CRIMINOLOGY BOARD EXAM - Parents Of Criminology

Parents of all Criminologist:   Cesare Lombroso – Father of Modern and Empirical

Criminology.
Cesare Bonesa Beccaria – Father of the Classical School of Criminology. Dr. Hans Gross –
Father of Criminalistics and Criminal Investigation.
Dr. Paul Kirk – Considered as the Father of Criminalistics in U.S.
Dr. John Larson-  Father of Polygraphy.
Leonardo Keeler – Father of Modern Polygraphy.
Albert Osborn – Father of Questioned Documents.
Metheu Orfila – Father of Toxicology.
Henry Fox Talbot –  Father of Modern Photography.
Oldenbertch-  Father of Police Photography.
Paulus Zacchias – Father of Legal Medicine.
Dr. Pedro P. Solis – Father of Legal Medicine in the Philippines.
Calvin H. Goddard – Father of Ballistics.
Alphonse Bertillon – Father of Anthropometry and Personal Identification.
Marcelo Malphigi- The Grandfather of Dactyloscopy.
Johannes Purkenjie – Father of Dactyloscopy.
Edmond Locard – Father of Poroscopy.
William James Herschel – Father of Chiroscopy.
Edward Richard Henry – Father of Fingerprint.
Juan Vucetich – Father of Fingerprint in Argentina and some Spanish speaking countries.
Alexander Maconochie – Father of Modern Penology and Parole.
John Howard – Father of Prison Reform.
Zebulon Brockway-  Father of Prison Reform and Parole in U.S.
Mathew Davenport Hill -  Father of Probation in England.
John Augustus – Father of Probation.
Teodulo C. Natividad – Father of Probation in the Philippines.
August Comte – Father of Sociology and Positivism.
Giamvbista Dela Porta – Father of Physiognomy.
Franz Joseph Gall – Father of Phrenology/Cranioscopy.
Ada Juke – Mother of all Criminals.
Sigmund Freud – Father of Psychoanalysis.
Robert Peel – Father of Modern Policing System.
August Vollmer- Father of Police Professionalism and Law Enforcement.
Frederick the Great – Father of Espionage.
Joseph Fauche – Father of Counter Espionage..

Cesare Beccaria
Considered the father of criminal law and modern criminal justice, Beccaria studied
mathematics and economics before turning to law. His most famous work, On Crimes and
Punishment, was the first published argument against the death penalty. Beccaria
advocated that the certainty of punishment worked better as a deterrent than the severity
of the punishment.

Jeremy Bentham
An English philosopher, Bentham’s work ranged from economics and advocating animal
rights, to social reform and the founding of welfarism. He had an influence in reforming
schools, prisons, courts, and England’s Poor Laws, and attempted to codify common law
into statutes. In line with his opinions on transparency, Bentham’s body was preserved
upon his death, and his auto-icon is publicly displayed at University College London.

Cesare Lombroso
Bringing the term born criminal into existence, Lombroso argued that criminality was
inherent, and could be identified through physical characteristics, suggesting criminals
were evolutionary regressions. Lombroso would categorise criminals into four distinctions:
Criminaloids; Criminals by Passion; Born Criminals; Occasional Criminals; and by
collecting anthropological data, such as physiological measurements, would create a
methodology for predicting criminal behaviour.

Alexandre Lacassagne
Creating the Lacassagne School of Criminology in Lyon, France, Alexandre Lacassagne
was a contemporary and rival of Lombroso, who came to crime and psychology through
his work as a physician. It was his belief that criminality was influenced more by social
factors, than hereditary ones; he would determine his own categories concerning
criminality: thought; act; and instinctual. His partial emphasis on phrenology meant his
contributions were overlooked for some time.

Enrico Ferri
This time, a student of Lombroso: Enrico Ferri was a radical socialist, whose most famous
work, Criminal Sociology, influenced Argentina’s 1921 penal code reforms. He advocated
making changes to economics and the social factors that contribute to criminal behaviour,
stating that it is better to prevent crime than punish it.

Hans Eysenck
As an opponent of Nazism, Eysenck fled from Berlin to England as a young man. As a
psychology professor, his primary field of study considered the genetic factors that
influence personality. His investigation into psychoticism gave rise to his interest in
criminology. With the help of his wife, Sybil, Eysenck produced a book on crime and
personality, and developed theories on behavioural therapy and the relation between
personality and intelligence.

Robert D. Hare
Author of notable criminology books Psychopathy: Theory and Research and Without
Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us, Hare is a Canadian
researcher in the field of criminal psychology. His work looks at

psychopathology and psychophysiology, and, from his research into the qualities of a
psychopath, concluded that it may not be possible to identify murderers. Hare’s 20-
item checklist is still considered the most reliable metric for measuring psychopathy.

Jane Addams
Only the second female recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, Adams eschewed her
privileged upbringing and traditional womanly duties to study how society and
poverty influence crime. Known as the “mother of social work” Addams was an
activist and lecturer in these subjects, encouraging their study and helping to establish
the US settlement house movement in 1889, with the aim of to combatting crime
through economic security.

Edwin Sutherland
One of the most influential criminologists of the 20th Century, Edwin Sutherland
authored Principles of Criminology, a popular textbook. It is from Sutherland we have
the term white-collar criminal, and he gave rise to the belief that delinquency likely
resulted from learned behaviour. He observed that criminal behaviour stems from
criminal associations, and suggested social disorganisation and conflict are major
contributors to crime. 

William Julius
A prominent socialist and Harvard alumnus, Julius studied urban sociology, with
particular focus given to those factors – especially urban poverty – that contribute to
crime. Much of his work revolves around racial factors, such as how poverty among
black communities influences different crime rates, with discrimination, education,
housing, and employment being taken into consideration. His works The Truly
Disadvantaged and The Declining Significance of Race examine this at greater length.