NAKAWAVOCATIONALTRAININGCOLLEGE

P.OBOX20121,
NAKAWA,KAMPALA
THEMINISTRYOFEDUCATIONANDSPORTS.
INDUSTRIALTRAININGREPORTONINDUSTRIALANDDOMESTICINSTALLATION
ANDMAINTENANCEWORKCARRIEDOUTATCHINTELECTRICALSUBMITTEDINP
ARTIALFULFILLMENTFORTHEAWARDOFVOCATIONALDIPLOMAINELECTRIC
ALENGINEERINGATNAKAWAVOCATIONALTRAININGCOLLEGE.
FROM9THMAYTO18THJUNE2022
COMPILEDBY:
LANYEROLAURA
REGNO.UBT104/2021/T/D/M/1357
YEARONE
ELECTRICALDEPARTMENT

FIELDSUPERVISOR:BATTERNERISA
SIGNATURE………………………DATE………/………/………….
ACEDEMICSUPERVISOR:MR.ABDULSEMAKULA
SIGNATURE………………………DATE………/………/………….
DECLEARATION
ILANYEROLAURAdodeclarethatthisindustrialtrainingreportwasfortwomonthstrainingatChintel
ectricandistrueaccountofthepracticalactivitiesthatIwasheavilyengagedin.ithasneverbeensubmitted
toanyothercollege.Alltheinformationinthisreportisbaseduponmyowntrainingandworksunlessother
wisestated
Signed:……………………………………….
Date:………………………………………..

i
DEDICATION
IwouldliketodedicatethisIndustrialTrainingreporttothealmightyGodwhohadbeensogratef
ultomycompletionofmyIndustrialTraining,IalsodedicatethistoMydadOcoraPatrickandma
maLakerAlicewhoencouragedandsupportedmefinancially,Idedicatethistomybelovedfrien
dswhohadbeensokindandsupportivethroughoutmylife.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

IwouldliketoacknowledgethealmightyGodwhomadeitpossibleformetocompletethe
maintenancetrainingpracticesafelywithoutanyinjuryoraccident.

IammuchindebtedtotheNakawavocationalTrainingInstitutestafffortheprovisionof
achancetostudentstoattainagreatjumpstartstotheircareerundertheprogramofma
intenancepractice/
projectworktrainingwheretheyareeffectivelyorientedtotorchintheircareerjourney.

IalsothankmyAcademicsupervisorAJWANGEVELYNandmyfieldsupervisorKATE
NDEARNOLDforofferingmethetechnicaladvice,commentsandguidanceandthegre
atenvironmentofteamworkateachtaskathand.

Iwouldliketoacknowledgemyparentswhoprovidedmewithfinancialassistanceduri
ngmyIndustrialtraining.

iii
EXUCTIVESUMMARY/ABSTRACT
Themostpracticalworkcarriedoutduringtheindustrialtraining.

Thepracticalworkwasmainlyunderindustrial/
domesticinstallationandmaintenancewhichincludesthefollowingpractices.

Dismantlingoffluorescent

Repairingofdrives

Layingofconduits

Drilling

Replacementoftubes/led

wiring

Designingacircuit

Assemblingofcontrolpanels

Wiringoflightsondisplay.

Cleaningofworkshop.

 Challengesfaced

 Woodenwallshardtosupport

 Inadequatetoolstouse.

 Workingatheights,hencehardtodrawincables

 Cableswerehardtostrip

 Panelsareheavytocarryandassemble

 Somecomponentsareofnewtechnologyhencehardtoinstall.

 Solutionstothechallengesfaced

 Useofglovestopreventinjuries

 Oilingofallmovablepartsforunscrewingusingoil

 Provisionoftrowelsandwhilebarrowsforcarryingheavypanels

iv
  Provisionofgoodladdertoeaseworkingatheights.

 Remarks/conclusion

 Iwouldwishtoconcludebysayingthat,myindustrialtrainingwassuccessfulandfreeo
faccidents,whichalsoincreasedourpracticalskills

Iconcludebysayingthatifyouwanttobesuccessfulinpanelbuilding,youhavetotakecorrectes
timationandcalculationsandalsowhenmarkingout,usethecorrectdataforthepaneltobecon
structed

v
Tableofcontent
Listoffigures

Listoftables....................................................................................................................................................
EXUCTIVESUMMARY/ABSTRACT..................................................................................................iii
OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................................................v
COMPANY’SPROFILE...................................................................................................................................vi
VISION.....................................................................................................................................................vii
Qualityfirst,customerupmost,faircompetition,harmonyandsustainabilityofourproducts
................................................................................................................................................................... vii
LISTOFACRONYMS............................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTERONE........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTIONTOLIGHTINGSYSTEMS....................................................................................1
DISADVANTAGES..............................................................................................................................2
CHAPTERTWO:.......................................................................................................................................3
Dischargelamps......................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTERTHREE:..................................................................................................................................8
Ledlights...................................................................................................................................................8
ADVANTAGESOFLEDBULBS.........................................................................................................8
DISADVANTAGES..............................................................................................................................9
CHAPTERFOUR: .............................................................................................................................12
4.1 ...................................................................................................................................................12
4.2 ...................................................................................................................................................13
STEPSTAKENTOCONSTRUCTAUTOMATICCHANGEOVERSWITCH................................13
WIRINGDIAGRAM............................................................................................................................14
COMPONENTSUSED......................................................................................................................14
CHAPTERFIVE: ...........................................................................................................................16
Powerfactorcorrection:aguidefortheplantengineer.....................................................................17
Advantagesofbankinstallationsatthefeederorsubstation:.....................................................17
Howtocalculatethecapacitorsize..................................................................................................18
CAPACITORBANKS.........................................................................................................................23
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................24

vi
APENDIX....................................................................................................................................................26

List of figures
Figure1:1Filamentlamp
1

Figure2:2Fluorescentlamp..................................................................................................................3
Figure3:2Choke............................................................................................................................................4
Figure4:2Starter..........................................................................................................................................4
Figure5:3BasicoperationofLED..........................................................................................................8
Figure6:4WIRINGDIAGRAMOFATS................................................................................................14
Figure7:4pictureafterwiring..............................................................................................................15

vii
Listoftables
Table1:2Componentsoffluorescentlamp
4

Table2:2Faultsinfluorescent...............................................................................................................7
Table3:3Toolsanduses..........................................................................................................................9
Table4:4Components..........................................................................................................................14

viii
 LISTOFACRONYMS
ACAlternatingCurrent

MCBMiniatureCircuitBreaker

RCBOResidualCircuitBreakerwithOverCurrent

RCBResidualCircuitBreaker

Mm2MillimeterSquare

Etc.Manymore

DCDirectcurrent

MCCB Moldedcasecircuitbreaker

KEM KampalaElectricMart

PF powerfactor

ATS AutomaticTransferswitch

CT CurrentTransformer

LED LightEmittingDiode

TX transformer

ix
COMPANY’SPROFILE

Sincethe1980’s,whenourundertakingsstartedfromasmallworkshop
toproducelow-
voltageapparatusandaninternationalbrand,wehavebeenspecializedinelectricindu
stryandgraduallygrewintoaleadingenterpriseinindustrialelectricalequipmentfield
inChinaandthewholeworld.In2006,Chintmovedintosolarenergy,andconstructedd
ozensoflargegroundgrid-connectedPVpowerplantsandroof-
typedistributedPVpowerplantsacrosstheworld,Fuses,TravelSwitches,UniversalC
hange-
overSwitches,ConnectionTerminalsandthusbecamethelargestelectricalequipmen
tinvestoramongtheworld’sprivateenterprises.
Fornearly30years,wehavealwaysbeeninsistingontheoperationphilosophyof“Creat
evaluesforcustomers,durabilityandsustainability”,complyingwiththeprincipleof“
Peopleoriented,creditbased,valuesshared”,andstrivingtoestablishawin-
winpartnershipwithoursuppliers,distributors,customersandpartnersforcommon
development.Inthisway,wehavefinallyearnedwiderespectandlong-
termtrustofouremployees,customers,partnersandcompetitorswhichenabledChin
t’sleadingpositionintheelectricalequipment.Innovationandqualityarekeyvaluesof
Chint,whichensurescustomerswithhighstandardproductsandservices.
ChintinternationalspreaditswingstoUgandain2012andwithinthisshortperiod,ith
asgivenbirthtohighlygroundedelectricalprovidersinUganda.TheseincludeElectric
alexcellence,StandardCableCorporationandKampalaElectricMart,astateofartelec
tricalshowroomthatwaslaunchedinNovemberthatthrivesonthethemeofqualityan
dsustainabilityintheelectricalindustry.ChinthasnotonlyspreaditswingstoUganda
butthewholeworldandboostsofhighlevelproductivity,durabilityandsustainability
ofitsproduct.
Chintwillgowiththistrend,keepforgingaheadactively,persistininnovationanddedic
atetodevelopingChintintoagloballeadingenergyefficiencymanagementsolutionpro
vider.
Wearelookingforwardtojoininghandswithyou,andallfriends,tocreateabrilliantfutu
retogether.

x
 VISION
Qualityfirst,customerupmost,faircompetition,harmonyandsustainabilityofo
urproducts

OBJECTIVES
Providetheorganizationwithhighlymotivatedenergeticandtalentedstudentswhoar
eabletoexecuteworkinkeyareasandpotentialworkforceforfuturerecruitment
Enablestudentsexploreemploymentopportunitieswithorganizations

xi
 CHAPTERONE

INTRODUCTIONTOLIGHTINGSYSTEMS
IncandescentLamps

Dischargelamps

LEDlamps

INCANDESCENTLAMPS

Thesearelampsthathavefilamentcoilmadeoutoftungsten,suspendedbymetalsupport

Andenclosedinaninertgasfilledenvelope.

OPERATION

Whenthelampisconnectedtoasourceofpower(AC),thecurrentrisesthefilamenttemperatur
etoaround3000Cwhichthenemitslight.

Figure:1Filamentlamp1

1
ADVANTAGES

 Thefilamentlampslightishousedinasealedoxenfreechamberwhichisnecessaryforpr
eventinganycombustionorexplosion.

 Itallowsyoutocontrolthelightingexposer,forexamplethedimandwarmer.

DISADVANTAGES
Highinitialcost

Highpowerconsumption

CHAPTERTWO:
2
OBJECTIVES
 Toknowthetypesoffluorescentlamp.

 Tounderstandonhowtotroubleshootafaultyfluorescent.

 Understandtherelevantrequirementsforfluorescentmaintenance

 Tobeabletoidentifythephysicalcomponentsmakingupafluorescentlamp.

 Understandthesafetymeasuresandwhentoapplywhencarryingoutmaintenance.

 Toknowthetoolsrequiredforremovingandfixingoffluorescentphysicalcomponents.

Dischargelamps
Fluorescentlampisalampwhichoperatesasaresultofgasdischarge.

CONSTRUCTION

Thelampconsistsofaglasstubefilledwithmercuryvaporatlowpressureandsmallquantityofa
rgongastoassistinstarting,theinsideofthetubeiscoatedwithfluorescentphosphor.ateache
ndthereisasealedsetofoxideelectrons.

Figure:2Fluorescentlamp2

COMPONENTSOFFLOURESCENTLAMP

3
  CHOKE:Enablesthetubetoignitebyusingthebackelectromotiveforce(emf)tocreatea
plasmainthetubeanditcontrolsthecurrentthroughthetubewhenitisignited.

DIAGRAMME

STARTER

Figure 1:2 Choke

ThestarterisanArgonfilledbulbwithanormallyclosedthermalswitchenclosedinside,wh
enthefluorescentisconnectedtoanexternalsourceofsupply,theargongasdischargesand
thebimetallicstripsconductshencecompletingthecircuit

Figure 2:2 Starter

COMPONENTSOFFLORICENTTUBE

Table:2Componentsoffluorescentlamp1

PARTS FUNCTIONS

Glassenvelope(containingneonor Glosswhitewhenstruckwithuvphoton
argon

Tungstenelectrodesorcathode Toboiloffelectronsandlow-
pressuremercuryvaporthatemitsauvphotonwhenstruckby
electrons

Ballast Regulatescurrentflow

4
TYPESOFFLOURICENTLAMPS/TUBES

 FluorescentT12s.whichare1.5-inchdiameterFluorescenttubes.

 FluorescentT8s.theyare1-
inchdiameterFluorescenttubes,andtheyarethemostprevalentofallFluorescenttube
s.

 FluorescentT5s.

 Fluorescentbendlamps.

 CommonFluorescentapplicationbylamptype

5
ADVANTAGESOFUSINGFLOURICENTLAMPS

Donotproducemuchheatcomparedtoincandescentbulbs.

Consumeslesspowercomparedtofilamentlamps.

Givesbrighterlightwhensuppliedwithenoughpower.

DISADVANTAGES

Expensivecomparedtoincandescent.

Theyhavealongwarmuptime.

Fluorescentsarecoldtemperaturesensitivenotrecommendedforenclosedfixture
s.

COMMONFLOURICENTFAULTS/FREAKOUTS.

 Darkeningoftubeends/dimlightoutput.

Solution

Replacetube.

 Failureoffluorescenttostart

Table:2Faultsinfluorescent2

FREAKOUTS SOLUTION

6
 Faultychokes. Replacechoke

Blownfluorescent. Replacetube

Loseconnections. Tightenclip

screws

Burnedcables(nopowersupply) Replaceburnedwires/connecttosupply

PRACTICLEPRACTICE/ASSESMENT

Safetymeasures/IEERegulationstakenbeforeattemptingtofixafaultfluorescent.

 IEERegulationsarerulesandregulationswhichgovernthepracticeofelectricalinstall
ationsystemtoensurethatallelectricalinstallationsarefreefromshocks,burnetc.

BELLOWARETHEREGULATIONSTAKENBEFOREFIXINGAFLOURICENTLAMP

 Allpowersupplyswitchesmustbeswitchedoffbeforeattemptingtofixanyfault.

 Useofrighttoolsfortherightwork.

CHAPTERTHREE:LEDLIGHTS
LEDstandforlightemittingdiodewhichisasemi-
conductorthatemitslightwhencurrentflowsthroughit.Theelectronsinthesemi-
conductorrecombinewiththeelectronholes,releasingenergyintheformofphotons.modernL

7
EDsareavailableacrossthevisible,ultraviolet,andinfra-
redwavelengthswithhighlightoutput.

Figure:3BasicoperationofLED5

ADVANTAGESOFLEDBULBS
 Theyworkinstantly

 Theycanworkinextremetemperatures

 LEDlamplastfarbetterthanfilamentlams

 TheyhavealmostnoUVemission.

DISADVANTAGES
 Highcost

 Overheatingcancausereducedlamplife

 Transformercompatibility

 Potentialcolorshiftoverlamplife

8
TOOLS/EQUIPMENTUSEDTHEIRAPPLICATIONS.

Thetablebelowshowsthetoolsandequipmentusedforthemaintenancepractice/theiruse.

Table:3Toolsanduses3

TOOLS/EQUIPMENT USE

Phasetester Fortestingliveline.

Electriciansknife Forstrippingoffinsulationtoexposestrandsfortermination.

Longnoseplies Fortwistingstrands.

Multimeter fortestingcontinuityofwiresandfluorescent

Screwdriversstar&flat Unscrewingandscrewingofscrews.

STEPSTAKENINFIXINGOFFLOURICENTLAMPS

Procedure

Erectionofladdertopursueamaximumhigh

Carefullyclimbtothestaresoftheladdertoaccessthefluorescent.

Holdonattheendofthetubebybothhandsturnanti-clockwisetounscrew.

CHAPTERFOUR:

9
INDUSTRIALINSTALLATION.
Isaninstallationintendedtouseinthemanufactureorprocessingofproductswhichrequirese
xpertise,experiencedandeffectiveprojectmanagement.

4.1 Basiccomponentsfoundinindustrialinstallation.
 Magneticcontactors

 Moldedcasecircuitbreakers

 Miniaturecircuitbreakers

 Relays

 Timerelays

 Phasemonitors

 Temperaturedetectors

 Transformers

 Currenttransformers

 Ammeters

 Voltmeters

 Pushbuttons

 Capacitors

 Selectorswitch

 Smokedetectors

 Photocell

 Alarmslights

 Variablefrequencydrive

 Motors

 Generators

4.2 CHANGEOVERSWITCH(ATS)

10
Itsanautomaticormanualdevicethatswitchesaloadbetweentwosourcesofsupply.

AnAutomaticTransferSwitch(ATS)forathree-
phasepowergeneratorhasbeendesignedtoenabletheautomaticoperationandtransferofpo
wersupplybetweenapublicutilitysupplyandapowergenerator.TheATS,whichisaswitchgea
rcontrolsystem,providesafunctionalsystemthatprovidesanautomaticswitchingofpowers
upplybetweenaprimarysource(publicutility)andasecondarypowersource(generator).The
methodsemployedindesigningtheATSinvolvetheuseofelectromechanicaltyperelays,conta
ctors,voltagemonitoringrelaysanddelaytimerrelaysasmaincomponentsofthesystem.Incor
poratedintheATSisadigitalmultimeter(DMM)madeupofa12VDCanda5VDCpowersupplyu
nit,precisionrectifierunit,currenttransformerandMicrocontroller(PIC16F877)toconvertth
emeasuredanaloguealternatingcurrent(AC).voltageandcurrentquantitiestodigitalvaluesf
ordisplayontheliquidcrystaldisplay(LCD).Theresultoftheautomatictransferswitchdemon
stratesitsabilitytoperformautomaticpowerchangeoveractivitieseasilyandwithlittleornohu
maninteraction.Keywords:automaticswitching,automatictransferswitch,delaytimerrelay
s,publicutilitysupply,switchgear.

STEPSTAKENTOCONSTRUCTAUTOMATICCHANGEOVERSWITCH
 Designingofthecontrolcircuit

 Designingofpowercircuit

 Designingofthemountedpanel

 Estimationofthecomponentsrequired

 Estimationofthematerials

 Selectionoftherighttoolsandequipment

 Markingoutforthepositioningofthecomponents

 Mountingofthecomponentstotheboard

 Wiringofthecontrolcircuit

 Wiringthepowercircuit.

11
 WIRINGDIAGRAM

Figure:4WIRINGDIAGRAMOFATS6

12
 COMPONENTSUSED
Table:4Components4

Components Quantity Functions

Circuitbreakers 2 Toprotectthecircuitinbothnormalandabnormaloperation

Magneticcontactors 2 Performsswitchingbythehelpofmagneticeffects

Relays 1 Usedforswitchingofthegeneratorcontactor

Timer 2 Usedfortimedelay

Selectorswitch 1 Usedforauto/manualswitchingofthegenerator.

Phasemonitor 1 Tomonitorvoltage/phases

Figure:4pictureafterwiring7

CHAPTERFIVE: POWERFACTORCORRECTION

SpecialelectricalrequirementofinductiveloadsMostloadsinmodernelectricaldistributions
ystemsareinductive.Examplesincludemotors,transformers,gaseoustubelightingballasts,
andinductionfurnaces.Inductiveloadsneedamagneticfieldtooperate.Inductiveloadsrequi
retwokindsofcurrent:

•Workingpower(kW)toperformtheactualworkofcreatingheat,light,motion,machineoutput
,andsoon.

•Reactivepower(KVAR)tosustainthemagneticfieldWorkingpowerconsumeswattsandcanb
ereadonawattmeter.Itismeasuredinkilowatts(kW).Reactivepowerdoesn’tperformuseful“w
ork,”butcirculatesbetweenthegeneratorandtheload.Itplacesaheavierdrainonthepowerso
urce,aswellasonthepowersource’sdistributionsystem.Reactivepowerismeasuredinkilovol
t-amperes-
reactive(kVAR).Workingpowerandreactivepowertogethermakeupapparentpower.Appare
ntpowerismeasuredinkilovolt-amperes(kVA).

Powerfactoristheratioofworkingpowertoapparentpower.Itmeasureshoweffectivelyelectric
alpowerisbeingused.Ahigh-
powerfactorsignalsefficientutilizationofelectricalpower,whilealowpowerfactorindicatespo
orutilizationofelectricalpower.Todeterminepowerfactor(PF),divideworkingpower(kW)bya
pparentpower(kVA).Inalinearorsinusoidalsystem,theresultisalsoreferredtoasthecosineθ.

13
Forexample,ifyouhadaboringmillthatwasoperatingat100kWandtheapparentpowerconsu
medwas125kVA,youwoulddivide100by125andcomeupwithapowerfactorof0.80.

ArightpowertriangleisoftenusedtoillustratetherelationshipbetweenkW,kVAR,andkVA.

PF==cosineθkVAkW

=(PF)0.80

Powerfactorcorrection:aguidefortheplantengineer
HowcanIselecttherightcapacitorsformyspecificapplicationneeds?

Onceyou’vedecidedthatyourfacilitycanbenefitfrompowerfactorcorrection,you’llne
edtochoosetheoptimumtype,size,andnumberofcapacitorsforyourplant.Therearet
wobasictypesofcapacitorinstallations:individualcapacitorsonlinearorsinusoidallo
ads,andbanksoffixedorautomaticallyswitchedcapacitorsatthefeederorsubstation.
Individualvs.bankedinstallationsAdvantagesofindividualcapacitorsattheload:

•Completecontrol;capacitorscannotcauseproblemsonthelineduringlightloadcondi
tions

• Noneedforseparateswitching;motoralwaysoperateswithcapacitor

• Improvedmotorperformanceduetomoreefficientpoweruseandreducedvoltag
edrops

• Motorsandcapacitorscanbeeasilyrelocatedtogether

• Easiertoselecttherightcapacitorfortheload

• Reducedlinelosses

• Increasedsystemcapacity

Advantagesofbankinstallationsatthefeederorsubstation:
• LowercostperkVAR

• Totalplantpowerfactorimproved—
reducesoreliminatesallformsofkVARcharges

• Automaticswitchingensuresexactamountofpowerfactorcorrection,eliminat
esover-capacitanceandresultingovervoltages

ConsidertheparticularneedsofyourplantWhendecidingwhichtypeofcapacitorinstallation
bestmeetsyourneeds,you’llhavetoweightheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachandconsi
derseveralplantvariables,includingloadtype,loadsize,loadconstancy,loadcapacity,motor

14
startingmethods,andmannerofutilitybilling.LoadtypeIfyourplanthasmanylargemotors,5
0hpandabove,itisusuallyeconomicaltoinstallonecapacitorpermotorandswitchthecapacit
orandmotortogether.Ifyourplantconsistsofmanysmallmotors,1/2to25hp,youcangroupth
emotorsandinstallonecapacitoratacentralpointinthedistributionsystem.Often,thebestsol
utionforplantswithlargeandsmallmotorsistousebothtypesofcapacitorinstallations.Loads
izeFacilitieswithlargeloadsbenefitfromacombinationofindividualload,groupload,andban
ksoffixedandautomatically-
switchedcapacitorunits.Asmallfacility,ontheotherhand,mayrequireonlyonecapacitoratt
hecontrolboard.Sometimes,onlyanisolatedtroublespotrequirespowerfactorcorrection.Th
ismaybethecaseifyourplanthasweldingmachines,inductionheaters,orDCdrives.Ifapartic
ularfeederservingalowpowerfactorloadiscorrected,itmayraiseoverallplantpowerfactoreno
ughthatadditionalcapacitorsareunnecessary.LoadconstancyIfyourfacilityoperatesaroun
dtheclockandhasaconstantloaddemand,fixedcapacitorsofferthegreatesteconomy.Ifloadi
sdeterminedbyeight-
hourshiftsfivedaysaweek,you’llwantmoreswitchedunitstodecreasecapacitanceduringtim
esofreducedload.LoadcapacityIfyourfeedersortransformersareoverloaded,orifyouwishto
addadditionalloadtoalreadyloadedlines,correctionmustbeappliedattheload.Ifyourfacility
hassurplusamperage,youcaninstallcapacitorbanksatmainfeeders.Ifloadvariesagreatdeal
,automaticswitchingisprobablytheanswer.Utilitybillingtheseverityofthelocalelectricutilit
ytariffforpowerfactorwillaffectyourpaybackandROI.Inmanyareas,anoptimallydesignedpo
werfactorcorrectionsystemwillpayforitselfinlessthantwoyears.

HowmuchkVARdoIneed?
TheunitforratingpowerfactorcapacitorsisakVAR,equalto1000volt-
amperesofreactivepower.ThekVARratingsignifieshowmuchreactivepowerthecapacitorwil
lprovide.Sizingcapacitorsforindividualmotorloadstosizecapacitorsforindividualmotorloa
ds,useTable3onthefollowingpage.Simplylookupthetypeofmotorframe,RPM,andhorsepow
er.ThechartsindicatethekVARratingyouneedtobringpowerfactorto95%.Thechartsalsoind
icatehowmuchcurrentisreducedwhencapacitorsareinstalled.Sizingcapacitorsforentirepl
antloadsIfyouknowthetotalkWconsumptionofyourplant,itspresentpowerfactor,andthepo
werfactoryou’reaimingfor,youcanuse.

Howtocalculatethecapacitorsize.
Let’sdoanexampleproblemtoseehowthisworks:(Figurebelow)

15
Wattmeterreadstruepower;theproductofvoltmeterandammeterreadingsyi
eldsapparentpower.
HowtoCalculatetheApparentPowerinkVA

First,weneedtocalculatetheapparentpowerinkVA.Wecandothisbymultipl
yingloadvoltagebyloadcurrent:

Aswecansee,2.308kVAisamuchlargerfigurethan1.5kW,whichtellsusthat
thepowerfactorinthiscircuitisratherpoor(substantiallylessthan1).Now,w
efigurethepowerfactorofthisloadbydividingthetruepowerbytheapparentp
ower:

16
Usingthisvalueforpowerfactor,wecandrawapowertriangle,andfromthatd
eterminethereactivepowerofthisload:
(Figurebelow)Reactivepowermaybecalculatedfromtruepowerandappare
ntpower.
HowtoUsethePythagoreanTheoremtoDetermineUnknownTriangleQuantity

Todeterminetheunknown(reactivepower)trianglequantity,weusethePyth
agoreanTheorem“backwards,”giventhelengthofthehypotenuse(apparent
power)andthelengthoftheadjacentside(truepower):

HowtoCorrectPowerFactorwithaCapacitor
IfthisloadisanelectricmotormostanyotherindustrialACload,itwillhaveala
gging(inductive)powerfactor,whichmeansthatwe’llhavetocorrectforitwit
hacapacitorofappropriatesize,wiredinparallel.Nowthatweknowtheamou
ntofreactivepower(1.754kVAR),wecancalculatethesizeofthecapacitor

17
Roundingthisansweroffto80µF,wecanplacethatsizeofthecapacitorinthec
ircuitandcalculatetheresults:(Figurebelow)

Parallelcapacitorcorrectslagging(inductive)load.
An80µFcapacitorwillhaveacapacitivereactanceof33.157Ω,givingacurren
tof7.238amps,andacorrespondingreactivepowerof1.737kVAR(forthecap
acitoronly).Sincethecapacitor’scurrentis180 ooutofphasefromtheload’sin
ductivecontributiontocurrentdraw,thecapacitor’sreactivepowerwilldirec
tlysubtractfromtheload’sreactivepower,resultingin:

18
Thiscorrection,ofcourse,willnotchangetheamountoftruepowerconsume
dbytheload,butitwillresultinasubstantialreductionofapparentpower,an
dofthetotalcurrentdrawnfromthe240Voltsource:(Figurebelow)

19
Powertrianglebeforeandaftercapacitorcorrection.
Thenewapparentpowercanbefoundfromthetrueandnewreactivepowerval
ues,usingthestandardformofthePythagoreanTheorem:

CAPACITORBANKS
Acapacitorbankisgroupofcapacitorsofthesameratingsthatareconnectedinparallelorserie
switheachothertostoreelectricenergy.

TheresultingbankisthenusedtocounteractorcorrectingpowerfactorlagorphaseshiftinanAl
ternatingcurrent(AC)powersupply.

Conclusion

20
Duringtheindustrialanddomesticinstallationprocess,imanagedtolearndifferentpossiblefaultcausesinlighti
ngsystemlikeblownbulbs,looseconnections,brokenterminals,loseconnectionscrews,burnedcablessupplya
ndearthinginthebodyduetosomewirestouchingthelifeparts.

Theseproblemsweresolvedbyreplacingthebrokenterminals;burntcables,insulatedthewirescausingearthin
gtothebodyandtighteningtheclipforloseconnections.

RECOMMENDATION
 BasingonthefindingsinMyindustrialtrainingatChint,Irecommendallindustries,bothgovernmentan
dnongovernment,tosensitizethetraineesaboutthechallengesfacedduringtheperiodoftraining.

 Irecommendthatatleastthetraineessentintoprojectcanbeassistedtoknowwheretogetsupportandc
opingstrategies.

 Isuggestthattheindustryshouldputinplacestrictlawstoactasdeterrencetothosewhoarenotseriousd
uringtheindustrialtraining

 Theindustryshouldofferlowcreditfacilitiestonongovernmentsponsoredstudentssoastoimproveon
theireconomicstandardsbecauseitwasdiscoveredinthetrainingthatfinancialconstraintswasamong
thechallengesfacedbytrainees.

21
Moreresearchisneededforthechallengesencounteredbytraineesduringindustrialtrainingsuchthatthemost
appropriatestrategiesarefound;futuretrainingshouldwidenthescopeintermsoftheresearchproblem,geogr
aphicallocationofthetrainingfieldandnumberofstudentsthatarerequiredtogofortheirindustrialtraining

REFERENCES

APENDIX

WiringPlccontrolcircuit
Assemblingpanels

22
Assemblingcontrolpanel

WiringAutomatictransferswitch

Installingswimmingpoollights

Terminatingwires.

23