Vector

Equations
(§1.3)

Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations Vector Equations (§1.3)

Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

AURAK

Spring 2017
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Table of contents
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

1 Vectors Equations

2 Linear Combinations
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• A matrix with only one column is called a column vector, or simply a vector.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• A matrix with only one column is called a column vector, or simply a vector.
 
1
• Example 1: u =
−1
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• The set of all vectors with 2 entries is denoted by R2 (read r-two).

 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• The set of all vectors with 2 entries is denoted by R2 (read r-two).

• The R stands for the real numbers that appear as entries in the vector, and
the exponent 2 indicates that each vector contains 2 entries.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• The set of all vectors with 2 entries is denoted by R2 (read r-two).

• The R stands for the real numbers that appear as entries in the vector, and
the exponent 2 indicates that each vector contains 2 entries.
• Two vectors in R2 are equal if and only if their corresponding entries are equal.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Scalar multiplication of Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

 
u1
• If u = and c is a real number, then the scalar multiple of u by c is the
u2
 
cu1
vector cu = .
cu2
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Addition of Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

   
u1 v1
• If u = and v = are two vectors in R2 , then the sum of u and v
u2 v2
 
u1 + v 1
is the vector u + v = .
u2 + v 2
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Scalar multiplication and Addition of Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Example 2   
1 2
Given u = and v = , find 4u, −3v, and 4u − 3v.
−2 −5
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Scalar multiplication and Addition of Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:    
(4)(1) 4
• 4u = = .
(4)(−2) −8
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Scalar multiplication and Addition of Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:    
(4)(1) 4
• 4u = = .
(4)(−2) −8
   
(−3)(2) −6
• −3v = = .
(−3)(−5) 15
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Scalar multiplication and Addition of Vectors in R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations
Solution:    
(4)(1) 4
• 4u = = .
(4)(−2) −8
   
(−3)(2) −6
• −3v = = .
(−3)(−5) 15
       
4 −6 4−6 −2
• 4u − 3v = + = = .
−8 15 −8 + 15 7
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Geometric Description of R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• Consider a rectangular coordinate system in the plane.

 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Geometric Description of R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• Consider a rectangular coordinate system in the plane.

• Because each point in the plane is determined by an ordered pair of numbers,

a
we can identify a geometric point (a, b) with the column vector .
b
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Geometric Description of R2
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• Consider a rectangular coordinate system in the plane.

• Because each point in the plane is determined by an ordered pair of numbers,

a
we can identify a geometric point (a, b) with the column vector .
b
• So we may regard R2 as the set of all points in the plane.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Parallelogram Rule for Adding Vectors
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Let u and v be two vectors in R2 that are represented as points in the plane, then
u+v corresponds to the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose other vertices are
u, 0, and v.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Parallelogram Rule for Adding Vectors
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in R3
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations
• Vectors in R3 (read r-3) are 3 × 1 matrices or column matrices with three
entries.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in R3
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations
• Vectors in R3 (read r-3) are 3 × 1 matrices or column matrices with three
entries.
• They are represented geometrically by points in a three-dimensional coordinate
space, with arrows from the origin.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in R3
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations
• Vectors in R3 (read r-3) are 3 × 1 matrices or column matrices with three
entries.
• They are represented geometrically by points in a three-dimensional coordinate
space, with arrows from the origin.
 
1
• Example 3: u =  2 
3
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in Rn
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations
• If n is a positive integer, Rn (read r-n) denotes the collection of all lists (or
ordered n-tuples) of n real numbers, usually written as n × 1 column matrices:
 
u1
 u2 
 
 . 
u=  
 . 

 . 
un
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Vectors in Rn
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations • If n is a positive integer, Rn (read r-n) denotes the collection of all lists (or
ordered n-tuples) of n real numbers, usually written as n × 1 column matrices:
 
u1
 u2 
 
 . 
u=  . 

 
 . 
un
• The vector whose entries are all zero is called the zero vector and is denoted
by 0.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Algebraic Properties
Vectors
Equations

Linear For all u, v, w in Rn and all scalars c and d:

Combinations
• u + v = v + u.
• (u + v) + w = u + (v + w).
• u + 0 = 0 + u = u.
• u + (-u) = −u + u = 0.
• c(u + v) = cu + cv.
• (c + d)u = cu + du.
• c(du) = (cd)u.
• 1u = u.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• Given vectors v1 , v2 ,...,vp in Rn and given scalars c1 , c2 ,...,cp , the vector y

defined by:
y = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + ... + cp vp
is called a linear combination of v1 , v2 ,...,vp with weights c1 , c2 ,...,cp .
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

• Given vectors v1 , v2 ,...,vp in Rn and given scalars c1 , c2 ,...,cp , the vector y

defined by:
y = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + ... + cp vp
is called a linear combination of v1 , v2 ,...,vp with weights c1 , c2 ,...,cp .
• The weights in a linear combination can be any real numbers, including zero.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear      
Combinations 1 2 7
Example 4 Let a1 =  −2  , a2 =  5  , and b =  4  .
−5 6 −3
Determine whether b can be generated (or written) as a linear combination of a1
and a2 . That is, determine whether weights x1 and x2 exist such that:

x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b. (1)

If vector equation (1) has a solution, find it.

 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution: Use the definitions of scalar multiplication and vector addition to rewrite
the vector equation      
1 2 7
x1  −2  + x2  5  =  4 
−5 6 −3
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear Solution: Use the definitions of scalar multiplication and vector addition to rewrite
Combinations
the vector equation      
1 2 7
x1  −2  + x2  5  =  4 
−5 6 −3
which is the same as
     
x1 2x2 7
 −2x1  +  5x2  =  4  .
−5x1 6x2 −3
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution: or    
x1 + 2x2 7
 −2x1 + 5x2  =  4  . (2)
−5x1 + 6x2 −3
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations Solution: The vectors on the left and right sides of (2) are equal if and only if
their corresponding entries are both equal. That is, x1 and x2 make the vector
equation (1) true if and only if x1 and x2 satisfy the following system:

x1 + 2x2 = 7
−2x1 + 5x2 = 4 (3)
−5x1 + 6x2 = −3
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution: To solve system (3), row reduce its augmented matrix as follows:
 
1 2 7
 −2 5 4 
−5 6 −3
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:    
1 2 7 1 2 7
R2 +2R1 →R2
 −2 5 4  ∼  0 9 18 
−5 6 −3 −5 6 −3
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:    
1 2 7 1 2 7
R3 +5R1 →R3
 0 9 18  ∼  0 9 18 
−5 6 −3 0 16 32
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:    
1 2 7 1
R →R2
1 2 7
9 2
 0 9 18  ∼  0 1 2 
0 16 32 0 16 32
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:    
1 2 7 1
R →R3
1 2 7
16 3
 0 1 2  ∼  0 1 2 
0 16 32 0 1 2
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:    
1 2 7 1 2 7
R3 −R2 →R3
 0 1 2  ∼  0 1 2 
0 1 2 0 0 0
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:    
1 2 7 1 0 3
R1 −2R2 →R1
 0 1 2  ∼  0 1 2 
0 0 0 0 0 0
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution: The matrix  

1 0 3
 0 1 2 
0 0 0
is in reduced echelon form.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution: The corresponding system is:

x1 = 3
x2 = 2
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:
• The solution of (3) is x1 = 3 and x2 = 2.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Solution:
• Hence b is a linear combination of a1 and a2 , with weights x1 = 3 and x2 = 2.
That is,      
1 2 7
3  −2  + 2  5  =  4 
−5 6 −3
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations Now, observe that the original vectors a1 , a2 , and b, are the columns of the
augmented matrix that we row reduced:
 
1 2 7
 −2 5 4 
−5 6 −3

i.e.

[a1 a2 b]
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

A vector equation:
x1 a1 + x2 a2 + ... + xn an = b
has the same solution set as the linear system whose augmented matrix is

[a1 a2 ... an | b]
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

In particular, b can be generated by a linear combination of a1 , a2 , ..., an if and only

if there exists a solution to the linear system corresponding to the matrix

[a1 a2 ... an | b]
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Definition: If v1 , v2 , ..., vp are in Rn , then the set of all linear combinations of

v1 , v2 , ..., vp is denoted by
Span{v1 , v2 , ..., vp }
and is called the subset of Rn spanned (or generated) by v1 , v2 , ..., vp .
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations

Linear
Combinations

Definition: Span{v1 , v2 , ..., vp } is the collection of all vectors that can be written
in the form:
c1 v1 + c2 v2 + ... + cp vp
with c1 , c2 , ..., cp scalars.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations
Definition: If v is a vector in R3 , then Span{v} is the set of all scalar multiples of
Linear
Combinations v, which is the set of points on the line in R3 through v and 0.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors
Equations
Definition: If u and v are two vectors in R3 , with v not a multiple of u. Then
Linear
Combinations Span{u, v} is the plane in R3 that contains u, v and 0.
 Vector
Equations
(§1.3)
Linear Combinations
Vectors Definition: If u and v are two vectors in R3 , with v not a multiple of u. Then
Equations
Span{u, v} is the plane in R3 that contains u, v and 0.
Linear
Combinations

In particular, Span{u, v} contains the line in R3 through u and 0 and the line
through v and 0.