Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No.

110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

Contenido
Modals ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Grammar explanation ...................................................................................................................... 2
Must .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Can't.................................................................................................................................................... 2
I. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences. ................................................... 3
MIGHT, MAY, WILL PROBABLY ............................................................................................................ 5
May and Might............................................................................................................................... 5
Will + Probability Adverbs ........................................................................................................... 6
I. Add the correct modal to the prediction Will, may, might or won't:...................... 7
Can’t have/Could have/ might have/ may have / should have / would have ........................... 8
Can’t have + past participle......................................................................................................... 8
Could have + past participle ....................................................................................................... 8
MAY HAVE and MIGHT HAVE .................................................................................................. 9
Must have...................................................................................................................................... 10
Should have + past participle ................................................................................................... 10
Would have + past participle .................................................................................................... 11
I. Make the correct past modal form (use could have / would have / should have
+ past participle) ................................................................................................................... 12
MUST /HAVE TO ................................................................................................................................ 14
MUST ........................................................................................................................................... 14
I. Fill in the blanks with affirmative or negative forms of must or have to & has
to. .............................................................................................................................................. 15

1
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

Modals
Look at these examples to see how must, might, may, could and can't can be used.

That must be the main entrance. I can see people queuing to get in.

I've lost my keys. They might be at work or they could be in the car.

You can't be bored already! You've only been here five minutes.

Grammar explanation
We can use modal verbs for deduction – guessing if something is true using the
available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about
the possibility. This page focuses on making deductions about the present or future.

Must
We use must when we feel sure that something is true or it's the only realistic
possibility.

This must be her house. I can see her car in the garage.

He must live near here because he always walks to work.

Come inside and get warm. You must be freezing out there!

Can't
We use can't when we feel sure that something is not possible.
Example:
It can't be far now. We've been driving for hours.
She can't know about the complaint. She's promoted him to team leader.

2
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

It can't be easy for him, looking after three kids on his own.

Note that these verbs, like all modal verbs, are followed by an infinitive without to.

I. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

1. Do you remember my birthday party last year? You _____ remember! It

was the same day as your graduation.
A. can't
B. could
C. must
2. Come in and sit down. You _____ be tired after the journey.
A. must
B. might
C. can't
3. Whose is this coat? It _____ be Paul's. It's way too small for him.
A. must
B. could
C. can't
4. The exam results will be out soon. It _____ be this week or possibly next
week.
A. must
B. might
C. can't
5. She always gets such good grades at school. She _____ work very hard.
A. must
B. could
C. can't
6. The doctor said my headaches _____ be because of the hot weather but
they're going to do some tests to be sure.
A. must
B. could

3
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

C. can't
7. He _____ be our teacher! He looks about twelve!
A. must
B. might
C. can't
8. Take this umbrella just in case. It looks as if it _____ rain.
A. must
B. might
C. can't
9. The house isn't hard to find. It's the red one at the end. You _____ miss it!
A. must
B. might
C. can't
10. What an amazing trip! You _____ have some incredible photos.
A. must
B. might
C. can't
11. That _____ be the vegetarian option. It's got chicken in it.
A. must
B. may not
C. can't
12. Have you got your passport? I'm not sure if you'll need it but they _____
ask you for ID.
A. can't
B. might
C. must
13. Who left their laptop on my desk? It _____ be Mel's – she's working at
home today.
A. must
B. could
C. can't

4
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

14. Sonia has the flu. We don't know yet but she _____ need to take the
whole week off.
A. must
B. can't
C. may
15. Your watch says a different time from mine. One of them _____ be wrong.
A. must
B. could
C. may

MIGHT, MAY, WILL PROBABLY

May and Might
Use:
The modals May and Might are used when expressing what might occur in the
future. Both can be used to express actions in the future or the present.

Examples:
Present
I might have some flour in the pantry.

Future
They may leave tomorrow.

Form:
May and Might function as modals such as can, will and should. Therefore, the
same rules apply.

1) No need to add ‘s’ to the third person singular.

Examples:
Correct: He may attend.

5
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

Incorrect: He mays attend.

Correct: She might cry.
Incorrect: She mights cry.

2) The negative form is: may / might + not.

Examples:
He may not attend the meeting.
She might not buy the book.

3) The question form is: may / might + subject. However, using might in
forming questions is not very common.
Example:
Might she be hungry?

4) To make requests, May can be used with ‘I’ or ‘we’. However, it is more
common to use can and could.
May I have some water?
May we eat the sandwiches?

5) May and Might are always followed by the infinitive form of the verbs.
Examples:
Correct: I might sing.
Incorrect: I might to sing.
Correct: She might stay.
Incorrect: She might staying.

Will + Probability Adverbs

Use:
You can combine will and won’t and some adverbs to express the probability of
a future event happening.

6
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

Examples:
after.
Examples:
I’ll probably watch a movie later.
I probably won’t watch a movie later.
I’ll possibly cook something for dinner.
I’ll probably cook something for dinner.
I’ll definitely cook something for dinner
I’ll certainly cook something for dinner.

Form:
Remember that Will / ‘ll comes before the adverb and won’t comes

I. Add the correct modal to the prediction Will, may, might or won't:

1. People _______________ develop telepathy in the future(impossible)

2. The space explorers _______________ find water on Mars(probable)
3. Regular trips to space _______________ be available in the next
century(possible)
4. One day they_______________ find life on other planets(slightly possible)
5. We _______________ ever know everything(impossible)
6. It ________________ be sunny tomorrow(probable)
7. It ___________________ be cloudy in June(possible)
8. It ____________________ rain in May (slightly possible)
9. I ____________________ be back by ten (slightly possible)
10. I ____________________ be home by eight. (probable)

7
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

Can’t have/Could have/ might have/ may have / should have /

would have

These past modal verbs are all used hypothetically, to talk about things that didn't
really happen in the past.

Can’t have + past participle

We use can’t have + past participle when we deduce that something did not happen
in the past. We use couldn’t have in the same way. This is the opposite of must have.

• Greg can’t have eaten his supper, it’s still on the table.

Could have + past participle

1: Could have + past participle means that something was possible in the past, or
you had the ability to do something in the past, but that you didn't do it.

• I could have stayed up late, but I decided to go to bed early.

• They could have won the race, but they didn't try hard enough.
• Julie could have bought the book, but she borrowed it from the library instead.
• He could have studied harder, but he was too lazy and that's why he failed
the exam.

Couldn't have + past participle means that something wasn't possible in the past,
even if you had wanted to do it.

• I couldn't have arrived any earlier. There was a terrible traffic jam (= it was
impossible for me to have arrived any earlier).
• He couldn't have passed the exam, even if he had studied harder. It's a really,
difficult exam.

8
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

2: We use could have + past participle when we want to make a guess about
something that happened in the past. (See also modals of probability.) In this case,
we don't know if what we're saying is true or not true. We're just talking about our
opinion of what maybe happened.

Why is John late?

• He could have got stuck in traffic.

• He could have forgotten that we were meeting today.
• He could have overslept.

We can also choose to use might have + past participle to mean the same thing:

• He might have got stuck in traffic.

• He might have forgotten that we were meeting today.
• He might have overslept.

MAY HAVE and MIGHT HAVE

We use might have + past participle when it was possible for something to happen
but it did not or we do not know it it happened. We also use could have in this way.

• He might have been killed driving so badly.

• They might have won the prize but they were unlucky

We use may have + past participle to show something was possible in the past but
we are not sure if it happened.

• Greg may have been late for school yesterday, but I’m not sure.

9
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

Must have

We use must have + past participle when we deduce something about the past.
• Alex must have been hungry, because he ate five cheeseburgers.
NOTE: There is NO mustn’t have - the opposite of must have is can’t have / couldn’t
have.
• Vicky can’t have been hungry, because she didn’t finish her lunch.

Should have + past participle

1: Should have + past participle can mean something that would have been a good
idea, but that you didn't do it. It's like giving advice about the past when you say it to
someone else, or regretting what you did or didn't do when you're talking about
yourself.

Shouldn't have + past participle means that something wasn't a good idea, but you
did it anyway.

• I should have studied harder! (= I didn't study very hard and so I failed the
exam. I'm sorry about this now.)
• I should have gone to bed early (= I didn't go to bed early and now I'm tired).
• I shouldn't have eaten so much cake! (= I did eat a lot of cake and now I don't
feel good.)
• You should have called me when you arrived (= you didn't call me and I was
worried. I wish that you had called me).
• John should have left early, then he wouldn't have missed the plane (= but he
didn't leave early and so he did miss the plane).

2: We can also use should have + past participle to talk about something that, if
everything is normal and okay, we think has already happened. But we're not certain

10
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

that everything is fine, so we use 'should have' and not the present perfect or past
simple. It's often used with 'by now'.

• His plane should have arrived by now (= if everything is fine, the plane has
arrived).
• John should have finished work by now (= if everything is normal, John has
finished work).

We can also use this to talk about something that would have happened if everything
was fine, but hasn't happened.

• Lucy should have arrived by now, but she hasn't.

Would have + past participle

1: Part of the third conditional.

• If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car (but I didn't have
enough money, so I didn't buy a car).

2: Because 'would' (and will) can also be used to show if you want to do something
or not (volition), we can also use would have + past participle to talk about something
you wanted to do but didn't. This is very similar to the third conditional, but we don't
need an 'if clause'.

• I would have gone to the party, but I was really busy.

(= I wanted to go to the party, but I didn't because I was busy. If I hadn't been
so busy, I would have gone to the party.)
• I would have called you, but I didn't know your number.
(= I wanted to call you but I didn't know your number, so I didn't call you.)

11
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

• A: Nobody volunteered to help us with the fair

B: I would have helped you. I didn't know you needed help.
(= If I had known that you needed help, I would have helped you.)

I. Make the correct past modal form (use could have / would have / should have
+ past participle)

1) I _______________________(buy) bread but I didn't know we needed it. (past

possibility)
2) We _____________________________(invite) so many people to our party!
I'm worried that we won't have enough room for everyone. (past negative
advice / regret)
3) I____________________________________(start) saving money years ago!
(past advice / regret)
4) We __________________________________(join) you at the restaurant, but
we couldn't get a babysitter. (past willingness)
5) The weather ________________________________(be) any worse! (past
negative possibility)
6) I _____________________________(arrive) on time, even if I'd left earlier.
There were dreadful traffic jams all the way. (past negative possibility)
7) They _______________________________(win) the football match, but John
hurt his ankle. (past possibility)
8) Amanda _______________________________(finish) the work, but she felt
ill and had to go home. (past willingness)
9) Lucy _________________________________(leave) earlier. She missed her
flight. (past advice / regret)
10) We _________________________________(finish) the game, even if we'd
wanted to. It was raining very hard and we had to stop. (past negative
possibility)
11) I ______________________________(eat) so much chocolate! I feel sick!
(past negative advice / regret)

12
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

12) Luke _____________________________(pass) the exam if he'd studied a

bit more. (past possibility)
13) John _________________________________(call) Amy, but he didn't have
her number. (past willingness)
14) You ______________________________________(be) rude to him. He's
going to be really angry now. (past negative advice / regret)
15) She ______________________________________(come) to the restaurant
if she'd left work earlier. (past possibility)
16) You ______________________________________(take) this job. I can see
you're not enjoying it. (past negative advice / regret)
17) The race was really difficult. She
________________________________________ (win) because she's not fit
enough. (past negative possibility)
18) Our neighbours_________________________________________(cut)
down the tree in their garden. It was a really beautiful tree. (past negative
advice / regret)
19) The children ____________________________________(do) their
homework last night. Then they wouldn't be panicking on the way to school.
(past advice / regret)
20) I'm really cold! I __________________________________(bring) my coat.
(past advice / regret)
21) I ___________________________________(come) to see you! I didn't know
you were ill. (past willingness)
22) Andrew _________________________________(go) to Cambridge
University, but he decided to travel instead. (past possibility)
23) They _____________________________________(be) kinder to me. They
were absolutely lovely. (past negative possibility)
24) You _______________________________________(buy) some milk at the
shops. We don't have any milk. (past advice / regret)
25) They _____________________________________(come) to have breakfast
with us, but they went to bed too late the night before. (past willingness)

13
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

MUST /HAVE TO
MUST

1. When somebody or the law makes us do something.

• John, you must clean your room now!
• You must drive on the left in England.
2. With not to make somebody not do something - to say it is wrong to do it.
• You must not write on the walls.
• George mustn’t be late for school.
3. When we deduce something about the present.
• John must be strong to lift 150 kg.
4. When we make emphatic or persuasive offers and suggestions.
• We must go and see that new film.
• You must try some of this cake.
5. To make emphatic invitations.
• You really must come to my party next week
6. To show that we feel something very strongly.
• I really must write to my friend.
7. To write notices.
• Students mustn’t shout in the corridors.

NOTE: We can use have to in place of must in all the simple tenses. The meaning
is similar.

1. We only use must for the present and sometimes the future. So we use have
to in the other tenses.

Past: Isabel had to go to the doctor yesterday.

Present Perfect: The Johnsons have had to go to town every day.

14
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

Future: Elias will have to work hard if he wants to pass.

Future: I am going to have to work hard to finish by tomorrow.

2. Have to means someone or something obliges someone to do something

• Children have to go to school. (because the law obligues them).
• Isabel had to go to the doctor yesterday (because she was sick).
3. We use not have to for something that is not necessary.
• Angela didn’t have to cook dinner (because the twins cooked instead).
• We mustn’t wash the window. The paint is wet (It would be wrong.)
• We don’t have to wash the windows. They’re clean. (We have a choice.)
4. We often use have got to in the present thence instead of have to or must. It
is more informal.
• You’ve got to eat all your salad or you can’t have any ice cream.
5. Sometimes we use must to show that it is very important to do something,
and have to to show it would be better to do something, but it is not as important.
• Vicky must go to the dentist or her toothache will get worse.
• Vicky has to go to the dentist for a check-up every six months.

I. Fill in the blanks with affirmative or negative forms of must or have to & has
to.

1. It's raining outside. Tim _________________ take his umbrella.

2. I can give you my car, so you _________________ buy a new one.

3. They ____________________ be in a hurry, because they have got more than

enough time.

4. You ___________________ stop at the red light.

5. Tomorrow is Sunday. You ______________________ get up very early.

6. Mrs. Parks can't see very well. She ____________________ wear glasses.

7. You ______________________ return them. They are too small for you.

8. I am broke, I ______________________ borrow some money to buy a car.

15
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

9. You _____________________ stop smoking. It is very harmful.

10. Mr. Dickson is travelling abroad this summer, so he

____________________ get his passport soon.

11. All the students _____________________ obey the school rules.

12. It's freezing outside, so we _____________________ take a cab and not

walk.

13. Students ______________________ look at their notes during the test.

14. I have a terrible headache, so I ___________________ leave early.

15. Snow has blocked the roads. We ___________________ stay here until it's
cleared.

16
Compilación de material de diversos autores realizado por la academia de inglés del CBTIS No. 110
como material educativo para uso exclusivo del alumnado del mismo.

ELABORADO POR DOCENTES DE LA ACADEMIA DE

INGLÉS:
M.C. SONIA ANGÉLICA DELGADO RÍOS
L.C.I. LIESELOTTE RANSOM MARTÍNEZ

PRESIDENTE DE ACADEMIA:
L.C.C. NALLELHY GUADALUPE NAJERA TAPIA

17