What are the 7 philosophy of education?

These include Essentialism, Perennialism, Progressivism, Reconstructionism,

Social, Existentialism, Behaviorism, Constructivism, Conservatism, and
Humanism,.

Essentialism
Essentialists believe that teachers should try to embed traditional moral values and virtues such
as respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practicality
and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens.

Why is essentialism important in education?

Essentialism ensures that the accumulated wisdom of our civilization as taught in
the traditional academic disciplines is passed on from teacher to student. Such
disciplines might include Reading, Writing, Literature, Foreign Languages, History,
Mathematics, Science, Art, and Music.

What is an example of essentialism in education?

Essentialism is the educational theory whose primary goal is to teach students the
basics. The basics include reading, writing, and arithmetic in elementary and the
additions of science, history, and foreign language in secondary school.

Essentialism is the view that certain categories (e.g., women, racial groups, dinosaurs,
original Picasso artwork) have an underlying reality or true nature that one cannot
observe directly.

How is essentialism viewed in education?

Educational essentialism is a theory that states that children should learn the
traditional basic subjects and that these should be learned thoroughly and
rigorously. An essentialist program normally teaches children progressively, from less
complex skills to more complex.

essentialism, In ontology, the view that some properties of objects are essential to them.
The “essence” of a thing is conceived as the totality of its essential properties. Theories of
essentialism differ with respect to their conception of what it means to say that a property is
essential to an object.

Essentialism is another teacher-centered philosophy of education. It is similar to

perennialism; however, it emphasizes personal development rather than necessary knowledge.

Essentialism as a theory asserts –education involves learning of basic skills, arts and
sciences that were useful in the past and likely to remain useful in the future. The
essential or basic tool skills stressed relate to reading, writing arithmetic and accepted social
behavior.
Essentialism is the educational philosophy of teaching basic skills. This philosophy advocates
training the mind. Essentialist educators focus on transmitting a series of progressively
difficult topics and promotion of students to the next level or grade.

Innate or given essences sort objects naturally into species or kinds (natural kinds). The
resulting categories are eternal, unchanging, stable, and universal.

An example of essentialism would be lecture based introduction classes taught at

universities. Students sit and take notes in a classroom which holds over one hundred
students. They take introductory level courses in order to introduce them to the content.

Perennialism
The goal of a perennialist educator is to teach students to think rationally and develop
minds that can think critically. A perennialist classroom aims to be a closely organized and
well-disciplined environment, which develops in students a lifelong quest for the truth.
A perennialist teacher would have a classroom in which all the students are treated the same
way. Material is taught and delivered to the students whether they like it or not. This is
because material is taught that is good for them rather than what they like

Perennialism is one example of a teacher-centered philosophy of education. It

emphasizes understanding of great works of art, literature, history and other fields as timeless
pieces of human development that everyone should understand in order to create stable,
shared cultures.
Perennialism is a teacher centered philosophy that focuses on the values associated with
reason. It considers knowledge as enduring, seeks everlasting truths, and views principles of
existence as constant or unchanging.

Common characteristics of a perennialist curriculum is a subject centered lessons, organized

body of knowledge, and a focuses on developing the thinking skills of students. Lecture,
question, and answer are common instructional methods.

What are the two kinds of Perennialism in education?

Education, according to the perennialist teachers has two kinds, namely: vocational
and liberal.

Progressivism

Progressivists believe that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one's

education. Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives,
progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of
students.
Progressive learning is a pedagogical movement that emphasizes teaching children how to
think rather than relying on rote memorization. Traditional education teaches children to
learn facts at the expense of understanding what is being taught.
Progressivism is a student centered philosophy that believes that ideas should be tested by
experimentation, and learning comes from finding answers from questions.

Why progressivism in education is important?

Progressivism in education today helps students master a couple of important skills
needed once they pursue their careers. Students learn to cooperate with teams, think
critically before doing things, and use creative means to resolve problems. Kids also
need to learn to contribute independently.

Five Steps to Create a Progressive, Student-Centered Classroom

1. Create ongoing projects.
2. Integrate technology.
3. Replace homework with engaging in-class activities.
4. Eliminate rules and consequences.
5. Involve students in evaluation.
example of progressivism in education

In progressivism, the curriculum is guided by the children, a concept known as active

learning. Students formulate questions and seek out answers. For example, Jonah can
have them list off questions they have about plants and use their questions to
help him shape his unit about plants.

One example of progressive reform was the rise of the city manager system in which paid,
professional engineers ran the day-to-day affairs of city governments under guidelines
established by elected city councils.

progressivist classroom might include: small groups debating, custom-made activities, and

learning stations.

example of progressive curriculum

Playing outdoors, engaging with the real things instead of just reading about them in
books, and mostly the non-existence of written exams and memorizations are the
factors found within a progressive curriculum.

Six signs that you're a progressive educator

 You believe that learning should be natural. ...
 You believe in learning by doing. ...
 You don't think children should be punished. ...
 You think that content is interchangeable. ...
 You believe that learning must be relevant and authentic.

Progressivist educators are outcome focused and don't simply impart learned facts.
Teachers are less concerned with passing on the existing culture and strive to allow students to
develop an individual approach to tasks provided to them.

The leaders of the Progressive Era worked on a range of overlapping issues that characterized
the time, including labor rights, women's suffrage, economic reform, environmental
protections, and the welfare of the poor, including poor immigrants.

3 progressive reforms

Significant changes enacted at the national levels included the imposition of an income
tax with the Sixteenth Amendment, direct election of Senators with the Seventeenth
Amendment, Prohibition of alcohol with the Eighteenth Amendment, election reforms to
stop corruption and fraud, and women's suffrage

What is a progressive learning environment?

Collaborative and cooperative learning – By focusing on community, responsibility,
and group participation, progressive classrooms help students develop the emotional
intelligence and social skills they need to to work in groups, enjoy healthy relationships,
and to live fulfilling and successful lives.

Reconstructionism
Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social
questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy.
Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of
education.
Revisionism
 the theory or practice of revising one's attitude to a previously accepted situation or point of
view.
"reconsideration of such figures is not just an attempt at revisionism"

The reconstructionist classroom contains a teacher who involves the students in

discussions of moral dilemmas to understand the implications of one's actions.
Students individually select their objectives and social priorities and then, with guidance
from the teacher, create a plan of action to make the change happen.

What is the purpose of revisionism?

The ideal of historical revisionism is to find the truth in a past occurrence, complete
historical panoramas, and enrich the way we view the events that have shaped
our current reality. As long as the historiographic objective is to know and interpret
history better, it can be a valuable epistemic tool.

What is the revisionist approach?

If you describe a person or their views as revisionist, you mean that they reject
traditionally held beliefs about a particular historical event or events.

historical revisionism is the reinterpretation of a historical account.[1] It usually involves challenging

the orthodox (established, accepted or traditional) views held by professional scholars about
a historical event or timespan or phenomenon, introducing contrary evidence, or reinterpreting the
motivations and decisions of the people involved. The revision of the historical record can reflect
new discoveries of fact, evidence, and interpretation, which then results in revised history. In
dramatic cases, revisionism involves a reversal of older moral judgments.
At a basic level, legitimate historical revisionism is a common and not especially controversial
process of developing and refining the writing of histories. Much more controversial is the reversal of
moral findings, whereby what mainstream historians had considered (for example) positive forces
are depicted as negative. Such revisionism, if challenged (especially in heated terms) by the
supporters of the previous view, can become an illegitimate form of historical revisionism known
as historical negationism if it involves inappropriate methods such as the use of forged documents or
implausible distrust of genuine documents, attributing false conclusions to books and sources,
manipulating statistical data, and deliberately mistranslating texts. This type of historical revisionism
can present a re-interpretation of the moral meaning of the historical record. [2] Negationists use the
term revisionism to portray their efforts as legitimate historical inquiry; this is especially the case
when revisionism relates to Holocaust denial.

Existentialism
Existentialists believe that every individual is unique and education must cater to the
individual differences. Therefore, the objective of education is to enable every individual to
develop his unique qualities, to harness his potentialities and cultivate his individualities.

existentialism in education example?

Students were motivated to study and developed their knowledge in their own ways. A
field trip is the best example of existentialism. Students go outside of their classrooms
and learn what they cannot learn in their classrooms.

The existentialist teacher is not the center of the instruction but rather a facilitator. The goal is
to help students better understand who they are as individuals. This also means that the
student should have a choice in what they learn and that the curriculum needs to be

How is existentialism applied in the classroom?

An existentialist classroom typically involves the teachers and school laying out
what they feel is important and allowing the students to choose what they study.
All students work on different, self-selected assignments at their own pace.

How is existentialism beneficial to learners?

According to existentialists, a good education emphasizes individuality. The first step
in any education then is to understand ourselves. Making existential methods in the
classroom requires a balance in which both teachers and learners as human beings
preserve its identity

existentialism can be seen in curriculum's that emphasize study choice in what they study.
The arts are a strong component as well as other forms of the humanities. Self-expression is
also important and experiences that contribute to individual choice are highly valued
Existentialism is another student-centered philosophy. “Existentialism places the highest
degree of importance on student perceptions, decisions, and actions” and individuals are
responsible for determining for themselves what is true or false, right or wrong, beautiful or

The goal of an existentialist education is to train students to develop their own unique
understanding of life. An existentialist classroom typically involves the teachers and school
laying out what they feel is important and allowing the students to choose what they study.

The existentialist teacher is not the center of the instruction but rather a facilitator. The goal is
to help students better understand who they are as individuals. This also means that the
student should have a choice in what they learn and that the curriculum needs to be somewhat
flexible.

What are the main features of existentialism?

Themes in Existentialism
 Importance of the individual. ...
 Importance of choice. ...
 Anxiety regarding life, death, contingencies, and extreme situations. ...
 Meaning and absurdity. ...
 Authenticity. ...
 Social criticism. ...
 Importance of personal relations. ...
 Atheism and Religion.
Existentialism is a philosophical theory that people are free agents who have control over
their choices and actions. Existentialists believe that society should not restrict an individual's
life or actions and that these restrictions inhibit free will and the development of that person's
potential.

 Taking responsibility for your own actions

  Living your life without regard to commonly-held religious or social beliefs
 Believing as an educator that that being a teacher is a providing a beneficial and
critical role in the growth of students
 Selling all of your belongings and riding a bike across the U.S. to earn money for
autism.
 Determining your career choice based on what you think is an important way to
spend your future.

examples of existential questions:

 Who am I?
 What is my real nature or identity?
 What is the meaning of life?
 What is the meaning of existence?
 What is my greater purpose?
 What is death?
 What happens when I die?
 Is there a god?
 If there is a god, what is the nature of god?

When there is a tragedy or major life change, sometimes we start questions our real
identity. This is called an existential crisis.

Here are examples:

 You identify yourself as an athlete and have a promising career. Then you have a
severe injury and your career is over. At that point, you would have an existential
crisis because you have defined yourself as an athlete.
 If you are raised to believe that God rewards good people and punishes bad
people, you may have a problem coping with injustice or cruel acts inflicted by
bad people on good people.
 You see yourself as a parent so when the children leave the home, you are faced
with a crises in how you perceive yourself.
 You are a soldier and you have been told that you will be considered a hero by
people you are trying to help. Then you find out that they hate you.
 You fall in love and want to live with that person forever. Then you discover that
person does not feel the same way.
What is an example of existentialism in education?
Students were motivated to study and developed their knowledge in their own ways. A
field trip is the best example of existentialism. Students go outside of their classrooms
and learn what they cannot learn in their classrooms.

Behaviorism
. Behaviorism as a philosophy of education 4. Critique of behaviorism in education

3The theory of behaviorism is a learning theory that holds that all behaviors are learned through
conditioning. It happens as a result of interaction with the surroundings.

It is the belief that human or animal psychology can be objectively studied through observable
actions (behaviors) rather than feelings and thoughts that cannot be observed.
Is seen when teachers use the ff:
Testing specific skills, more indi. Work than group learning, using positive and neg.
reinforcement, one specific way teachers could incorporate behaviorism is using a point or
sticker system to reward students good behavior or good academic performance.

A popular concept that focuses on how students learn is behaviorism learning theory. It is based
on the premise that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment
6 When applied to a classroom setting, behaviorism is a branch of psychology that focuses on
conditioning student behavior reinforcements, which is known as operant conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and
punishments for behavior. For examples studying to get an “A”, because whenever u get
an A your father gives u your favorite treat.

TWO WAYS IN WHICH THE BEHAVIORISM HAS BEEN APPLIED IN EDUCATION

Reinforcement, punishment and extinction

This part of the assignment will go in to detail on reinforcement and extinction. They are
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is to give
something to somebody to make a behavior happen again. Positive reinforcement can
increase students’ self-esteem, motivation, and gratitude by praising the students
whenever student’s good behavior is seen. Along with have a rewards chart with all
student’s name on it. Each time the student completes the required activity, give the
student a sticker or a star to the place where the students name is written. It is usually
best to give positive reinforcement for good behavior as soon as you see it and not wait to
give praise. Negative and positive reinforcement only have in common the increasing
the behavior as a result of a consequence.

four types of reinforcement

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, presentation punishment, and extinction are the
four kinds of reinforcement.
positive reinforcement refers to introducing a desirable stimulus (i.e., a reward) to
encourage the behavior that is desired. An example of this is giving a child a treat for
being polite to everyone

Praise is far more powerful than criticism or even punishment; therefore, as

teachers, we should praise students for good grades and behavior.

Immediacy matters: feedback after the event is useful at the cognitive level, but
from a behavioral point of view, the feedback (praise) has to be close to the
specific bit of behavior that there is not doubt as to what it applies to
According to Atherton Teachers should give students the praise or rewards right
after the desired behavior is shown
Positive Reinforcement
 Clapping and cheering.
 Giving a high five.
 Giving a hug or pat on the back.
 Giving a thumbs-up.
 Offering a special activity, like playing a game or reading a book together.
 Offering praise.
  Telling another adult how proud you are of your child's behavior while your child
is listening.

8 In negative reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping,

removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus

How do teachers use negative reinforcement?

Teachers can use negative reinforcement to motivate students and change their
behavior. For example, a teacher can eliminate that night's homework if kids study hard
and accomplish a lot in class. If this happens multiple times, the kids will consistently
work harder and be more productive while in the classroom.

Every teacher has a difficult student to manage and work with in their class. Their
behavior is typically difficult to control. It may take additional effort to get them to pay
attention and stop destructing their classmates. It is extremely beneficial to learn
theories and recognize that different people learn in different ways.

Positive punishment is a type of operant conditioning, a theory proposed by

psychologist B.F Skinner. Its main purpose is to reduce the future frequency of the
behavior by applying an aversive stimulus after the behavior occurs. 
is when you add a consequence to unwanted behavior. You do this to make it less
appealing.
It involves the addition of something unpleasant in response to a behavior.
Why is positive punishment good?
It can deter certain behaviors or anything that decrease a behavior. It can help
make the connection there are behaviors that are not acceptable. Especially for young
children, it can help them understand that certain behaviors will not be tolerated and try
to prevent those behaviors from reoccurring.

Does positive punishment strengthen behavior?

Punishment always has the effect of reducing a behavior. these involves the addition of
an unfavorable stimulus in order to reduce a behavior.

Example:
A child, for example, chews gum in class, which is against the rules. The punishment is
for the teacher to discipline them in front of the entire class. The child puts down the
chewing gum in the glass.

adding more chores to the list when your child neglects their responsibilities

Loss of recess time. Extra homework. Loss of other privileges.

You receive a speeding ticket (positive stimulus) which decreases your behavior from
speeding (punishment)
What is the best punishment for a teenager?
Here are some ideas for appropriate consequences when your teen misbehaves:
 Ignore Mild Misbehavior. ...
 Allow Natural Consequences. ...
 Provide Logical Consequences. ...
 Assign Extra Chores. ...
 Opportunities for Restitution. ...
 Restricting Privileges. ...
 Types of Privileges to Restrict. ...
 Explain Restriction Limits.
 Negative Punishment
 Negative punishment, an operant conditioning technique, reduces a behavior or
response by removing a favorable stimulus that follows that action. Because negative
punishment procedures reduce the likelihood of the behavior occurring again by
removing a stimulus, the stimulus must be pleasant or essential.
Negative punishment can be a highly effective technique for preventing unwanted behavior
because the person associates the negative behavior with the loss of something meaningful and
enjoyable.
Losing privileges, being fined for violating the law, being grounded and losing
access
Example:
Losing access to a toy, being grounded, and losing reward tokens are all
examples of negative punishment. In each case, something good is being taken away
as a result of the individual's undesirable behavior

 Being reprimanded or lectured is something many children would like to avoid.

 Hand slapping or grabbing. This may instinctively happen in the moment. ...
 Writing. This method is often used in school. ...
 Chores. Many parents add chores as a form of punishment. ...
 Few people yearn for more rules.

Your driving privileges are taken away for a year becoz u wer caught driving
drunk (neg. stim.) this decreases your behavior of drinking and driving
(punishment)
Extinction is a “non event.” You didn't add or take away – you simply did nothing.
 Example:
the child who disrupts the class may become louder or more disruptive in an
attempt to elicit a response when the class ignores the behavior.
If the teachers decided to no longer give him attention when he screamed, they
would be applying an extinction procedure to the behaviour because they are no longer
reinforcing the behaviour by “giving it what it wants”.

 A child screams in the car when they want to hear the radio played. ...
 A child begins throwing themselves on the floor and screaming when he or she is
ready to leave. ...
 A child obsessively scratches or picks at scabs or wounds, causing harm to their
skin.

Constructivism
Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge rather than just
passively take in information. As people experience the world and reflect upon those
experiences, they build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-
existing knowledge
Constructivist classrooms focus on student questions and interests, they build on what students
already know, they focus on interactive learning and are student-centered, teachers have a
dialogue with students to help them construct their own knowledge, they root in negotiation, and
students work primarily in groups.
Constructivism promotes social and communication skills by creating a classroom
environment that emphasizes collaboration and exchange of ideas. Students must learn
how to articulate their ideas clearly as well as to collaborate on tasks effectively by sharing in
group projects.

constructivism and examples

Constructivism calls upon each student to build knowledge through experience
such that knowledge can't simply be transferred from the teacher to student. As
such, teachers play a facilitation role. For example, a school that has students pursue
their own projects with the teacher playing a advisory role.

What does a constructivist teacher do?

The constructivist teacher provides tools such as problem-solving and inquiry-based
learning activities with which students formulate and test their ideas, draw conclusions
and inferences, and pool and convey their knowledge in a collaborative learning
environment.

2 Guiding principles of constructivism

Knowledge is constructed, not transmitted. Prior knowledge impacts the learning process.
Initial understanding is local, not global. Building useful knowledge structures requires effortful
and purposeful activity.

How effective is constructivism?

Constructivism has been a very powerful model for explaining how knowledge is
produced in the world as well as how students learn. Moreover, constructivist
teaching practices are becoming more prevalent in teacher education programs, while
demonstrating significant success in pro- moting student learning

Five Principles of Constructivism

 Teachers Seek and Value Students' Points of View. ...
 Classroom Activities Challenge Student Assumptions. ...
 Teachers Pose Problems of Relevance. ...
 Teachers Build Lessons Around Big Ideas. ...
  Teachers Assess Learning in the Context of Daily Teaching.

Examples of constructivist classroom activities

Allow pairs of students to teach each other. Learners pose their own questions and seek
answers to their questions via research and direct observation. They present their supporting
evidence to answer the questions.

Conservatism
Conservatists are wary of individualism and change and foster assimilation and acceptance into
society. They believe the primary role of education is academics ..

A conservative view of education and character formation holds that there are no "value-

free" schools, but there are "good" and "bad" values intrinsically ...

A conservative education preserves the traditional curriculum, aiming to transmit

information to the students as a means of bringing them into an already established
culture. Conservatists are wary of individualism and change and foster assimilation and
acceptance into society.
A conservative approach might adopt the teaching of scales and exercises, focussing on
reading music from sheet manuscript, also learning traditional harmony; a conservatory
approach if you will. Whereas, a more-liberal approaches might omit learning to read entirely,
using tablet and phone apps or YouTube videos.

7 Core Principles of Conservatism

 Individual Freedom. The birth of our great nation was inspired by the bold
declaration that our individual,God-given liberties should be preserved against
government intrusion. ...
 Limited Government. ...
 The Rule of Law. ...
 Peace through Strength. ...
 Fiscal Responsibility. ...
 Free Markets. ...
 Human Dignity.

Humanism
Humanistic learning is student-centered, so students are encouraged to take control over their
education. They make choices that can range from daily activities to future goals. Students are
encouraged to focus on a specific subject area of interest for a reasonable amount of time that
they choose.
The definition of humanism is a belief that human needs and values are more important than
religious beliefs, or the needs and desires of humans. An example of humanism is the belief
that the person creates their own set of ethics. An example of humanism is planting
vegetables in garden beds.

Some examples of humanistic education in action include: 

Teachers can help students set learning goals at the beginning of the year, and then help
design pathways for students to reach their goals. Students are in charge of their learning, and
teachers can help steer them in the right direction.
The primary goal of a humanistic education is human well-being, including the primacy of
human values, the development of human potential, and the acknowledgment of human dignity.