[S718 BSH ASHOA DSEe OSstch AzOoe SoeeE Teas c-¥] Pear psa ORL) 8 yf) et == S-r == er Sb tet BS7 BE DEE AGE Mole Bes GEeEN. ae Uetol Wa ACY S10] of Sich UHR 2 CHE ALE! “AE OLAO} AfeECh, af go] HO) es PAM HOW? SOI, SHEDS Oo] ASG Bo] AsO THES ARS SHE RB FSH eel AREA PAM BL Bio] Z12}o] O12F SOHAL ALA) LACHES APTS 7 AFSL BIL Bf UPROS wbxL pHa, B7F ‘aeBe Wee] gel! “AD}S0} Snppich 57} 2 SUA) SE7} ee’ BHO Bol ie & a a oe SES: PETS SBE SSIES R —. SESSA oie) aaya VHEA}SSL AREINIE VAS! AE BAY BIA IE MEMS AOR Heol se] LO] PARI, 9] ABI Lo] SEI CHE AS Mz ILA ssl, BZOH le IAS! SAH Jeet UAE IS AAO MCL VM OE AAS SSE CA Meee SHS] wero] elo] ofe4 Vet MaRS Meco] Be 7 22 Ste MBO UEHICh, TAG ASS HEE et Ate 37171 7A) AREAL IY She SISA] Rape Stele Bol BAe Cf, AO MEALI7IO} = AIRIO| LALA B7HsaHe! ZloIct, Oat ARIA BM WAS RAE = CHE wresO| BA) SSM? TCL CIE AeSol Ste Be MPS Sow olgele Aaao; BE WHO] NAC}. ARA|E TS AAS] OSS Sale, g HAIS| 1S! Fi RAH] EOI 7-se Bole}. aM ae ses ver ABZ -B7| eel Bo] GO| NSC} SOL AS A+ Wh BAS VHA See] SAM ea} 71 Me] MeASS STAM7Ie we TE Bo] SHO oh, Bl ECA DS's OSE FSe sao] Arie Zolch = ADS PAE MAS BH Solste SH Agl7/a} es BH Wool Om He AERIAL AAS Sie CMe! HEF} SHOlCh. Get Szto| ery Ste RIA ofa OILY] BaHAtE Elaleeol = DLO YH IIE AIZ4AIOF BECH. a OFF) SAWING PAO] Lf ke Teel HDA Aes 5 GSE ose Sa te OH)ALZ}Or ULM, S Zol So] SIE SalMhT a Bol Mmeo\c, NBS MESS ME Boe Z we ue 7 8 GB aH, wane REC St NAA STS AAD LO AE Yo] BAY BUS! MeIajo! worse + sict olelet 50] 219}3] ej Saleh, weCee S wAbLE Aba RExpee 7} Hse, 1B HNC) A dus Aso] Sou dada WIS Fe ge Ez! 2S HS RSS Ah SE BOM Meh Ie AG|7| cf 3b, MER F FAO] AOS TA VAIS Expt oL|ah, | aro} ey Tag on] Boe BEEN et ust gale We a aN Be 201 oe a Hse SE Baie Aol oY Sect BE WSVIE Sol HIME AlBei Be NS el BS OBS ACh PS Aol AA Ue BF wari BG SOMALI, LENT} so] Cha Mole FE BAB IY + eho SBS ew RMA ae AEG AB BEU L 1 SMO Bal BBOe s|wo-Al= Wolch VAVSIWAS Pasae +e Hus Hes coe a4 WL ch. © ezhaha 3717 BOLE © SEES Uome eas, olga ae Be aes of ate BEI} Slee, Ba 2 BMS CAGE S401 Yo} FO ALE ofa] Swot Ro] ei uielch, w-1 Sh oleh azo] eal Ol 2 01887) MIROIC. B19} eixl7] AY Mol Sle SUS AU WSS bee ee Wezel Zo] 42 eeaa Gee # atch. OFS Bei O1L FS Se 4 CH AAR Wao} o| Bu fey | RINAE AE LI7Ite Slot BGS BA] Me RES ee + So) eas 1c xa Ngee ge 2 Sol 7b Sa0 7S gee Hee MeO ASMO| Olt SEI} He VUE SOS HA Bo] were! worm Ech CARMO] SMO ASE ASH MMOS AS Ae] BS AE CLA elo] AIX SMO “Ep tra Pure Watery ATES] BO] APBEICL BHOl O|Aat CHD] OBAMAS Ol wal BE SSI MG! O48 BEA AeHOl 7i7he Boch SESE AKON SAW! BE TSSE VSAel as HEM, o| WAIAS YE B91 SAI7 ABSIT NS He 71S BEL, Q71BaH 1S AA + Sch ANE tat or [ : OUAH BAS x28 amet os . io =| 2 S52 AS, FO] METS YS SO MESO DSS OS BIC SERS GLEAY, Tee FO VSMC} Aa Yejoe Yoyo} Fo] DESO wee og sch AYRol Mele Y AGS VHS} MAE KOI, AURE Solel DES FIM ARIE o| Be VAS ol VOU! S19, 2 42S ‘Be Bal Ria Sol viSAH Obs BISA Hes SOLAI 22}e4 Bol Fo SOHLja4 Ich 21971 9! G1 SEI EL Hel Bol FeO ole WRI YS SapsH| Sle AO, ol PASTS! te Srpoir| Vow IC Mey o| WAloe SMH Be ed Be S712 MRA Bo] sichosmosis: = ABebE Hale el} a7] ols}o| @ze 718 7 Ba 2 Sat Ain Repl ate Heres & Fafa R ate 2a) 6571 017 a We Be Hoe SAE Be we 2 n zh 2 2 i 7 Bel 2a BF Ue # EA VHS See we ue] dee BOSSE VS Nec. olay O47] 0 FHOIch, SABA! 9] BY O10} oral AF HAS of 2 ola = Ho] Belojcy.4t= [osmosis, £35] PEI tS Apolo] Fa FS SA st So] SEI Ms FOS SoH} soe ASS ¢ AH SIC, Old MrAIs}e eee] A71E Aetoletz skct, a at 4 =O gene ee (eS ays ahSeene 1, Wee SS Wee SSO OST ee SSI UCL. A) vv ES : SEL / BePT! * 100 [Yet] > vol % HAI 2) w/w %S= : SEI / SHSM * 100 [g/g] + wt % HAI
* Sa WESA OM FE w/w O/B USI 193s SYe NOZDI Us. gexo! Bo aw 2G, viv %STE FUME BOAT VEC «gal
= 23) (weight) : SH0| SSH S| 37, Soles sch
+ 88 (mass): SA SAA AVS BAS Sx URS IBze w = 1 g/em3 = 1 fmt = 1 ka/t w/w %EES PHM BO! 2. ppm 5 [parts per million] ppm t= OiGis SA 1mg0l 9% 1,000,000 mg (% 1 kg) HO SOE SSS We a (& blBOl 121 Be) X ppm Se SKS HE Ae SAP X m~dIC, SAAS SE Sa SH 1 kg (=1,000,000 mg)0i S15 SOS $01 F010F eC OBEN AEWA, SEOM SS FACE AIS IAS ppm SFM HES AVENE TF VAIO, GE MES 01S 1/1000! 1%) BCI.
ppmZ "oH=SO12= 1/1,000,00021 201 1 ppmol SICh Ge1A 1 = 100% = 1,000,000 ppm 104, 1% = 10,000 ppm OIC. 1S % = ppm Uz DRM 10,000 ppm/%S Beh OI0! Bch * ppm iS = w/w %8& * 10,000 [pprn/%] 3. ppb © [parts per billion] #82STL HISSTES UGE SS ppm SES ppb SS ALSMS UF AA) 8101, BWASS ppb SER 10008 UH ppm F% SSI SC, ehe0l ppb 1/1049 S Bae. * ppm 5 = ppb SS * [1 ppm/1000ppb] 4, SSS (Molarity : M) 2 10l S0l le BAS SAS GiGi, M FE gemol/tS LiCHACh M = (w/ Mw) * (1,000 / V)
ws SE21 P2i(g), Mw : SE SAL(G/o-mol), V = SH, Su\(mo M = (10 * w/w iss * p) / Mw
w= Mw: BH2l Fel(g/a-mol), p: BAS AL (g/mo) 5, SBS (Molality : m) SOK 1 kg SOl SASIo| US SA S4(g-molt), MOS FAIL. SSS [g-molkg], $2 HEI SAO ASS AY Sol BEC, SESS (Molality) = SAI g-mol+ / Boi 1 kg Sess (Molality) = (w / Mw) / (S / 1000)
ww: S82 PA(g), Mw: BHI &Ae(G/g-mol), § : BH FH(g) 6, S225 (Normal : N) 3% 10H 0} = SH g-SIFS LCG, NOS BAL EMSS (N) = SH GSEt/ SAI VOY) ‘222s (N) = (w/E) * (1000 / Vv) ww: B82 P(g), E: BH 1g 224(9/g-F2), Vs SA VUl(me) *g LAs = LHS / (LENS H+ Ze OH- 4)

7, BEB (molar fraction) 1 SES S4(H)S MA Se] SHo1e| LB WICh 1,2,3,..4 4201 22 n1, n2, n3,...ni 24 SHA SPSS PASI} UO oe SUEY S SSO N= nl +02 +3 +....unii SE SESE Xi = n/N 4 AES SESS VF Sell 10] SC.
XL + X2 + X3 + ...Xi = AI/N + n2/N + 3/N¢ onaice nif = (1/N)( ni + m2 + N34... + Ai) = YN = 1 22 Heo! St 8. S458 Sr e(ae)S Mss Lew aw 9, SBbl S81 gSS Sokol gos Uw 10. Si(ie) BA S48 SOK] S4e Lhe et

Sseee 1, % ES — SSS(M) BA = lS (AE) * 1000 * [% SS / 100 %] *[1/ SKB] =M Ss 2. %ES > LSVES(N) BA # U/S(E) * 1000 * [%SE / 100 %] * [1/ 19 FHI PA] = NSS 3.MS& ONSS BA @ Ms& * (HtSS ES OHSS) = NSE 4, BH > %ST BA © Wes = (HE / (100 + SH/Z)] * 100 % Sie weaK 1. SE8 (mole fraction) : # AES) S45 ALeA SF Lew ni, n2: 2 Se B+ X1, x2: 4 AES See X1'= ni / (nl +2), X2 = n2/ (nl +2) X14 X2=4 2, 1 EE eC MHS! HA Mi* Vi=M2*V2*Mi, M2: 288/91 S55 * Vi, V2: Aea/Fel Soul(Mi * V1) + (M2 * V2) = M3 * (V1 + V2) * M1, M2: 228 B91, 82129 Sas +M3: VR B43 Ses * VI, V2: $911, S829 sel * sol Het BANE “MSS, NESE 250i 38S WSU, BSS, MESSE SS AHS WA GEL = (SII) BOR? : 1B H+ (OH-)S LE (I/F * ABI) 1g = (2471) 1B /H4P(EE OH-+) ol) HCI 1 1g 22 H2S04 18 : 2g SeOF BHO so AIA BS aa A719 al t7| SPOLA| By O|zt BH 7} Gay 7} SO} Ne SASHSS 7lelYUch. se & Soyo S20] YOM} $0} YEAS So] SAY + ASUC So] SES A ASHE | O} a | O1S50| SUC A/G Bas V4 Bro] 27} AOL} 0} Yeas x MOVIL AH SSE ME 4 Ue UY EBS EA ME mLIch o| SE Sol 71% Hol gH SSS WS + UG | Loy} +Aa Falale| Ve SH Ass og as we S115: SEO HE 1A HS] BOE HSM. SSz gt S| V7} SeSo| MAES wlas AAech O18 50, AIT ATS Ao ee w a S AAMSICLD GAICh FS of AGS SUAUCH SO} UE SAS Gale Aol See Popa YSuct AE BMAUCL FS Yo| Sols Swo|z SS 2F Yo HOU Byo| WE ofoF SPLIcp. OL AO] SAO|M OL 20] SOHAA| May eAches, o| ofl 7] Osbala. Set (sugar)it SA (solute)S 2S VUPUS ZBL. YS! AlA(vinegar) gt S Of solvent) = 2 QUPVE ESS LICh, iu #2 2 0 or re £ a oF ln a = ra ao mH i) ofp 4 jo 02 wo mg SHO] YOOR SES AE SYS St os 7] tSUcke + TAS Aled (gi) S%O] SOF l= BAO] Bet Sat AA Oa BE DH SAO|L} OR] B SE (M) S89 SF U7] S49] Hu. FEES ALE Chol OLICh, + YEAS (ppm) AES2] SHO FOF Ye SAO] Eo] HS TAOIL BW a1), BI SSA SHO} A-BSLICh. + HME SE SH 1008 BAS] (HS 1A) HME 7/ SE %0|04 "10074 APEC} TASS BSS eS A RAS + USC. & HAAS 10% £2 1 (ppb), HHSa SAS L7t USUCh. at IB Ir 2 Ir we ‘at 2 2] 5: 2 1H SAE Sz 747 |+ OA]: 3 MLO] ASS 2000mL2| SO] SA Wf Seo] SLs PoAloirays a2] Fl). ES gi HH AONB. 2 SE 588s 1Aoes uP). SAH SH)2| YO| o/o] toe sy S| ROM O] YS AHA. ISA) BCA, CS SPH OF SELICH. CHS] BGS 50 A2AMSe FOURS HS BtSS HH Zed] Alara + US LICH Stal 2 (AIG 2S) HH lE BW SUSUCL 4 eae $8 ASS 1g Uc, eRe SS FU) cto] SUA + ME BIS SSUCL AES Hota o|y 3 FU] SAST Foo] Ay +B SLOP, StS] 7p MS SEA SlsHor SL] ct GAA), ASS SAUCE HU 7} mLS SASRSUCL AALS o|AS AAO] Serspoj Of StLCh, + AES Ago] PSE 15giMLAUCH] SAlol] 0] BM7} FOA|A| Qecre i DIAL S48 FASSS HopH a. YE (get mL Z|) Pel7t ASop BA SHE EFS LEEFLYOLAY QLEA] S SolspAjQ. ofLeapei Cts] SB Sora] 2 AS 3 mL] AAS, 3 mix (1-15 grams / 5) = 3.45g 2S. 3 SoH SASS YS AMHR. SoS 72] SS FHS LEpLY7| Gol M0] SYS] ASLICH. O/O] SE] Ltt ACH Oj APIS Poj7taja. GA OA], ZOOLE| SO] RSUCH OAS LS SAroHOF ELICH. 1AJE{E 1000mL AUCH. DASE AJASEA(1L/ 4999 mt) X (2000 mL) = B 2L Buch O| HIS SH PALS mLePS SS SACHS BW 7] S44] (Io 2LTt OF 2H 2.) 1000mL 4) x 2000 mL OBA] ACH SS Ct l= Bappusrs y uch. 4 Soe SAS UMN. BIS THe, SHE FAYE LMUSUCH U7] SF (SES AMSA Foe Also] SUCH: OAS] BS, 34592S 7 aic40) = 1.725 g/L 23 &.i Cheol SUS CHR7| ool SAS AVA. AHA S So] HuIg o/Zs}o} SEB ANSOOF SILC}. Boo} BAS] YujS oS Depoy a] ArgYoHoF sich SEQILICH, BHAI DH SOHAL BF ZUM Z!, Ole] DAS crete] HAol Se YS a a a wu T] Vs} OSs SAS YUE LAST SoHo] KUIH APBeS SILICh. Blo} AU7; PO] BSS EAS cholate BAlS ey AAO} SILICh. (Sg) / (SSL + SaHL), + AIS] BP, *33459/ (9) + 0.003 L £2) = 1.722 giL. + Of Bat Oo] M2] Se 0.003 g/L BS Ab] SUCH. ASS] Ae Apole} SB ET 2| BESS YHS O|A|A| REUCH.. we ‘a3 S| 5: 3 AS SEL WES Se Alsop] 4 SH MH. SAA HS PS OLP HME SAS The} sel o| wt aS AAle Ml gstojA| Gel BE SAO] JES ASSLICL Soje} Sze] gy FZ OS YAS So] $e ula Swo| MES yl may 7] FHF WSL mow I. + OA: 1.212] LAL Sol 10g 2] SSA ASAE SOF ASUCH HA, SHO] 28 AME SES POA. 2 Fl, SS ppmoz AND 2 PAs ABSS apy, 71 (AAU Belle SS) FMS rst Aca 2 Bases sro2.4 282 58 sede FU)S Ala U7| EO] AAYS}7| Aol o| SAS| S8-S totok Sct © GUL} CIE{WoA| SA9| YES HoH A. SAS VS toe H7|S|O} SAL SCH ALS Setopoj TH St (EMMA ABE! CHT) HPPA]. es S8o| Hust Ze 1a Mee Pes wSuct + OA: 1.29) SS 7D USUC S2| AEE 1000 14 S Ao/Ie, o/s Al AlALSEA| (10009 /4.)x1.2L= 1200 14 + O[0] ABRA(SH)S AWS! H7|S|oj YO] Sr BaF} gloja. 3 HAE pg Alt Soo AE py 100. + 10g 2] SSSD 120092] SO] ASCH. SH(So+S Ayo] S AFL 10+ 1200 = 1210g SUCH.5 109) / (3.04 42109) = 0.00826 + & B44 oto] awa se =e S Foy MMES GSM 2: 0.00826 x 100 = 0.826, 1ASS ABN Eee 0.826% 4 ABS S Ae) nee “2 1008" 122 WES Ee Ue BOS PS + USUCL SAS (S52 FBO) (240) yar) + oye Jetya))) X 1,000,000 YLICH. PSA ofA = 0] B14) ASLICH (BS! BAO / (9 30) o| s12t(q))) x 108. (9) + BH rug oHA2. OfAl|: 400mL2| BO FAS} BS 25g0| FO} Qt 80] HO] oF! che Et viv Q SH] 8 BSs AMM. 4 SeA4SS Bas “SB Ba(Mm)s 72 USUCh AA 189] ASS BSc} o| S Aste F7/SHo| Ss 7/S 2} a AOE Zo Lofele Art Aaa} Se AALich 2ets| SATS Arsol Sa SS Go}o| Ao] S ASS Pola. + OAAS SIS FUSS S ASAYUCH O| SAS Maal Cle Aol S 22 S}e}4{ HOA] KOHS AOA. |Z EL} O| AtO| online resourceS 0|S5}0] HA}2| AAVBSS HON QD K = 39.0, O = 16.0, H= 1.0. 39+ 16+1=56 g/mol. 8 JAS 2 F Ai 2. BA SH7t > 7H OSel SAA SF 4 Art ASS 2S GoAjR. oS SO 18 g/mol SLC. aa ABS OF Gay ‘gmor'S Pot i ni aS02] BFE PHM 2. Z AA oimoyS PA AAT SFE ss Ws LICH. 00] Boy FS AAoe ep your ogy] AAreee YLIC} (BA g 4)x('/ gag) BS AMS + USL + ORIOAl, S BO 56 gimol2l SHO 25g Yas, ole AAS = ASU Ch. 259 x (1/ s6qimol) = SHA $F 0.45 B2| KOHO| FO ASUCH 4 84 402 HM SES Fle. SScr SUIS TOs UI(L) WSS HEHILICh BOstcee! Soyo] Su) s elej= uw S| AHA. a“ + GAOT, S 400mL7} R31 O| AS O.4LE BANE HE USLCH. + SHO] SO} WE KOH B SEE MFM!) 9 yy =1.4125M(B SS). (AAS Ageia Uae OisIOInIa| WRRIOIA| Yoo c Aes Ye ae + VEL Ch) + 38 880] FIle 2 A0|B ISA] Fooe Pale YLIch, sae 2 Bs BS SLE SAS HO SEA S SHO HUIS Poof SoA oe Bel 5 ols: 5 ABs Zo] S= Th}7/ Are UH SPS}A}S0| ME SAAUCH ABS olSoj7| HAE Saaz oh oan. OSH SSS WO7|H SUCH (HA| SHO AS SSLICH), O| Yt BAO wSAlS oF AYO| AM ASElE A Wor EAA, AVS Soo} Sor UL S| YS a = HSot7| F134 HSS 32 nt oo rir 2 wo a ga in fo c co = G] Bo|d}7] Mech Ho} BO] VOL} FO} Vez] VT ches IS e Bart Sich. Boy o| 201g HA THE LOMAS! SSS ALAS SILICh F AVNPE SHAM. YA! ABS SoM MAD, YA}o| ASA gl af} SFE weg HM AGCO] Hel 59718 DAAI7/2 3 Bol AZ} SASL wAS SO} AY SUS OAIMQ, $30] BS SetASL} y| 749] 2 FEo] BF glo| ealetojor BLICh, + SE RUSS WRIA MD SHFe Be S| UZ AREA solsnia3 BASS HWS NoMa. See See 429] B48 Ae} Seale B20] HOO Zo] BUF sAbs|o| 7] WZol 2 WH zee 1 SS + 71E SHS] SEMASUCE HS Ses Ia Ie gerd gyoe yo AO. HHO] JAH SHS] SUS 7 SSp]9. So] SAU} wal gol AS aS B49] SS XS + USC. + FQ]: TOF HSU Sto] BUDE BepAS eo] WE GA SEL] SHO| PAA Gt SS A] SS AP SAAS “AHSAWS SOMA. Sf OA] ABS AOl SHO] HSS GY BBAOL HSo] OF oS AAS taFe ssysagy Ch ABE MAIL esse USOA| HBS at UH Ss] MAYLICH sale A APD Chest ABS 0] EMSUCH SS} apyL PEAS Sapo es O| Ss AS NHS MSS oA Q A BES ATM, HE oto] BSAA eT YLCh BeAr 2a GOALD. A] DIL SALAS O1Sso USSAS Hoe HOMA. SHO] HAAS VS (MA VS, AS, YAS VA, SS sce vs lew sel Heu8 OC} BSH + kB ALC + HZO| HL ASIA} SHS WOU YS py FAIL MelAvS BejAsol Hal US IIS watstMla. + SC} BUS AIS oe SA a pH AAS AMD. Aare IS Of HSS 71S. VO CS SHO! pr Bol} oa} vats AayT WSO HL. YS] PYRO 2x9] 7/27|7} 3 vss Sea AUC 5 SU SSS BoM. 80] Bo PEGs Ave NAS ot HEN SS S12, ABE ASIC MZ VSI} Oa| ASSL AS SF US BUCH. AHS AA TWYs}o| ogo] All o|2e ofa|o} 8 YRrIal SAs}a1a. 21 BEASTS, M2 a7} YO|Lpe 71S #7] So BatStO! EILICy x ul J ST}O Af O| ZS a G FU Sot se Selo AsvsH71, AAAI} S42] ge] SAS A-Sato} HAAS SOE SA] SFE THMa. Bo] 4B Acie gato] SAD, O1F SIME S122} CHS 71 AI SE Ud g/L H12) SHE Aet AJO| 201 OF SELICh.+ O13 S01, 25 mL 2] 5 MNaOHS HCl F+S% AAO A+ Soto] BSR] = Sto} SSUCh HCl FSHS YY Aol 6omL SSC HCl FSHUE HC BS Oo] SO QIL- a2 + AAPA, 0] GAPS Sle SS} YS 4] s+] AICH NaOH St HCl: NaOH + HCI > H20 + NaCl + Ol SF, NaOH 182 HCl 1Bi} HSS of} YS S(Sat Naci)s thse UCh. 1 HLS NaOHs AB HCI] SF SSbtS S| SAAA StolAl BS ot NaOH2| 2 +2} HCIo| S FE BSUCh + T4S= APS sl NaOHS| B +S AlAtoHSAICH. 25 mL NaOH = .025 L NaOH x (0.5 moles NaOH/1 L) = 0.0125 moles NaOH. + O[O] HES AOA] BIS Et NaOH S + = FSH CS] HCl S Fete AS Aa A LSe, +S AOE 0.0125 S2| HCi7t SARSS AF USLCH 7 B42] SE AMA. o1M| BHO] BAO] YOH} So} glex| WAH S1BOU, ESE THE AS ASUC. Hes Sl SFE FESS] STIAA SAUI7} Of Heo] HOS LTH LICH. AIF ho] SAS] B S=SAUCH + HS| AS] S SSS Popa Cesta| Hc] B +B SAAS Sas Uy |. 0.0125 moles HCI x (1/.060 L) = .208 M HCI. * S528 g/L, ppm, fo Wes AVOe MP, A S48 Ago stoHOF SELICH SB SAS] S BSS APSO 2). ppmit Hes a S09 SIS Oe US Wy Mee MAM, WA, AOS BMF VSUCt B20] BOIS} ZS Aes Sofop SHO] Saletich, MRE SAAOL FAIMSS ASS Ht ASorala.