Section 1.

4 Loads • 9

Wind Load

All structures are subject to wind load. but usually only those more than three or four sto-
ries high . as well as long bridges. require special consideration.
On any typical building of rectangular plan and elevation, wind exerts pressure on
the windward side and suction on the leeward side, as well as either uplift or downward
pressure on the roof. For most ordinary situations, vertical roof loading from wind is
neglected on the assumption that snow loading will require a greater strength than wind
loading. This assumption is not true for southern climates where the vertical loading due to
wind must be included. Furthermore, the total lateral wind load. windward and leeward
effect, is commonly assumed to be applied to the windward face of the building.
In accordance with Bernoulli 's theorem for an ideal fluid striking an object. the
increase in static pressure equals the decrease in dynamic pressure, given by
1 ')
q = - pV- (1 .4.3)
2
where q is the dynamjc pressure on the object, pis the mass density of air (specific weight
w = 0.07651 pcf at sea level and 15°C), and Vis the wind velocity. In terms of velocity V
in miles per bour, the dynamic pressure q (psf) would be

2
q -_ -l (0.07651
- -- )(5280V
-- - ) = O002 S6. v 2ili..
2 32.2 3600 . (1.4.4)*

ASCE 7 de fine s the velocity pressure using a modified form of the above equation:

(1.4.5}

where Kr1 is the wind direc tionaJity factor,

Kz i~ th velocity p ressure ex posure coefficiem,
Ku is the topographic factor,
1 ;s the i:r portance fac tor. and
(fj; i-; :·be cal..: ulated q: at mjdheight of the roof.

Jn rlP ;g n, th dynamic pre, :mre q is commonly converted into equivalent static pres-
su:e /;· \ ;' (l:c may bt expre s s~c ( ·- Sec. 61

P =, qGCP - qi ( ccpi ) ( 1.4.6}

q = tJ::. for \ ' ind ward w alls evaluated at height z above the ground
q =-- (1 •. fo r ieeward wa!ls. ·ide -.:vall s. and roofs
q, ...o fJh f, r leeward [Link]. side walls. and roofs of enclosed buildings
qi = q~ for positive in terna l pressure evaluation in partially enclosed
buildings
C = gust effect factor
cp = external pressure coeffi cient
GCp; = internal pressure coefficient
Typically, with wind-resisting systems only the first tennis considered, because the econd
term cancels out as it produces equal and opposite pressures on the windward and leeward
wa11s. Excellent details of application of wind loading to structures are available in the ASCE
7 S tandard and in the National Building Code of Canada [ 1.6] .

* In SJ unit. , q = 0.62V 2, for q in MPa and \1 in m/sec. tl.4.4)

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Selected References
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