BPG / rappaport leubring cycle 1. Essential Fatty acids
16. Galactose metabolism ii. PUFA and their clinical significance
17. Fructose metabolism 2. W3 Fatty acids
18. Catabolic cycle of citric acid cycle 3. Classification of Lipids.
19. Amphibolic cycle of citric acid 4. Classification of Fatty acids
20. Anabolic reactions of citric acid cycle 5. W6 Fatty acids
21. Anaplerotic reactions of citric acid cycle 6. Phospholipids:
22. PDH complex(Enzymes, Coenzymes and inhibitors) 1) Phospholipids
23. Alpha keto glutarate complex 2) Phospholipids & their clinical Importance.
24. Co-enzymes used in PDH complex 3) Phospholipases.
25. Vitamins used in citric acid cycle 4) Functions of phospholipids.
5) Composition and functions of Phospholipids.
26. Glycogen synthesis
7. Sphingolipids & sphingolipidoses
27. Glycogen breakdown ( GTT)
8.Glycolipids.
28. Control of glycogen degradation 9.Numbers:
29. Glycogen storage disorders 1) Saponification Number
30. Biochemical changes in Vongierki's disease 2) Iodine Number
31. Mcardle's disease 3) Acid Number for MCQS
32. Explain the role of cyclic AMP as second 4) Polenske Number
messenger in relation to glycogen metabolism 5) Rm Number
33. Gluconeogenesis 10. Role of Bile salts in the Digestion & Absorption of
34. Alanine cycle lipids.
35. Cori's cycle 11. Digestion of lipids.
36. Regulation of gluconeogenesis 12. Absorption of lipids.
37. Reciprocal relationship of glycolysis and 13. Micelles Lipases.
gluconeogenesis 14. α Oxidation
38. HMP cycle (2) 15. W oxidation
16. Carnitine
39. Significance of HMP cycle
17. Carnitine Transport
40. Importance of NADPH
18. Energentics of β oxidation of Palmitic acid
41. UDP - glucronate 19. Fatty acid synthase complex
42. Polyol pathway 20. Adipose Tissue Metabolism Fasting P.P
43. Essential pentosuria 21. Obesity
44. Galactosemia 22. Fatty Liver
45. Fructosemia 23. Lipotrophic Factors
46. Futile cycle 24. Ketone Bodies
47. Homeostasis/Regulation of blood sugar 25. Tests to Identify ketone bodies in urine
48. GTT/GTT interpretation 26. Ketogenesis & its clinical significance.
49. Mucopolysaccharadosis 27. Define Ketosis. Name 2 conditions where it occurs.
50. Energetic of complete oxidation of one molecule 28. Formation of ketone bodies and its clinical
glucose significance.
51. Malate/Aspartate Shuttle 29. Lipoproteins & their functions.
52. Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle
30. LDL metabolism. Short Notes:
31. Role of LDL receptors in the metabolism of Low 1. Digestion and Absorption of proteins
Density Lipoprotein and the disease caused by its 2. Meister cycle or γ Glutamyl cycle.
defect (Glutathione Role in A.A Transport)
32. Metabolism of VLDL. 3. Pepsin.
33. HDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis. 4. Biologically Important compounds derived from
34. HyperLipoproteinemias & Frederickson’s glycine.
Classification 5. Diseases associated with Glycine metabolism
35. Lipoproteinemia. (Less Important)
36. Reverse cholesterol Transport 6. Phenylketonuria.
38. L- Cat 7. Alkaptonuria.
39. Lipases. 8. Biologically important compounds derived from
40. Apoproteins Tyrosine
41. Bile acids 9. Albinism
42. Bile Pigments 10. Biologically Important compounds derived from
43. Bile salts. Tryptophan
44. Prostaglandins 11. Hartnups disease.
i. synthesis 12. Carcinoid syndrome.
ii. Functions & uses 13. SAM active methionine.
45. Eicosanoids 14. Transmethylation reactions
46. Lipid storage Disease 15. Biologically Important compounds derived from
47. Gaucher's Disease methionine.
48. Niemann - Pick Disease 16. Glutathione
49. Tay sachs disease. 17. Creatinine.
50. Pulmonary Surfactants and their importance(Short 18. Cystinuria
answer) 19. Cystinosis
51. Lipid Profile 20. Homocystinuria
52. Reverse Cholestrol transport 21. One carbon metabolism
22. Maple syrup urine Disease(Methyl malonic
aciduria)
Essay: 23. Isovaleric academia
1. Define phospholipids. Classify them with suitable 24. Nitric oxide
examples. Enumerate the various functions of 25. Histidine (MCQS)
phospholipids. 26. Lysine - Carnitine
2. Write in detail about. 27. GABA.
α. oxidation of fatty acids in the following headings. 28. α Alanine
a). Definition 29. Selenocysteine
b). Site 30. Polyamines
c). Steps 31. Transamination reactions
d). Energentics of β oxidation of palmitic acid 32. Oxidative Deamination
3. Describe in detail the synthesis & utilization of 33. Glutamate dehydrogenase.
ketone 34. Urea cycle
bodies. Name any 3 condition of increased the 35. Urea cycle disorders
Laboratory Evaluation of ketoacidosis. 36. Taurine
4. Name the ketone bodies. Enumerate the steps in the 37. Cadaverine
synthesis of ketone bodies. How are they metabolized? 38. Classification of Amino Acids
Explain the biochemical basis and consequences of 1) Structure
excess production of ketone bodies in Diabetes 2) Metabolic fate
mellitus & starvation. 3) Nutritional
5. Discuss cholesterol synthesis and its regulation. 4) Polarity
Mention the various substances obtained from 39. Isoelectric pH or Zwitterion
cholesterol 40. Non α amino acids
6. Describe in detail the synthesis of cholesterol in the 41. Non protein amino acids
body. What is the normal serum cholesterol level and 42. Classification of proteins
mention the conditions where cholesterol level is 43. Peptide bond.
altered. 7. How are lipoproteins classified? What are 44. Biologically Important peptides
their functions. Describe the metabolism of LDL. 45. Essential amino acids
8. Write in detail about metabolism and regulation of 46. Metabolic Role of methionine
ketone bodies. Add a note on Diabetic Ketoacidosis. 47. Determination of N Terminal amino acid of a
polypeptide
48. Edman Degradation
PROTEINS 49. One carbon metabolism.
50. Primary structure.
51. Secondary structure.
52. Tertiary structure.
53. Quaternary structure
54. Collagen
55. Plasma proteins.
56. Determination of primary structure of protein
57. Structure of protein.
58. Collagen.
59. Biologically important peptides.
60. Sclenocysteine
61. Branched chain amino acids.
62. Levels of Organization of Proteins
63. Bence-Jones Proteinuria(Short Answer)
64. Immunoglobulins and their functions
65. Polyamines
66. Histamine
67. Glutathione
Essay:
1. Describe in detail how amino nitrogen is disposed
off from the body. Add a note on urea cycle disorders.
2. Describe urea cycle in the following headings
1) Site
2) Sources of amino group.
3) Steps.
4) Regulation
5) Urea cycle disorders
6) Clinical significance of urea
3. How is ammonia produced in the body? How is it
detoxified? Give 2 causes & effects of
Hyperammonemia.
4. Describe Glycine metabolism. Write the various
compounds formed from glycine add a note on
disorders associated with glycine metabolism.
5. Describe in detail the catabolism of phenyl Alanine.
Add a note on Disorders associated with it.
6. Name the aromatic amino acids. Describe the
metabolism of Tryptophan. Name the important
compounds synthesized from it and the metabolic
disorders of Tryptophan metabolism.
7. Name the aromatic amino acid. Write the
metabolism of phenylalanine
8. Discuss the metabolism of Tyrosine. Name the B.I
compounds derived from Tyrosine. Add a note on I.B.
Errors associated with it.
9. Name the sulphur containing Amino acids and the
metabolism of anyone of them.
10. Write an essay on how proteins digested &
Absorbed
11. Write in detail the various levels of organization of
proteins. Various methods used in elucidation of
primary structure.
12. Brief about conversion of phenylalanine to
tyrosine. Describe in detail about
phenylketonurias.
13. Cysteine metabolism
VITAMINS
Essay:
1. Chemistry, Sources, RDA, Biochemical functions &
Deficiency manifestations of folic acid.
2. Chemistry, Functions, deficiency manifestations and
Hypervitaminosis of Vitamin A.
3. Sources, active form, Biochemical functions,
Deficiency disease and its detection of Thiamine.
4. Sources, RDA, Coenzyme formation, functions and
deficiency manifestations of Niacin.
5. Sources, Properties, Functions, Deficiency
manifestations, RDA of Vitamin C.
6. Discuss the coenzyme functions of
1) Riboflavin,
2) Niacin,
3) folic acid,
4) Pantothenic acid
5) Biotin.
7. Describe the chemistry, sources, daily requirement,
synthesis and biochemical role of cholecalcifirol.
8. Name the important vitamins which require for the
proper functioning of the nerve. Describe the sources,
biochemical functions, daily requirement and
deficiency manifestations of any one of them.
9. Enumerate the anaemia causing vitamins. Explain in
detail about any one of them.
10. Describe in detail about the sources RDA, active
form, biochemical functions and deficiency
manifestations of:
A) Thiamine.
B) Niacin.
C) Pyridoxine.
D) Vitamin C.
11. Describe in detail about the sources RDA, active
form, Absorption, biochemical functions and
deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B 12.
12. Describe in detail about the sources RDA, active
form, Metabolism biochemical functions, deficiency
manifestations, Therapeutic uses and antagonists of
folic acid.
Short Notes:
1. Synthesis &functions of active form of Vitamin D.
2. Biochemical role of vitamin B12&deficiency
disease.
3. Biotin.
4. Vitamin E.
5. Role of Vitamin D in Calcium metabolism.
6. Antioxidants.
7. Metabolic functions of cyanocobalamin with
examples.
8. Write the RDA &deficiency manifestations of
vitamins A.
9. Mention the functions &coenzyme of Riboflavin.
10. Beriberi.
11. Write the functions &coenzyme of cobalamine.
12. What are the sources and biochemical functions of
pyridoxine?
13. Biochemical role and deficiency manifestations of
Vitamin C.
14. Vitamin A. 2. Classify Enzymes? Describe the different types of
15. Vitamin K. enzyme inhibition. Add a note on clinical significance
16. Active form of vitamin D and its Biochemical role. of enzymes.
17. Formations and functions of calcitriol. 3. Explain the effects of different factors on rates of
18. Synthesis and functions of active form of Vitamin enzyme catalysed reactions.
D? 4. Regulation of enzyme activities
19. Wald's visual cycle. Heme Metabolism:
20. Differences between fat soluble and water soluble Essay:
vitamins. Define jaundice classify with suitable example and the
21. Deficiency manifestations of vitamin A. Biochemical tests to differentiate. Add a note a
22. Deficiency manifestations of vitamin D. Congenital Hyperbilirubinemeias.
23. Deficiency manifestations of vitamin K. Short notes:
24. Vitamin K cycle /Gamma carboxylation. 1. Porphyrias.
25. Pellagra. 2. Acute Intermittent Porphyria.
26. Biochemical functions of Pantothenic acid. 3. Congenital Hyperbilirubinemeias.
27. Biochemical functions of Biotin. 4. Vanden Bergh Test.
28. Biochemical functions of Vitamin C. 5. Hemolytic Jaundice.
29. FIGLU. 6. Obstructive Jaundice.
30. One carbon metabolism. 7. Hepatocellular Jaundice.
31. Methyl folate trap. 8. Biochemical tests to differentiate various types of
32. Absorption of vitamin B 12. jaundice Blood &Urine.
33. Pernicious Anaemia. 9. Physiological Jaundice.
34. Scurvy. 10. Haemoglobin S
35. Reactions catalysed by biotin. 11. Abnormal Haemoglobins
12. Thalassaemia
ENZYMES 13. Bilirubin formation and excretion
Short Notes Purine Metabolism
1. Classify Enzymes with suitable examples Essay:
2. Factors affecting enzyme activity Discuss in detail the Purine synthesis. Add a note in
3. Km value and its significance. hyperuricaemia.
4. Line weaver - Burk Double reciprocal plot Short note:
5. Active site of an Enzyme 1. Salvage Pathway.
6. Metallo enzymes (MCQS) 2. How uric acid is formed in the body. Write its
7. Mechanism of action of enzyme. normal level. Add a note on hyperuricaemia.
8. Competitive Inhibition 3. Gout.
9. Uncompetitive Inhibition 4. Leshnyhan syndrome.
10. Noncompetitive Inhibition Pyrimidine Metabolism
11. Reversible Irreversible 1. Pyrimidine Degradation.
12. Sucidal Inhibition (MCQ) 2. Orotic aciduria.
13. Allosteric regulation or modification of enzyme 3. Salvage pathway.
activity Mineral Metabolism
14. Covalent modification (phosphorylation) 1. Iron absorption.
15. Specificity of Enzymes 2. Mucosal Block theory.
16. Coenzymes 3. Deficiency manifestation of Iron. (Investigation
(Non vitamin Coenzymes) done)
17. IsoEnzymes with suitable examples (2) 4. Hypocalcaemia.
18. Michaelis - Menten equation 5. Hypercalcaemia.
19. Clinical Enzymology 6. Iodine 7.
1) Cardiac enzymes (myocardial Infarction) Flurosis
2) Liver enzymes 8. Selenium.
20. Therapeutic uses of enzymes 9. Zinc.
21. Non functional plasma enzymes 10. Magnesium.
22. Allosteric enzymes & its feedback regulation 11. Chromium &Vanadium.
23. Enzyme Poisons 12. Calcium Homoeostasis
24. Cardiac Troponins 13. Functions of phosphorus
25. Isoenzymes of Lactate Dehydrogenase 14. Trace elements (with clinical importance of any 2)
Essay: 15. Wilson’s disease (2)
1. Define Enzymes? What is the mechanism of their 16. Fluorometry
action? Describe in detail the factors influencing the 17. Anti-oxidant vitamins and minerals
enzyme action
GENETICS 5. Vectors.
Essay: 6. Plasmid.
Discuss in detail the synthesis of DNA. Add a note an 3. PCR (2)
its repair mechanism 4. Electrophoresis and its applications
Replication 5. Application of genetic engineering
Short note: 6. Gene therapy
1. DNA polymerase Nutrition
-Prokaryotes Short notes:
-Eukaryotes 1. Caloric requirement and its recommended
2. Topolsomerase. distribution in adult male
3. DNA damage & Repair mechanisms. 2. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
4. Okasaki fragments 3. Kwashiokar
5. Replication fork (Bubble) 4. Marasmus
6. Nucleosome. 5. RDA (recommended dietry allowances)
7. Cell cycle. 6. Balanced diet
8. Cyclins. 7. Dietry fiber
9. Organisatioin of DNA. 8. Calorimeter
10. Inhibitors of Replication 9. SDA
11. Replisome 10. Total Parenteral Nutrition and its importance
12. Xeroderma pigmentosum
13. Define & explain point mutation with examples
Miscellaneous
Short notes:
14. Differences between DNA and RNA
1. Environmental pollutant
15. DNA repair mechanisms
2. Occupational hazards
3. Heavy metal poison – write biochemical
Transcription: consequences and diagnosis of any 2
Essay: 4. BMR
Discuss detail the process of transcription. 5. Structure of Cell Membrane
SHORT NOTES 6. Chloride Shift
1. Structure & Function of tRNA. 7. Chromatography
2. Structure & Function of mRNA. 8. Specific Dynamic Action
3. RNA Polymerase 9. Functions of Mitochondria
4. Post Transcriptional modifications 10. Metabolic adaptations in Fed state
-Prokaryotes 11. Alcohol Metabolism
-Eukaryotes 12. Renal Regulation of Blood pH
5. Inhibitors of Transcription. 13. Buffer system in the body 14. Detoxification of
6. Primosome. xenobiotics
7. Codons 14. Metabolic acidosis
Translation 15. Role of lungs in acid-base balance
Essay: 16. Flame Photometer
Discuss in detail the process of translation in 17. Colorimetry and the laws of colorimetry
prokaryotes. 18. Distribution of water in the body
1. Genetic Code. 19. Water toxicity
2. Post translational modifications. 20. Dehydration
3. Inhibitors of Translation/ Inhibitors of protein 21. Anti-oxidants
Biosynthesis 22. Tubular function tests
Regulation of Gene Expression 23. Creatinine clearance
1. Lac operon 24. Phase 2 reactions of xenobiotics.
2. Regulation of gene expression in Eukaryotes.
25. GABA
3. Oncogenes
4. Tumour markers
26.Nitric oxide
5. Mutations
Genetic Techniques: 27. Any two mucopolysaccharides – location and
1. Blotting Techniques;
function.
1. Southern blotting.
2. Northern blotting.
28. Niemann – Pick disease.
3. Western blotting.
2. Recombinant DNA technology.
1. Technique.
2. Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology. Electron transport chain
3. Restriction Endonuclease. Essay:
4. Chimeric DNA.
Discuss in detail the complexes of ETC ,
inhibitors,uncouplers and the process of oxidative
phosphorylation. Add a note on ATP synthase complex
Short notes:
1. Complexes of ETC
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
3. Inhibitors of ETC
4. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation
5. ATP synthase complex
6. Chemiosmotic theory
7. Brown adipose tissue/ thermogenesis
8. Cytochrome P450
9. Rapoport Luebering Shunt

HORMONES
1. Insulin
2. Cyclic AMP as a second messenger
3. Mechanism of actions of hormones with examples
(essay)
4. G proteins
5. Mechanisms of action of Thyroid hormone
6. Functions of adrenal cortical hormone
7. Epinephrine formation
8. Glucocorticoid Function
9. Parathormone functions.

10. Glycated haemoglobin.