structure origin fate function

The Ectodermal Derivatives

Central Nervous System
Brain
Prosencephalon neural tube telencephalon, diencephalon central nervous system
Future site of voluntary muscle movement, senses, memory
telencephalon neural tube telencephalon, cerebral hemisphere formation
future site of regulation of visceral activities and metabolic
diencephalon neural tube diencephalon, thalamus hypothalamus homeostasis
mesencephalon neural tube optic lobes visual and auditory reflex center
muscle coordination (meten) , autonomic functions
rhombencephalon neural tube myelencephalon, metencephalon (respiration, heart rate, reflex)

Other structures
associated
communicates with cavity of olfactory bulbs,
prosocoel neurocoel 1st and 2nd ventricle passageway for CSF
communicates with cavity of olfactory bulbs,
future telocoel neurocoel 1st and 2nd ventricle passageway for CSF
communicates with lateral ventricle, passageway for
future diocoel neurocoel 3rd ventricle CSF
epiphysis neural tube pineal gland melatonin, biological rhythm
infundibulum neural tube posterior pituitary gland oxytocin, vasotocin, antidiuretic hormone
hypophysis neural tube anterior pituitary gland FSH, LH, prolactin, GH
mesocoel neurocoel Aqueduct of Sylvius, optic vesicle connects cavities of optic lobes
rhombocoel neurocoel 4th ventricle passageway of CSF
deposits and regulates CSF in brain vesicles, secrete
anterior choroid plexus neural tube anterior choroid plexus growth and trophic functions
posterior choroid plexus neural tube posterior choroid plexus deposits and regulates CSF in brain vesicles
basal plate neural tube dorsal horn of the spinal cord motor functions
spinal cord neural tube spinal cord sensory and motor functions
central canal neurocoel central canal CSF passageway
Peripheral Nervous System
organs of special senses
eye
optic cup neural tube iris, optic cup regulates light to lens
pigmented epithelium neural tube pigmented epithelium nourishes optic cup and wall of primary optic cup
retina neural tube retina photoreception
optic lens epidermal ectoderm optic lens gathers light and focuses to retina

ear
otic vesicles epidermal ectoderm sacculus, utriculus of inner ear sense of balance and equilibrium

olfactory organs
olfactory epithelium epidermal ectoderm olfactory epithelium protective lining of olfactory canal
olfactory canal epidermal ectoderm choanal canal air passageway leading to internal nares
external nares epidermal ectoderm external nares breathing; air passageway
internal nares epidermal ectoderm internal nares air passageway leading to internal nares

cranial nerves
optic nerves (II)
trigeminal ganglion (IV)
acoustico-facialis ganglion
(VII-VIII)
glossopharyngeal
ganglion (IX)
diencephalon optic nerves (II) transmit visual information to brain
neural crest,
ectodermal placodes trigeminal nerves (V) sensory and motor nerve, innervates the jaw
neural crest facial (VII), auditory (VIII) nerves VII - taste bud and facial muscles, VIII - inner ear
neural crest glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) innervates 1st branchial arch, mouth, tongue, pharynx

Skin
epidermis epidermal ectoderm skin, epidermis protection and respiration
melanophores neural crest melanophores, melanocytes melatonin for pigmentation

Additional Structures
oral suckers epidermal ectoderm disappears adhesion
oral cavity rupturing of oral plate mouth cavity food intake
stomodeum depression epidermal ectoderm lining of mouth cavity support mouth cavity

The Endodermal Derivatives

The Foregut
The respiratory system
pharynx primitive gut pharynx passageway of food
thymus, carotid gland, eustachian tube,
pharyngeal pouch endoderm parathyroid gland feeding and gas exchange
primitive gut
external gills (invagination) disappears respiration

The lungs
lung buds endoderm lungs None; Respiration (frog)
trachea primitive gut trachea None; passageway of air to bronchi (frog)

The digestive system

esophagus primitive gut esophagus passageway of food
stomach primitive gut stomach site of digestion
liver primitive gut liver produce bile
gallbladder primitive gut gallbladder store bile

The midgut
midgut primitive gut duodenum, ileum, small intestine further digestion

The hindgut
hindgut primitive gut large intestine digestion and reabsorption
cloaca primitive gut cloaca expel feces, urine, gametes
cloacal opening area of blastopore lip cloacal opening expel feces, urine, gametes

Notochord chordamesoderm disappears axial support

The mesodermal derivatives

Epimere
The skeleton and the
muscles
epimere dermis, connective tissue, other layers of the
dermatome (mesenchyme) skin protection to body and allows respiration
epimere appendicular skeleton, muscles of
myotome (mesenchyme) appendages and trunk supports body
 epimere
sclerotome (mesenchyme) axial skeleton, vertebral column supports head, chest and back
epimere
branchiomeric muscles (mesenchyme) muscles of the mouth supports pharynx

The skull
epimere
parachordal cartilage (mesenchyme) parachordal plate supports floor of cranium
prechordal
cartilage/trabecular epimere
cartilage (mesenchyme) chondrocranium houses brain and auditory organs

Visceral arches (ecto,

endo, meso
epimere
visceral arches (mesenchyme) visceral skeleton supports floor of the mouth and pharynx
epimere
hyprobranchial cartilage (mesenchyme) mylohyoid supports pharynx

Mesomere
The excretory system
nephrotome
pronephros kidney (mesomere) disappears filters blood
nephrotome
pronephric duct (mesomere) mesonephric duct (parts)/ wolffian duct connects primitive kidney to cloaca

Hypomere
the coelom
pericardial cavity coelom pericardial cavity surrounds heart
parietal pericardium somatic mesoderm parietal pericardium lines walls of pericardial cavity
visceral pericardium splanchnic mesoderm visceral pericardium protects and keeps heart in place
peritoneal cavity coelom pleuroperitoneal cavity cavity where other internal organs are found
parietal peritoneum somatic mesoderm parietal peritoneum lines peritoneal cavity
visceral peritoneum and smooth muscle of
visceral peritoneum splanchnic mesoderm gut protects and keeps internal organs in place

Aortic arches
 internal carotid, 3rd, 4th branchial vessels,
efferent branchial vessels splanchnic mesoderm pulmonary arch bring blood away from gill capillaries
external carotid, 2nd, 3rd, 4th branchial
afferent brancial vessels splanchnic mesoderm vessels, pulmonary arch bring blood to gill capillaries
dorsal aorta splanchnic mesoderm dorsal aorta supplies blood to lumbar region and kidneys

the heart
truncus arteriosus splanchnic mesoderm truncus arteriosus receives blood from CA and delivers to afferent
bulbus/conus arteriosus splanchnic mesoderm conus arteriosus brings blood to truncus arteriosus
atrium splanchnic mesoderm right and left atrium brings blood to ventricle
ventricle splanchnic mesoderm ventricle pumps blood to conus arteriosus
anterior vena cava and portions of post cava,
common cardinal vein splanchnic mesoderm common cardinal vein returns blood to sinus venosus
sinus venosus splanchnic mesoderm sinus venosus pacemaker of heart

Other parts of circulatory

system
ACV branching to jugular and subclavian
anterior cardinal vein splanchnic mesoderm vein drains blood from head
posterior cardinal vein splanchnic mesoderm posterior vena cava, some will degenerate drains blood from posterior regions
caudal vein splanchnic mesoderm disappears drains blood from tail
caudal artery splanchnic mesoderm disappears supplies blood to tail
gill capillaries splanchnic mesoderm disappears gas exchange