PROTECTIVE SHIELD OF OUR

IMMUNE SYSTEM
BODY

IMMUNE SYSTEM
PROTECTIVE SHIELD
OF OUR BODY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 I would like to take this opportunity to

express my sense of gratitude to all
those people without whom this
project would not be completed with
success . Primarily , I would like to
thank God , my biology teacher Mrs.
Rakhee Ma’am for constant
encouragement and support , my
parents and friends who helped me
with their valuable suggestions and
guidance that helped me to complete
this project.
 CERTIFICATE

 This is to certify that Miss

Richa Singh , student of class
XII-H has successfully
completed her project work
under the guidance of subject
teacher Mrs. Rakhee during
academic session 2021-22 from
International Indian
School Al Jubail in partial
fulfillment of biology practical
examination conducted by
CBSE.

 INCHARGE
 INDEX
 CONTENT
Sn No.
 What is immune
1.
system?
 Types of immune
2. system
3.
 Parts of immune
system
4.  Working of our
immune system
 Immunological
5. memory
6.
 Disorders of immune
system
7.  How to boost our
immune system?
 WHAT IS IMMUNE SYSTEM ?

 The immune system protects our

body from foreign agents, such
as bacteria, viruses, fungi,
and toxins (chemicals produced
by microbes). It is made up of
different organs, cells, and
proteins that work in a
coordinated manner and provide
defense to our body from the
infectious agents.
 TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

 There are two types of immune

system :-
 1.Innate Immune System :-
 The innate immune system is the
system that is present in our
body from birth and when the
pathogens first enter our body
they encounter the innate
immune system. It creates a non-
specific and less intense primary
response in our body towards the
foreign infectious agents.
 2.Acquired Immune System :-
 It is a immune system which have
learned how to recognize the
antigens so the next time we
encounter the antigen the acquired
immune system will release antigen
specific cells and will help to fight
the antigen more naturally. The
acquired immune system will create
a strong response towards the
antigen and will remember it for the
life time with the help of memory
cells.
 PARTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

The main parts of immune system

are:-
1.White blood cells: The white blood
cells are the key players in our immune
system . Whenever they find an antigen
they launch an immune attack . White
blood cells include lymphocytes such
as B-cells, T-cells and natural killer
cells.
2.Antibodies : Antibodies help the
body to fight microbes. They do this by
recognizing substances called antigens
on the surface of the microbe which
mark the microbe being foreign.
 3.Lymphatic System : The
lymphatic system is a network of
delicate tubes throughout the body.
The main roles of the lymphatic
system are to react to bacteria and
deal with cell products to prevent
disease or disorders. The system
include lymph nodes and lymph
vessels.
 4. Spleen : The spleen is a blood-
filtering organ that removes
microbes. It also makes disease-
fighting components of the immune
system.
 Other organs are Bone Marrow and
Thymus.
ORGANS OF IMMUNE
SYSTEM
 WORKING OF OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM

 When the body senses foreign

substances (called antigens), the
immune system works to recognize
the antigens and get rid of them . The
main cells which help to recognize
and kill the antigen are lymphocytes
which are produced by white blood
cells. There are two types of
lymphocytes B-lymphocytes and T-
lymphocytes. B- lymphocytes help to
recognize the antigen and lock it and
T-lymphocytes helps to destroy the
antigen . The B cell identifies
pathogens when antibodies on its
surface bind to a specific foreign
antigen.
The antigen-antibody complex is taken
up by the B cell. Some helper T cells
helps to activate the B cells so that B
cells can divide. As the activated B cell
begins to divide, its offspring secrete
millions of copies of the antibody that
recognizes this antigen. These
antibodies circulate in blood plasma and
lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the
antigen and mark them for destruction
by the phagocytes. Antibodies can also
neutralize challenges directly, by
binding to bacterial toxins or by
interfering with the receptors that
viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.
 working of
immune system
 IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY

 When B cells and T cells are activated

and begin to replicate, some of their
offspring become long-lived memory
cells. Throughout the lifetime of an
organism, these memory cells
remember each specific pathogen
encountered and can mount a strong
response if the pathogen is detected
again. This occurs during the lifetime
of an individual as an adaptation to
infection with that pathogen and
prepares the immune system for
future challenges.
 DISORDERS OF HUMAN IMMUNE
SYSTEM

 When the immune system fails to

function properly it can leads to
disorders like :
 1.Immunodeficiencies : It occur when
one or more components of the immune
system are inactive. The ability of the
immune system to respond to pathogens
is diminished in both the young and the
elderly, with immune responses
beginning to decline at around 50 years
of age . Some of the reasons to this could
be obesity, alcoholism and drug usage.
While common causes of poor immune
function could be malnutrition or diets
lacking sufficient protein.
 2.Hypersensitivity : It is an
immune response that damages the
body's own tissues . They are usually
referred to as an over-reaction of the
immune system and these reactions
may be damaging and uncomfortable .
It may occur due to allergens such as
pollen grains, dust etc. Symptoms
could include sneezing, watery eyes ,
difficult in breathing etc.
 3.Autoimmunity : The immune
system fails to properly distinguish
between self and non-self cells and
attacks part of the body . Common
examples of are rheumatoid arthritis,
diabetes mellitus type 1 .
AUTOIMMUNE
disorder
 HOW TO BOOST OUR IMMUNE
SYSTEM?

 Eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables

 Exercise regularly
 Maintain a healthy weight
 Get adequate sleep
 Take steps to avoid infection, such as
washing your hands frequently and
washing fruits and vegetables
thoroughly
 Keep current with all recommended
vaccines. Vaccines prime our immune
system to fight off infections before
they take hold in your body.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immun
e_system
 https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/he
alth/conditions-and-diseases/the-
immune-system
 https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/h
ealth/conditionsandtreatments/immu
ne-system
 THANK YOU

N A M E : R I CH A S I NG H
C L A S S : 12 T H – H