1.

prosencephalon ectoderm neural tube telencephalon controls voluntary actions, senses, memory formation
1.1 future diencephalon ectoderm diencephalon regulation of visceral activities & metabolic homeostasis
2. mesencephalon ectoderm mesencephalon visual and auditory reflex center
3. rhombencephalon ectoderm metencephalon muscle coordination
ectoderm myelencephalon controls autonomic functions: respiration, heart rate, blood
vessel dilation & constriction; reflex center
4. prosocoel ectoderm neurocoel 1st & 2nd ventricle (telocoel) CSF passageway; communicates w/ olfactory bulbs
ectoderm 3rd ventricle (diocoel) CSF passageway; communicates w/ lateral ventricles

5. mesocoel ectoderm optic vesicle & aqueduct of CSF passageway; connects w/ optic lobe cavities
Sylvius
6. rhombocoel ectoderm 4th ventricle CSF passageway
7. epiphysis ectoderm neural tube pineal gland secretes melatonin; controls biological rhythm
8. infundibulum ectoderm posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin, vasotocin, ADH
9. hypophysis ectoderm anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH, LH, GH, & prolactin
10. anterior choroid plexus ectoderm anterior choroid plexus deposits and regulates CSF in brain vesicles, secretes growth
and trophic factors
11. posterior choroid plexus ectoderm posterior choroid plexus deposits CSF in brain vesicles
12. basal plates ectoderm dorsal horn of spinal cord tadpole: motor functions
frog:
13. spinal cord ectoderm neural tube spinal cord sensory and motor functions
14. central canal ectoderm neurocoel central canal CSF passageway
15. optic cup ectoderm iris/optic cup regulates light to lens
16. pigmented epithelium ectoderm pigmented epithelium nourishes optic cup and wall of the primary optic cup
17. retina ectoderm retina photoreception
18. optic lens ectoderm epidermal optic lens gathers light, bends and focuses it into the retina
ectoderm
19. otic vesicles ectoderm inner ear sense of balance and equilibrium
20. olfactory epithelium ectoderm olfactory epithelium protective lining of the olfactory canal
21. olfactory canal ectoderm olfactory canal air passageway that leads to internal nares
22. external nares ectoderm external nares for breathing, air passageway
23. internal nares ectoderm internal nares air passageway
24. optic nerves (II) ectoderm diencephalon optic nerve transmit visual information to brain
25. trigeminal ganglion (V) ectoderm neural crest, trigeminal nerves sensory and motor nerve; innervates the jaw
ectodermal
placodes
26. acoustic-facialis ganglion (VII- ectoderm facial (VII) and auditory VII – innervates taste bud and facial muscles
VIII) (VIII) nerve VIII – innervates the inner ear
27. glossopharyngeal ganglion (IX) ectoderm glossopharyngeal nerve innervates tongue
28. epidermis ectoderm epidermal skin protection and respiration
ectoderm
29. melanophores ectoderm neural crest melanophores contains melanin for pigmentation
30. oral suckers ectoderm epidermal disappears tadpole: for anchorage/attachment
ectoderm frog: none
31. oral cavity ectoderm rupturing of oral mouth cavity food intake
plate
32. stomodeum depression ectoderm epidermal lining of mouth cavity supports mouth cavity
ectoderm
33. pharynx endoderm pharynx passage for food
34. pharyngeal pouch endoderm thymus, carotid gland, tadpole: feeding + gas exchange
eustachian tube, frog: thymus – thymosine expression, carotid gland – secrete
parathyroid gland anti-venom, eustachian tube – regulates tympanic tube
pressure, parathyroid – secretes parathyroid hormone
35. external gills endoderm disappears tadpole: respiration
frog: none
36. lung buds endoderm lungs tadpole: none
frog: respiration
37. trachea endoderm trachea tadpole: none
frog: windpipe for passage of air
38. esophagus endoderm esophagus passage of food (peristaltic movement)
39. stomach endoderm stomach digestion
40. liver endoderm liver secretes bile
41. gall bladder endoderm gall bladder stores bile
42. midgut endoderm small intestine, duodenum further digestion
43. hindgut endoderm large intestine digestion and reabsorption
44. cloaca endoderm cloaca expels feces, urine and gametes
45. notochord chodamesoder disappears tadpole: axial support
m frog: none
46. dermatome mesoderm epimere dermis, connective tissues, provides protection to body and allows respiration
other layers of skin
47. myotome mesoderm appendicular skeleton, supports the body
muscles of appendages and
trunk
48. sclerotome mesoderm axial skeleton supports the head, chest and back
49. branchiomeric muscles mesoderm muscles of mouth supports pharynx
50. parachordal cartilage mesoderm parachordal plate supports floor of cranium
51. prechordal cartilage mesoderm chondrocranium houses brain & auditory organ
52. visceral arches ectoderm, visceral skeleton supports floor of the mouth and pharynx
endoderm,
mesoderm
(epimere)
53. hypobranchial cartilage mesoderm epimere mylohyoid supports pharynx
54. pronephros kidney mesoderm mesomere disappears tadpole: filters blood
frog: none
55. pronephric duct mesoderm mesonephric / Wolffian collects urine from kidneys, drains to urinary bladder
duct
56. pericardial cavity mesoderm coelom pericardial cavity space that surrounds the heart
57. parietal pericardium mesoderm somatic parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity
mesoderm
58. visceral pericardium mesoderm splanchnic visceral pericardium protects and secures the heart in place
mesoderm
59. peritoneal cavity mesoderm coelom pleuro-peritoneal cavity cavity where the lungs and other internal organs are found
60. parietal peritoneum mesoderm somatic parietal peritoneum lines abdominal cavity
mesoderm
61. visceral peritoneum mesoderm splanchnic visceral peritoneum protects and secures the internal organs in place
mesoderm
62. efferent branchial vessels mesoderm internal carotid; 2nd-4th brings blood away from the gill capillaries
branchial
63. afferent branchial vessels mesoderm external carotid; 2nd-4th brings blood to gill capillaries
branchial
64. dorsal aorta mesoderm dorsal aorta supplies blood to the lumbar region and kidney
65. truncus arteriosus mesoderm truncus arteriosus brings blood to afferent branchial vessels
66. bulbus/conus arteriosus mesoderm conus arteriosus brings blood to truncus arteriosus
67. atrium mesoderm right and left atrium tadpole: brings blood to ventricle
frog: left – receives blood from organs; right – receives blood
from lungs
68. ventricle mesoderm ventricle pumps blood to the truncus arteriosus
69. common cardinal vein mesoderm common cardinal vein brings blood to sinus venosus
70. sinus venosus mesoderm sinus venosus controls and regulates heartbeat
71. anterior cardinal vein mesoderm anterior cardinal vein; tadpole: drains blood from the head
branches to jugular and frog: jugular – drains blood from tongue & lower jaw,
subclavian veins subclavian – drains blood from forelimb
72. posterior cardinal vein mesoderm posterior cardinal vein brings blood to the common cardinal vein; drains blood from
posterior regions
73. caudal artery mesoderm disappears tadpole: supplies blood to tail
frog: none
74. caudal vein mesoderm disappears tadpole: drains blood from tail
frog: none
75. gill capillaries mesoderm disappears tadpole: site of gas exchange
frog: none