Structural Steel Design - Besavilla

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Copyright 1996
by
Venancio I. Besavilla, Jr.
Civil Enginecr - CIT (2nd Place) - August, 1969
Gcodetb Engineer - CIT (7th Place) - Juty, 1966
Former Instructor: Cebu Institute of Technology
Former Chairman: C.E. Dept. IJniversity of the Vsayas
Awardee: As an Outstanding Educator from the phil.
Ueterans Izgion on May 1984
Awardee: As Outstanding Alwnnus in the Field of Education
frum CIT Alumni Associarion, Inc., March l9%)
Awardee: As Outstanding Engineeing Educatorfrom the
CIT High School Alumni Association, December 1991
Member: Geo-Instilute of the American Sociaty of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Member: StructuralEngineeringlnstitute(ASCE)
Member: American Concrete Instiruc (ACI)
(Membership No. 104553 )
Mcmber: American Socicty of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
(Membership No. j46960 )
Director: P I C E N at i onal B o ard 1 997 - I 99 8 - I 99 9 -2 00 I -2 002 -2 00 3
Director: PICE Cebu Chapter 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
t 996, I 997, I 998, I 999, 2000, 200 t, 2002, 2003, 2N4
Presidcnt: Cebu Institute of Technology Alumni Association (2003-2005)
ISBN 971- Es10.06-0
Available at:
BESAVILLA
Englnoorlng Revlew Gentor
CEBU DAVAO CAGAYAN DE ORO MANII.A

Blde.
2nd Floor, Pilar
- 4th Floor 3td Floor. 2nd Floor,San Jose Bldg.,
Cor 0smefra Blvd, Pona.s BIdp Ecolosv Bank Bldp. Cor. Espafra &
& Sancian*o Sts.
Ctiu City- Masalland Sr..
Daiao Cirv
Tiano"6ros. St.
CasaYan De oro Citv
P Camoa Sts.
Samoaloc. Metro Manila
Tel. No. (032) 255-5153 Tel. No. (d82) 222-3j05 Tel: (08822) 723-l 67(samsunc) Tel. (02) i35-0956
EAGUIO tLo tLo TACLOBAN GENERAL SANTOS

Lulern Chalet Bldq. 3rd Floor 2nd Floor Rooue YU Blds. R.D. Rivera Blds.
Lourdes Grono Calle Reil Center Sdazar St.. Tailoban ctti Constar Lodge, Pioneer Ave.
Domlnican Road TM Basa Street Tel. No. (053) 325-3106' General Sanim City
N0.58 San Rooue St. 'llotlo ciw
Tel. No. (083) 301:0987
Basuio Ciw Tel. No. (03' 33G30'
Te[Nos. (d74) 445-5918
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c u -tr a c k Basic structural Design by Kun H. Gersile, McGrawhil Book co. c u -tr a c k
I structural Engineering for Professional Engineer's Examination

4 Ma:r lfurtz, McGrawhill Book Co.
-l Essentials of structural Design by Anthony Hoadly, John wiley
and Sons, Inc.
+. Structural steel Design by Jack c. Mccormac, International
Texbook Co.
i Eledrentary Tteory of s tructures by vhng and Eckel, McGrawhilr
Book Co.
6 DesigB of steel structures by Kazimi and Jindal prentice Hall of
India.
Standard Handbook of Engineering Calculations by Tyler G.
Hick, McGrawhill Book Co.
8. Structural Engineering Handbook 2nd Edition by Gayrord and
Gaylord, McGrawhill Book Co.
9. Design in structural steel byJohn lothers, 2nd Edition prentice
Hall,India.
10. Steel structures byvazirani and Ratuani, Khanna publishers, Delhi
11.
lfelen-ta1y Structural Analysis by Norris, Wilbur and Utku,
McGrawhill Book Co.
12. Structural Design by Sutherland and Bowman,John Wiley and Sons
13. Professional Engineers Examination euestions and Answers
byWilliam S. Iâ Londe Jr.,ZndEdirion, McGrawhill Book Co.
t4. Modern Framed Structures byJohnson, Turneaure and Bryan, l0th
Edition, John Mley and Sons
15. Design of Modern steel structures.by unron E. Grinrer Macmillan
Company
16. Elernentary strucural Problems in steel and rimber byy6ung
and Morrison, 3rd Edition, John Viley and Sons
17. Design of structural steel by Harry parker, 4th Edition,
-simprifigd
John and Wiley and Sons
lasic Steel Design byJohnson, Un and Galambos, 2nd Edition,
18.
Prentice Hall
rg. Structural Steel Design by Jack McCormac, 3rd Edition, Harper
and Row
20,
lteel Design Manual by Brockenbrough andJohnson, united states
Steel Corporation
;A
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DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS PAGE NO.
1. Riveted Connections 1- 26
2. Tension Members With Staggered Holes 27- 36
3, Bracjrets 37- 73
4. Desigrr of Ctip Angle 73A" 73D
5. Welded Connections 74 - r04
6. Tension Members 105 - 113
7. Bending Stress 1,L4 - ll7
8. Laterally Supported Beams 118 - 141

9, I"aterally Unsupported Beams 142 - 1.r5
10, Web Crippling 156 " 150
11, Plate Girders t6r- 215
t2. Tension With Bending 216" 2278
13. Design of Tension Rods 228- 230
14. Bending In Both.{xes 23r" Z54B
1i Composite Bearns 255 .294
1b [tssign of Encased Sectlons 2g5 - 3,a4
3A5 - 3\5
C O}1 PPdSSIOI'{ MIMtsERS
rra,ll' Loaded Colurnns 316-416
.: ,-L 417 - 423
- )' Loaded Coiunms ({' nsymmetriczl Sections)
l: l: -.1:ession With Bending 424 -
l1 , . -:::ess:on V'ith Bending Sending in Both,Axes) 503 - 5t2
'02
t: i:
l,:.i -: ;c:ng and lie FlateS 511 - 518
2j l,is: "- -:: f -.': Concentric Load) ,19 - 525
)i B.rr :;:: tr-'--: 5ccentric Load) 526 - 529
25. Bei=E i 1:: fia-fi3
26. cnl':.r- ;-, - -_-- ,34 - 518
)1 Piutlc l,r. f 539 " 550
2&. ihe Ci-:--: -:---- 5ffi-592
)g Tor:ion 593 - r95
3S, Fast CE Lcms-*: r ,-, -.- --. 596 " 6ss
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th of A tension member is made up of l0 mm
The
thick steel plates, 225 mm wide by a lap
d the joint made with three tows of 20 mm bolts
vIPa.
using snug fit in drilled holes and arranged in
f the the pattern shown. The permissible stresses
ssure
123 in the bolts are 138 MPa for tension in the
net section, I 10 MPa for shear md 220 lvfPa
'
dmr bearing. Assume diameter of hole equal
to diameter of bolt.
O Which of the following gives the maximum

permissible tension on the plates?
*a) 255300 N
b) 376500 N
W+
l0mm
c) 285790 N
0 221900 N
O Which of the following gives the efffciency

of the joint in percent?
B a) &g6Vo &?.A3"1,
b) 63.23Vo
c) 75.767o
$ 92.t3Vo
Solution:
O Considering the gross section
P = 138(10X225)
P = 3'077tflN
?tosoN
Tearing of plates
At section 0
Ft = 138(10) [22s -2(20))
Ft = 255,300 N
F1+6(f)="
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6P
255300*T =P
P = 1021200 N
At section A
Fz = 138(10) l22s - 4(20)1
Fz=200tao
2P
F2+ P
V=
P
200100*4=P
P = 266800 N
At .gection @
I': = r38(10)
l22s '2(20))
Ft = 255300 N
P=F3
P = 255300 N
Shearing of8 rivets: (Single Shear)
, = rf(20)2 (1lo)
P =276460N
Beaing of I rivets:
P = 8(20X10X220)
P = 352000
Maximum load carried by the joint

= 255300 N
g *
Eficiency of ioint=
ffi roo
Efficiency of joint = 82.969o

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The steel plate shown is 10 mm thick which
is used for the design of a cylindrical tank
2.4 m. in diameter. The longitudinal lap
splice has three rows of 16 mm rivets spaced
50 mm apart in the center rows and 100 mm
apafl in the outer rows. Assume diameter of
holes to be 3 mm ldrger than the rivet
diameter.
'- ---. o nrets

fluid pressure that this connection could
carry if the allowable stresses are as.iollows.
sa) 623 kPa

b) 543 kPa
c) 726 kPa
0 692 kPa
O Which of the following gives the efficiency

of the joint.
Tensile stress = 124 lvlPla
Shearing stress = 93 MPa
Bearing sress = 186 MPa
@ a) 60.3Vo
b) 5A-27o
c) 40.7V0
$ 70.37o
Solution:
Rivet hole diameter = 16 + 3
Rivet hole diameter = 19 mm
Tearing at sectictn O
Fr=124(10)(100-19)
Ft = 100440 N
F1 +Y= P
100440 +t= l'

4
P = 401760 N
4)
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Tearing at section A
Fz= 124(10)i1m - 2(19)l
F2 = 76880
P
F't+.=F
P
75880+;=P
4
P = 102507 N
At section @
IFo-D
J -I
P= 124(10X100- 19)
P = 100440

r =f, $$2 ae$
P =74795N
Bearing of 4 rivets:
P = 10(16) 4(i86)
P=119040N
[r-.**ilr Leastvalue ofP =74795N
illl,*
r Iil Strength of plate using gross area:
t^1
F -,!.4 rt+
P = 124(10X1m)
F=i24ffiN
2p = pds
2(7479s) =rd2400)(lm)
P = 0.623 MPa
p = 623 kPa
74795
Efficiency =
tffix tOO
Efficiency = 64.39o
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The riveted connection shown is a double
riveted butt joint which is of pressure type
where the upper cover plate extends over
only the inner rows of rivets, and the lower
cover plated extends over all rows. Diam.of
l0mm
rivet is 20 mm and rivet hole is 23 mm,
thickness of main platb is 12 mm, thickness
of each cover plate is 10 mm.
Which of the following gives the capacity of

the section.
a) 90364 N
rg,b) 97584 N
c) 83928 N
0 95820 N
Which of the following gives the efficiency

of the joint.
a) 73.787o
6b) 81.317o
c) X).247o
A 79.319o
The width of the plates is 130 mm.

Allowable stresses are as follows.
Tension of plates = 76 MPa
Stearing stress- = 60 MPa
Bearing stress = 130 MPa
Solution:
Sectibn A
Shear of rivets:
. | =f, 1zo1z6o1 (single shear of one rivet)

f = 18850 N
Bearing of main plate
r= (20x12x130)
T = 31200 N
q--TOO
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Section B
Shear of rivets:
r =\4'Qol2 2(6U tdouble shear)

f = 37700 N
Bearing of cover plate:

r= (20x10)(2)(130)
I=5200N
Bearing of main plate:
7 = (20X12X130)
I = 31200 N
Rivet capaciry = 18850 + 2(31200)
Rivet capacily = 81250 N
Tearing of main plate at row A

r= (r30 -23) t2(76)
T = 91584
Tearing of main plate at row B

7= [130 -2(23)) 12(76) + 18850
T = 95458
Tearing of cover plate at row B

r= [130 -2(23)] 10(76)+37700
I= 101540N
CaPacitY = 97584 N
e Fuil Srrength = 130(12X76)

Full Strength = 118560
Caoacitv
Efficiency =
F-uil
strength
97584
Efficiency =
rffix 100
Efficiency = 82.i1%
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Find the capacity of the riveted connection

shown if the main plate is 180 mm wide and
15 mm with cover plates having a thickness
of l0 mm. Diameter of rivets used is 20
'mm. Allowable shearing stress is 93 MPa,
bearing stress is 208 MPa and allowable
stress tensile stress of steel plate is 147
MPa. Assume diameter of hole is 1.5 mm
greater than the diameter of rivet Determine
also the efficiency of the riveted connection.
Ga) 308317 N,77.68V0

b) 472923 N ,66.337o
c) 539013 N,80.867o
0 385730 N ,75.257o
Solution:
Capacity of one rivet in double shear
I=AsSs
r =f, {z}z {Dot
j" = 58433.6 N
Capacity of one rivet in bearing againsr

main plate:
T=AbSb
r= 20(15x208)
T = 62400
Capaciry of one rivet in bearing against the

,, Kd cover plate:
T=AuSu
:+{J^
TIU-r-fr
TlU" I= 2(10)(208X2)
I = 83200
Tonl srrength by double shear of ri.vets:

P = 58433.6(6)
P = 350601.6 N
Totul strength by bearing against mdn plate
P =624N(6)
P = -174400 N
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Tearing strength of rnain Plate:

Section A:
Diameter of hole = 20 + 1.3 mm
Diameter of hole = 23 mm
1= (180 -23)(15)(147)
I = 346185 N
Section B:
7 = [180 - 2(23)) 1s(147) + Tt24
I = 308317 N
Tearing strength of cover plate at section C
(weakest seltion)
7 = [180 - 3(23)] r0(r47) ,.,0 (*)

? = 372960 N
Safe capacity of member = 308317 N
Full strengrh = 180(15)(147)
Full strength = 396900
3083 17
Efficiency =!ffix t00
EfficiencY = 77.6870
Compute the maximum allowable fluid

pressure in a2.4 m diameter steel tank under
the following conditions. The steel plate is
10 mm thick, the longitudinal lap splice has
three rows of 16 mm rive8 spaced 50 mm
apart in the center row and 100 mm apart in
the outer rows. The allowable stresses are
l24ltlP:a in tension, 93 MPa in shear, and
186 MPa in bearing. What is the efficiency
of ttre joint? Assume diameter of rivet holes
to be 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.
*a) 643.4lfla ,62.26 7o

b) 436.5 kPa ,59.34 7o
c) 538.1 kPa ,52.12?o
0 736.6 kPa , 60.45 Vo
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Sglution:
Rivet hole diameter = 16 + 3
Rivet hole diameter = 19 mm
9 Tearing at section O
Fr = (l24Xr0) [r00 - l9]
F1= 100,440 N
F1+3 (f)="
Row 2 Row 3
7P
-iP=i
100,440 = P
,:.,.,)n C
P = 401,760 N
Tearing at section A
.) Fz=124(10) [100 - 2(19)]
Fz= 76880 N
P
F2+;+ =P
76,880 =' -t=1'

P = 102,507 N
Tearing st section @
P=F3
P=124(10)(100-19)
P = 100,440 N
*1e fluid r =f, aa)z (4)(e3) = 77208 N

under
=nk Bearing of4 rivets:
r;etl plate is
P = (16X10X4X186)
sm- glice has
50 mm P = 119,040 N
-=J
:: apart in tr-east value of P = 77 ,208N
I]3SS€S ATE
r :hear, and Fitll strength of plate using gross area:
;e eificiency P = 124(100)(10) = 124,966 5,
:i:-ret holes
-Jneter.
Efficiency =mx 100 = 62.26vo
y> =pD S
2(7'7,208) = p (2400)( 100)
P = 0.6434 MPa
P = 64i.4 k?a
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Eteel lDel=le=n
The hanger is spliced with nine 20 mm'

diametei rivets in the manner shown'
Compute the load P that may be transmitted
across the joint. Shearing stress of rivet is
103 MPa and 335 for bearing. Tensile
PLATEA
225xl0m Stress = 152 MPa.
*a) 291226N
b) 328193 N
c) 229583 N
0 32r934 N
Solution:
PLATE B
225xl0m
Dru to Shearing:
P=Asfs
ts44. P = ro3 [ryrtr] ,
P =291226N
*l;-,
II'T:'*,,l Dru to Beaing:
F = 335(20X10X9)
P = 603000 N
,&uq, Due toTensile Force:

Dia. of hole =2A + 3
Dia. of lnle = 23 mm
fi?,. Tearing at Section a-a:
tL*_l
I
p=(225-23X10X152)
P = 307040 N
fr
Tearing at Section b-b:
,#4[111,^
ft t",l P =1225 -2(23))(rsz)(ro) +
f,
L__l $=ztzoaa
P = 306090 N
fr
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Eteel IDesl'gtr
Tearing at Section c-c:

l
t" P = 1225- 3(23, rsz(r0) +
f;
b
H $r =zztrzo
P = 355680 N
Safe load P = 291226 N
A truss joint shown consists of a bot0om

chord C made up of two angles, and web
members A and B each calrying the given
loads. Using A 502:l rivets with an
allowable shearing and bearing stresses of
120 MPa and 600 MPa respectively, and
AISC specifications.
O Which of the following gives the required

number of 18 mm diamiter rivets 0o develop
fully the truss jnint for member A.
Ba) 3 c)2
b)5 a4
I Which of the following gives the required
number of 18 mm diameter rivets for
member B.
a)6 Bc) 4
b)3 0s
0 Which of the following gives the required
number of 18 mm diameter rivets for the
bottom chord C.
rsa) 5 c) 6
b)7 a4
PD PD
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y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w T6 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesl-qrr
Solution:
o For section A:
Shear of rivets (double shear)
150 kN I=AsSs
I 5oooo =
[ oa)z (nX2Xl20)
n = 2.46 say 3 rivets
Bearing ofrivets on the gusset plate:

T=AuSu
150000 = 18(9.5)(600) n
n = 1.46 ssy 2
Use 3 rivets for section A.
0 For section B
Shear ofrivets: (double shear)
7=AsSs
22C{r[=f,{ra)2 Q){n)(t2o)
n=3.6say4
Beaing of rivets on the gusset plate:
T=AuSu
22W = 18(9.5XnX600)
n = 2.74 say j
Use 4 rivets for section B.
PD PD
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Steel IDesLg=n
o For section C (Bouom chord)

Shear of rivets (double shear)
r50 kN
I=AsSs
T=624.7 -4N
T = 224.7 kJl
2247 AA = (2)(nXl 20)

f, {rA)2
n = 3.68 say 4
Bearing of rivets on the gusset plate:
T=AuSo
2247N = l8(9.5XnX600)
n = 2.19 ssy 3
For symmetry reasons use 5 rivets placing
one rivet at the intersection af the riyet
gage of sections A and B"
Determine the capacity of rhe butt. joint

shown under the following condiqions.
Thickness of plate used is 12 mm for the
main plate and 6 mrn for the cover plate.
Diameter of rivet is 20 mm. Allowable
tensile stress of plate is 138 MFa; shearing
12mm stress of rivets is 103 MPa; bearing sress of
rivets is 220NIFa for single strear and 276
MPa for double shear" Assurne of rivet hole
to be 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.
ssa) 299736 N
b) 328744 N
c) 234242N
a 426293N
PD PD
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Eteel lDeelptrr
Solution:
Diarneter of rivet hole = 20 + 3
Diamcter of rivet hole = 23 mnt
Main Plate:
Bearing on the plate:
P
6=nQqQ76)
P = 397440 N
Shearing frtrce on one rivet
p
(Double shear) =i
Pna
(103X2)
€l+-> 6=;QqL
\ )r*- P = 388300 N
H-"-oBo'
\PI6 K
II Y-*
lF>
Tearing on rnain plate:
Row I
Ft= t2 [250 - 3(23, 138
Ft = 299736 N
r=r(f).rr
P
i=299lzo
P = 599472N
Row e
Fz= rz [2s0 - 2(20)] 138
Fz = 337824 N
P
F=U+F2
q
P
; =3378U
P = 405388.8 N
PD PD
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19
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Etee}. XDes!.gra.
RowA
Ft=12(250 - 23) 138
F: = 375912 N
P=F3
P =375912N
Butt Plate:
-6
P
each rivet when
The load for
transmiued to the cover plate is divided
equatly to each plate eq*l to
fi .
Row @
Fr = 138(5) [250 - 3(23)J
Ft = 149868 N
l=z (fi) . r,
p
l4tqo9
i=
Row I
Fz = 138(6) l2s} - 2Q3)1
Fz = 168912 N
5
168912
fr.P =
P = 405389
Rcw(o
Fg = 138(6) Q50 -23)
Fs = 187956
P
l87gsa
i=
P = 375912
Use MaxP =299736N
PD PD
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.Eteel IDeeLgn
'@2
..-..ffi2r!,
p<-{,,r,liii:l::r l E.rilii 1 t'rr irirl
@iiig{iHu ii
A plate with width of 300 mm and thickness

of 20 mm is to be connected to two plates
of the same material with half the
thickness, by 25 mm diameter rivets, as
shown in the figure. The rivet holes have a
@ @ diameter 2 mm larger than ttre rivet diameter.
The plate is A36 sreel wirh yield strength
Fy = 248 megaPascals, allowable tensile
stress of 0.60 Fy and allowable bearing
stress of 1.35 Fy. The rivets are A502,
Grade 2, hot-driven rivets with allowable
shear stress of 150 megaPascals.
O Which of the following most nearly gives

the max. load in kN that can beapplied to
the connection without exceeding the
allowable shear stress in rivets.
a) 700 c) 640
6b) 590 0 550
e Which of the following most nearly gives

the max. load in kN rhar can be applied to
allowable bearing stress between the plates
and the rives.
a) 6?-0 c) 650
b) 700 60 670
0 Which of the following most nearly gives

tle max. load in kN that can be applied to
allowable tensile strengh of the plates.
s a) 732 c) 620
b) 6s0 0 s90
L-.
PD PD
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Eteel IDesLgrr
Solution:
O Fy = 150 MPa ( double shear)
r =f,{zs)2(4x2xl5o)
P = J$$${P Y
P=590 kN
)
@ Fo- r.35 Fy
Ft = 1.35Q48)
Fr = 334.8 MPa
P =aQ$Q5X$a.8)
rng
ffi:. P = 669600 N
h3 P=674 kN
(E F,= 0.60 Fy
FES & = 0.60 (2a8)
f::
II:
4= 148.8 MPa
P = FtAn
P = 148.8 (20) [300 -2(2T)
P =732096N
P =732 kN
FqS
lr
l4-
tEs
The two plates are joined by four ?-j r-irr,,

diameter rivets as si!.ouryl:
Allawable working $tresses qre:

lEs
z = 70 h,{Pa (shesy)
ln sr = lffi fo{Fa {t**sicn}
&e
G& = 1.40 h{Fa i/&eariag)
O Which nf *r* l,+Ui:wing gives the mnax. li:a*{

in kN that ean he applied to th€ crl{i$e*tisn
'vithor.rr cxceeding the allowable tersile
stre$gth of the plates.
rsd 122&X)l{ c} 1583&}}.r
h} 21:lr1{A1N S 153ffK};
PD PD
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Eteel 36s'sdqIl
g Which of the following gives the max. load

in kN that can be applied to the connection
without exceeding the allowable shear stress
in rivets.
a) 156309 N !sc) 137445 N
b) 124844 N 0 153628 N
O Which of the following gives the max. load

in kN that can be applied to the connect'ion
without exceeding the allowable bearing
stress between the plates and the rivets.
!sa) 140000N c) 150000N
b) 130000N 0 120000N
Solutian:
0 Tearing of 10 mm plates:
Dia. of hole = 25 + 3
Dia. of hole = 28 mm
F = Anet 6t
p=(150-28xl0xim)
P = 122000 N
P;
p= [rso -284fi(ro)(roo) +
1
l4
;P = 94000
P = 125000 N
, =T *(150 - 28X10Xi00)
P = 288000 N
Tearing of 14 ntrn plate:
?
P =;P + (130 - 28X14)(100)
P = 5712ffiN
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
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12
to
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ic k
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C
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EteeI" EDeel"glr" w
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.d o .c .d o .c
[cd
, ='o n [r:o - z(za)] (l4x1m)
Frn
Ess P = 138133 N
p=(130-28xl4xtm)
P = 142800 N
BI Safe capacity = 122NM N
Er
!0_i
g Cepaciry due to shcar ofrivets:
r =f,{zs)2(4x70)
P = 137445 N
(E Capacily due to bearing of rivets

Bearing on the 14 nun plate:
P = la(25Xl40Xa)
P = 196000
tsearing on the 10 run plate

P = i(25X1a0Xa)
P = X40400 N
The eapacity of the longitudinal lapr loini

having a width of 75 rnm and a tlri*kness of
l1 mm is equal r* 60,821 N by shearing tf
rivet, 79,860 N by bearing of rive*s cn<i
51,710 N by tearing of plates. Whi*h *f th,*
following gives it* efficiency.
F)= tl0lvfPa
*a) 67%i
h) 72.3Vo
ci &0.ZVa
,tr
ti,f 64"3Va
PD PD
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.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k 24 .d o
c u -tr a c k
EteeE E}esflSsn
Solution:
Safe capaciry of the joint
= smallest value
=60821N
(governed by shearing af rivets)
Efficiency=
ffiffi x toovo
60 821
Efficiency =,,017t-, x t00vo
Efficiency = 677o
A lap joint for a cylindrical tank 1.8 m. in

diameter and thickness of 12 mm. is
sonnected by 2 rivets having a rivet pitch of
80 mm. Diameter of rivet is 22 mm. If the
allowable working sresses are ll0 MPa in
tension, 80 MPa for shear and 160 MPa for
bearing, and the tank is subjected to an
internal pressure of 860 KPa, which of the
following the efficiency of the joint.
*a) 575%
D) (r7.67Vo
c) 72.4Vo
0 80.2Vo
Solution:
By shcar:
r =ff{zz)z (80) (2)

T = 6A 790"4 N
By bearing:
T =22(12) (2) (160)
T =84 480 N
PD PD
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Eteel- trEeel'gn
By tearing of plates:
Dia. of hok =22 + 3
H-l
rul
Dia, of hole = 25 mm
7 = (80 - 25) (12) (l l0)
rnl
zslI so mm T= 72 600 N
Safe capaciry = CI 790.4 N.
Lil
)nl 60 790.4
ErI.=
uffi, x lm
Eff.= 57.6%
A longitudinal lap joint is designed for a

tank 1.8 m. in diameter carrying an internal
pressue of 860 kPa. The rivet pitch of the
joint is 75 mm with a diameter of rivet of
22 mrn.
Allowable stresses:
For tension of plates = I l0 MPa
For shear in rivets = 80 MPa
For bearing of rivets on tlv plate = 80 MPa
O Which of the following gives the thickness

of plates.
6a) 11 mm c) 13 mm
b) 15 mm @ 7mm
I Which of the following gives the number of

22 mm diameter rivets for each repeating
section.
a)1 6c) 2
b)3 04
(D Which of the following gives the efficiency
of the joint due to I and 2.
@ a) 66.7Vo c) 73.57o
b) 45.57o O 70.2Vo
PD PD
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Bteel- IfDesLgre
Solution:
o Thickness of plate
Consider 75 mm length of tank:
1"r-E
2T = P(DX0.075)
2T = 850(1.8X0.075)
T = 58.05 kN = 58050 N
Dia. of rivet hole = 22 + 3 = 25 mm
T=Anet+St
50850 = (75 -25), (ll0)
I = 10.56 mm
use t= 1l mm
E Number of 22 mmrivets:
Shear of rivets:
I=AsSs
50850 = (nX80)
ffrzzlz
n = 1.57 say 2
B earing of rivets :
T=AoSa
50850 = 22(11XnXl65)
n=7.27 say 2
Use 2 rivets
@ Efficiency of joint
Tearing af plates:
T=AnaSt
7 = (75 - 25Xl lxl l0) = 60500 N
Shear of rivets:
I = As.Ss
r =IeDzet$o)
I = 60E21 N
tsearing of rivets:
I=AaSa
r= ?2(11X165X2) = 79860 N
S$e capacity * 605ffi
605OCI
x lfr) = 66.7%
$tr.= nffiOl
PD PD
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Steel Design
14-a Problem:
rn- the fig,ure shown, the width,of the plate

is 330 mm and has a thitkness of 20 mm.
:,'
Altowable stresses of,ii*cts Cna platei'
Shear Ctre$,$,of.:iivets = 9a3 MPa
Bearing skess of rivets t 180.60 IVIPai:,
fearing stress of plates.. ,', .= 1Mi4:, i{Pb
Dihmeter of hul" ='ffillfff'
'
O Which,,of the follofing
"
,:give5 15s
'."
'.,,.........cooitotttttif,ri.dl.t1ifffttr..o'f,fifdH.,......,....,..,.,...,..,,, .,.,.
@ Wliich of the following gives fhe

rr :::::i:anPaictty::,of ,,ths,ioft t,,so,,,fi tr, i.t will,not,
r::
.. .. .€xaeed..ifhel'alIowblC.$enting ..streSs of .
@ Which of, fhe,follo,wing gives the

it wilf 'hoi
ca$aclt$ of the jol;h,t so that
,1....'1.1.ex$-aCd, thC,.a-UowabIC.,l tCaring lStrdSS,of
' the pfatesi; , y:y r:r:.
@ Whith of the following gives the safe
,: capacity ofjoiht
Solution:
A Economicaldiam:
(Note) Economical diam. means
diameter of a rivet in which the shear
strength equals the bearing strength.
Pb=P,
(4) 180.6(dX20\ =Xd2 (e3.3X2X4)
,=20mm
double shear
d=24.65 say 25 mmg
@ Capacity by bearing:
P = 20(25)(180.6X4)
P = 361200 N
P = 361.2 kN
PD PD
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26-B
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Steel Design
@ Capacity by tearing of Plates:

Dia.ofhole=25+3=28
, P = lzzo - z(zql?o)(r24.4)
P = 681112
P = 681.7 kN
@ Safe capacity ofioint = 361.2 kN
,=20mm
14-b Problem:
From the given,.riveted.,coirnectio*.'sUown,

:the,disrneJer
of ,itv,ets ts 20,1p-np '.
.
',.,"..'.'.
:::: :: :: :: : :: :|:. :
[V,o25r,
: :
*fi]:::::i.r.r,:.:,:.:rr. r
a.sume,,rivut iii;i..,m*" A...,iii .'z, iii*'

il"* than the,rivets.:... r.::..:: ' :,,,,,,,,,.,,,,
,,,,,,, , , , ,,,:l
o #hicri or:, mu ioiil*i,;E,,si++t..1,,dr*,

"':
" :max:imum imd, tnat tun,,be,:,eghlied: to :
the connection,wtthuu*.,.a**oaiilHi ilhGi

'' alloEable sheatins"str*i""i".i"i'i"l"i""i'i:,
."
""i"'i'i'.." "..'
@ Whtch of thc: ma*lmttm'toad,thtt:::Ceh:
,,i,be,a,pRlied
1Omm thick to .the, ion*ecti*n,,,,*itHout,,
stress
',,' exceeding ttre,,allo**Ele hpring
Uetween.ttre fivets,,fl|!4 ttru..ptateSr.,,.,,..,...,... :..,,..
o, whipi or,ihe,:fotl;*iug,,,,gi"6s...,..'iii".
rne*inrum load that enn.rbe,:epplied:, ?Oi
: the corurection,,without,exceeding: the
20mm O rivets allowable stres$:of.the Fletesi:::: ": '::::
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
RNDTfrT}.,{fiNNrr.flO*S Solution:
A Shearing ofrivets:
Allowable shearing stress = 0.40Fy
P = SrA,
P = 0.40d2501 rs>rzl
Qtzolz
P = 565487 N
- p
2=
5rA, : single shear
P;=o
+orzsar
Qtzo>2 rsi
lrr, F = 56548V N
Bearing between rivets and plate:

Allowable bearing stress = 0.9. FY
P = SrA,
to bet rivets and 20 mtn thick plate
P = 0.e0(250)(20)(20) e
tIt P = 810000
P=810kN
N
tss bet rivets and 10 mm thick plate

p
EE i= sb'sa
b
P
e
i=0.9otzsox20)(10)
P = 810000 N
P=810kN
PD PD
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26-D
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
W ,Y,fTM
@ Tearing of plnte:
Allowable stress = 0.60Fy
tearing of tensile 20 mm plate at row

withfour holes.
P = StAt
10mm thick P = 0.60(250) [(3o0x2o) - 22)Qq 47
P = 636000 N
P=636kN
14-c Problem:
rilrrrrrrdiittti[,
sup$orrffi,,Uf t:thC
alffietCii;,6f:
Py,.i* S4Frr$fiEnlr.r:i:r.:.:.r.:.:,:.:.:.:
,,:::,,,:,:,:::',,
. of P Co.hs not.,.tb,exceedr the allowable
:rfhq::tollolriilg:
i@:::r:Which::rffi $€srr:ther:*Btuc
iibending: regsr:Oif.t :tifGutrar,pi,,,,',,,',,,

PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
------.-'- : .--_-.-_.=
BTYETED"NNNO**'ffi Solution:
A Yafue of P so as not to exceed the
allowabl e bearin g srress..
Allowable bearing stress = 0.90Fy
P-^ o
2-^bob
P
, = 25(50)(0.90x345)
P =716250N
P = 776.25 kN
@ Value of P so as not to exceed the

allow able s he arin g sfress..
I
Allowable shearing stress = 0.40Fy
tt
4-,
2 -
rts " os
t...t
Is 4:F"
LJ
P;
=f,rzsy(o.40x345)
h il P = 135481 N
; ) Ptl
P = 135.48 kN
,.]r.::r;o
] @ Value of P so as no ta exceed the
I allowable b ending stre ss :
Allowable bending srresr = A.60Fy
P
M =; (62)
M=31P
^MC
Ju= t
(tz5)
0.60(345) -M
4
64'
ostq
M = 317534
317534=31 P
P = 10243N
P = 10.24 kN
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
The pin is used to connect the three links

together. Due to wearo the load is
distributud over the top and bottom of the
pin us shown on the free body diagram.
fnr alirmetei of the pih Is 1O,1n.4:,,, ; ,
rOrwhich ot rhe follbwihg,:i:rgi+osr the

intensity of W2"
,? Which of the following gives the
intcrxityoftheload'W1. i : :
@ Whiih of the following git€sr ,the

mCximirm tiending stress on the eross,
sectional ere& at the center section a'a.
Salution:
A Intensity af lV2:
IVr I.l0)
_--!__)__!-
2 - '-'""-
?o o00
Wz= 2000 N/mm

@ Interusiry of load W1:
60000 W1(aQ = 60,000
L. Wl= 1,500 N/mm
@ Max. bending srress.'
.. MC
J= ,
M= 30,000(30) - 3,000(10)
M = 30,000(20)
M= 600,000 N.mm
"MC
I= |
-nl
J- 4
^ 600000(-5)
'
l-
4Gq1
4
f = 381.91N/nm2
f = 381.97 MPa
PD PD
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27c u - t r a c k . c
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Eteel EDesigrn
Cochrane's Formula:
::::::Q !l::::::j:i
lrrd. irr'ri
,:.:i::;I*;*:.:.1::
ii:i.i:*gr:ri::i,:l
rhe
S2
rhe
Ih
4g = the smaunt to be sdded to the grass
width of meruber subtracted by the

dianater of tke lwles along the zigzag
I S
section along whichfailure might
occvr,
= longitudinal spadng or pitch of

any two holes.
g = transyerse spccing or gage af

any two holes.
If there will be more than one row af

rivet holes in a tnember it is advisable to
stagger them in ordcr to provide larger net
area as possible at any critical section to
resist tlu load.ln cornputing the nct width of
a tension member along a zigzag section, is
to take. the gross width of the member
regardless of thc line along which failure
rnight occur, then subtract the diameter of
holes along the zigzag section being
considered, and add for each inclined line
the quantity 52 l4g where "5" is the
longitudinal spacing af any two lwles'und
"9" is the trailsverse spacing of the same
holes. Each possible critical sections
should be considered and the one giving tla
least value of wt width should be dopted.
The smallest' net width obtaiaid is
multiplied by the platc thickncss to givetlv
net crea (A).
PD PD
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Eteel- IDesLg:rr
A 12 x 275 mm steel plate is riveted to a

column section as shown, which carries a
tensile load of 400 kN. The riveted
connection is staggered with 20 mm
diameter rivets used. It is required to
determine the tensile stress of the steel plate'
a) MPa
123.3 D€c) 148.3 MPa
b) 213.5 MPa Q t74.2MPa
Solution:
Hole diameter = 2O + 3
Hole diameter = 23 mm
SectionABCD:
Netwidth=279 -2(23)
Net width=229 mm
SectionAB C E F:
Net widrh = 275 - ltzll +fi

Netwidth=275 -3(zT+W
' 4(74)
Net widrh =224;'15 mm
SectionAB E F:
Net width = 275 - 2(23) +' !!=
4(150)
Net width = 238.375
Use tlw smallest valuc:

Net width=224.75 mm
Max. widrh required by NSC

= 0.85(275)
= 233!15 mm > 2M.75 mm (o*)
Net area = 224.15(12)
Net area = 2697 mm?
P=Anetxfs
400"m =2691fs
fs = X48.3 IUIFa
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Eteel lDesLgro.
Il a
ES a Determine the safe load that could be carried
:d by the plate shown if a 22 mm diameter
xl m rivets are used in the staggered connection
t0 shown. The plate is 12 mm by 375 mm and
has an allowable tensile stress of 138 MPa.
a) 583.3 kN
b) 493.4 kN
sc) 503.7 kN
0 623.1 kN
Solution:
Hole diameter -- 22 + 3
Hole diameter = 25 mm
SectionAB D E F:
Net width = 375 - 3e5) +ffi

Net width = 304.17 mm
SectionABCDEF:
rrocl2 rz<t2
Net width = 375 - 4(25) +W +
ffi
SectionABCG:
Net width = 375 - z(25) +W
Use net width = 304.17 mm

Max. rcquired by NSC = 0.85(375)
= 318.75 > 304.17 mm (ok)
P =3M.17(r.8Xl2)
P = 503705.5 N
P = 503.7 *N
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&teetr- HBeef,ffiqa
m'F#.$uffi
The plate shown consists of 200 mm by 8
nrrn which is riveted to a column with 22
mm rivets. The plate carries a tensile load
of 133500 N. Compute tensile stress of the
p=133500 plare.
sa) 105.95 MPa

b) 233.25 MPa
c) 136.34 MPa
0 157.45 MPa
Solution:
SectianAB C E:
Ner width= 2oo - z(25) +

ffi
Net width = 160 mm
SectionABCDF:
Net width = 200 - 3(25)

(s0)2 05\2
"i@iln@-.st
Max. width by NSC
= 0.85(200)
)
= 170 157.5 mm (ok)
Net area = 157.5(8)

Net area = 1260 mm
P
J
,--
Anet
^ 133500
j=-6
f = 105.95 MPa
PD PD
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ffi.i.r;rU,r#Xii:i
bv8
h22 For the riveted conrrectiDn shown, determine
Ioad the minimurn pitch "S" for which only two
f the 22 mm rivets need be subtracted at any
section. The steel plate has a total width of
300 mm and a thickness of 12 mm.
a) 60"3 mm
b) 50.2 mm
rsc) 70.7 mm
$ 80.6 mm
Solution:
Rivet hole = 22 + 3
Rivet hole = 25 mm
Net width = 300 - 2(25)

Net width = 250 mm
(at any one secrion)
Net widrh = 300 - 3(25)

g2 g2
4(lm) 4(100)
Net width=250
S = 70.7 mm
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Eteel lDeslcrlr
Ii{;*72,..,
From the figure shown, determine the

maximum tensile force that the member
could carry if the allowable stensile stress is
138 MPa. Rivet is 20 mrn in diameter.
Rivet hole = 23 mm.
a) 337 kN
b) 234 kN
*c) 363 kN
0 431 kN
Solution:
Det. least net width:
SectionEADF:
Net width = 280 - 2(23)
Net width = 234 mm
SectionEABDF:
Net width= 280 - 3(23)' +(1,9)?
' 4(e)'. #*
4(140)
Net width=219.22mm
SectionEABCDF:
Net width=280 - 4(23)
(38)2 (5QP (88)2
-' 4(&)'- *
4(76)', 4(&)
Net width =232.11 mm
Max. width by NSC Specs.

= 0.85(280)
=238) 219.22mm
Net area= (219.22)(12)

Net area = 2630.64 mmZ
P =(138X2630.&)
P = 363,028 N
P =363 kN
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Steel Design
trffi5W"*t{ffimBk#;wra t
#sfltffqryp4tr4$r i 19-a CE Board May 2002
A stagerred riveted conhection has rivets

.L srranged as sho*n; Diameter of riyefs is
. rs 34 mrr- ,:Diarneter of'holes is assumcd.to
be 2 qm biggef'than that of the,,riveL
Fy=248I@C. ,
,",,.: ' , '::::":.:':
,
,O Whinh of thc followlng' gives,, the

distance liDi' so,: that the net,,:,Aiba,:in
'
,,,,
ahain,l-2-3*4 is:equal to tho,net erea of
chain l-2.4. l, i,..,' i ,,
,
'O Usinfi ttre computed ialue,of l']", iolve
, , for,the,,net:arear . . ,:',i,
,,,:,
,' :.:::
@ Which of :::fhe :followi;ng giVes :the

'maxirnum tengile,,,,force P, that the
::i:::ii ririnet rconnectionrrcouldt::::carr5rr1:it,,r,t'ls,,,
aUowabfc:tensiie Stress is:0.6f;:,, ,, ,:,:: , ,,,
Solution:
A Distance "b"
I
Considering Chain I -2-3 -4 :
Ner widrh = 400 - 4(34)
, 6qz b2 . (t5o)2
' 4(100)' 4(100)' 4(l0o)
Net width = 321.25 + L

400
Net area=lzzt.zs +fr)tz

Considering Chain I -2-4:
(60)2 (150 - bP
Net width = 4ff) - 3Q4) *- 41too1'
- 41200;
tt5O-bZ
Netwidth=301 +*rOO
PD PD
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Steel Design
Net area= tz [:ot .* t"rku)1
* = nfi or. tn$#]

ltu zs
ffiltz
)(\)\+P
--'-' ' 400-uso-b)2
800
,ir* * 2b2 =22500 - 3oob + b2

b2+3OOb-6300=0
b = 19.71 mm
@ Net area: Route 1-2-3-4 and 1-2-4
Net area=ltzr.rs.Wft
Net aree= 3866.65 mm2
Considering route l -2-3
Net wirlth= 4oo - 3(36) #* * q=f

*'4(100)' 4(100)
Netwidth = 301.97 mm
Net area = 3Ol.97 (12)
Net area=3623.65 rwr?
(Ise net area = 3623.65 mm2
@ Safe tensileforce P:
P= Anet 0.6 Fy
P =3623.65(0.6)(248)
P = 539200 N
P = 539.2 kN
PD PD
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r*sror wM&,fiXSWTTil
STAffiEREDilOI"ES
I9-b Problcm: a
:,tir:S[!ieri:plst+:lS[O ::i4;ttrsiiacIdmpsryil1g::
figure tonsists,of:a,250 mm x,.,I0,,1qp st ,,,
,Ftite,,.wlUr, 5.,:,iivets,. having.. di,ometer, Ot..

holes,tobcZ0r."*J';fi ,,3dr::i$:5;61Xi*6'ffi 6.:
fy,,,,,,,*::,,',2{$lti:i:l,MP$i; l,l:ilvfini#iifi :iii:iilsh$ilf
Ctr Fu
itl
=.400.ilrflP,l1..,,,,.,',,.,....,,,:::.:,..,...,.
' ,,,..........,.,:,.,
.O.,::Compuid the effertivn,netalps Aer,,,,, ,, , l,

O ths yatu[.ff .T.ba$ed:,6h, Hloss
_f1pnnte
.,..OfEAi. . ..,:,.,:,.,,.,,.... ..:,. .,,. i...',..,,..'. ,',',,..,,...,.......,...,...,.
@ Compud the'+sluE.,..,of.,:..['biased:,on:
, effective net::aretr, ' ,,, ,,:; ; ::;:
Solution:
O Effective net area Ae:
Route ACDE
Net width = zso- neu+ffiffir. ffi
Netwidth = 313.19 mm
.1
-t'
I
Route ADE:
Net width = +ffi . %
250 - 3(20)
Netwidth=219.77 mm
Route ABE:
Net width = +ffi. ffi

250 - 3(20)
Route AE:
Net width = 250 - 2(20)
Netwidth = 210 mm
Net areaAn = 10(208.75)
Net areaAn=2087.5 mm2
PD PD
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Steel Design
t!ffi
W An<0.85 Ag
An <0.85(250X10) = 2125 d
Ae = An < 0.85 Ag
Ae =2087.5 mrr?
@ Value of T based on gross arca:

f =O.60Fy Ag
T =o.60(248.8X250X10)
7 = 373200 N
T = 373.2 lN
@ Value ofTbased oneffective netarea:

T =O.SOFuAe
7 = 0.50(400)(2057.5)
7 = 417500 N
T = 417.5 lt'{
19-c Problem:
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Steel Design
TENfi iONIME M N E RS,TYIT il

ffiAffiEREDflOT.ES
Solution:
A Net area An:
Route ABE:
Net width = 250 - 3(2o) +ffi. ffi

l
Route ADE:
(60)2 (60)2
Net width=250 -3(2n\ + - +1so;
'"/ -41rooy
Netwidth=217 mm
Route ACDE:
zso-+(zo)+ffi
N e r w id th=
ffi . *r*
Net width = 307 .25 mm ( impos sible )
Route ACD:
5).'
Net width = 25o -3(20) + 'w *I
4(50) '4(s0)
Net width = 3A9.25 mm ( impossible )
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Steel Design
Route AE:
Netwidth=250 -2(20)
Net width = 210 mm
(Jse net width = 208.75 mm
Anet = 208.75(10)
Anet =2087.50 rrffi2
Max. net - 0.85A9
Max. net = 0.85(10)(250)
Max. net =2125 rnrr?
[Jse A net = 2087.50 mm2
@ Desiga sfiength:
Tu = fl Fy Ag (Yielding limit)
Tu = O.90(248.8)( 1 0X250)
7a = 559800 N
Fracture limit:
ly=gFuAe
Ae =An=2087.50m#
Tu = 0.7 5 (449.3X2087. 50)
Tu =703435 N
(Jse Tu
= 559.800 kN (design stength)
@ Service lnad T:
Tu = l.2DL+ 1.6LL
559.8= l.2D+ 1.6(4D)
D = 73.66 kN
L = 4(73.66)
L = 294.64 kN
Total service le6lf =D +L
T =73.66 + 294.64
T = 368.30 kN
r
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Eteel IDeslgrr
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A steel plate is 360 mm wide and 20 mm

thick with four bolt holes cut into the plate
as shown in the figure s-3. The general
expression for the specification method for
computing the net area is :
j-
An= T fa - ,or*ution on H
+ summation q1l
.+g-
"f
where : I= thickness of plate
B = widtlr
I/ = diameter of holes
5 = pitch
g = gage
Which of the following most nearly gives

the critical net area (A") of the section in
accordance with the l9Y2 NSCP.
a) 4 125 mmz
r€b) 5 625 mm2
c) 5 125 mm2
Q 4 625 mmz
Solution:
A-B-C-F.G:
An= 2o [r* - 3(25) +ffi rrl]
= 5925 mm2
A-B-C-D-E:
An = 2o[suo - rrzsr .. ffi .#.,% ]
= 5 81E.75
A.B-C.F-D.E:
An =20 [:.0
5 625
,<zsl
mm2
.,.
ffi (r, {ffi ]
=
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Steel lDeslgn
A 175 mm x 100 mm x 18 mm angle is

connected by two rows of l8 mm bols in
100
r.z;t the tr75 mm leg and one row in the 100 mm
,,fq;,1 leg. Determine the pitch "S" so that only
two holes for 18 rnm f'asteners need be
,,fH' ,i, deductrd in computiltg the net area.
t,-l I
rq*----l
18
a) 75 mm
b) 65 mm
Fc) 60 mrn
0 50mm
Solwtion:
h= 1'15 + 100 - 18
h=257
t=62.5+62.5-18
t- 107
-2(2t)
2si - 3(zt).
h. dh =257
t2 c2
re++fo + fu=2rs
52 92
300 - 429-"
l _,,1
- -
42852 + 30052 = 21(300X428)
S = 60.86 mm
UseS=60mm
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Eteel lDeslgrn
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Eis From the riveted connection shown in the

sin figure, it is required to determine the
:m horizontal spacing (pitch) of rivets wtrich
lcly
p will cause the strength of the plates to be
equal to 0re strength of the rivets. The steel
plate is 275 mm x 12 mm which are
connected with 22 rirm diameter rivets.
Allowable stresses are 150 MPa for tension
in steel plates; 103 MPa for shear in rivets;
and 335 MPa for bearing in rivets.
6a) 76.75 mm
b) 83,24 mm
.c') 72.12 mm
0 96.78 mm
Solution:
By shear or rivets:
r =f,{zz)2ll(lo3)
P = 430690 N
By bearing of rivets:
P=12(22)11(335)
!- P = 972840 N
ConideingABCDE:
Net widrh = 275 - 3(25) +
c2
#. h
--" +' i-150
Net width = 200
p = tz(zoo *
*) ,,
430690 = rsoo(200.*J
S = 76.75 mm
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Eteel Desl.grr
The plate shown is 12 mm thick and 300

mm wide. Which of the following gives the
net area of the plate if the holes ue for 22
mm diameter rivets.
a) 2362 mm2 c) 4320 mmz

b) 3284 mm2 @ q 2775 mmz
ll Solution:
Dia. of hale = 22 + 3
o-HQlr=uo
l--s=50+-l
Dia. of hole = 25 mrn
Considering ADFG:
Net width = 300 - 2(25)
Net',pidth = 250 mm
Considering BCEtr{:
Net width * 300 - 2(25)
Net widtk = 250 rvirr
Considerinr BCDEFG:
Net width= 30C - +1zsr

LJr '1 oS9$
4(60)
Considcring BCDEH:
(50)2-(2\
LJ) 1
Net width= 300 - 3(?s\ +
4(60)
Considering ADEFG:
Ner width= 300 - 3(25) +q#'

Consifuring BCDFG:
Net width= 3oo -

Netwidth=235.42mm
ltzs) +
ffi
Use Net width = 231.25 mm
Net area=231.25(12)
Net area = 2775 mm?
Max. net area = 0.85(12X300) (AISC)
Max. net area = 3060 mnn2 o.,t.
PD PD
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Steel Design
300
23-a Problem:
the
),|
A bolted cohhection shown. uses',the
frictlon tvpe cbnnection;.,wlth 22 mrn
,.aie*tei..[.1t3..ffiit, ,,,,,,.,...,..r,..,.,,.....''.'...'....,.....,. . ..........,..,,.
.Oii,iiComput['.'. e':fai[[,,$,:'tegUf f ii,to..;iuSai
.q:::'slip....of,,ttre,,.22 . .Ain ..,.t t it..tfie
ooe{Egtent.its..0.34,,,#rhen.t .soCtion.
'.......sfip
is sub-iected 1s I riet€n$ion loqd ol L74
KN.' i:.J :
...
,.
O Using the' force P, compute the
nomihal'shesr str€ss. : :: ,
O .Compute the.f&ctoi:of snfety against a

slip of *,22 mm diam. [olt if the
allo*atrle nominal sheep stress is 120
MPA.
.
Soluti.on:
A Force P requbed ta cause a stip of the
22 mm dia. bolt:
p=VT
P = 0.34(114)
P = 59.16 kN
@ Nominal shear stess:

.P
.lr-, .ars
-
.lv - -
59160
i<rr>,
fv = 155.63 MPa
O Factor of sqfety:
155.63
r.s _
120
FS = 1.30
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n. u, t', i I ) c'0NNBffirolv8:: T=0.60 FrAg

T = 0.6O(449.25X150X9)
7 = 363893 N
A double lap splice connetlion shown is UseT=263748N
made up of 6 mm x I50 mrn and ( tensile capacity of plate s )
9 tnm x 150 mm. Use AtrSC:specificutions
and assttme a double row of bolts with @ Numbe rof bolts:
strndard size holes for a bearins .type Max. capacity of each bolt.
connection with throads excluded from
By Shear (double shear)
the shcar planes.,, ftIinimum tensil'e
rAssume dh'
!'u 552;93:MPa- R = AvFv
stength =
of hole is 3 mm biggei thnn the diameter n=f,gs)2{zot){z)
of bolts. Allowable, shear st'ress ls
Fe = 207 I\{Pa. Allowable bearing,Etress R= 117381N
By bearing of bolts
O Compute the tensilb eaprcttt o:f the R = 1.5 FuAb
- steel plates' ' .,, i , . ,, ,, R= 1.5 FuDt
@ Compute the number mm :of 19 R= 1.5(552.e3)(leX9)
diameter bolts fo develop the ful!'
R = 141827 N
:'
strength of the Plates. ' . , '' UseR=117381 N
,:,,,..,,..., (mat capacity of bolts)
@ Compute the theoreticrl distance'
required. :, : '".:.
Number of bolts:
T
Solution: .R
N=:
Tt2 A Tensile capacity of steel Plates: 263148
Tt2 By inspection the cross sectianal area of '' 1 17381
the ceiter plate is less than the sum of the
N= 2.25
areas o.f the two outer plates, therefore
check the capacity of the center plate Use 4 bolts (becatue there are 2 bolts itr each row)
only.
A, = [1"50 -22(2))9 @ End distance required L":
An = 954 mrrP t,,4- Fut-
Max A, = 0.85 Ag
P = load per bolt
Max. An = 0.85(150X9)
Max. A, = 1141 .5 n'r&
," 263148
t-
4
An = An =954 mmZ
P = 65937 N
. 2(65931)
T = A.5O F,Ae '-(
I -=-
-s52.93(g)
r = 0 s0(5s2.93)(954) Le = 26.5 mtn
T =263148N
PD PD
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BOLTED CONNECTIO/.fS Min L, = l.5x diameter of bolt

l trt t t' t, t't,NNlicTlovs
.3 T = 0.60 .P:As
Min. L" = 1.5(19) u T = 0.60(345.6)(2404)
::;.tilz til/)iti&
Min. Lo = 28.5 mm T = 491664N
Use L" = 28.5 mm T =O.50 FtAe
T = 0.50(449.3X1600)
I = 3-59440 N
Capacity of bolt in single shear:
R = Asflr,
A bolted bearing t1'pe connection,shown R =r4 r22r2(zol t

consists of 16 mm'x 1S0 mm steel,ftrates R = 78687 N
rvith 22 mm diameter A.325 Solts &;d A
572' Grade 50 plate material with 7-=18687(4)
standard'holes ,(F54 = 34S.6 Mpa). 7 = 31.1748 N
Nlinimum tensile strength Fu = 449.3 Bearing capa,city of bolts:
A{Pa. Allownble shearing stress Fo = 207 R= FoDt
N{Pa. fsp bolt threads. excluded frrom R = 1.5 I?uDt
shear plane. Diameter of hole is Jlrnrn R = t .5(449.3)(22)(t6)
bifger than liolt diamerer. ,, ' R = 23'7230.4
T = 237230.4(4)
e Determine the tensile capacity of the T =948922N
, bearing type conneclion if rthe bolt
, threads ar:e excluded from the shear Safe capacity = 314748 N
plane.
@ Tensile capacity if bolt threads are
@ De{ermlne the tensile capacity, of thg included in shear plante:
bearing type eonnection if {he bolt f = 0.60 FtAE
thread are included in the shear plane.
Allowable $heor qtress Fy = t+5 NIPa.
I = 0.60(345.6X150X16)
T = 497664 N (tensile capcity of gross area)
@ Cornpu{e the, thehretical length L if T =0.50 FtAe
bolt threads are excluded from the A, = ll50 - 2(25)1 15
shear plane. Ae 16o0 mrn1
=
T =0.5o(449.3X1600)
Solution: T =35944O (tensile capacity of net area)
e Tensile capacity if bolt threads are
excluded from shear plane: Capacity etf boh is shear.
Net are-a of plates: R = AsFv
A" = ll50 - 2(25)) t6
22 rnn o R =T4'(22t2t145\
An= 16A0nvnZ
f R = 55119 N
,;;l; ,,' , i' ,tlo^" f Ae= An = 1600 mm2
T -____.&"-.-,r*_ r = -551 l9(4)
Ac = l-50(16) T = 220416 N
As =2400n,m2
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Bearing capacity of bolt

Hl,f;ttpt'orururcruor$, O Compute:r::the cnSile,capa;ci;ty,of the
R = AbFp plates. l
R= Dt 1.5 Fu
@ .CdmpritC..the, numberl ,of I8 .mnri.bolts is
R = 22(16)(t.s)(44e.3) :,,:,re(uired,to,::denclo[
R=23723O.4 ,::the,fulllstre th
of the plates
T = 4(237230.4)
T =948922N @ Compute the min; spacing between the
rows of bolts.
Safe capacity = 220476 N
@ Minimum value of L:
Solu{ion:
L=ZLe +'15 A Tensile capacity of,plates:
_2P A" = [250 -.2(21)16
"e
l.- =-
Frt A,, = 1248 mrrP
Masc.Ar, = 0.8-5 Ag
I=: t+Z+S lt t-D _314148
4
ll A/?= 0.8-5(250X6)
P = 78687 An = 1215 mrrP
,--fi- otr
t
_ 2(7868'71 I
i A"= An= 1248 mmZ
"" - +49 31tay 250
T tnm =0.5O FtAe
Le=21.89 say 22mm cr 0 "',,',
7"
r = 0.50(400)(1248)
Min l" - l.5x diameter of bolt I
Z = 249600 N
Min L" = 1j(22)
Min L" = 33 mm r = 0.60 FfE
T = 0.60(248.8X2s0)(6)
Use L=2(33) +75 T =223920N
UseL=l4lmm
Tensile capacity = 223920 N
@; No. of l8 mm bolt to develop full
strength of the plates:
Shear of bolt: (double shear)
rR = AsFv
Frorn,,the figure shown* is:a douhle,lap
spfice of a bearing tyBe:conneefion with R =T4'(1lt2t2oi tot
the fhreads excluded:,from the shear ptane
R = 105350.N
and ccnsists of double row of boltsi A 36,
steel is used with Fy s 218.8 Mpa. fUe Bearing of bolts:
bolts used is an L 32! bolts .havin[ R= AbFp
diameter,of !8 mm. in:standard size hole; R=Dtl.5Fu
Minirnum tensiie $tres$ Fu.= 400 Upa. R = l8(5)(1.5)(a00)
Use AISC SpCcs. Assume diameter of R = 64800 N
r:ivet holes to be 3 rlrrn,bigger: than the . 123q20
bolt diameter. Allowable shear: stress of A
No. of bolrs =ffi
325 bolts is 207 ArIPa. No. of bolts = 3.16 .say 4 bolts
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@ Spucing of rows of bolts:

Solution:
A Tensile capaciry of the plate if it is a
-2P d Eoll.l:::::::Ifi earing tyPe c o nne ction :
"= rr,*i b
A, = [150 - 2(25)) 16
D _223920 A, = 1600 mm2
4 Mat. An = 0.85 Ag
P= -5-5980 luiax. An = 0.85(150)(16)
*_ 2(5-5980) 18 Mat. An = 2040 mm2

\=-+-
400(6) 2 Ae= An =. 1600 mm2
S = 55.6-5 mm say 56 rnm
T =O.50 FtAe
but < 3 diameter of bolts
T = o.50(449.3X1600)
S = 3(18) 7 = 359440 N
S=54
T =0.60 FlAg
7 = 0.60(345.6X150)(16)
flseS=56mnt
T = 49'7664N
Shear capacitY of bolts:

ft=Fy's
R=2o1.3
Q)rrrP
lap ;ioiht shown i.s llo.lted with.an'A. 3. R = 78802 N
d,,
b,olts having, diameterrIot,22:, mm ,and T = 4(78802)
572,,Grade 50 ptate.l matsrial .16i ,rnm 7 = 315208 N
150 mm wifh st{ndard holes:,: ,,:Ass
diarneter of holes is 3 rnm.lsrger,than Bearing capaciN:
trolt, Fy = 3{5;6 MPa. Fs = 449.3 R= AbFp
Fv = 207.3 MPa. for bearing R= Dt 1.5 Fu
R = 22(t6)(r.s)(449.3)
corurEctiort" Fv =,,121 MFa ror a,fi-.ic
R=231230.4
tvpe connectinn.
T = 4(431234.4)
T =948922N
O Deter,mine tho tahsile rap[city of t
platas if it Ls a tiearing type connectloni
Salc capacity = 315208 N
@ Determine the fensile capacitv of t
pletes if it is a frittion type connection, tD I ensile capacity of the plate using a
riction type corutection:
0 Compute the minimum thenr:etich A,, = [150 - 2(25)] 16
length of the lap if it is a friction type A,, = 1600 n.n-t2
connrction. A,= Ar, = 1600 nrm2
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T = 0.50 FuAe
T = 0.50(449.3X1600)
7'= 359440 N
I= 0.60 FyAg
Thc tensiolr Erei{nl}er shown im thc figure
7= 0.60(345.6X150X16) is assumed tar he 'cqlrtnected at its er*ds
T = 49'/664N
Mth r,wo 1,0 mrn x 3f!{} rrrrn ;rlofes. There
are tines of 18 mrm hotts used in each
Shear of rivets: p!ate. foIilrinrmrn terrsile' strengtlt
R = AsFv
ht*'= 449^,U 1!fPa, yield strcngth of steai
n=Lor.zzlzgx) F, = 345.6 foIPa. Diamcler of holes is
3 rnrn higger tham dinrn" slf bolLs" ,
R = 45996
T = 4(45996)
:i) Cornpute the desiXin ttrnsi!e force
I= 183984 N whith the pl:ete aan transfer trsing
allowaLrle strcss dcsign methqxl (ASD).
UseT=l84kN (D Cornpute thc dasigrt tensilc fox"cc- rtlric[
,; ,u ,,,,,,,,,,
tlle plato cen trem$fer usillg th* Nonetr
@ Theoretical length of tap: 1,,,)l,l
]
I
amd Resist*rnce,S-urton l!{e$Elo,d
_2P
Le
(LrdFD).
= Frt G,\ De{.errmimeth* rc}tio of the ternslle
lt
p _ 183984 ,r"
l+.,
I
i
capacity of 6fle I-[t]':D {s} tke At}[]
I r ar I'i 1oilril rnethqretr.
P = 45996 N
- 2(45996\ Sol.ution:
' 449.3(16) " 11 11_r-'.-'.--
,fn ,n ,tft--*-*-l Q) [ tesign terusile force rusing,45D"
Le = 12.8 fltm say 13 mm T=A60 l;yA,c
l1 /rr,,,,,r , /', '1"=o.50 IruAn
Min. L, = 1,.5x diam.eter of bolt ,ru ,[ r+*--,1
'FJ--'-
Min. L, = 1.5(22) ,,i, f, a,=[:oo-2(21)l 10
MIn. L" = 33 rnm A, = 2580 mnl2

Max. A,, - 0.85 A.s
^2P d
I
M ax. A,,= 0.85( 1 0X3tl0)
s= pr+i !1,
I Mas;" A,,= 2550 nu#
- 2(45996\ 22 LIse Ar,= 2550 mm2
449.3(16)' 2 ril
T
S = 23.8 mm < 3 x diameter of bolt i=o6o'F,A-t
S = 3(22) ,
.l= 66
a- = o.5a Fu A,,
L=S+2Le ;
L=66 +2(33) t = 0.50( 44S.3 r(2550 r
L=l32mm F = 114571.5
P = 1i4-5 72 kN
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,, l \0 kNl-e=30"
The ,bracket shown ,in the, frgure is
Determine the safe load P that the subieetrd to a load P = tr50 klI agting as'
bracket connection sho.wn could carry
22mm dia. rivets would be used. Al
22 shearing stress of rivet is 103 rh O Whtch of the followtng gi"". the shesr
Determine also the thickness of the itress: on the rivet dut to ,axial load
iri- which is 100 mm in width, if the
15
.only. . i'',.,,,,,,, "
rh,
bending stress of the plate is 138 MPa. (ont on
/
lt,o plates
column lace)
ea<:h
@ Which ot ir,* fottrrning givco th; shear
TLJ I
L), -- 6 rivers stress on the rivet due,to moment only.
:,:,:,:.,,:,
*a) 296r,2N ' i.'.,rr,r., on each side)
'S Whieh of the following gives the mei.
I
b) 32212N
c) 22589 N shear stress on the iiiet.
0 18370 N
Salution:
Solution: Consider one side only:
cos 30"
- P Mc
J_-
J - At- I
I
Pv=7
95 kN P_
'2
150
Prr=75 sin 30' P=75kN

^P
-
Mc
J=;* =37'5 kN (load on one side ofthe plate)
t
100 mm
- P Mc
l=;+ sp t0l
175 mm Due to axial load only:
n = no. of rivets
__I Ph 37.s
44
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1t)l
R = rlivet value af one rivet two pldet (one on enth f;= o.:rs r.x
_ P
R=;+ Mc coktmn Pat:e)
8-28 mn O rivets PV 64.95
b2 (2 rivets on ench side)
4- 4
n =f, {iDz rct PV
()* = t6 ztts
,',,,., T
R = 39154 N
n=4 | ,,,,, n= {(s.ri:)2"r (16.23'15t2
x=70mm (1 *- r'w,t R = 18.75 kN
K
M =300P ,,,,
f -.r v
-
c=70mm (5*-,,,, A.s
18 75 x 103
300 P (?o) T=----;-
(nt4) (28\t
39154
4+
=P
4(70)2 t,.,,, r6.2375 r = ,i$.45 MPa
39154=0.25P +1.07P ( )*,'t tt
P = 29662 N (safe load) 1,,,,,
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c u -tr a c k
tslr.<rt fheref,ffix'u c u -tr a c k
@ Bending alone:
Z@2 + y21= z1ls12 + 2(25)2

A concentrated load P is applied at a disance
2@2 + vz)= tzsoo
of 250 mm from the rows of the rivets
which has a diameter of 22 mm. Determine
M = 64.95(150) + 37.5(175) the magnitude of this load P if the allowable
shearing stress of the rivets is 103 MPa.
M= 16305 N.mm
Use two plates to support the load shown.
,l *a) 75970 N
^Mv
t*=i,plg I b) 87302 N
c) 98723 N
l'x ^ 16305000 (75) 0 64930 N
r'-
fr'=-
12500
Solution:
/x = 97830 U
lrx=1 36800
" {#)',
Ph/4=9'3'15 R = 97830 kN ft= (L)',
Pv/4=16'2375
.375
R = rivel valuc (shear)
V 16.2375
L_
As n =f {n)z los)
97830 R = 39154 N
L-
Otl4) (2$z M =250P

r= 158.88 MPa c = 112.5
Xyz = 4(3't .5)2 + a(l 12.5)2
Pv/4=16'2375 @ Due to bending and Axial: Iy2 = 562.50 rnmZ

R = (16.2375)2 + (ro7.?:O5P
n= I rivelq
R = 108.43 kN .={m(gf
I
75 mm
L-
v
As
3er54=ffi
108430 I v2 a1.
(nl3) (28)/ 3915,$-\*.'o
r = 176.09 MPa
16.2375 Gsnoze#e
17P2 = 64(39i54)2
P = ?597& N
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Determine the safe load F that the riveted

A steel knee-brace is riveted to a s
column eccentrically as shown in bracket connection shown could carry if the
diagram. Calculate the.rnaximum stress rivet has a diameter of 22 mrn with an
any rivet in the group. F = 100 kN. allowable shearing stress of 103 MPa. The
thickness of the plate is 12 mm and two
kN *a) 44721N
plates are used to support the load P.
b) 54238 N
*"a) 53885 N
c) 32590 N
b) 44238 N
0 64930 N c) 72590 N
0 74930 N
Solution:
si, a5' = Ifu Solution:
Shearing capacity of one rivet.
e = 106.05 mm
M = 100(106.05) n =[{n)z trot)
M = 10605 kN"mm
R = 39154 N
M = 10605000 N.mrn
*r=wr* (f,)'
fx= Mc
t*_-
2, (* + y2) = z(too.os) + 2(53.025)2
t* - EyZ
Z(*+f)=sant
+ 2(106.05)2 + 263.025)2
o,=G) .(#)'
,-- M! n = 8 rivets (four on each side)
,*- E(rZny2)
^
Jx=--im-
006.05)
1065000 M =340P
c = 112.5
fx=20f,0,0
2f = 4Q7.5)2+ 4(1r2.5)z
M* 2y2= 56250mm?
tt-
^.- 2(r2*yz)
- 1060s000fl06.05)
Jy=---id-
"D =
20000
f =ry=2oooo
(3er54)2 = ("*
)' .'"rffifE
= 0.0 I 5625P2 + 0.36P2
(39 L 54)2
n={(zoooo)2+(aoooo)2 P = 638E5 N
R = 44721 N (max. stress of rivet
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@&eeK ffiew$-ffima" Ilr.r-l ID+*mflg**:ru .d o
c u -tr a c k
Mv
fr= LG + yT
75 ,75 A single p\atc 225 mm x 650 mm ,*- M'
t*-L1rz*rz1
fastencd to the flange of the column with ll t'(t I l'
t r)#
B rivets aqranged as shown. The maxi L(r2 + r21= 975)2 + 4(15)2
FN load on a corner rivet shall not f,,,,,,,r'
Hr 25 LQ2+v2)=56250
42m0 N" | , r,r,i I' M y a99P (75)
& 25
Allowable JrreJ.reJ.'
lx= LG + y\=- 56zso
af plates * 0.66533P
s 25 Tensian 138 MPa
tsearing of rivets = 220 MPa
Shearing af rivets = I 12 MPa
fx=
t,A,--- Llrz *
Mx
rz1
& Which of the following gives the nequired ,=W=0.66533P

diarneter of rivets in the bracket connection.
@a) 22 nnrn c) 13 mm
II ,\il'lr n=@
b) 15 mrn $
27mm | ,ri fr;: 42000 = 1.065P
@ Which of the ferllowing gives rhe safe load P li t'l P = 39425 N
mosl
stressed -
that the hracket could carry"
8s a) 39425 Iq I s,' 0 Thickness of plate:
b) 45456N
c)
0
32183 N
35749N r-n Bearing of rivets on the Plate:
42000 = 22(t)(220)
, = 8.68 mm say 9 mm
@ Which of tlre following gives tfre thickness Bending of plate
of plate.
a) lE rnrn sc) 2l nnm Dia.ofhole=22+3=25
b) 27 nnm @ 15mm
" -MC
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M -- 424(39425) = 16J2 x 106 N'mrn
Solsction: t c,,<
t-i
@ tr)ianwter of rivet: c ='; = ll2'5
Slwaring of corner rivet: 25
42ooo =
$t,,rl
1,, Er
,i,
I
25
, =ry - Qs)(t)(lsqz Q)
D * 2tr.85 say 22
15
t
r-t' I = 667968.75t
tT,
25
.MC
Ll J- I
@ Sud# iocdP:
,ro 16.72 x 106 (112.5)
tP{*F{424+75) rro - 667968.75t
M = 449F
t--20.4 mm say 21run
uset=21 mm
PD PD
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-:=+
Design thb diameter of rivets to be used Find the maximum stress of the bracket
if it has an
) kN shown if it has a diarneter of 22 mm.
50 kN 60,60 the bracket shown
shearing stress of 93 MPa. The
carries an eccentric load of 50 kN. ffia) 59'6 MPa
l+ b) 43.3 MPa
1
80
6a) 25 mm dia. c) 65.5 MPa
+ b) 20 mm dia. 0 53.2 MPa

80 c) 30 mm dia.
J
h @ 40 mm dia.
I Solutian:
Solution:
Z, (r2 + f) = z(zw)z + 2(loo)2
+ 2QA02 + 2(100)2
F"
+Cl F-
+o t^-E('2*Yz) 2 ('2 + )2) = 2Ct0000
f zs=ro f zs=ro -Mx

ly=rG2.+A
lo, t,, ()+-l.x - My
t^-I('2*Y2)
ilT", M = 50000(300)
{,,',,n,
r-)-- r',
M= x M = 40000(450)
{' ,t;' () o
Fy^ 15 106 N.mm
+o
F*
, {,,,u,
I zs=ro f zs=ro
o M = l8 x 106 N.mm
t,, t,,
2 V2 + rz; = +1ao;2 + 4(60)2
f,,,r, f
ft-,*, ,r,,u {o, {o,
2 (x2 + ly = +moo j, *
0.'roo Noror {rroo - (18 x 106) (200)
- fl5 x 106) 80
t^ -
Jt-...#
2ooooo
.I'=--aoooo-- f
+(1
o'tro, lr> .r,,* "fx = 1800
,fx = 30000
D
- =---Zoom-
(18 x 106) (200)
l,*, - =*Joooo*-
/v
(15 x 106) 60
.0 = 18000
r 8000
+O fy =2ZSW
T{
30000
R=4500+18000
./1,,* p=.ftffi[]i6ffip .1500 R=22540
R= M230 .R=AsSs
R=AsSs
22500 =f {zDz s'
44230 =$ <ot Ss = 59.6 MPa
d = 24.6 mm
Use 25 wsw dia".rivet
PD PD
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R:tablbint rt2 = (0.6?5F)2 + (0"538P)2

fi * 0.864F
From the riveted bracket shown,
the safe load P that could be carried at 32.358 * 0.864P
distance of 250 rnm fro-m tle outer rows F = 3745tr.4 N
rivets. Use 20 mnn diarneter with lll,'l,r'
allowable shearing stress of 103 MPa.
For rive{ E:
,1,
*a) 37451.4 N t,, " lv{y
b) 47622.2N
l*= E G2 *A
t,, r \H/)
c) 30589.8 N
_ 3i0P (8Q)
0 24834.1 N /'= 55mo
Solution: * 0.45lF
"fx
Locate the centroid _ 3i0P (50)
ofthe group ofrivets: rt+,,* - 'J
55ooo
a.| -
rt ",
L I I r, /(,r'
-
0.338,P
Az= 3 "fy =
A=At+Az f,, ,,oo
A=2+3=5 p42 * 40.+5rtr)z + (0"538P)2
Ax = At x1 + A2x2 f ,,,n
rY = 0.702P
5x=2{0) + 3(150)
3235& = 0.702,P
x= 90
Ay=Alyr+AZy2+A3y3 F = 46094 N
A1= 2 Safe Load P * 37451.t8 N
A2=2
A3=l
5y = 2(0) + 2(100) + l(200)
)=80mm
Rivet capacity:
F'ind rhe eceentric load F that could be camied
n =f, {zo)2 (lo3) = 32358 N by the riveted connection shown if the 22
mnn rivet has an allowable shearing stress of
Z (f + ,?1 = zlto)z + 3(60)2 + 2(Bo)2 103 MPa. The load is located at a distance
+ 2(20)2 + 1(120)2 of 400 rnm fronn the center of the group of
Z(*+/)=ssooo rive8.
For rivet A: @n\ 55483.2 r{

,-- MY
t^'2(*2*y2) b) 27622"2N
c) 40589.8 N
. 3l0P
/,=-ooo
(120) 0 64834.1 N
fx= 0.676P
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Find the safe load P that the bracket shown

could support if the rivet capacity is 44-kN'
ttre steei ptate is riveted m the flanges of the
M_4WP WF seciion using an 18 mm diametcr
y = 112.5 rivets.
'2
(* + r27 = 4(37.5)z + 40r2.5fi + €a) 164486N
E(* * f) =7625a b) 132381 N
400P (112.5) c) 223r22N
t-_
J^ -
-
- o 0
76250
t? 1M735 N
fx=0.59P
Mx
fi=7r;;$, -l= Solution:
M =300P
M=4C0,P Mv
-n=50 fx=rGiA
n=8 Mx
400P (50)
fi =7 ,;r;$,
.tt - 16250 I
L (* + ,21 = 4(120)2 + a(40)2 + 8(45)2
fv = 0.262P
'fJ ffi ,,(r2+f)=aozoo
Fx r\ P- P= I tt I
t,o -
l'=
300P (120)
r8.= =A.l25P
rq) -8o2oo-
0-;,t.___
{t,, ll
I
P fx= 0.4489P
Fy=fy+; i __
-
Rl 300P (45)
lr,, R= rivet value for one rivet (3 I
s /Y = -8oroo-
,E = 0'1683P
n =f,eDz {rot) I
P
R =39154 I
ft g'= o'tz5r
I ,, -l
FY=0.125P +A'262P R2 = (0.4489P)2 + (0.1683P ) + (0.125P)2

R = 0.535P
FY = 0.387P
ffi+r'x 44000 = 0.535P
Fx=fx = 0.59P
T"' P = 82243 N
-- t*
n2=^'l@i2 + (Fy)z For two plates:
P =82243 (2)
R2=@ P = 16,14E6 N
(3gr5q2= 0'498P2
P = 554E3.2 N
PD PD
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EE-
Rivets 22 mm in diam. are used in the

A bracket supporting a crane runway
connection shown. Which of the following
connected to a supporting column by t
gives the thickness of plate required so as

fasteners of the same size. Which of
iot m exceed a bearing stress of 140 MPa
following gives the force on the
fasteners.
6a) 9.9 mm
*a) 78.86 kN b) 7.3 mm
kN c) 8.6 mm
b) 86.34
c) 75.37 kN @ 10.2 mm
0 64.25 kN
Solwtion:
W 250 x 73 colum Solution: M = 90000(80)
M=210(350)+16(320) ,r a) M =72W000
M = 78620 kN.rnm tl "r lty''
, , fr \,.r------>- M =7.2 x 106 N.mrn
'. .,rtx)00
most stressed nvet- Assume Area of fastener = |
\ P./r , t (.)
_-o* | S* -ll Ay=Aryt+Azyz+43Y3

+ Aqya+ A5y5
Zk2 +r2y = +180)2 + 6(50)2
I(r2+y21=406oo
A Ii lr",
,:Y
_l I 320
10y= (2)(10) +2(75) + 2(200)
't,
+O* lr
I O*- InoI Y
+ 2(275) + 2(350)
'.' -'u' ( )<(--<.-- Fr
, - M!
_Ll 2rokN a ' 'l f,, l'-
)=180 ,.,r,,, ()-+- L62 a rzl
Tli i(r2 * f) = s?rz + 505)2 + 2070i)2 r){ l5ooo
- 7.2 x 106 (80)
11,#'#+ I
Fr80
+ 2(95)2 + 2(20\2 + 2(105)2 + 2(1
t(P+y\=2t97so
Dae to ihe vertical and lorizontal load:
,,
i,,
"f , ,,,,, ()<*-+-F*
I
fu,
r sooo lx =---+oooo-
fx= t4tg7
" - -M*
rt-y62+y21
Mv 15000 14187
rx=1@lg ..-
( )-<---4*
- =--?ffi-__
1.2 x 106 (50)
t__i
rr:.--*l-- - 7862U170\ I trttoz /y
^ Fr t.6
- 61.1 1.6
Ix=1*ffi- I
/y = 88eZ
(_)-+-+ ()++
,fx = 61.t0
t", t,u * - a7-
rt-Llrz+r2.',
t,, t,, "..
-
D=-m 78620(d5\
.ffi; n = {zq18r7;(s8et
1l = 30504
R =,Sl Aa
fy = 26.93
305M = 140(22)t
R=^[Gzfr';
R = 78.86 kN
wW t =9"9 mm
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Determine the rivet capacity of the Determine the maximum stress in the
P=222,4
stressed rivet under the combined shear fastener (7/8" n 325 bolts) for the bearing
tension of the brrket'shown in the type connection with threads in the shear
The diameter of the rivets is 22 plane to support the eccenuically loaded
Thickness of plates is 12 mm. Use column bracket. (Fv = 2l ksi, 144 MPa).
plates to carry the load of 222.4 Wl Assume that the bracket is thick enough to
shown. carry the load. Show the force and the
direction on the diagram shown.
*a) 42082 N
b) 53231 N *'a) 20.7 ksi
c) 62322N o) 12.2 ksi
o 74735 N c) 32.1 ksi
0 25.7 ksi
Solution:
t (x2 + l1 = tqzol? + a(loo)2 + 4(175>2
Z, (x2 +y2) = zt t500
Solution:
For one plue M = lll.2 kN (370) Pr = 25000 Sin 0
25000 (4)
M = 41144 kN.mm r,_I-_ 5
fx= Pt = 200001b.
Fz = 25000 Cos 0
^ 4tt74(r75Ylm0)
,r'= 2Tl5m- ,r=4YQ
,fr = 34043.5 N Pz = 15000 lb.
- =4tt'14(70Y1000)
/v 2ilm- M =2000(9) + 15000(6)
M = 270000 in-lb.
r) = 13617.4 N
P lll2oo
;= lo
L = lll2} M*
n ^.-
tr'ZG2+y2)
Fv=fv+Ln
2, (* + t21 = +14.5)2 + 4(r.5)z + 8(2.75)2
Fy = 13617 .4 + 11120
Fy = 24737.4 E U,? + 12; = t50.50
Fx =fx = 34M3.5
ft= (Fx)z + (fy)2

n=@ ^ 270000(4.5)
R = 420E2 N #= lsoH-
(rivet force of the outermost rivet) ,fi = 8073.09
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-Mx
ty=TGI;A Solution:
{D By shearing of ane rivet:
- 27WffiQ.75)
Jso:o-
/Y =
fy = 4933.55
p=ffi
l', ,,
Fvg
d = 22.00 mm
Thickness of plate by bearing
l','l',,t 42000 = 22(t)224
R = 12418.62Ib.
t = 8.67 mm
t, ,l
R
Ss=A
o =r (*)' I
o fx=T#ifi
A = 0.60 in2 '=,1," M=5WP
)=75mm
^ 124118.62
.\_=-- x=75mm
0.60
Ss = 20697"7 psi t't.66lP
2(x2+yz)=+(trz+6Q5)2
Ss = 20.7 ksi (max. stress) r )<.-- E(*+f)=sozso
Ss = 20.7 ksi < ksi (sale) fo rrroP
I o t,trlr fi=ffi =o'667P
l),
,1= ]ffi*P =o-66'tP
I
l'lrt' ';=o'treP
A single plate 225 x 650 mm is fastened
the flange of a column with six bolt snug
L
F I
i
ll
,lt
r)i
I
P2 = 10.833r)z + (0.667 P)2
fi = 1.067P
in drilled holes and arranged as shown. l, 42000 = 1.067P
working stress€s in the bolts and
I
r )l
l:
I
P = 39363 N
maybe 110 MPa in shear, 220 lvlPa I
bearing and 138 MPa in tension. I

I Thickness of plate due to bending of plates:
25 maxirnum capacity of rhe corner rivet t
H Dia. of lnle =22 + 3 = 25 mm
not exceed 42,000 N. T- II']
2s{} Which of the following gives the maxim | ---Hrzs M =39363(425) = 16729275 N.mm
I ;,s l,:rl c = 112.5
,te diameter of bols required.
Which of the following gives the thi
z?s+fflzs
t =fiQytzzs)3 - zst (7rz z
of plates required II EF{,,
r-r I = 667969t
o Which of tlre following gives the safe load } TiI
the the bracket could carry .Mc
l= I
22mm,22mm,39363 N ,,a
rro _16-129275(112.5\
a)
- 6r7969t
b) 18 mm,20 mm,42015 N
c) 20 mm, 18 mm, 38734 N r = 20"4 mm
0 19 mm,20 mm,46243 N {Jse t = 22 mm (thickness of plate)
Fr*'
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Determine the biggest load that the

100, 100 shown could carry if 20 mm diameter
are used. The rivet capacity is 36 kN. pl*te' is ;eonnected to a tolumn by four
.4...
bolts, : iahd, tetil€s, an,,,,eec€ntrlc ,,load ., as
1:.i.: i.rr.:r:.
*'a) 82191.78 N shown in:;fig.uie. Fur,;,this prob'lem, the

b) 73872.44 N Ioad,,,,F ;32:5 kN wtth an eecentricity
c) 92723.35 N G,=,,250 mm, The dimensioh:$::t,150 mm
0 88394.23 N ,,AnUi'rb:i..i=....200,:.r:HX[i......'.fhe,..rditrmUtefi,ofi,..fhei
oo'o,."*,*' . ii
,,' "
'
Solution: O Ebr this probldm;,assume,tha:t tle,load,

Z, (x2 + y2) = O(tOqz + 6(100)2 "
' ,.P acts., thruU,[h...,..the,centrolil,: :of th-
,, ,,bolts. IlVhlch' of ,thC:'followinfi most
Z(x2+y2)= t20000 ' :nea.'l the stress on,,the bolts, in
M =300P .,MPi..fiivus : ::i::
: J, .
x= l00mm :.,,.,,,.,:,':'' .,.'; ;;;;;;'',;;,;;:,,;';,;.''''' :.....

:
)= l00mm
@ For th[*,:p,rdblem, aSSUme'ttrat the only
l6ad....ac.ting 6n 1t1s:, sonnection is a
t-lfi1fi P=32.5 kN
. .,momcri,t eQuat to the load.P,.,multiplied
,;,,;,;,by;:!ts' ertentiicity e.
.:Whi[h of t]re
" 300P (100)
/'=lr0ooo-
fx = 0-25P
300P (100)
" = J2oooo
/y
fy = 0.25P 4-20mmA
:,:.,:,,:,::,:::,::,::,1::::,::,'
rr- I 10 6::::Iryhich' of:the follorainfi moSt nearly

PP .......,,.gives the ecCentrieity ih mrn of the load
n9 = 0.1lP
,,,,,, pl, msasfred,. .,fnom the instantaneous
Fv=fv+L ' ,cmtei of the"boia;,..,... ,'

n
Fy=0.25P+0.1lP
Fy = 0.36P
Fx=0.25P
n2=qy72+@x)z
P2 = 103Ar12'+ (0.25P)2
36000 = 0.438P
P = 82191.78 N
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Solutinn: @ Eccentricity af tke badfrom the

instantaneous center:
O Srress on the bolts: x= ro+ e
Stress on the bolts
P
=Abol
1.,
l, x=62.5+25O
I L
I ,(,1,.! x = 312.50 mm
32500 1
lo -{cntroid
ofboks
Stress on the balts =
f,rro1'
Stress on the bolts = 25.86 MPa
[.rom,:the givCn brackei shown, which
consists of two platei iivetcd' to the
@ Distancefrom centroid of rivets where column:by 4:22 mmp, rivits wh:ich is
bolts is placed the stress will be equal ,subjected to an:eccenh'i[ load of 150'kN.
KN
and opposite to the slress in the fvst O..'Wt te ti of tne:,,,ioUowirrg, gives: the
probl.em: shearing streso due to, axial load'ontyl
..
{* M=P{e)
{o,o=r.,r, u* o Whicfi ...of. :the:..,::fbtioffinH::::Si"es...:..th€l
M ='3250O (25O) Bhoaningstio6s,rdiig,,:, lnehtr:slonar
M=8,125,000 N-mm
, :, ,. ...... .: ,:
@ Which, 0f thel follhrrring,

,
givssr, thu ::m&x.
sheaiing stress?
]
" Mto '
I=2a*z *tz1
2 (*2 + f1= llsz + + (loo)2 4 Solution:
i00
) (x2 + f) = ezsm o Due to axial load only:
(r,)
r,_8125000
- 62500 4-22mm@ ^
'4
150000
.P
I=i F = 37500 N
^ F
l'= 37500
91?Ioo9:"
62500
- 32500 l', I A
4 I
"'tr^r*,
ro= 62.5 mm
l', i
S, = 49.325 IVIPa
r PD
F -T O O L S
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(D Due ta bending only: -

ilatrnt
M=Pe GD- =
M= 150000(200) A bracket shown is subjected to an

M =3A x 106 N.mm ecrelrtric load P acting at an etcentricitY
e = 125 rnm, Thc diameter of the rtivets is
fi,---
Mx
J'-)1xz+yz;
a=80mrn, D-40mm.
-Mv
lx=yffirz1 '! Cornpute thc sofc v*ilue of F using
elastic analysis mcthod if the:allowable
2(xz + yz) = 4(1oo)2 + 4(1oo)2 s'hearing stress of the riltts is ll0
}(,r+ yL) = 8oooo l\ffi6.,,, ,"' , "',;,1,:: ,,", 1,,
@ Compute thc safe value of P using

fr^ = -:---:_:;:=
30 x 106 (100)
r"' 37500 reduced erccntric'ity method w-ith an
80000 shearing stress of rivets of
ilt:y*t"
!I0 MPa.
.f! = 315o4
'
L=37500N
(-)<-
+ (37
I €) dffiil;; the safe vrluc.of P using
R?. = Q7 5OA)z 5OO)z
uttirnatc strength, method with an
,.'*{1h ftz= 53,033 N
I
I
instantameous center of,n-rivet at a
t' distance of 60 mru to the left of the
"_
53033
centroid of 'thc Sroup of nivets if the
I
J._
e\T
' '4' (22\2 value of thc resisting:forces of each
rivets are equal tir 54 kli respectivelv.
5',= 139.51 MPa
S,= 69.76 MPa
Solution:
tt Elastic urualysis metkod:
-My
.rr =
lrr l(l 'l s(xl-+ t')
@ Max. shearing stress: (.')-<-'l,r
X.rl- + ,21=' 4(40)2 + 4(40)2
n=^ftzsooy*ltsoooy , l, f
,,'' X(x2+.v2)=12800
R = 83853 N
l' M=Pe
?
t,, M = P(125)
c-
J(-
83853
/l
- t25P (4O)
/'= lr8oo
> (')
@IeD, fx = O.39lP
S,= 110.3 MPa
t, ,
f,,, .Mt
,f\,= L(.^'-+.y-)
i
---o
t,,,
^f t2"sf (40)
i1t - ----+!'
"t I 2900
,& = 0 391/,
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@ Ultimate strength method:

Rz = (O.39 | P)2 + (O.64lP)z
R = O.75lP
a1=^[@+@= 4,
.R=A"S,
,' ,.,, dr= 44"12 - dz
r) {U
t\
dz= dq= fi40)2 + ( loo)2
6+ 0.391 O+0.391P R =44',t25P (tot
t
40
\,, d.2= da= l0'7 .70
r, r}ra R = 53996 N
I
I
P (60 + 125) = P6, + Rd2 + R$ + Rda
f*
o
40
0.641P fi 53996 = O.15tP
I P(185) = 54(44.72+ 101.70+ 44.72+ 107 '10)
P =11899 say 71.9kN P = 88.98 kN
0.391 P
Q) Reduced eccentricity method:
,,/l' ll/i
Effective eccentricity :
€"ff= Prrtrrl -;t1+n).^(25) prsm ,the given-'bracket'shown; lt is

,"ff=lZ5 subiected to ah eccentris load'of F acting'
$rD at a"dlstsnce
"i
iZS"** frrm tlie cehtet of
e".ff= 8J 5 mm the gro,up of
.:.
bofb.
:i: , ,, ,: ,
., .,
" :, .,.
.
.i.:
M=Pe .:',,, :
M = 8'7.5P 'O Compute,the forcc in the mmtistresspd

I'=30 kN :u$!ng the'
. ,, holt of the grolrp. shown
^My
It=luf*,2, elastic analysis::method if P = 30 I41, "'
@ Gompute the effGctive eccentricity,
^ 87.5P(40)
r"'
fv=- ,, thus in efTecr taking:ihto accouht:the
12800 slip resistance':on the contact Surfaces;
fx = 0.273P I
@ Compute- the force in the mos:t stresSed
^Mx I ':, bolt of ihe group usihg thc reduced
JY= zG+f) ecccntlicity' rnefhod.
t\
0.273 P 0.2'73 P
O+- n-G- -r 87.5P(40) Solution:
orr"f\ r
t*
2-gO0
O Forced in the most stressed bolt using
1
0.523 P R fY = 0.213P elastic analy sis nnethod.

M= 125(30000)
0.273 P R2 = (0.27 3 P)2 + (0.523P)2
t'' 'l M =315OA0O N.mm
R = 0.59P ,', I
r.)<-1,;
L (* + )4 = 6(.38)2 + 4(75)2
R=ArS, l,' ,, "'l' '' 1,,,,, t (P + f) =Yrc+
R=Ir2.512t11ol f,,
r.)
4_30000_5ooo
4
tr6
R = 53996 l,' ,, I
t,,,,, -Mv
R = 0.59P 't^ - z\x"+y)
-
53996 = 0.591'
P = 9l-519 N
r )+ Ioy ^ 3750000(751
Ix=__11G{
P = 91.5 kN l,' ,, 1,,,,,
lx = 9025
fn,
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^Mx
rr
ftl=-
f,qxt+t'| ffi',..,P,iii'iiii:,!,'|,,,
- 37.50000138)
3t 164 The 45 kN load is placed at a distance of
t\
902 902 .15 kN
o<- 6<- ft = 4513 1, l,r, 450 mm from the centroid of the group of
trooo Pz=q5025)2+{9573)2 lil l" rivets which are arranged as shown. The
I diameter of the rivet is 20 mm. It is required
513 R = 13156 N
to determine the maximum shearing stress of
t*,,, R= 13.156
the most stressed rivet.
, P=30 kN @ Effective eccentricity :

With two or ntore gage line oJ
I ffia) 97.16 MPa
ri
-e=r:-:*l
r--c I c
symmetrically place-d and where n is
ttttmbe.r of fasteners in each line, il
b) 74.35 MPa
c) 88.54 MPa
r| 132.5 MPa
'i-"* -*-I
eJfective eccentricifi
t1 + n)(2-5r
e .y is expres sed. |r
'i-lo rlt
g+ -\Ail
a Solution:
,-- MJ
l*,r*l*,r.] eeff- rz5 t^- E e2 * yz)
e".ff= 75 mm
-
JY=z(*+y\
Mx
*r
-,6
I
r-38
|
r0kN
38 *1
FF,
(s) fr-orce in the most stressed bolt using
reduced eccentricity method : x=75mm
isl l,n M = p".ff
) = 112.5 mm
It* {o, .44 = 30000(75)
|
7\
-i- € M = 2250C[],0
P 3000
;= 6 =-toOu
Z, (rz + y2) = 8(ls)2 + 4(37.5)z
+ 4(t12.5)2
l-o I
o '
-
/n-ne
lv{t
z$'+yl
2 (x2 + y2) = 1ot25o mm2
-
ty__----\
2250000(75)z
M = 45(1000Xa50)
541 5 '/
1
- 31164
f\
C}.4--
'1"744 &
.fx
,v-
= 5415
!-
L
Mr
(x'+ 1*1
M =20.25 x 106 N.mm
lrroo
't
"r 22-50000(.38
31 164
)
/rc..=*
Q0.25 x 106X1125)
toDil
.l.y = 2744 /x = 22500N
fr2= (5415)z + Q744)2 t-. Q0.25 x tO6;1251
/Y = ---lol2so--
R = 9.{49 N
It = 9.449 kll ,O = 15000 N
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
58
to
to
k
k
Jl*=r =l lD<h..ililgH,l-n
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
Bteel- trDesLffirrn w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Solution:
lD
_ 45000 Moment of Inertia of net section:
n8 llll lrxr
Far the plate:
10
4 f"-t i, =#(1ox3oo)3
n =5625N Hi'il
YK 25 It=22.5 x 106 mrn4
Fx=fx
Fx=22540 ffi
tr.i.i;l
25
For two holes:
Iz= A&
Fy =fy + Pln
Fy= 15000 +5625 I tr 25
Iz=2?il$$0a}2
I
Iz*5x106mm4
Fy =2A625 Nel nonent of inertia:
n2=r*+Ff I=lt-12
I=22.5x106-5x106
n2=QzsWf+Q0625)2
= 17.5 x
tr 106 mm4
fl = 30523 N M=l0s,P
' -Yt
J- l
c-_--R
,,-A fI
M ='-c
^=
5t
3As23
roor=]3g(ffi@
,rHw
Ss = 97.16 MPa P = 161000 N
The angular section shown is subjected to a

load of 400 kN and is connected to the
In the figure shown, the bracket is made column with 6-22 mmo A 325 bolts.
300 x l0 mm Plate having an allo
flexural stress of 138 MPa. Determine o Which of the following gives the shearing
maximum value of P if the rivets are 22 stress of the bolts.
in diameter. a) 78.43 MPa c) 75.88 MPa
b) 85.68 MPa @ 64.21 MPa
*'a) 161000 N
b) 110030 N (9 Which of the following gives the tensile
c) 214000 N stress of the bolts.
0 194500 N a) 242.221vPa 6c) 156.86 MPa
b) 186.89 MPa $ t2|.26lvlPa
tFF-" PD
F -T O O L S
I
PD
F -T O O L S
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
60
y
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bu
Fl l)r=rl1.Brl
to
to
Eteel lDesl-g.rr
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
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m
m
w w
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.d o .c .d o .c
O Which of the following ginrtbc al

tensile stress of A 3?S bolti using
All bolts in the wind bracing connection
specs. Fr = 319 - 1.8fi.
shown Ne 22 mm A 325 slip-critical bols
ed 237.83 MPa c) ?-67.43 in srandard holes. All structural sections are
b) 245.31 MPa A n%6 Kr$ Grade A 36 steel. The effects of the prying
action may be neglected. Hint: Section
Solution: A 5.2 of AISC Manual states that allowable
o Shearing stress of 6 bolts stresses maybe increased l/3 above the
-Fy=400Sin0 values otherwise provided when produced by
wind or seismic loading.
400 kN
*=*(t) For A 36 steel:
Fy = 250 MPa
FY = 178'885 kN Fy * 400 MPa
FY= 178885 N For A 325 fults:
Allowable tension: 300 MPa
t , _ Fv
---t-
Allowable shear: 120 MPa
J"-As
-tv=- 178885
O Which of the following gives the toul shear
'TeD2$) force applied to the connection of the
column flange.
fv = 78.43 MPa Ba) 240 kN c) 200 kN
e Tensile srre.rs.'
b) l00kN 4 300kN
o o Ft = 400 Cos 0 e Which of the following gives the total
o o ,. tensile force applied to the connection at the
I h-_400(2)
o O 1s column flange.
Fl = 355.770 kN rsa) 320kN c) 400 kN
Ft = 355770 N
b) 300 kN 0 3s0 kN
I-_-
F1
11_ At
O Section J 3.6 of AISC Manual states ttrrat for
A 325 bolts used in slip-critical connection,
r'-
f, =
355770 the maximum shear stress allowed (120
MPa) shall be multiplied by the reduction
fezf <o> factor (1 - ft A6lT) wherefi is the average
fi = 156.E6 MPa' tensile stess due to a direct load applied to
-
all the bolts in a connection, 46 is the
nominal body area of the fastener and ?6 is
6 Allowable tensile stress
Ft=379 - 1.8/v the specified pretension load of the bolt
(175 kN). In connection with the above
Ft=3'19 - 1.8(78'43) provision, which of the following gives the
Ft=2i7.8i MPa
PD PD
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lic
lic
Eteel tls6f8Brn l}rl
C
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I rr",l1'tr w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
allowable shear capacity of the

rFI'nl
the colurnn flange.
rffa) Thc figqrc showh, ls a typieC,l,,comlottlofl
253.5 kN c) 203.5 kN
*vhir,h is suhietteql 'to hotll:': shesr and
b) 285.5 kN 0 286.4 kN tensiOn, frhe cllnmet*t'.. ,of the trolt'ls
O Az qfiqt. , ' . , :,,,.,"..
Which of the following gives the :,,::, :: ";:,, ::, .
,,
tensile capacity of the connection at

colurnn flange.
O, UCtern*rre ttrc rnaxi tolue of F that the
rsa) ,.,. corutCctiou ebuld.tarr3 ,if ,ths &l-[owatle
912 kN c) 93kN shear stress in the atrselrce of,:terwiom,
b) 860 kN 0 98s kN governs, if the pretcnslon !n thc bolt,is
t",,
l7 4 lcl..{' U$e: Fr:ic tion, typ e cururectlon'
"#l , ,
Solution: ::,::,
.,:""
O Pv=+00x
? Fv = rer,[, ,
..,,...,
i .,whef*::,:,::::::::,,,,
Pv=24CI kN i
,fp' = a!!o*uUl" if,"*r "trws in,.the .
, :abshxtee of &nbion ,. ,"
,,
@ Pn=+oox to '
I ,
,''=,/r noqrnal,temsflC stn'ess due
,':
.,..affilie{ Io3ds
:
Pu = 320 kN ,,...,4,b*.|area.of,bnlt::::. ,,
,fi = pretensiom ih holf. :

0 fi An = applied tensile force on the bolt ,
ftAn=#= s3.lrr m* ,:a,,,.,[jliliil#i*,ffi ,,,i*ill.ilil[ ffi il;:

, ionnectlon coukX earryitf ,the aliornahle
R=t-w .
'...ter il4.'str ,,.i{t,.tho.i.ehCcnos
of...shehrl
i.'..........t4+;t*;..,...r1,,-' attb..nrn;...,. ti*[.., te
rQ= r-ii# ,typeconnectinmi
', ,, .,
fi = 0.695 O n;#"rrre the mux, value mf F that tha

, 'r,a bdfitrn to*kl eart*y1,if ,the mllow tC,
o, =Y= 380 rnm2 , tens,ileistr:eso combined witli shear
For wind loading, apply factor of 4t3 governsl UsC Bearing fype eonnection"
, '.:..:,
.,:: ':' '
Pv=n'l ' n' er' r'
:....
@ Determlnb the mnx. sralue of fl, thsf the

counectisn could carnv if thp allowshle
Pv=6, t * 0.695 x 380 x 120 - shear strcss,Eovernsl Fy = 145 M-Fe.
Fv = 253.5 kN' Use Bearfurg iype cotlmcrtitxr.
(} P,=n'$.ar.f,
Pt=6x!x380x300
Pt=9tr2 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
52-C
O
O
N
N
y 62-B
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
hlr r I llr".rgtt
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
Steel Design w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Solution: lllr rr r', f @ Max. value o"f P if allawable skear

A Max. P if shear eontrols: r>--*,'l l
governs: I lst Bearin.E typc ronnectiott

(Fiction type connection)
l -fu = Fu
.x_5,
D --:D 0"000253P = 145
Px = 0'80P P = 551331 N
P = 551.3 kN
Py=i P
PY = o'6oP
D
rv
^
Jr= efi,
Ab = 380.13 mm2
For the connection of the bracket to
/, =df86= o'ooo263P
coluryn is shown on the figut'e, Diarncter
rztl, t+)
of ,{ 325 laolts is 22 nrm; Yertical pitch of
Fv'=
Fv,=tzt [, *ffi*]
KN
O rDeteirnirle:,thd,,' nuffrber:::::tlf,,,,22,,rn,
::,b;o[tsr,,lsrequired:to,]ti rnit,fhe:.eheai
Fv'= 121(1' - 0.00000076P)
{ I ::,r,rahd,tension fotCeS using frietion type,
JY -'Y
-E
0.000263P = l2l(l 0 0.00000076P)
6.996356p = 121 Allowable shear strcss = I2I IVI Pa
P = 340346 N ,.,:illlA#aUfa,ttn.Ue,stresS,+,*OS,,lffn,,,,,,
F = 3t10.35 kN .. All-- c,.shua* s,tiess ih,ths.,.ebsbh(e
@) Max. valuc of F if allowable tensile stress of tension if the pretensinn in the bolt
governs : (F riction ry,Sse conne ction) is l74 ftN. is equal to
.fi = 0.00035P f r.r .-I
ft=Ft ['r' = r2r [, -tnJ
0.00035P = 303
P = 865714 N .O :
Deterrnine, tne .numtrer.,.,of 22 :nlrnu
.
F = 865.71 kN .. :bolts is r"4",ireJ ir iiansmit thr sheai

@ Max" valwe af P if tensile stress , usihg liearing typb
""rnd'tehsiqn,forces
tlsing Bearirug gtpe cannection. , connec ti-on wh,ere rthreatLs, ar'er exclucled
Fi =319 - L.9fv
Fi =379 - 1.8(0.000253P) AIIoW&ble shcar stress ='?$7]V,I8a
Fi =379 -O.A0AqIZ+P .dllowable terrsile strcss = JOJ l\4tst
t _ Dl
Jt - ) t Allownble tensile strcss conlbin*c! with
0.00035P =379 - A.0AA4'V34P sehur [1' - .3?9 - tr.,4 f1
l' = 460287 N
P = 460"3 kN
PD PD
62-I)
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Steel Desigm I I rr'.,rEil
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Hlr.r
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.d o .c .d o .c
Solution:
O IVo. af bolts using friction gpe
!l'{t rr rr t .l
,. MC
t- t
eomruefiion: I =LAyZ
W -*.**.,**il t =f,tzz)2{4)t(7-5)2 + (l50)21
,r=
\ Rp
p=75mm(pirch) I = 4'2"764930 mm4
-53.6 x td (150)
M = 268ON(200)
lt^ =- qnidi-
M = 53.6 x 106 N.mrn
M = 26.8 x 106 N.mnr for one side only fi = 188 MPa < 303 MPa (safe)
for shear alone: , _P
.11'- Ar,
ft, = 5rl.
26iiot to
Ii" = t2r (4) rt:r:
p,,
\4/', =
" (.)'
R, =.15996 N/bolt
I
(t)'
*l
/) r
Iou',tn,
I
/, = 70 -50 MPa
I:' ct r te n s i a n a.ktrte.-: I
,Q)
/ir = SrA, t
r()
Fv'= t21 [, ?]
ft, = 303 rrrs, () I
CI
--,*ll''1]
Rr= 1l-5180N/boit
or n'trnnenl alone:
tv'=tzt [,
F Fv'='7l.3Olvffa
Ust: higgr:r,',nlue of R.
fv =10"50 <113A (saJe)
f6L4
Ltse 10-22 mmt A 325 bolts (5 per row)
'= \ R/,
- [,r6s.r *, G) No. of bolts using Bearing tYPe

'= Y rElsbot connection:
Itor shear aktne:
n = 4.31 bolts
R = 5'As
F'or shear alone:
F
,=R,
R =zo7 (T') t r>'
R = 78687 N/bolt
n='1 258000
For tettsion alone:
P = 134000 ft = SrAs
34000
1
R =303 (I) rzrt,
45996
r R = 115180 N/bolt
= 2.9 bcdts
ir = {a *r;.ts'f l'rtr ntoment alone:
/? = -1.19 lxtits per line {,rse bigger value c,f R.
'I'ry I {) bolts ( .5 pa M=26.8x1A6
r lirte )
PD PD
!
W
W
O
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N
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62-D
C
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
Solution:
O l/o. of bolts using friction tYPe
connectittn:
w
'=\Rp
p =75 mm(Pitch)
M =268A0AQa0)
M = 53.6 x 106 N.mm
M =26.8 x 106 N.mmfor one side on'-'
For shear alone:
R' = S'A'
Rs = t21 (!) en,
R, = 45996 N/bolt
I'or tension alone":
Rr = StA,
Rr = 303 P) rru,
Rr = 115180 N/bolt
For moment alone:
{/se bigger vaiue of R.
t 6t4
'=\Rp
, ^
t"r"8"r"
= \ ilj18fiax
n = 4.31 bolts
F'or shear alone:
P
n=
&,
n=268000
,
P = 134000
134000
"n =-45996
n = 2.9 bolts
, = Î4ltl *zgt2
n = 5.1.9 bolts per line
Trt' l0 bolts (5 Per line)

PD PD
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O
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62-E
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Steel Design w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
.MC
- I
Jt
1=lAyz
t =[ {zz)2 {+)lQ 12 + ( 1 5o)2]
I = 42764930 mm4
r'-- 53.6 x ld (150)
Jt - 42764930
.fr = 189 MPa < 303lvffa (safe)
cnly
p
tL _
.Jy
Ab
+- -- 268000
Ttzzlzttot
/v = 70'50 MPa
r2tl, ry)
Fv'=
.^. l-.- rse$)izzrrl

Fv' = 121 Ll rZ+oOO ,
Fv'=71'30 lvlPa
fy ="10.50 <71.30 (safe)
{lse 10-22 mml A 325 bohs (5 per row)
@ No. of bohs using Bearing type

connection:
For shear alone:
R = SrA,
R=20'7 (X) rrr>,
R=18687 N/bolt
For tension alone:
R = SrAs
R = 303 ([) oa,

R = I15180 N/bolt
For moment alone:
Use bigger value of R.
M=26.8x106
PD PD
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W
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.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k 62-F .d o
c u -tr a c k
Steel Design
I
n= ^Yt6^'t
Rp
.-_^@
- Y
'r 115i80(75)
n = 4.31 bolts
For shear alone:

'P
,=&
134m0
n=1ffir
n=1.7
n= {$s* * OtP
n = 4.6 bolts per line
Try 10 bohs, 5 bolts per line

Use the samefigure:
.MC
I,= t
- =--s3.6 x tdrtsol
Jr +ni+gfr*
; = 188 MPa < 303 (safe)
p
Ju= 4,
" 268000
fv=*
otzzl2ttol
- MPa
Fv = 70.50
11
Fr=379-l4fu
'75
I't'=319 - 1.4(70.50)
112.5
Ft'=280.3lvtra
75
75 ,fr = 189 <280.3lvfPa(safe)
3't.5 Try 8 bolts (1 bolts per line)
.MC
I,= t
r - rl a.,2
t =f,rzz)zt+)L$7.r2 + 00 s)21
I = 21382465
PD PD
!
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w 62-G
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
. 53.6 x 106(112.5)
Jr=---ffi{-
ft =282MPa
P
Iu=lU
-
.lv--
268000
irzzl2ot
l, = 88.13 MPa
Fi=379-L.4.fu
Fl =379 - 1.4(88.13)
.ft = 282 > 25 5.62 lvP a (fail )
.'. Use 10 bolts, (5 bolts per row)
43-c Problem:
214 kN
@ th6 humfr.ef ...iUt h,ilifg
i2.5m @ CompUtc the iapacity of the:fequired

PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k 62-H c u -tr a c k
Steel Design
Solutian:'
@ Max. allowable load, Perfastener:
By shear:
R= FA,(Z)
214 kN R = 145.14 (i) <ra,rr>
R = 110345 N
By bearing:
R = Fv{12.5)(22)
P=1
Fv= 1.5Fy
P=
Fv = 1.5(400)
P=l
Fv = 600
R = 6AA02.5)(22)
R = 165000 N
P/n=Zllt4=53.5 YN
Max allowable loadperfasterwr = 110345
Fa
Fx @ No. of bohs required:

M =214(150)
!r
M =32100 kN.mm
Fy M =32100000 N.mm
[-eu
'=\Rp
ûii. - tr(3rlooooo)
+0)- '= \ il0345(loo)
96100 n = 4.17 say 4 bolts
214 kN @ Capacity of the required no. of boks:

My
"_
J*->1x2+rz1
,(*2 + r21 = z1tso12 + 2(50)2
ZfP+r2;=5oooo
l^-
32100000(150)
t--=-
50000
/x = 96300 N
ft= l(53500)z; (%3oqP

D_ 110163
l\
-
l/< 110345 N (safe)
PD PD
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62-I
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.d o .c .d o .c
eel Design
43-tl Prohlem:
J5 IT
Solutian:
O Value of P if tension controls:
.MC
J,= L
I=2Af
r =f,{s)z @) l?z.rz + 0t2.r2l
I= 15948491.5
C= 112.5
M=75P
- 75P (1-12.s)
It=TsslnlBlS
ft= 0.O00529P
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k 62-J c u -tr a c k
Steel Design
I
Allowahle tewile stress = 303 MPa

0.000529P - 303
P = 57Tl79N
P = 572.8 kN
@ Value of P if shear controls:

.P
P=i
.._
,v -
P
(te)2 (s)
a
fy = O.OC[,44IP
Allowable shear stress = 207 lvP.

0.000441P =207
P = 469524N
P = 469.52 kN
@ Value of P if tensinn wilh shear

conffols:
fi =379 - 1.4fY
ft= Fi
0.000529P = 379 - 1.4(0.0004'1 i-:
9.9911464p =379
P = 330600 N
P = 330.6 kN
PD PD
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.d o .c do . .c
c u -tr a c k 62-Kc u -tr a c k
Steel Design
.?a 43-e Proltlem:
Solutian:
Value af P'using frietion lype connedion:
r.-tr'
'r' tF, r frv M=Pe
M=P(50+75)
{-o-
I
\--€|
Lprc lae
M = l25P
2 <* + f\ = 4Q112 + 6(50)2
'ti", Ya 2(P + f) =Ysm
lue lno .
Ix=tGry My (75\
= -:zsoo
1", --125P
lx = 0.2:5P
-Mx
0.25 P
IY =rQp *$
0.25 P r25P.(50\
o+ J! -
::5Pt Fi
0334P R
Iy
p
37500
= o.l67P
t 7=0.167P
0.167 P Pz = (0.25P)2+ (0.334P)2
R=0.4172P
R= ArFu
PD PD
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c u -tr a c k 62-L c u -tr a c k
Steel Design
rffi n=f,tzz)2 (rzo.s)

R = 45958
45958 = 0.4172P
P = 110158 N
P = 110.16 kN
@ Using Beuing tYPe connection:
R= ArF,
n=f,{zz)z (207.3)
R-78802
788V2=0.4172P
P = 188,883 N
P = 188.9 kN
@ tlsing reduced eccenticitYwith:
F, = 80 MPa
(t + n)(25)
effective "e"=e -- z
eff"e"=tZS -g!@
effective "e" =75 twrt
M = PQ5)
Ml
^.--
r^ >(f *f)
^
Jr=-zlffi
7sP 0s\
1x = 0.15P
-Mx
Jy=rG\fi
- 7sP (50)
Do=-r/ff
0.15 P 0.15 P
o<-
o.,urJ
t
I\
61<-
o.zal p R
to = 0.10P
"Rz
= (0. tSP)z + (0.267 P)2
R=0.3062P
R= ArFu
0.10 P n=f,{zz)z (zo)
R - 30411 N
30411 = 0.3062P
P = 99316 N
P = 99.32 kN
PD PD
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Steel lDesl.ggtl
@
A seat angle 100 mm x 150 mm x 16 mm
with a length of 200 mm and atmched to a
column supports a load of 40 kN.
The seat
angle is attrched to the column by two rows
of two 20 mm1 rivets per row on the longer
leg. The row of rivets are 62.5 mm apart
and 56 mm from the top and 31.5 mm from
the bottom of the 150 mm leg of the seat
angle.
O Which of the following gives rhe maximum

bending stress of the sear angle.
@a) 118.73 MPa c) 139.63 Mpa
b) 135.23 MPa 0
22l.l2tvPa
I Which of the following gives rhe max.
shearing stress of the rivets.
$ 52.63urtPa sc) 31.83 MPa
b) 40.89 MPa 0 35.78 Mpa
O Which of the following gives the bearing

stress between the rivets and the seat angle.
ca) 31.25 MPa e) 22.45lvPa
b) 33.73 MPa @ 47.41 MPa
O lYhich of the following gives the max.

tensile stress of the most stress rivets
connecting the seat engle to the column
rsa) 23.71 MPa c) 32.75 MPa
b) 43.13 MPa $ l7.ll MPa
Solution:
Note:
The loading on tlu seat angle is assumed
to be triangular load.
100
,=_3_
.r = 33.33
PD PD
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64
Eteel lDes grr'
o Bending of.tlu 100 nun leg.
M = 40000(17.33)
M = 693200 N.mm
t- 6M
40 kN
r- -u2
,jr{
- 6(693200)
t=-'"----------;
' 2oo (16)L
F"'
r200-
rr-.-TTAT!Il6
/=
Bending of
81.23 MPa
tlu 150 run leg'

M = 40000(25.33)
i{ = 1013200 N.mm
-6M
r- u2
- 6fl013200)
t=
40 kN
' 200(16)r
118.73 MPa
f = ---=-
fl g Shearing stress of ivets:
" -P
,r-AS
"
C-
40000
T<royr ro,
Ss=31.8i MPa
A Bearing stress between thc rivets

seat angle.
o.-P
oo_ Ab
- =
rb
40000
20(-16)-(0
St = 31.25 MPa
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
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IDesLgn
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Max. tensile stress of the most stressed

rivets.
At =T QoP Q)
A1= 628 mm2
A2= 628 mm2
Locate the neutral axis of the seat angle.

To compute the neutral axis, the moment of
area of the tension side is equal to the
momcnt of area in compression side.
Al Qa - y) + Ar (31.5 - yi = zm$l (i)

628(94 - y) + 628(31.I - y) = 100y2
6.28(94 - y) + 6.28(3 t.5 - y) = y2
590.32 - 6.28y + 191.82 - 6.28y =y2
y2+12.56y-788.14=0
Y= 22.49 mm
31.5-Y=9.01
94-Y=11.51
t ='Y+ 628(e'ol)2
+ (628)(71.51)2
I = 4020735 mm4
n and the
M = 40000(33.33)
M = 1333200 N.mm
C = 71.51 mm
"MCI
It=
- 1333200(71.s1)
t-=-
JJ 4020735
fs = 2i.71 MPa
PD PD
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Elteel lDesl4=n
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A W 16 x 58 is connected to W 18 x 3l-
Use A-36 steel Fy = 248 MPa. Allowabh,
Shearing stress I', = 0.40 F).
A 502 grade 2 hot driven rivets with I
allowable shearing stress of 120 MPa
allowable bearing stress of 1.5 Fu (AISC}.
The support is to be designed using the fuil
strength of W 16 x 58 beam based on
gross section. Fu = 305 MPa.
Properties of sections
W16x58 Wl8x3l
d=403mm Flange thickness
Web thickness =1lmn
= l0mm
O Which of the following most nearly g
the minimum diameter of rivets not
exceed allowable shear stress.
rsa) 23 rnmo c) 20 mmo
b) 25 mm0 @ 33 mmO
0 Which of the following most nearly

the minimum diameter of rivets nor
exceed allowable bearing stress.
a) 25 mmg cr c) 22 mmo
b) 30 mmO 0 38 mmO
0 Which of the following most nearly

the minimum diameter of rivets.
6a) 23 mmo c) 30 mmO
b) 28 mmO $ 32mm0
Solution:
tD V = 0.40Fy (d) tn
V =0.40Q48X403X10)
V =3997'76N
PD PD
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By shearing of rivets on the

W 16 x 58 (double shear)
x 31. nP2
R= Ss o(aX2)
with an 3ss776 = r2o
and +.@Q)
iAISC). D=23 mmt
full
rthe
on the
9 By Bearing
Fl = 305 MPa
Sa = 1.5 Fu
Sa= 1.5(305)
Sa = 457.5
3997 7 6 = 4s7.5(D)( 1 0X4)
il mm D = 21.8 say 22 mmj
O Use 23 mmo
I
I A W 530 x 92 beam is connecred to a
W 360 x 147 column by using angular
s€ctions which are riveted by using 20 mm
diameter rivets.
Thickness of angular
secrions and flange of the W 360 t 147
column is l0 mm. Web thickness of
W 530 x 92 beam is t2 mm.
gives Allowable stresses for rivets:
Shearing.srre.ir = 103 Mpa
Bearing Jrress = 300 MPa
t,
I Which of the following gives the safe load
that the W 530 x 92 beam could carry at its
end neglecting the effect of the eccentricity
of the load and rhe momenr that mighi
developed by the connection.
rsa) 258867N c) 2U834N

b) 295833 N 0 l%573 N
PD PD
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f,ilteel Deslqn
Solution:
Shearing of rivets on the
W 360 x 147 column section:
n =f, {n)z (8X103) (sinsle shcar)

.R = 258867 N
Bearing or rivets on the flange of colwnn.

R = 2(10X8X300)
R = 480000
Shearing of ivets on the

W 530 x92 beam section: (double shearl
n =f,{zo)2(4x2xlo3)
R = 258867 N
Bearing of rivets on the web thickness

of the beam:
R = 2q12X4X300)
R = 288000 N
Safe load = 258867 N
The clip angle and the riveted connec

shown is to resist a pull of 124.5 kN.
plate is 300 mm wide and 16 mm thick
the clip angle is made up of 100 x 100 x
mm with a rivet gauge of 62
Allowable shearing stress of rivets = 1
MPa.
O Which of the following gives the number

22mm4 rivets on the 16 mm plate.
6a) 2 rivets c) 3 rivets
b) 1 rivet @ 4 rivets
PD PD
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L-
e Which of the following gives the bending

stress of the clip angle. Using AISC
Specifications.
Utr) a) 140.64 MPa 6c) 104.50 MPa

b) 122.84 MPa @ 179.48 MPa
o Which of the following gives the tensile
w.wnn: stress of the plate section.
a) 46.321 MPa Ec) 31.125 MPa
b) 54.467 MPa $ 24.672tvPa
Solution:
t..,tar) No. of 22 mmg ivets:
Sheuing stress of rivets
(double shear)
I=AsSs
hr:s
l245oo =[ {zz)2 (103)(2) n
n = 1.59 say 2 rivets
M = 62254G2)
M = 2614500 N.mm
NSC Specs:
Use 60% of 2614500
M =0.W2614500)
l0 16
r-n M = 1568700
6M
I Hi,, c--:-
l-bdl
,{. The 3ool I
ick and
lf+,' - 6fl568700)
I=6s@of
"tl0 x 20
I rirm.
f =.104.50 MPa
= 103
Dia. of hole = 22 + 3
Dia. of hole = 25 mm
T=AsSr
124500 = (300 - 50x16) s,
St = j1.125 MPa
PD PD
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70
Eteel Deslgn
A W 530 x 92 steel beam is connected

W 360 x 147 column by using
sections which are riveted by using 20
diameter rivets. Thickness of the
sections is 1l mm thick. Neglect any
of the moment due to eccentricity of
load.
W 360x147
Allowable stresses for rivets:
Shearing rrresr = 103 MPa (single
Bearing.rrress = 207 lvPa (single shear
Bearing srrer.r = 276MPa (double
O Which of the following gives the safe

that could be carried by the an
connection only between column and
6a) 281520N c) 249380N
b) 22s930 N 0 321250N
I Which of the following gives the safe

that could be carried by the clip
connection to the column.
a) 100240 N 6c) 129434 N
b) 134922 N 0 ls4930N

that could be transmitted from the W
92beam o the W 3fi xl47 column
ttrrough the riveted connection.
!€a) 410954 N c) 432133 N
b) 454392 N 0 4m460 N
Solution:
O ConsideringW 530 x92 beam:
Shearing stress (double shear)
n =f,eo2(5x2xlo3)
R = 323584 N
PD PD
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Eteel lDesl.grr w
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Bearing on the web.(double shear)

fi = 20(10.2)(s)(276)
)ted to a R = 281520 N
angular
20 mm e Bearing on connecting angles: (single shear)
angulu R = 20(lIX5X2X207)
ary effect. R = 455400
iry of the
C o ns ider in g c ol uru flan ge :
Shear of l0 riuets (single shear)
shear) n =[{zo)2(loXl03)
shear) R = 323584 N
shear)
Bearing on the flange of column:
safe load (single shear)
angular R = 20(19.8X10X207)
beam. R = 819720
Use R =281520 on the beam-column
connection only
safe load Considering of rivets:

ip angle Shearing of ivets:
n =f,w9(4xlo3)
R = 129434 N
safe load o Bearing on thc colwuflange:

W530x (single shear)
section R = 20(19.8X4X207)
R = 327888 N
Bearing on set utgles: (single sluar)

n = 2(l1XaX2O7)
R = 182160 N
Safe R = l29434for the column-seat

angle connection
Total safe load = 129434 + 281520

Total safe load = 41W54 N
PD PD
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72
Eteel IDesLgrr
@ii'lYuirtrPffi
From the figure shown, a W 410 x 132 s
a10 x 132 beam carries a load of 427 kN at each
yw and is transmitted o the W 610 x 156 ci
Four rivets having a diameter of.22 mm
used through the web of each plate of
beam which is connected to an an
section which is l0 mm thick.
Allowable stresses for rivets:
Shcaring rrre.u = 103 MPa
Bearing stress (doubles. shear) = /76\vfu
W 610 x 156 Bearing stress (single shear) = 220lvPa
Which of the following gives the numbs'

rivets required to fastened the two bean"e
opposite seat angle of the same thickness
the web of W 610 x 156 girder having a
thickness of 12.7 mm while that of
W 410 x 132 is 13.3 mm.
*a) J
b) 4
c) 6
0 2
Solution:
Considering tlu W 410 x 132 beam:
Shearing of 4 rivets
(double shear)
R=AsSs
R =Tez)2(103X4X2)
R = 313229 N
Bearing on the 13.3 nanweb

(double shear)
R=22(rfi)$)(276)
R = 323030 N
PD PD
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73
tteel. IDeslgrr
--1
Bearing on tlu 10 ran connecting angle

(single shear)
ste€i
enc R =22(10)(8X2N)
R = 387200 N
'tr-T Safe load canied by tlu rivet connecrtoin on

the conncctidg angle.
R = 313229 N
Excess load to be carried by the seat angle.
J
P=421000-313229
P=ll377lN
Consideing thc W 6t0 x 1156 and the seat
angle:
Shcaring of one rivet:
(single shcar)
n =l{zz)zeoz}
R=3913N
Bearing on the web of W 610 x56
(single shear)
R =22(12.7)Q20)
R = 61468 N
Bearing on tll seat angle

(single sluar)
R =22(12.7)Q20)
R = 61468
Safe capacity of one rivet = 39154 N

No. of rivets needed
_ tt377t
- 39154
= 2.91
Use 3 rivets
PD PD
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73-A
Steel lDeele:-r.r
For Single Cqntilever

fi,f=P{g-t)
6M
f= aF
For Double Cantilever

T=P +C
*=, (:+)
M = 0.60P (s - t)
(A) SINGLE CANTILEVER

NSC Specs:
" -6M
J-btZ
, (?)b=P @?
(B) DOTJBLE CANTILEVER
, =]r@?
T--f +C
T=P+tAr@*
,=o[,.TP]
PD PD
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7i-B
Eteel Desig.rr
,EqI:.fi,ffififfiii
Investigate the adequacy of the clip angle and
the riveted connections to resist a pull of
124.5 kN. The plate is 300 mm wide and
16 mm thick. Allowable shearing stress of
a 22 mm rivet is 103 MPa. The clip angle
is made, up of 100 x 100 x 20 mm with rivet
gauge of 62 mm. Allowable tensile stress is
138 MPa.
Solution:
No. of rivets on the l6 mm plate;
Nf,tzzlz (103)(2) = l24sm

N= 1.59 <2ivets(ok)
M=0"6(s-t)P
M = 0.6 (42)(622s0)
M = 1568700
-6M
r-bdT
,rf=WP
, = 17.4 mm
Investigate the number of rivets on the

flange:
Rivet tension:
r=r[r.iW]
r=62250
I
[,.i ffi]
113851.97
=
1 138s1.e7 =f, tzzP (138) N
N =2.17 <3ivets (safe)

PD PD
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73-c
Steel D*=lg:"
,1 ,l
I
Da
@r;!,arbiiffi
A W 410 x 60 steel beam carries a loai
111.2 kN due to shear and a moment of
i'
103 N.m due to eccentricity' The W sh
section is riveted to another W shape ser
used as column using rivets having d
of 22 mm and web angles made uP of
100 x 87 x 20 mm angular section 200
lons with lhree rows o[ rivets as sh:'u
The"top and bottom clip is composed o: '
x 100 x 20 mm angular 200 mm i
Investigate also the clip angle'. Allou
stressei are as follows: Shearing srer
103 MPa; Bearing stress is 334 lv1Pa
sinsle and double shear)' Tensile sra
t:dl{Pa for rivels and bending stress :'r
MPa for clip angle. Thickness of clip
is 20 mm.
R=111.2
Solution:
M=40 x
Consider the to7 cliP angle:
103
' roo *87 *20

M=40x106N.m
ft 'l'l12
Area of one rivet = O lzzt
Area of one rivet = 380 mm2
W 410 x60 400I= 40 x 106 N.m (1000)

175x100x20 7 = 100,000 N
Allowable tensile srress = 138 MPa
Allowable tensile stress = 138(2X3S
= 104880N > 100,000 N (scle
Bending of cliP angle:

M -- 2rT
M = 21(100,000)
M = 2100000 N.mm
PD PD
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73-D
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f,tteel lDeslgn
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-
r-- l
Mc
a load of -6M
t-br2
tof40x
W shapr ^ 6(2100000)
sectbn " 20012012
diameter < 136lvlPa (safe)
f = 157.5 MPa
-: of tx,c
200 mn.
rs shown
of
N*L
)$ lt
Rivets through the column flange:
Shear: (single shear)
(/\
175 I
rm long ilI n =f, ez)z (lo3x6)

r..llowablc 1l'lo
SIESS I: Q I1
R = 234922
\1j]
]
\Pa (for
Bearing on the flange:
stress 1!
R = 22(12.6)(334X6)
is 186
:.rp angl. of Conr ruflexttre
ft = 555,508
5
_tJ. ",,,,,,
-
Bearing on the angles:
R = (22)(20)(334X6)
R = 881760 N
Considering the W shape section:

Shear: (Double shear)
n =f,{zz)2(3xlo3x2)
R =234922N
Bearing on the web of W shape section:

(tw =7.7 mm)
R = (22)(7.7)(334X3)
P,:
R = 169738.8 N
Bearing on thc connecting angles:

R = Q2X20X334X3)
r( = 440880 N
The connection could resist a loed of

169738.8 N > 111200 N. Therefore the
connection is safe.
PD PD
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74
Steel lDeslgrr
NSC REQUIREMENTS:
Allowable shearing stress for E60

electrodes = 93.8 MPa
Allowable shearing stress for E70
= 108.9 MPa
o Minirnum length of a fillet weld tnay not

less tlnn 4 tintcs the nominal leg size of
weld. Should its length actually be less
this value the weld size consi'
ffictive must be reduced to I14 of the
length.
g Maximum size of a filled weld for 6

For thicker material it should not be
than the material thickness less than 2
unless the weld is especially bailt out
give full throat thickness.
e End returns should not be less than

the nominal size of weld.
o When fillet welds are used alone for

conneclion of plates or bars, their
may not be less than the
distance between them.
6 The distance between fillet welds may

be greater than 20 cm. for end''
unless transverse bending is other wi
prevented.
Strength of a 11 ntm'weld
= (ll) (93.8)"(0.707)
= 729.48tvlP:t
Shearing strength = 93.8 MPa

PD PD
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75
Eteel lDeelg:n
-
Minimum size of Fillet Welds based on
thickness of base metal (the thicker part
being joined)
O Thickness of base metal is less than 6 mm,

minimum size is 3 nvn.
e Thickness oJ base metal is greater than

6 mm but less than 12 5 mm, minimum size is
ae of tlu 5 rnm
less tlan
q,sidered
:
ihe weld o Thickness of base metal is Breater than
125 mm but less than 19 mm., minimum size
is 6 nvn.
::,:,6 mm.
:e g,reater
n 2 nun, o Thickness of base metal is greater than
.i out t0 19 mm,minimum size is I mm.
Maximum size of Fillet Welds:

for the
:r length
ndicular o When thickness of connected part is less
than 6 mm with maximum fillet weld size is
equal to the thickness of the connected
may not part.
rrections
1er w$e
e When the thickness of the connected part is
greater than 6 mm, the maximumfillet weld
size is equal to thickness of the connected
part less I nun.
PD PD
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76
Eteel lDeslgn 3t,e r
" /rT
Other NSC Provisions
o The minimum length of fillet weki:

designed on the basis of strength, shall rw:
be less than four tirnes the nominal leg n:e
of thc weld. Should its actual length be lex
tfuin this value the effective weld size
be reduced to one-fourth of the weld lengn
For intermittent welds, the length shall
be less than 40 nun. &
@ If longitndinal fillet welds are used alone s.
end connections of flat bar tensi
members, the length of each weld slall tr-*,
be less than the perpendicular
between them. Their transverse spaci
shall not exceed 200 run.
o The length of end returns shall be for

distance not less than twice lhe
size of the weld. If returns are wed t trE
effective length of the returns is added
the effective length of the side welds.
FiLlet welds ]l
C las sifi c ation of W e lds
4ffi There are three separate classification

Grove welds welds bssed upon the
O typc of welds made
a. Fillet Welds
b. Groove Welds
c. Plug Welds
d. Slot Welds
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77
Eteetr- IDeslg'rr
Horezontal weld
@ positions of welds
a *elds. a. Flat weld
t,ysll not b. Ilorizontal weld
t.eg siz€ c. Vertical weld
W re less d" Overhead weld
i.ye mtut
At, :ength
i;,,rlll noi
@ types afjointt
):;one in a. Butt
r:ension b. Lap
l:ull noi c. Tee
t -E StAnCe d. Edge
l:oacing e. Corner
l:e for c
v :lmino. Welding rods or electrodes
l.:ed the tr.w%:ffiiw'rwr
t tded tc Butt
hti The filler mctal electodes for shielded arc
welding process (SMAW) are listed as
E60XX, E70XX where the letter E
represents an electrodes while the first set
of digits (as 60 or 70) indicated the minimum
ft;tion a. tensile strength of the weld in kips per
sqanre inch. The reminaining digits XX
designate the position, current, and other
necessary information which are to be
employed with a certain electrode.
For fillet welds the allowable stresses for

shear on the effective area of the welds are
equal to 0.30 times the nominal tensile
strength of the weld metal but the stress in
the base material may not be greater than
0.60F, for tension nor. 0.40Fyfor shear.
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78
Steel IDesie=rr
r-l50mn- l8
A steel plate having a width of 200 mm a
t3
ffi-I
I tt a tt icki,ess of 18 mm is welded usi
II i t ** fillet weld as shown. Use A 36 ste
I l'i' Fy -- 25A MFa and AISC SPecs' withJ ?
tll
LJl e iecrrodes" Min. tensile strength
electrodes Fu = 483.8 hdPa.
llmmfillet weld €D Which of the following gives the safe

of F that the welded eonnection shown
carry using Sh{AW Frocess (shielded
arc welding)
sa) 540 uq c) 600kN
b) 5S0kN @ 580kN
@ Which of the i'ollowing gives the value of

ihat tle lveided eosi:rection should could car
using SAW kocess (subrnerged arc
a) 650kN ffic) 540 kN
b) 370kN q 430 kN
Solwtion:
€B SMAW Process:
Skear capscitY of filletweldlmm

/v = 0"70?t (0.3) Fu
fl = 0.707(1 1XCI.3X483'8)
fi = tt29 N/mrn
Shear capacitY of Plate:

fv = 0.40Fy x Flate thickness
F = 0.4(250X18)
/v = 1800 N/m
Use shear caPacitY of 1tr29 Nlmm

P = ll29 (150 + 150 + 200)
P = 5@5C0N (by shear)
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79
flteel- IDeel"g"rr
E
Tensile capacity of plates:

p =0.ffiFy Ag
mm and
P = 0.60(250)(18X200)
r
36 steel P = 540000 N
*ith E 70
Safe"F = 5400l;0 N
gth of
g SAW Process:
;n could
When thickness of weld is

greater than95 mm
Effective lhraat = 0.10it + 2.15 mm
Add2.75 mm:
*elding) Shear capacity of fillet weld:
/v = [0.707(t t) + 2.7s) (0.3) ru

/v = (10.53)(0.3X483.8)
.& = i528 N/mm
Shear capaciry of plate :

f, = 0.40 Fy x thickness of plate
rt = 0.a(250X18)
,& = 18@ N/mm
Use shear capacity = 1528 N/rnm

P = 1528 (150 + 150 + 200)
P = 754000 N
Tensile capacity of plates:

p = 0.60Fy Ag
P = 0.60(250)(18X2m)
F=540000N
Safe P=540000 N
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80
Eteel lDeslotm.
p-2{nm1 l6 A 300 mrn x 20 mm steel plate is

H using a l0 mm fillet weld as shown usi
70 electrodes with a minimum
strength Fr = 483.8 MPa. The steel plate
an A 36 steel with Fy = 250 MPa.
Hi.
O Which of the following gives the
capacity of the fillet weld in N/mm
lOmmfillet weld
!sa) 1026 N/mm c) 1384 Nlmm
b) 1233 N/mm 0 2135 N/mm
I Which of the following gives the

capacity of plate in Nlmm.
a) 2100N/mm Esc) 1600N/mm
b) 1300 Nlmm 0 1000 N/mm
O Which of the following gives the ten

capacity of the plate.
a) 700kN sc) 900 kN
b) l000kN 0 800kN
O Which of the following gives the safe load

tllat the welded connection could carry
a) 642.2 kN Bc) 718.2 kN
b) 797.3 kN 0 853.5 kN
Solution:
O Shear capacity of thc 10 nunfillet weld is:
fv = 0.707(i(0.3) Fs
,fv = 0.707( 10X0.3X483.8)
fv = 1026 Nlmm
Q Shear capaciry ofplate:

fv = 0.40Fy t
F = 0.a(250X16)
fv = 1600 Nlmm
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81
BteeB &ee€qxx.
F
@
'Iensile capacity of plate:
P = 0.60Fy Ag
rs weldec
. _t I
m uslng t I
P = 0.60(250)(20X3m)
n tensile I P=900000N
x. plate rs I
a Shear capacirJ = 1026 (200 + 200 + 300)
shea; Shear capaciry = 7182ffi N
I Safe load=718200 N
ilr-,;nrn
Nmm
sheu m.ir;,r.ffi
A double angle diagonal fruss member
lc nrn consisting of two angles 125 mm x 90 mm
\nm x l0 mm is subjected to an axial load of
850 kN. Area of one angle is 2050 mmz
:: tensile and the centroid is 39.8 mm from the
smaller leg. Using 8 mm fillet weltl and E
b 70 elecrrodes (Fu = 483.8 MPa)
N
{} Which of the following gives Lhe value of
lgti'e loadP L1.
T_9<n/')
@l 6s-a) 102.34 mrn c) 210.25 rnnr
Il\ KN b) 143.76 mm @ 183.11 mnr
Ir\
@ Which of the foilowing gives the vr:,l*$ ;,.f
,*Lt
ffia) 290"38 rerm c) 321"43 mrn
'*eld is:
b) 248.47 mrn $ 217.34 rnn:
Solutiorl.:
& r=ry
I = 425$tu0 71 !t;r ane angle
I =- 0 7071 0.30flu I
,1"2500{l * 0.707(8X0.3X483.8) r
A = 5i?.?2 mm
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Bteetr- Beeflgra
Is = 0.707(8)(0.3X483.8)(125)
I: = 102614 N
425000(85.2) =Tz{125)
o rrp+ rr (0)
425000(8s.2) = rz 025) . Wy
Tz=238373N
T1 + Tq+ T3= 425000

T1 = 425000 - 1U26\4 -238373
Tt = 84013
Tr = 0.707t (0.3) ra (tr)
84013 = 0.707(8X0.3)(a83.8) Lr
I-t = 102.i4 mm
@ T2= 0.707(8X0.3)(a83.8) rz
238373 = 0.707(8X0.3Xa83.8) rz
Lz= 290.38 mm
C heck:
L=Lt+L2+L3
5\7.12 = 1V2.34 + 290.38 + 125
517;12 = 5l'1.72 o.k.
,4 100 x lffi x 10 mm angle is to be

to a gusset plate. The angle carries a load
200 kN applied along its centroidal
which is 28.7 mm from one of the le
Aliowable shearing stress through the
of the weld is 145 MPa.
S Which of the following gives the length

the maximum size of the fillet weld at
toe of the angie.
6a) 173.88 mm c) 1M.78 mm
b) 124.35 mm @ 210.34 mm
PD
F -T O O L S
PD:: F -T O O L S
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83
EteeE ffieefffira-*
Which of the following gives the length of

the maximum size of the fillet weld at the
heel of the angle.
mrn €
li a) 56.47
b) 84.27 mm
c) 69.99 mm
0 73.68 mm
F..,- Solution:
Maximum size of the fillet weld
= thickness - 2 mm for thickness
greater than 6 mm
Max size of fillet weld = l0 - 2

Max. size of fillet weld = 8 mm
P2 (lS) = 2m0ff) (28.7)

Pz = 57400 N
P1 + P2= 200000
Pt=200000-57400
Ft = 142600 N
Pt = 0.7Alt (1a5) ti
r42ffi = 0.707(8X145) rr
Lt = 173.88 mm
I
s Fz= 0.797t $a5') L2
57400 = 0.707(8)(1a5) 12
Lz= 69.99 mm
nu x weldeC
@ a load oi
rcidal axis A plate l5ti rnm rvide amd 1.$ ms;n i.hi,;.;:: !t
l:i the legs
lappd and weided to a guscet plat* lVll,::h
;p the throat
of the f{}llo\rying gives the minirrnutr; l*t;:ih
of an I rnrn side fillet that will meil$s.ir,l', il
the. piate is sqtrjected to an *,xlaX skes$ L1f
me length of
14fi l"![,:r, :f :,he allowable shearing stx.*ss
t ueld_at the
ttrough dt* iiuoat of the weld is 145 h{Fa"
l-i mm
a) 154.11 gnrn ssi c) 179.i rnrrr
L-:J mrn
L') ?82.I rnm @ l1S.1l r,':1
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84
Steet IDestrgrr lE-t.
Solution:
E
I= 140(1aX150)
T= 294W
T = A;747t (145X2) r
294000 = 0.707(8XlaflQ) L
L = 179"2 tnnt 0n esch side
tfll
A 16 mm plate is lapped over and secured a.i

shown by Eansverse fillet weld on the inside
and outside to form a penstock 1.5 m. r
diameter. Allowable tensile stress for t-ht
plate is 160 MPa and shearing stress throug:
the throaE of the welds is 120 MPa.
Which of the following gives the saf:

internal pressure of the penstock if th:
maximum size of welds is used.
*a) 3.19 MPa

b) 4.21lv1Pa
b) 5.33'MPa
0 2.16 MPa
d]s Solution:
Max,imum size of fillet weld = 1.6 - Z
Maximum size of Jitlet weld = i4 mm
I= 0.707(14)(120X1X2)
T =2375.52N
2T=F
2Q375.s2) = F(1500X1)
P = i"17 MPa
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c u -tr a c k
rElteetr_ EbesLgll.
F--
55-a CE Board May 2001

A 150 x 90 x 12 mm. angular section is
welded to a gusset plate as shown.
Area of angular section is 2736 mm2.
Fv = 550 MPa, Fy =250lvlP:a
,-- 12 mm plate
ll 50x90x12
Allowable shear Fv = 0.30 Fu
Allowable tensile stress F, = 0.60 Fy
O Which of the following gives the design

fmceP.
!€a) 410400 N c) 510500N
b) 360400 0 6103mN
i:-E=ured as
I:e inside @ Which of the following gives the total
[.5m.in length of weld using 12 mm. fillet weld.
!: for the a) 312.4 mm. c) 324.3 mm.
f 'Jrrough b) 268.4 mm. Bd) 293.2 mm.
r" @ Which of the following gives the value
I
i re safe of "b"
l< if rhe a) 184.5 mm. c) 164.5 mm.
Fb) 193.5 mm. 0 156.6 mm.
Solution:
o F=AFt
P =2736$.6X250)
P = 41040A N
@ P =0.707t L Fv
4 10400 = 0.7 07 (L2)(LX0.3X550)
L = 29i.2 mm.
@ EM4= $
(150-51) = b(150)
293.2(99) = 1500
b = 193.5 mn.
PD PD
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E1.B
t
Eteel lDesl4=rr I
55-b Problcm:
T.1;r-127 mm leg of a 127 mm x 76 mm r
10 mm angle is to bc welded to a gussr
pi"i. sio*n. The member willTb bc
["Gt"t A !o rep€at variadon in stress'
ancular section has an area of 2&45'3 m#
*i'o is neutral axis at 43'2 mm froflt-tt
t leg. If the allowable vahp of Fr
"U"tt
483.8 MPa and using E mm fillet welds'
Ls=127\n
O Which of the following gives the Value
the capacity of the welded connectron
Fy = 250 MPa.
L 127 x76 x l0 mm
lca) 426725 N c) 454500N
angLe
8 mmfillet weld
b) 410400N 0 56o3o0N
@ Which of the following gives thevalueof

a) 225.689 mm c) 212345 mm
43.2mm
U) ZS:.+ZS ** lrd) 279'55 mm
[si,,,*
@ Which of the following gives thevalueof
a) 144.33 mm. c) 124'5 mm'
cUi tt3.3S mm 0
106.6 mm.
Soltttion:
.2 A T=Asfy=As0.60FY
r = 2845.3(0.CI(250) = 426795 N
lr=rcztss @ T3 =0.?0?(8X0.30)(483'8X127)
83.8
13 = 104256N
LMh
T2 F-tz--4 r{tn)+ I: (63.5) = 426795(83'8)- ^.
r rizti + 104256(63.5) = 426795(83't)
\=229489
T =Tt +T2+T3
4267i5 =229489 +T2+ 1M256
Tz= 93050N
zzg49 = 0.707(8x030Xa$'8)tt
L1= 279.55 na
O 93050 = 0.707(8X0.30Xa83'E)tz
L2= 11i.i5 mn
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SrilFiii,i'liiiii':
'5mmx A steel plate having a cross-sectional area of
r gusset
will bc
4,600 mm2 is welded to a main plare on
-j00-_*1 both sides with a fillet weld 300mm long on
TtE
its sides. Il rhe filler weld used is 9.5 mm
5.3 mm2
with Fr.r = 415 MPa. and Fy = 250 Mpa,
frorn thc
of Fr. compute the allowabie tensile capacity of the
welded section.
value of Ga) 501 kx

tion of b) 530 kN
c) 550 kN
0 480kN
ue ofli Solution:
mm
:nm
Strength of plate:
Dm. T=Asfs
tm. I = 4,600(0,6X250)
I = 690,000 N
,v
Sluaring of welding:
7=AsSs
Fs) T = 9.5 (0.7 A'7X300X2X0.3X4 I 5)
!f,83.E)
I = 501723 N
Safe cap. = 501723 N
[: Sofe cap. = 501 kN
It:
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Eteel- fBs>5119-ra
80 kN
A bracket is welded to the frame of
machine as shown. Minimum tcnsr
strength Fu = 483.33 MPa for the fil
I250
weld.
sa) 5 mm
b) 4 rnm
_t c) 6 rnm
0 7mm
M=80000(200)=l 6x 106 mmm Solution:

M = 80000(200)
M=16x106
ffi )61
--;+>i
1=ri-li-,,. r'f
r
l
t-
=2so(2)Lry+
=7ffi4166
lL -J
1x
/:
-
Mv
r'
- =--i6q141$-
16 x 106 (125)
= 253 N/mm
(ro0)2 * (0)2]
^. _
JI -M4
J
f,uo
.
rt'
16 x l01CW)
f,,0, 7ffi|ffi
f = 210.5 N/mm
n = {zo:Fi(s;oJP
fi = 454.36
fi = 0.707r (1X0.3) Fa
454.36 = 0.707t (iX0.3X483.33)
*7u0, t = 4.43 rnm

Uset=5mm
PD PD
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EteeE EDeeflgrl
r
r:'Hrr
@.'iP ffiiliii
Which of the following gives the size of the
E 70xx fillet weld required for the bracket
shown if all materials is grade A 35 with
Fy = 248.8 MPa and minimum tensile
6a)
strength Fn = 483.8 MPa.
5 mm c) 8mm
b)4mm @ 7mm
I
Solution:
L=Ll+L2+L3
l=150+200+150
l, = 500
B Lx=Llx1+L2x2+L3x3
t]tmm
500r = 150(75) + 200(0) + 150(75)
x=45
1=lJ-fff*,2 * yzf
l']
r = $aG)
[qf . (30)2 + (rm)2]
.r*fry + @5)zn (o)2]
J=4"9x106
M=45N0(200+105)
M = 13725000 N.mm
J _- 4.9xlo6
13725000(100)
t'-
"__M!
l*-
/.r = 280.10 N/mm

" 13725000(10s)
/)=
: ,.10/500=90 {e; fi6-
ly = 294.11 N/mm
R = {(38+.r 1)2 + (280.r0;2

R = 475.39 N/mm '
R =0.107t (1X03) r'u
47 5.39 = A.707 t (0.3X483.8)
t = 4.63 mm
Uset=5mm
PD PD
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8B
@tee}- Sesf.ffirs
I
ii{
gulj
A plate is lappe.d over and welded to a
piur" ut shown. Dercrmine.th: t11?^:f-:
iifr.,t *trO, to be specified if the allowa:
rf,.utirg stress through the throats of :
welds is 145 MPa.
ffia) l0 mm
b) 12 mm
c) 8mm
@ 15mm
Solwtion:
,L2 .
.t=LL(fi+'2+f)
+ (0)2 + Os)?]
.r = (r50) 1z) [0#
"I = 2250000
M = 90000 (175)
M= 15.75 x 106 N'm.
t-
Mv
JI--J T
(75)
,- 15.75 x 106
-
J^ 2250m0
(((((((((q+ FX ,fr = 525 N/mm
Mx
--;
t", fv =
,t
fro*,roo='oo . 15.75- "x 106

r,t-, --:""
- - (?5)
525 225000
aj4_
= 525 Nimm
+V ,r?
l'n
825
x=d(sEP*(axF
ft = 977.E8 N/rnrn
& * 0.?0? r (1) (i45) = 9??'88
I * 9.53 wm saY l8 mm. fillet weld'

PD PD
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Bteel @esf,gsxl
ffili
An angle is welded to a plate tqresist a load
I ..' a gusset
of the F aetiig through its eenroid. The specif;ed
I ,.-re
I lengths of 8 nlm welds as shown at figure '4
"liowable but a welder applies them as shown in figure
rr:s of the
,8" Using the-design load determined from
A, find the rnaximum load pr millimoter of
weld in figure 8, assuming elastie action to
occur only in the welds' Use allowable
shearing itress of 145 MFa through the
tlrrclats of the welds'
6a) 784.1 Nlmrn

b) 723.4 N/rnrn
c) 873.6 N/rnEn
4 535.2 Nlrnni
Salwtion:
F = 0.?07 (8) (150 + 75) (145)
l* = 1M527 N
l M = 1M527 {25}
14 = 4.613 x td N.rnrn
J= e) tG5# + (75)2 + 0l
150
J =2"25 x L6
Mx
fy= l
I = 153.8 Nlrnrn
Mv
fx =--*
. 4.613 4 106
l'=-z:":,tF
(?5)
/r = 153.8 Nirnm
rer*z, = 6tr5"0e Nimm
f =
D_ (153.S)z + (?58.89)2
R = 784.i Nlmna
PD PD
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to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
90
Steet E)esle=n
@ffiD,ffi
Which of the following gives the size
E 70xx fillet weld required for the gus
plate shown. All materials is grade A
Fu = 482.61 MPa'
*a) 5mm
b) 4mm
c) 6mm
0 8mm
W 14 x22
Solution:
Assume unit size weld.:
L = 2(450)
I = 900 rnm
A = a50(lx2)
A = 900 mrn2
,,=rya)
l-
,l C /x=15.19x106
M =223Wt25)
-1- C
M =27875 x trd N.mm
-L "- -M!
lr- I
. -rtG;JN-
27875i225)00)3
Jr=
n=^{@*Q+fi*
R = 481.63 N/rnrn
R =0.707t (0.3) Fu
481.63 = A.707 t (0.3X482"61)
t=4.7mm
Uset=5mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
90-A
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Design c u -tr a c k
61-a CE Boqrd Mdy 2004
p size ol .if aUle,i.ii:ri.4t5ii$i

::StruoturEI:i;Ga
hc gusset
thGi..ellsrrdble.
de A3( of trillcf '*ald
ths N$Cp..fnves, tfre

1,I,4.6,,2.'of
provisions.for,frlletweldsi'':,.,...,
efftriine,,arer,.
he considered os tlre
.,,,,,
iii,iiiiiiti $l,thc:i€ffeotiict!if(
2,,Ihe,.,effeati+or ilsngih::
:.: :.:. .:.: eXcGptt:::fillot: ttItrelds
grcater than the,thickness of
tnihlmurn tmorha.l.of,1a$, on i[pii,,jotiits

shall be 5 times ihe ihicXness of the
thinner part .ioined, brrt not less than,25 rnrn.
A,,diruble fillet weld:ed::fap joiht is shovm.
:The thiekness of the plate is 12 mm. The
nominal tensile strength of the weld metal
is 550 MPa.
PD PD
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W
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O
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N
N
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bu
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to
k
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
90-B
Steel Design
@. :,:Which,,:of
: ihe follfiwing,gires
'mtxifirnu,Si# bf ftc::fill€t weldi,,', :
@ Wtrictr,of tne follorrins E*es thc,:

,areaof theHlletweldj ,,,,, , , ,,,:,,,,, ,,
@ ':Which,: of the.:.fbllbvirg:,' givo$

,tapaettY of $e coUne*tion. ',
Solutibn:
O Max. size of weld:
tmar= 12 - l'5
t**= 70'5 mm
@ Total area of thefiUet weld:

A,=0.7o7t L
Au = O.7 07 (1.0. 5X2X350)
Au= 5196.45 mm2
o Capadty of tke connection:
T = AuF,
T = 5t96.45(0.3)(550)
T =8574L4.25N
T = 857.41 kN
ffi ,A double fillet welded lap joint,,iq sh.

The'thidkn;is of the;plhte is:9:5 mnr- I
:nbminal,tensile strGhgthof] ttre wetd
o'atf.S rytf.. ['Y = 24tl;$.
b wrri"rr of'the foito#hg,Evm the r
: si#:of thefillet::weld" ::
,@, Wnicn
'.:::
"of the 16116wi:ng':gives

capacity ,of the,foint of the allor
:i. I
rfrtrr-t*.t ift""la not te exceedel

@ lVhich of the 'following giv.es
capacily of the joint so that the ta
streis of the ba$e materilal shonll
.6 Wnt"n of the following gives

minimum amount of laP in mm I
lap joint '
PD PD
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W
O
O
N
N
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bu
to
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k
lic
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C
w
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m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k 90-c .d o
c u -tr a c k
d Design
Sohnion:
A Max. size of fillet wel^d:
Max. size offillet weld = 9.5 - 1.5
Max. size of fillet weld = I mm
@ Capdeity based on allowable shear

sfress,'
T= 0.7 07 (8)(0. 30X483.8X 27 s)(z)
T = 451502 N
@ Capacity based on allowabte tensile

stress of plate:
T = 27 5 (9.5)(0.60X248. 8)
T = 389994 N
@ Min. emount of lap:

Min. amount of lap = 5(9.5)
Min. amount of lap = 47.5 mm
61-c Problem:
:ivesr tb
PD PD
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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90-D
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Steel Design .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
-I
Solution:
O Sqfe value of P:
X = direct load + torsion
__P ,1,67
u-A3-n2P
- P l6(1000P)
-ituog-
'=
W*
t=0.000354P+0.A236P
T = 0.023954P OIPa)
Normal *rurr 11=ff

M=P(2)=20000P
(ZQQEX3!) pa
1= = o.oe43p(M )
[1ruo1o
Using Mohr's Circle a solve for mar
=1000P(N.mm)
shearing stress:
T-u* = ./ (0. o+l t s: P)2 + {0.a239 :' : :
P
=0.A529P (MPa)
Turolv = 0-30 Fu = 124'2lvfPa
0.0529P = 124.2
P = 2347.8i N
@ Max. torque:
T=Pe
T = 2341.83(l)
I = 2347.83 N.m
T = 2.35 kN.m
@ M*r. angle of twist:

T.I
H=-
"JG
,.=----;-
H
(2347.83 r l!)pqqE
rffl(83ooo)
0 = 0.0445 rad
I = 2.55"
PD PD
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W
O
O
N
N
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to
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.d o .c .d o .c
91
Iteel DeeI"gua
lx
@]iP#$"fiffi
Two plates 300 mrn x 14 mm are to be
joined by using a full penetration groove
weld using E 70 elecrodes (F) = 450 Mpa)
and A 36 plates Fy = 250 MPa. Which of
the following gives the strength of the
connection in shear.
*a) 540 kN
b) 4CS KN
c) 420 kN
@ 450 kN
Solution:
-1954P): Capacity of plates in shear:

T = Ag 0.40 Fy
? = 30(laX0.4)Q5A)
I= 420ffi0 N
T =420kN
Shear ccpaaity af groove weld:

I= 300(14X0.3) Fu
I = 30(14X0"3X450)
I= 567000 N
7 =566kN
S$e Capacity = 42A kN

PD PD
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O
O
N
N
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lic
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m
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w w
w
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o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k o) c u -tr a c k
Bteel lDesl.ggxr
Design the size of continuous fillet wel:

a buitt up plate girder as shown'
girder carries a maxirnlm shear of 1200
"Tt*
ijse E 60 electrodes with Fn = 400 MPa
Ea) 7 mm
b) 4 rnm
c) 9 mrn
@ 6mrn
:1 l*
2A
Solution:
Shear flow at the intersection af wei

flange
q=lvQ
Jvv\v rv,
'- n
, :
_ _
12
I=28?1x105
Q = 30(20Xa10)
Q=24ffi
1200(2460000)
q=
nei; 106-
q = 1.028 kN/mm
1028 = 0.707 (rX1X0.3X400X2)
I = 6.06 saY 7 mnn
Use ? mm fillet weld

PD PD
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N
N
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93 w . d o c u - t r a c k . c
w
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o
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.d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDeslqn
O From the given riveted connection shown,

I weld i-n which of the following gives the maximum
l8 nm boli
The pi.: shearing stress of the bolt if it is connected
: 1200 k\ to the column by a gusset plate. Bolts use
is of bearing type. Diam. of bolt is l8 nnm@.
6a) 469 MPa c) 326 MFa
b) 125 MPa S. 96 MPa
(9 Determine the length of t}e 9 rnm {illet weld
(E CI xx) electrodes to connect betwecn the
angle and the gusset plate at the upper and
lower portion of the angular section as
shown. Use SMAW Prccess" Tlie angul*r
section is made up of 100 mrm x I&} rn;rr x
'web an: 100 x 100 12.5 mm
125 mm.
*, a) 315 mm, 135 mm
b) 325 mm" 146 mm
c) 286 mm, 126 mm
0 420 mm,185 rnm
Solution:
Al=2 AZ=3
A=5
Ax=At(r1)+42x2
5;r=2(150)+3(0)
x=@
Al= 2
A2=2
A3= I
A=5
Ay=Atyt+A2yz+43y3
5y=2(0)+2(1ffi)+l(200)
)=80
run 30'=
*
h = 34.64
AB=120-3r'..g=85.36
e = 85.36 Cos 30'
e = 73.92 rnm
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
94
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
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m
w
Eteel lDeslgro- w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
M = 356000 (.73.92)
M =26.32 x 105 N.mm
t*-LG2*y2)
E (xz + y2) = t(tz0)2 + 2(20)2 + 2(80)2
+ 3(60)2 +2(90)2
E (r2 + y2) = 5500
- 26.32 x r06 (l20)

"r'= 56000-
fx = 57425
t, - 2 G7 * y2)
28113 ^ = 26.32 x 106 (60)
lY
I 19086li-1 55ooo
"Dlti,
'*&&' y'+*" fy = z8lt3
R2 = (l 19085)2 + (6887)2
ffi'
71200
R = 119285
*{#z 38}84 tr-22331'l
,,<-
I
$a69
T\-
'18ffi9
For bolt D:
26.32 x 106 (80)
/,^ =- 55m-..--
fx = 38284
l)-
26.32 x 106 (90)
= -- 55ooo --
fy = 43069
R2=(23377)2+(78659)2
I
R = 82069
fulo$ stressed bolt is C.

R = 1tg2g5
PD PD
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O
O
N
N
y
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to
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lic
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w 95
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o k.
c
c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c
Iteel lDeolgn
^ft ras
. i 19285
ilo = .-.-_
I
4
rlal?
- t(80)2 5s = 469 hzffa }> l?CI }.{Ea {&r}f ir,r.;:r{,"1,:,;;r:r!
(gxssef pieale to to{$nr.n is ftr}i i:Ji'.i;;r.:iir:.;
A iI ow ab I e s&rorari g,s/res.l ri;i7ti Ie, -a!,{r ii r.
Ir !'-v.Jul
-n?f,f,. B
Fu = 60{X}0 psi @r i: 6$xx {t:s;tr+{it:s

Fc = 414'7 tuIFa
Fv = 0.30(414.7)
Fv * 124"4 M-Fa
'r'= 0.707(9) L
t124.4i
356G3i) = 0.'707(9) (124"4) r
f" * 450 mrul
7- (?CI) = 11 {1#0} + X': (0)
35ffi (?0) = 14141P,
Tt *2492ffi
It = {).7{}7(9) {tt} (124.4}
2492ffi * 0.7fi7 i9) {124.4) i,i
li = 315 rmrn
fl*Ftr+?"t
Tz=356&S-24S20i1
Iu = 106E$S
Iz = 0.?0"1 {9) (12a.4} i,2
1068t* = S.?CI7 (9) {i2a.a) 12
!l _" Y; rrares
'-
l,*Lt+i-Z
L*315+135
i, * 450 mrn {CfoecJi}
PD PD
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W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
to
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lic
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C
C
w
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96 w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel IDeslg=n II
elll:it!
Deterhine the caPacitY of the we

connection shown if the allowable
stress of an l1 mm fillet weld is 124
The plate is 200 mm x 12 mm thick,
has an allowable tensile stress of 152 l
The welded section is 200 x 150 x 150
as shown in the figure.
6a) 364800 N c) 339500N

b) 237380 N 0 432940 N
Solution:
Capaciry per mm of 11 mmfilet weld
= ll(0.707) 124 = 964.35 N/mm
Shear capacity of weld
-- gu.3s [zoo + 2(150)] = 482175 ]i
Tensile capacitY of Plate
= 200 (12) (152) = 364800 N
Safe capacity of the connection
= 364800 N
Determine the length of welds Ll and Li

a welded connection to sustain the
tensile strength of a double angle d
truss member consisting of two (2)
5" x 3 U2" x 7116 subjected to a total
of 190 kips 847.88 kN, A 558 steel
50 ksi, 344.82 MPa), using 1/4" fillet
2-T and E 70 electrodes. Area of one
,=11.63" 3.53 sq. in. and the centroid is 1.63"
the smaller leg.
-L *a) in , 14.75 in
5.84
b) 3.58 in , 17.45 in
c) 4.68 in , 11.24 in
0 7.56 in ,21.16 in
PD PD
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N
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lic
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w
97w . d o c u - t r a c k . c
w
w
o
o
.d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDesLg:rr
Solution:
T=Asx0.30F,
J@: welded
fu shearing
For one angle only:
Jfrc
iZ+ mra.
lg0
! :\ick, and t- _
"_
2
fn tSZ tWa.
!r150mm
f = 95 kips
t e5 = 0107 (i) , (o 3X7o)
t
L = 25.59 in.
@rN
PN rz=0.107 (f) ruo.rxrol
i 7z = 18.56 kips
h"r:a
b" T=Tt+72+73
i
13 (5) + TyQ.S) + 11 (0) =T (3.37)
tri75 N 573 + 18.56(2.5) + 0 = 95(3.37)
7: = 54.75 kips
Tt=T-Tz-Tl
ft=95-18.56-54.75
fr = 21.69 kips
rt = 0.707 (i) ., (0.3)(70)
]," and 13 for

2t.6e =0.?o? (i) rr (o.3X7o)
h'Jre design Lt = 5.84 in.

for diagonal
fo 2) angles rt = 0.707 (i) nr, (o.3x7o)
fu otal force
I seel (fy =
f irllet weld
54.i5 =0.?o? (i).: (o.3X7o)
@ angle is Lz = 14.75
| 1.63" frorc
Check:
L=Lt+L2.+L3
25.59 = 5.84 + 5 + 14.75
25.59 = 25.59
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
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lic
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C
C
w
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w p8 w
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.d o .c .d o .c
s&eeE HBte€ts-ffixa
Cusset Plate
An angular section made up of lffi) n-:t

100 mm x 10 mm angle is welded r
gusset.plate. The angle can'ies a loa;
180 kN acting along its centroid. Deters
the lengths of the side fillet welds that
lrc required at the heel and the toe c:
angular section" Centroid of the an;
section is at x = ] = 29.0 mm. Allo'*l
shearing stress of weld is 94 MPa.
Fillet weld
ffi a) 105 mm , 257 mm

b) 1-14 mm ,237 mm
e) 212 mrn ,321 mm
W] 0 184 mm , 158 mm
"-rw'*
Solution:
Gusset Plate
I,4.{B = o
Tr (100) = 180(29)
Tt = 52.2 kN
T1+72= ISQ
Tz= 180 - 52.2
72 + 127.8 kN
M*xirnum size of fillet weld

1
for a round edge =i Ghickness :
Uset=J;(10)
4'
f=7.5mm
Strength of weld per mm = (1)(7"5)rt-
nr (a98) ='52.2 (1000)

Il = 105 rnm
Lz{a98) * r27 "8 (1000)
!-2 = 257 snm
PD PD
r
!
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W
O
O
N
N
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to
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C
C
w
w
m
m
!?{_}
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
tsteel D)esflffix'a
@.1r*Dffiiii,X.''
d -)0 mm x The 150 mm x l0 mm plate is welded ro
m.ded to a
filler weid
another steel plate by means of a
lr a load of having an allowable shearing stress of
!, )etermine l24lvPa.
ru;i that wilr
! :ce of the Which of the foilowing gives the size of rhe
[;e angula: fillet weld to be used ro iesist a full capacity
I \llowablt tensile load of the plare if it has an allowable
[lrA tensile stress of 152 I{Pa.
sa) 8.5 mm x 306 mrn
b) 7.5 mm x 237 mm
c) 6.5 mm x 321 mm
0 9.5 mm x 158 mm
Which of the following gives rhe length of
end returns.
Ga) 25 mm c) 22 mm
b) 13 mm @ 44mm
Solution:
P = 150(10) (152)
P = 228000 N
Max. weld size (NSC Specs.)
= thickness of material - 1.5 mm
=10-1.5
= 8.5 mmf/let weld
Allo;wable load for an 8.5 mm weld
fo-s of plarc
= 8.5(0.707X12a)
= 7.15 N/mm
Required length of weld =W
Ii,(0.70X9. Required lengtk of tveld = 306 rnm
l\ mtn Use 153 mrn weld with end returns equal to
twice the nominal size af the.fillet weld.
End relurns
5 = 2(8.5)
S = 17 mrn se) 25 rnrn
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesLgsrl
!['P*],-rffi
T'he 200 x 16 mm Plate shown is con
to the gusset plate with a 8 mm fillet u'
Determine the length "L " requirec
developed the full strength of the bar if
fillet weid has an allowable shearing s
of 124 lvlPa. Allowable tensile stress
plate is 138 MPa.
6 a) 157.42 mm
b) 238.23 mm
c) 121.54 mm
0 178.68 mm
Solution:
P = 20(16)(138)
P = 441600 N
Strength of 8 mmweld
= 8(0.707)(12a)
= 701.3 N/mm
P =1At3lU +ls + 2(I,-lffi) + 50
441600 =7Al'4 {4L)

L = 157.42 mm
p[ir; $-ffi
,10 kN Design the size of the welds to carr)' r
of 4b tNon the bracket shown

I 100
allowable shearing stress
through the throat is 145 MPa.
of the
i-l ffia) 7 mrn

b) 5mm
c) 9mm
010mm
PD PD
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O
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N
N
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C
C
10r
w
w
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w w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel trDesl-grl
Solution:
t=100+150
ug:onnected L = 250 (total length of weld)
I :,,let weld.
[ri:.uired to Li= rs0(7s) + l0o(50)
h rar if the
Pc-.n$ StreSS 250i7= 150(75) + 100(50)
li.iri Stress Oi
i=65mm
Ir=100(100)+150(0)
I 256= 100(100) + 0
[-,ur----+l4okN
a.rn<<<k<r<<rlo
-lo(#loo t, y=40mm
il q# = 160 N/mm
_ I| __!___x ;- =
'60
rll- M = 40(165)
i-{{(((((((t((o,7*
txl M = 6600 kN.mm
--, ,o l*- l M = 6600000 N.mm
I
^Myt
Jx=
Mx
- .ly* t
-50+?5] ,; r--6s-l
I so l
l,*nd,lnon!%3+
Far AB:
1r,,, l
lP I ti,
I ln,l
-l-u-losF-l; - tAB = Ll$* *z * yzf
*,iooo.,,.4==4f,
,_osJet ttt= lso tqr + (ro)2 + (+o)2]
_ _ ,_t:3J., Jea = 536250
wry the loal
m *n if tht
u :he weld: For CD:
rcD=t,\ff**'*r'f
/ca = rm tqf + (15)2 * roo)2]
/cr-l = 465833
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
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C
C
w
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w t02 w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
SteeE lD(eafl&:ra
l--JN+tgp
"I=536250+465833
J = 1002083
For joiru D:
"- -MJ
IL- J
- = -lm2o:-
/x
660m0 (60)
1+r'x=305 /x = 395 N/mm

lrr=na
t For jaint A:
lrn=tto *iMv
fx
- 6ffi0000
/'=-
(40)
loo2oSf-
/r = 263 N/mm
,Fi:, At joint A:
Mx
fy =-T
- 660000 (6s)
l} = -100206r-
1+Fx=263
I nr=+za
g = 428 N/mm
lr,r=,uo At joint D:
np = {sEaP*?xP
t\
q.<:263 Rp = 708 N/nnrn
At joint A:
5E8 tRo na={6egPmf
.R3 = $d{ Nlmm
{lse max" valae af R = 708 N/mm

Capacity af weld = 0.70t (i45)
0"?07r (i45) = 708
t = 6.9 say 7 Ynm weld
{Jse 7 xem tlcickness af weld

PD PD
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W
W
O
O
N
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bu
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to
to
k
k
lic
lic
103
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
ftteeR $ffieefl&;Na .d o
c u -tr a c k
Design the thickness of the weld that could

be used to carry the load as shown on the
welded bracket.
ffia) 4 mm
b) 6mm
c) Zmm
0 8 rnrn
40000 IiN
Solation:
L=Iffi+100+150
L=350
350x= 100(50) + 150(75) 100(0)

x = 46.43
350y= 100(100) + 100(50) + (100X0)
! = 42.86
reB=Llfi*., * rrf
tet = $a fqf + (28.sTz + @2.Bqzf
Jes = 679234
I fr2 -t
, JAE= 1ao Lfi * n' * ,'1
nm.11
K .tea= troa
tqr + g6.43)2+ (r ra)z]
I ./as = 3M005
ilii
PD PD
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N
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to
to
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k
lic
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w 104 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Elteel IDeslgn
rDE= lffi tqr + (3.57)2 + (sz.r+)2]
Jpg= 411106
J*JAB+ltg+Jp6
J = 679234 + 30405 + 411 106
J = 1394346
^My
Jx= J-
M = 4ffi00 (146.43)
M = 5857204
- s8s7200 (57.r4]}
1x=-- 3gq$6 -
fx = 240
rrx=2_10
lFv=igs ,., _
M'
-
t. P/L=t14
J: ^T
I
^ =5857200 (46.43)
lY :^:g+il;
fy = t95
N-"'
laQ
309 \R P 40ffn
==-350
L
P
L= lu
R= \ftt4o)t+ (309P
ft = 391 N/mm
R = 0.707r (145)
391 = 0.707r (145)
t = 3.81 mm
Ust*4mw welds
PD PD
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w 105
w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
I. IDeslgn
- (s1rq2f
NSC specification provides one allowable
stresses of 0.60F, on the gross section and
another allowable stress of 0.50Fu on the
effective net area. Where Fu specifies the
trlo minimum lensile strength.
The AISC specification gives allowable

stresses of 0.60F, on the gros,s cross-
sectional areas of members at sections
where there are no holes. For sections
where there are holes for bolts or rivets,
the allowable tensile rrr€J.r iJ A.50Fu,
applicable to the effective net areas. The
actual effective net area, As, which can be
considered to resist tension at the section
through the holes may be somewhat smaller
than the actual net area, An. Thus the
allowable capacity of a tensile member
with bolt or rivet holes permitted by the
NSC specificution is equal to the snnller of
the fallowing values:
O I= O.ffiFyAs
0 T=0.50FuAc
O T=0.45FtAn (pin l:rl.les)
Ac=CtAn
For mcmbers with pin holes the allowable
tensile stress permitted by the AISC is
equal to 0.45Fy and is applied to the
calculated net area, An, of the section.
PD PD
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w w
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.d o .c 106. .d o .c
Elteel IDeslgrr
tr
=
Net area meens thc gross crryss-sec

area of a runber minus any koles, notc
or othcr indenta$a$s.
In fabricating stractural steel wWch is t;

cannected with rivets ar bolts the lwles ,
usrully punclwd fi in. tl "S wvn) larger

the diameter of the ri,vet 6lr j
F'urthermore, the punching of the hc':
assumed to darnage or even destroy'
(1.5 mtn) more of the surrounding
therefore the area of the ltoles swbteca
! tl *un) larger than slw dtawwter :;

iru.
rivet or bolf. The area af tke
subtracted is rectangular and equci:
diameter of the hole tirnes the thicknc
the metal.
Effeetiva f{et Aress
NSC specilies that the effective ner

Ar, 0f s rn*rnber is to be determint:
wawltiplying its fret &re6, Ao, hy a rea
cofficient, Cs, as follows:
Ae*CtAra
For skort bolted or riveted tensi,on rne
consisting af gusset or splice plates or
connectian fittings where the ele
effectively fall in a single plane tlu
Specification states tkat the efficti',t
area is to be takew as the acttwl net
An, but may not be rnore than 85Vo e
the holes repr€seret a very srwall perce
af tke gross area.
L
PD PD
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N
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k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w x07w . d o c
w
w
o
o
.d o .c k.
c
c u -tr a c k u -tr a c
Eteel lDelslgm
-sectioitc ,:<s af, numbers ruunber of Speciul net 6rea

. nalcht- fasteners requirements Ae
per line
:histafu
holes a,: i ull length tensian ] l{one Afi
;,gw t.ho, wmbers lwving all
:, o ss -se c tional el enu t s
,,r bci: :tnnected to transmit
-.e hole :
.,r*4,.
' t6
aS l?l€tlt : qort tension members I
,
llone An
:lraclcd';: =-:tings, such as bat not
::lice plates, gusset ex.ceeding
ut€r of tir
:,iles, or beam-to- 0"85.4s
; :he holt' . :lutnn ftttings
rJu&ls ih!
.":ckri,€ss c'
*', ll, or S rolled shapes J
wv\=
section depth' 0.9aAn

3
Connecti.on is to
Jlange or flanges
net area , ructw,al tees cut 3 0.90An

'mine-d t.' - )m sections meeting
; redwtic. 'e quirenwnts of @ Aonnectisx is to
; )ove fiange ar fianges
4 rwmber: " M, or S shapes not 3 Nane a.85An

s 0r athr' veting tke mnditions
el€meil:' :'lD,andother shapes,
tht NSa ... : i udi n g b ui i t - up .Te*iern.r,
cti\te nt ,;ving unconnected
net Qre; .i- tmcnts not in the plaree
i-<Va {.Ven : .;:hc loading
,ercefita;t
.; shapes in (E, 6!, or @ j

Nane a.75An
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.d o .c .d o .c
Elteel lDeslg:n
Slenderness ratio: (Llr)
its unsupported length::

Ir is the ratio of
least radius of gyration' The purpo:'r
maximum Llr for tensian members ;:
insure the use of members with reasa't
siffness which will not vibrate or a'
exce s sivelY .
NSC Specs.
L-.rzoal
Main mentbers:
-
Bracing and other secor'darY merrt:
L -.*
-r <- -)( _l
A,SHA Specs.
trlein mernber: r
L.m
Brscing and other secordarY mcrx
L.z+o
r
PD PD
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C
C
108-A
w
w
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w w
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.d o .c .d .c
c u -tr a c k o c u -tr a c k
E
Design
71-a Problem:
,,.for a i,bitCkdt ,,.is.,to..,,,bie.,

rtOw,11.. ,,.
.,i.,. tJSi,hC,' w*tiling
Ftr =',, 4$S,,,1!fr a,ii'6yolute
' ',
.,,.,,..:,,.:,,,. '. i ..' '.:.::': i::.::.:::.::
, ,,.,,, ,,
ength to it
?urpose (,
bers is a
reasonabl, ,t6rduer slfiffij
or deflec !i,$ze,,q
Solution:
A Max. force in the weld in N/mm due to
axial load alone:
^
rax=
Px 160000
zL= 640
Pd*=250 N/mm
^
rdy=
Pu 120000
,L= 640
embers: Pdy= 187.5 N/mm
,r*--=] Pa="'l QSo)Z + (181.5)2

Pd=312.5 N/mm
2Mv1:
(240 +200 +200)x=240(o) +2(2o0)fi0
x = 62.5 mm
Px=2oo(f) = luo rN
Py=20oQ=izotN
embers:
M = t2O(137.5 + 300) - 160(120)
M= 33300 kN.m
7 = 33.3 kN.m
-1
J =ZLll;*,2 * rzS
t = 2(20o)lry. ei.r2 + gzez)
+ z4oLry + 1ez.s12 + of
J = 9.7453 x 106 mm3
PD PD
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w 108-B w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
l'
w.', @ Max. force in the weld in Nlnm due u

torque alane:
D
Tv 33.3 x loeg2E
--J_
't*=j= 9.7453x106
Prx = 410.0 N/mm
- -: = Ta 33311,{.6 ol7-5)
rry=
D
J 9.i453xr06
Ptr= 469.8 N/mm
Pt= @rc)z + @6e'8)2

Pt= 623.6 Nlmm
@ Minimum size of wel'drequbed:
ft= 'dx+P*)2 + (Pdy
ft= (250 + 4lO)Z + (187.5 + 469'8

R = 931.5 N/mm
R=0.107 tLFx
R=0.707 tL(0.3Fu)
931.5 = 0.707 (t) 1 (0.3 x 483)
t=9.1 mm
PD PD
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108-c
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.d o .c .d o .c
I Design
3 lle t4
ws$?i,,**fiffi M Solution:
Max. sheailng stess of the weld at A.:
lncate first the N.A. of the weld.
L=24A + 2QAA)
I = 640 mm.
Lx=2AA(\(100) + 240(0)
400(r00)
-'r=----
610
x= 62.5 mm.
J = Jan + !sg+ Jsp
-les= Jcp
,=Lf#.,,*r,)
200(.1/5)=120 kN
nI*-
rAB= 2N lry . (31 .5)z + azoy)
200(4/5) /ar= 3.83 x 106
=150 kN
i.+::: - rec= 2401ry. 62.s12 +of

Jnc= 2.09 x lff
Jcl= 3.83 x 106
"I= 3.83 x 106 + 2.09 x 106 + 3.83 x 106
J =9.15 x106
ilI = tZa@31.5) - 160(120)
M = 33300 kN.mm
M =33.3 x 106 N.mm
-Mt
Ix =;
- =33.3 x 106 (120)
Ix ,.r*fi;'
rlflSs tI Jx = 4A9.85 Nimm
, {*-6*f, "Mx
JY= J
I 33.3 x 106 (t:Z.5Ol
i 20000/6,10
rr" 9.75 x 100
fl = 469.62 Nhnm
R^= * (15935)2
^,t(6524)2
Ra= 616.57 N/mm
Rt= 0.l0it (1) Se
616.57 = 0.707(10X1) Sa
Sa= 95.70 MPa
(-
1l\
l 59.85
fir
',-.: },,
PD PD
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108-D
C
C
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
=........<
l, NJl.ollr'
@ Man shearitig stess of the weld a
-My
t=*
JX J
I 20000/640= I 87.50 - 33.3 x 106 (120)
lx=- sj5 n@-
Fx I ,**,uoo=,ro
___r.r_ fx = 4W.85 N/rnm
lr, ^Mx
lY= J
33.3 x 106 (62.5)
I 87.50
25.96
Jr-
At-#
9.75x106
R"
l1/' fy = 213.46 Nimm
*r.rr l z5o
...ET- )z-
'itnL=
(25.96)2 + (159.85)2
a- rsg.as Rn= 161.94 N/mm
I
2r3.46 r6t.94 = 0.707(10)(l) Sg
v 187.s0 Ss= 22.91 MPa
€) Max. shearing stess of weld at C;
R] = (25.96)2 + (559.s5)2
Rc= 660.36 N/mm
FY=213 +6 660.36 = 0.707(10)(1) Sc
.&6 25.96 Sc= 93.40 MFa
\l @ Max. sheafing stess of the weld o:
urnr,1 Rp2 = (659.8 5)2 + ($57.12)2
Rp=931.24 N/mm
93t.24 = 0.707(10X1) Sr
So= 131.72 MPa
187.50
Rr' ft
659.85+-rD
esr.tz The :,sho:P and field welds fr

W 21 x 68 be+rn shown is 7 mm u-.ir
electrodes (Fv = 483.8 MPa). Th
anglel are 75 x75 xll0 mnr' U:*
Specifications,
...O....,c.a*-"; i'.. . lit".ti

,i lCIi.bs;i *AA;,..., ., , ,l
I arn .'l.l.l.,
O .Co*pute...tke: max,. , ,iahcti,r

.',,.i,.t.'t6 rOlU q,6l{.,.,,.;;,1.1 ,11. ,.,.: .,,
O Compute the safe mrx. beam ra

PD PD
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108-Ew
C
C
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.d o .c .d o .c
I Design
weld at B:
'rwr#ffi*
Solutian:
O Mon beam reaction ilue to beam weld:
L=22O + 65(2)
Z=350mm
Lr = At x1 + A2x2
350x = 6s (32.5)(2) + 220(0)
x= 12.07 mm
J = Jas+ Js6+ Jsp
rt2
-l
JAs= LLfi* *'* r'1
.r75 x l0
rap= 65 [ry. Qo.ny+ (110)2]
Jar= 836515.43
Jen= Jco= 836515.43
WAtC:
r se = 220lry + cL2.07)2+ (ol2]
Jac= 919384.A1
J = 836515 .43 + 919384.01 + 836515.43
J = 2592414.87
p
M =;62.e3)
+eld at D.
M =.31.465P
Mv
fY---
J'- l
r"^
31 465P (110)
25924t4.87
/x = 0.001335P
-Mx
JY= l
r!^ - 25924t4.87
31.465P (52.93\
fy = 0.0Oo6424'3P
tr-.ing E j
The weu ^-- 2\350)
J"
|
i se AL\,. ln = 0.00143P
R=t[$,y*W*fuy
tion dur R = ! (O.OOt::spl + (0.0006 4243p + 0.(f,14JD2
R = 0 002464P
rion dut R= 0.7j'lt (1X0.3) Fr
0.002464P = 0.707 (7)(t)(0.3x483. S)
reactior., P =2915\7 N
F = 291"52 N
PD PD
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C
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o
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.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c 108-F .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Steel Design
weW
\U Max. beam reaction due.to column
aPPlied tc
Note: For the welds
or girder, the ioad is transfer
"of"* "e" away as shown anc
drstance
e)
moment in each weto equ*s $
to a.ro
These field welds are subject
*r""n causes the web angles
"r].tt
forced against the beam web at
and pushed anart.at qt ?.?ll:1.
;;ri;;""zonta11Y the fillet weld
usual practice ls to consttlcr t
n.u'o"f'*tt dividrng the tension f

lu*p..ttion is located one tenth
*uy'On*, frotn the t"P "l :lt,
ffrJ ito"r"ntal shear is assumed t;
i-r, ,"to at the one tentti
of the
Potn:
maximum at the bottom
0.90L
ZMa= 0
Le=FQ.6L)
2-
P_
o '.)
1- =f!-(o.9LXo.6L)
Pe
fx= olayz
t-----
P (15\'
r^ - o.54(2zo)'
fx=O.OA81 P
fr=h=o.oo227P
n={(fF*W
nz = Q.ttoztli)z + (o'oalnlz
R = 0.00366 P
0.707(7XiX0.30)(4s3 8) = 0'
P = 196256 N
p = 1i6.3 kN
@ Mur. beam reaction = 196'3 kN

PD PD
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C
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w x09
w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o k.
c
eel lf,DestlEr:r"
::hed to I
I , transfere-: mii#' fif#ia.eii
. ivn ald .
.$") F-ind the safe axial tensile lcad rfra[ the WI

section having a span of 6 rn. eould earry if
Fy = 25A MPa, Fu = 4ffi hr1Pa. The section
I to a rotai has three rows of 22 runn dialyl. rivegs on
angles tc eaeh side of t!:e flange" dg = 2470 arirn?,
tf * 9.7 lfifil, r * 39.6 r"r:c,'r. Cz' = CI.85.
.Jrn" tend:
-:: weid. T: ffia) 337450N
:cr that
- b) 237344N
:ron from :'
:enth of
c) 432610 N
:. the angl 0 -?98702 N
Solwtion:
:"- point t.
:e angles.
Diam. of hole * 22 + 3
iliant. af hole = 25 mnn
lttl An=Ag-Ahob
An=2474 - i25){9.7}i2)
.4* = 1985 nlm2
L:-,-
--l 1
Ae={vAn
Ae = 0.85(1985)
.4e = 168?.25
T
"" - a"squ
/td _ _
1687.25 =
0.s(400)
7 = 337450 N
T
Ag =
o*sr,
I T
2470 =
o6(r5CI
r I -0366P I=3705ffiN
UseT=3i745fl' t{
L _ 6000
u: t-V f - 39.6
L
; = 151.6 <24A gafe)
PD PD
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110
k
k
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C
C
w
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w w
w
w
o
Deslg:Yr
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Eteel .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Which of the following gives the safe

load based on gross area that could be can
by the bottom chord consisting of a fl
section having an unsupported length
l0 m. which is connected with 20
diameter rivets (two rivets in each flang
Use AISC Specs.
Properties of the wide flange seclion:

A = ll000 mm2
16'3 mm
'/=
r=64mm
Use A 36 steel FY = 250 MPa
Fr = 400 MPa Cr = 0.85
(reduction co{.
rsa) 1650 kN c) 1384 kN

b) 1224 kN 0 2135 kN
e Which of the following gives the safe

load based on effective net area.
a) 2112kN sc) 1615 kN

b) 1169 kN 0 1343 kN
e Which of the following gives the

slenderness ratio of the bottom chord
compare with the allowable slende
ratio.
a) 123.33 rsc) 156.25
b) 185.36 0 2t3.46

that the tension member could carry.
a) 2167 kN Bc) 1615 kN

b) 1835 kN 0 12l2kN
PD PD
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111
C
C
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.d o .c .d o .c
tBteeI lDeslg:lr
Solution:
safe tensi,: Diameter of river hole = 2A + 3
-d be camr.: Diame ter of river hole = 23

r of a flan::
: length .
,.rrh 20 m:: T = 0.60Fy Ag
:;;h flange 7 = 0.6(250X11000)
I= 1650000N
T = 1650 kN
T
n'= o.5 F u
Ae=CT An
n coeff.i
An= 11000-23(16.3)(4)
An = 95A0.40 mm2
Ae*CTAn
:afe tensi,: Ae = 0.85(9500.4)
Ae = 8075.34 mm?
T
8075.34 = OSla*
s the tL:
I= 1615068 N
i :hord an- T = 161.5 kN

"noro an_
, -: ndernes,
L*' L_
A Sknderness ratio: r
L- 10000
safe loa;
r &
L_
r = 156.25 < 244
Q Safe.load it could support= 16tr5 kN

PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteet lDeslg=rr
A bottom chord is to be designed to canJ

tensile load of 210 kN. The member has
span of 3 m. The members are to
connected by four 20 mm diameter rives
any one section through the ang
Fy = 25A MPa, Fn = 400 MPa, CT = 0.
Which of the following angular section
be safe t0 cary this load.
a) I 100 x ?5 x B mm, Ag = 1340 mml-

r = 19.0 mm, to = 103 N/m
cgb) Z 81 x'75 x 10 mm, Ag = 1480 mml-
r = 15.J5 mtn, 0) = I15.3 N/m
c) M0 x 87 x 6 mm, Ag = 1490 mml"
r = 20 rnm, o = 115.3 N/nt
4 /- g0 x 65 x 10 rnm, Ag = 1450 mml-
r = 13.9 rnm, o = 111.8 N/m
Solution:
.T
required=d o,
Gross area
n*=ffi- tr400mm2
Effective ne{ area required=# *

a'=ffi=lo5omrn2
Dia. of rivet hole =20 + 3 =23 mm
net area
100x75x 0.85{130-184)= 9&
87x75x10 23(10) = 239 0.85(1480-230) =
150x87x6 A(6)= 13 0"85(1490-138) = 1la9
90 x 65 x 10 2{to1=* 0.8{145G230) ='l$ll
Based on thc table:
UseE7x75x10
Effective net area = 1062.50 > 1050
: =ffi = 1e0.48 <z4a ok

PD PD
!
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112-A
lic
lic
C
C
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w
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m
w w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
il Design
71-a Problem:
dtocarryt
rmber has I
laretoh
aer rivets a
Oe angle
, Cr = 0.85
'section wil
]40 mm2,
480 mm2,
lm
490 mm2,
450 mm2,
-::::--T[=3
-tsH
Solution:
A Tensile yield strength:
t.5 Fu T = 0.60 FyAg

T = 0.60(248.8)(3064)
T = 457394N
lmm
T =457.4 kN
p net area
;mFrEE-
!2S; = 1952.9 @ Minimum tensile strength:
)138) = 1149.21
D2301 = 1637 T =0.50 FrAe
An = 3064 - (t)(21)(12.s)
An= 2801.50 mrt
> 1050 mn
Ae= UAn
PD PD
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m
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.d o .c .d o .c
112-B
Steel Design
A"=0.85(2801 50)
A"=2381'28mrt
7 = 0.50(400)(238t'28)
T = 416256N
T = 476.26 kN
@ Allowable bl'ock shear strength:
I = 0.30 FAu + 0'50 FuAt
Av = net shear area
As = net tension area

.)t 5.
#--i
f1:*1lr2
1,&. l,*
s
Izr <--.]
rUZ,.' A, = (25O '21 - Zl - 10'5X12 5)
Av=2468"75'mm
Ay = 52(12.5)
a
Ar = 650 mm'
7= 0. 30(400)(2468 ;7 5) + 0'50(+:
T = 426250N
T = 426.25 kN
PD PD
!
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k
lic
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112-C
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Design
74.b" Problem:
,th:
5)
Solution:
A Tensile strength using ASD Method:
T =O.60Fy Ag
T =0.60(248.8)(3140)
7 = 558307 N
400x65 T =0.5OFu Ae
An=3740 - (23)(16)
An = 3372
Ae=UAn
Ae = 0.991331r,
Ae =2961.36 mrrP
PD PD
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O
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N
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m
m
w 112-D w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
rsNitoNMahr*w. T = 0.50Fu Ae
7' = 0. 50(400)(2967 .36)
T = 593472N
Safe T = 558307
T = 558.3 kN
o Tensile force using LRFD:
I =0.90Fy Ag
T =a.90(248.8)(3740)
7 = 837461 N
An=3140 -23{16)
An= 33'72
Ae=UAn
Ae = 0.88(3312)
Ae =296'1.36 mrr2
T =0.75Fu,4e
7 = 0.75(400)(2967.36)
I = 890208 N
SafeT=837461N
T = 837.5 kN
@ R.atio of LRFD to ASD:
_
fi =
837.5
55gJ ='t's
PD PD
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O
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N
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112-E
k
k
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C
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m
m
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w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Design
74-c Probletn:
Solution:
O Btock shearing strength using ASD
method:
T =O.3OFuAv + O.5OFtAt
Av = net shear area
Av - (250- 10.5 - 2t - 2t)(t2.5)
Av =2468.V5 mrr?
At- (62.5 - 10.5)(12.5)
A/ = 650 mm2
Z = 0.3(400X2468.7 5) + 0.50(400)(650)
T = 426250N
T = 426.25 kN
PD PD
!
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O
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k
112-F
lic
lic
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C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
@ Block shearing stengtrh using LRFD

method:
1) When Fu A,,1 > 0.60 FY A',u
Use T = g IO.OOPy er, + Fu AoJ
@ = 0.75
Arr= gross area subject to tension
10.5.
Ant=rret area subject to tension
1
52 62. An,='net area subject to shear
I Ar, = Sross area subject to shear
10.5 2t
-rFrfl--fl-rr,,,
2t
[_2s0--_t] 2) When Fu A,,1 < 0.60 fu Anu

o = 0.75
7 = 6fo.eo Fu Aru + Fy Asl1
Ar, = 250(12.5) = 3t25 mrtt

Ar,= 62.5(12.5) =781.25 rm*
An,= (25O - 10.5 - 2l -21)(12.5)
Aru=2468'J5 mm2
Art= 650 mrrP
Fu A,s = 400(650) = 260000

0.60Fu A,, = Q.6(400)(2468.75) = 59250'
Fu A,, <O.60Fu Anu
(Jse T =o [0.60FuA, u + Fy Agt)
T= O.7 5fO.6O(400)(2468.7 5)
+ zas.8(18t.2I)1
T = 590156 N
T = 590.2 kN
@ Ratio of LRFD to ASD:

o _ 590.2
426.25
R= 1.38
PD PD
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113
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
tteel IDesl-gpr c u -tr a c k
sng LRFD
I t-,r'
,- au A"r,]
Based on the AISC Specifications, The
effective net area Au at the root of the thread
I .. :ension
of a threaded tension member is
I :':rsion Ae=0.7854(o UUU)2. wte.er is
I .::ear the nominal outside diam. of the threads and
r shear n is the number of threads per 25.4 mm. If
the load is 250 KN and the number of
threads per inch of the threaded tension
member is 4, Fy = 250 MPa the diameter
sufficient to carry the load is:
l
F..r] l
l a) 66 mm
b) 60 mm
c) '/0 mm
rs@ 55 mm
Solution:
[r'.
7" =5925U)
Ae = 0.i854 (o "LY)'
,
o, 250 000
= o.d (250)
r" igt]
Ae = 16&5.67 mm?
l-.rl / ^9143 \2
Ae = A.7854 \O -*t-tzt 1'
/0.9743 \2
^ -^-. - -u.zt:-'
1ffi.67 = 0.7854 \O s"
D= 46"31 rnm Jdie 55 mrpe (nearest)

PD PD
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m
m
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il1 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl.e=lr
The stresses caused bY the bend:

mamcnt are known as bending or fle
Jtrr€sses, and the relation between t
stesses ond the bending tnomcni
expressed bY thc flexure formula'
A) Lctcrally SuPPorted Beams
S= seilbn nwdulus
o Compact sections
,fn,,.n,S ,Jrf.,,
Flange width' thickness ratio:

$f.' jy'fi ,',",,
',,1;,,' 1,,1
t.,,#.1.ffi...x
- thicktess ratio:
.:.,,...Jd&fii',.:i
,<,ffi,'il,i:,,
:,,,
,,,*iEt1,,,,,
g Non - compact section:

fe,X',$.d& .;.
Partialty comryct section :

i',:,
..,1; . ;;;;;i1,.,.;..,1.;:.,.,..,,,f,,..,,',,t.,.,,,ii
.r*.,+..r#.*.,oi.mI{i
PD PD
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tb
k
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m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
I lDesl.grr"
Flange width - thickness ratio:
illr :a?j. r,l
j] " tl:*'
lN,l i ": 'd i
rin :1' l
ryrd"
wlun Lh 1. Lc
Ilu
use Fb = 0.66 Fy
Lb = unbraced length of compression

flanged
when Lb ) Lu
we Fb -. O.AO fl
(D wlun: Lb > Lc andLb 1Lu
B) Laterally Unsupported Beams
O whenL> Lc
L> Lu
h-
PD PD
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116
C
C
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w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel- IDes .qrr
H
IJse biggest value of Fb bw shodd h

< 0.60 Fy
@ L>Lc
L> bt
,li.,i.,.,.,.,.*:l :,:'ii:'*,tfO:xi'l#i€,$:illil:::::::
iiil,i*"."iffi ,ffi ffi lll.'i.
xi:ii:ii:lii
* .ll:l:l:l,lil:ll:l:lll
:iii:i:.lilil'liiliiiliil,:ii::i::;:i:ii::j:i:j##il::r:i:iii::::li:iii:ii:i::iii:i:ii:iiiii
Use biggest valw of Fb bw slwuld I

< 0.64 FY
n=\F
n = q+lolw
e = ryy+f nq
,=$.W
Cb = 2.3 hnax. value)

PD PD
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117
C
C
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w w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel- Deslgr:r
1.9 cm
A BW 775 x 287 sree,l I beam has the
following dimensions:
uJ be 2cm
il 755 mm lotal beam depth
tw 19 mm web thickness
D 360 mm flange width
tf 32 mm flange thickness
Which of the following gives the minimum

section modulus Sx.
a) 9680 cm3
b) 8680 mm3
c) 6890 mm3
us @ 9365 cm3
Wiw Solution:
| _ 36 (75.5)3 34.1 (69.1)3

t2-12
1 = 353528.9 cm4
o- /
o-c
r^= JTJ5-
353528.9
S = 9365 enf
PD PD
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O
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w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c 118 .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Eteel lDeslgn
!:]1:l:-,::j:,,i:::::,i,,,,::,:,,,,:,:.,,:,:,:::,:rir,:,,,,::,:,:,:,'
'eEi'R a's id,, N 0 i.,..;I 9 9 4
A l0 m. steel wide flange beam is late

supported. The width of the web if the i
is 700 mm and web thickness is 10
tw=10 Fy = 250 MPa. Which of the follo
gives the allowable bending stress.
G a) 165 MPa
b) 112.5 MPa
c) 150 MPa
0 138 MPa
Solution:
d 1680
lf, -ln < -:=
\, F)
Use F6 = 0.6,6F)
d = l0O mm (width of web)
tw = 10 mm (web thickness)
700 161i0
t0 r/ ZsO
70 < 106.25
tlse F6= 0.66(250)
Fa=165 MPa
cii,i;iii'nay'itii;i
The structurai I-beam supporting e
carries a floor load of 4.6 kN/m2. Tht
span 6 m. and are simply supported ::
ends. Which of the following gi'',,
centerline spacing if the allowable s::
the beam is 120 MPa and the s
monlulus is 534 x 103 mm3.
6a) 3 m.
b) 3.75 m.
c) 3.45 m.
0 4m.
PD PD
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N
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w
w
m
m
w 119
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o k.
c
fteel Design
Solution:
w = 4.6(6XS)
- rs lateral, l-s---l W = 2V.65
if the
M= WL
bea,.i
, ls l0 m:* ^-
E
t-. followiri 27.65(6\
M__--
8
M = 20.75 kN.m
M = 20.7 x 106 .! N.mm
-sJ.-s__! M
ra =s
rzo =2!J r-l!5

534 x 10r
S = 3.096 m
The flooring of a high rise bldg. is made up

of 150 mm thick concrete slab and a 50 mm
thick floor finish both of which has a unir
weight of 24 kN/m3. The floor also carries
a ceiling load of 720Pa and a live load of
240o Pa. The floor is supported by
W 360 x 253 steel beam having 4 simple
I
s
span of l0 m.
Properties ofW 360 x253
-,-g a flcr-r:
I w =2480N1m (weight of beam)
d = 356 mm (depth of beam)
The bear
:ed at the:
Ix = 682 x 106 mm4 (monwnt of inertia)
Ilves t:: --10 m_ l
l[.3 stress :: Which of the following gives the required
.-- 3 secti.'r spacing of the beams if an A 36 steel is used
with Fy =248lvPa. Fb = 0.60Fy
€a) 5.4 m
b) 5.2 m
c) 3.6 m
@ 4.8m
PD PD
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w
w
m
m
w 120 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDesIgrr
Solution:
Flooring = 24000(0.2)
Flooring = 48tX) N/m2

Ceiting = 720 Nlm2
Live load = 2400 N/m2
Let S = spar:ing of beam in meters

'foml load (4800 + 720 + 2400)(10'ii-:
=
+ 248(10)
Total load=l92OA S + 24800
t,.D--MC
I
0.60(248) =582
.(n
* 106
M = 570 kN.m
u=-i-
wn0)
w(l0)
57O=-
8
W = 456000 N
7920A5+248ff)=456ffi0
S = 5.4 m. (spacing of beum)
PD PD
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120 -A
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
teel lDeslptrr
@ Problem:
A 6 m. long floor beams in a certain

building are simply supported at their ends
and carry a floor load of 4 kN/m2. If the
beams have W 250 x 45 section, determine
the center-line spacing using an allowable
flexural stress of 120 MPa.
Properties ofW 250 x 45
w*rs W = 44.9 kglm Sx= 534 x 103 mm3
mil)(loxs)
*a) 0.48 m.
ni 10) b) 0.52 m.
c) 0.36 m.
0 0.42 m.
Solution:
1v=4(6)(,$. *lffiP
W =245 + 2.64
M=wL2
a
M=;srel2
M = 4.51V kN.m
M = 4.5W x 106 N.mm
"-M
,-S;r
l2(,=--y.
534 x 10r
M =64.08x 106 N.mm
M=4.5Wx106
64.08x106=4.5IVx106
W = l4,24kN
245+2.&=14.24
S = 0,48 m.
PD PD
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W
O
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N
N
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lic
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w
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w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k 120-B .d o
c u -tr a c k
Eteel IDeslg=rr
W Problem:
A 10 m. beam simPlY suPPorted at

carries a uniformlY distributed I
kNlm over its entire length'
() What is the lightest W shaPe

not exceed a flexural stress of
,g'a) W610x82 Sr= 1870 x i

A = 10400 mm2 w = 81.9 kg ::
b) W530x85 Sr=1810x--
.4= 10800 mm2 w =84.4k9=
c) W450x82 Sr= 1610x --'
.4 = 104O0 mm2 w = 81.9 kE: :
0 W360x79 Sx=1280x-"-
,4 = 10100 mm2 w = 79.3 kg-
0 What is the actual maximum stre
beam selected'!
€a) MPa
113 c) 110 MPa
b) 118MPa 0 106MPa
Solution:
o M=,t]
g
*=ry
M =2O0x 106 N.mm
t=rM
^ 200 x 106
o- no
S=1667x103
TryW610x82
Sr= 1870 x i03
w = 8i.9 kg/m
PD PD
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w
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w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
120 -C
tteel lDesl-gn
Wt, of beam = 81.9(9.81)

tm:d at the en: Wt, of beam = 803.4.1 N/m = 8 i.9 kg/m
h;J load of , Total load IV = 16.803 kN/m
i
16.803( 10.r2
8
F:eam that ri_
M =210 x 106 N.mm
r, .10 MPa
^ 210
\=- x 106
- 120
S = 1750 x 103 < 1870 x t03 (safe)
L:seW 610 x 82
Actual mcLr. stress in beam:
/-"MS
, 2i0x 106
" 1870 x 10r
l-
f = 112.3 MPa
[]}a Problem:
Pa
A simply supported beam has a span of 6 m.
and carries a concentrated load of 45 kN
acting at 4 m, from the left support.
O What is the lightest W shape beam thar will

support the load without exceeding a flexural
stress of 120 MPa? Assume the beam is
properly braced against lateral deflection.
a) W200x52 w = 52.3 kglm
Sx= 512 x 103 mm3
b) W360x39 w=39,lkg/m
S.r= 580 x i03 mm3
sc) W310x39 w=38.7k1lm
S.r= 549 x 103 mm3
$ W250x45 w=4.9kglm
Sr= 534 x 103 mm3
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
120 -l)
Steel lDeslg:n
0 Determine the actual max' stress in th'

45 kN selected.
,L' ffi a) 112 MPa c) 118 MPa
b) 116 MPa 0 110 MPa
, Ry Solution:
5 zMnz= o
6Ri =45(4)
Rl=30
R2=45 - 30= 15
14 = l5(4) = 60 kN.m
M = 6O x 106 N.mm
('_-M - 60x106
r- I 1ZO
S=500x103
Tryw3lox39 sr=549r -i
u, = 38.7 kg/m
w = 38.7(9.81)
w = 379.65 N/m = 0.380 kN/m
45 kN
Compute the dead moment at the lo:

45 kN load.
M DL= r.r4(2) - 0'380(2)(1)
M DL= 1'52 kN'm
MT= 60 + l'52
R2=1)4 kN Mp 61.52 kN'm
-1. l4 106 N'mm
Mr=61.52x
- 61.52x 10-6
o- l2o
I S=51 x 103 <549x103 (qafet
UseW310x39
@ Actual stress "in the beam:

M 61.52 x 106
r-s- 549x10-*
f= 112 MPa
-
PD PD
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O
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t 20-t:
k
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w
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.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
lteel lDeslg4;n .d o
c u -tr a c k
s in the ber
@ I'ntbtem:
,.1Pa A sirnpll -l m. long is
supporred bearn
''iPa composed o1' trr o (' 200 r 2ii chan ne ls
lireted ilack to back. What uniformlr
distributccl Ioad can hc callicd in acldition tir
thc u eight of the beam u il.hout exceeding a
t'lerural strcss of 120 Mlra.
O If the ri etrs are lertical.

r:)r'a) 20.968 kN/m c) 2-5.3.13 kN/m
b) 1"1.796 kN/m d 18.685 kN/m
@ If the webs are horizontal.

rrs,a) 2.383 kN/m c) -1.-545 kN/m
bt 1.2-1.1 kNrm d 3.3212 kN/m
rJ, x 103 Properties ofone C 200 x 28

w = 27.9 kglm A = 3560 mm2
Ix= x 106 mm4 d = 14.4 mm
18,2
Iy= 0.825 x 106 mm4 h= 12.4 mm
d=203mm bf=64mm
tf= 9'9 mm
Solution:
O If the webs are vertical:
Ix= 18.2 x 106 (2)
Ix= 36.4 x 106 mm4
,MC
I= I
^
c= 203
2
C = 101.5
,.^ _ M(101.5)
LLW -
36,4 x 10o
M =43.03x106
PD PD
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w
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w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
t 20-p'
Steel llesfglr
wL2
M= g
w,@\2
+:.03 = S
w = 21.515 kNlm
27.9O.81)(2)
Wt. o! beam =
-ii000
Wt. of beam = 0.547 kNlm
Safe unform load it can carry

= 2l.515 - 0.547
=20.968 kNlm
@ IJ the webs are horizontal:
lr= [o.sz5 x 106+ 3560(14.q272

Ix= 31264O3.2 mm4
c=64
,-MC
J- I
MrcAI
tlo =Ttzoqcr.2
M = 5.86 x 106 N.mm
ll
wLZ
tvt-- g
-
w(4\2
5.96 = g
I4r = 2.93 kN/m

Wt. of beam = 0.547 kN/m
Safe uniform load it can carry'

= 2.93 - 0.547
=2.383 kNlm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
120 -G
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c . do .c
fteel lDeslgrrr
'W problem:
A portion of the floor plan of the bldg. is

shown. The total loadings (including live
and dead loads) in each bay is as shown.
Design the girder G-2 if the allorvable stress
is 120 MPa.
E'a) W4l0x60
w = 59.5 kg/sn
-:*zmt? Sr= 1060 x 103
B1 A = 7580 mm2
.j l0kPa lOkPa I 0kPr l0kPr b) W360x72

w = 71.5 kgln
( 3irder G-?
Sr= 1340 x 103
Stair well A = 91tr0 mm2
-:lz 5 kPa 5 kPa 5 kPa l0kPa

W530x56
w = 65,7 kglm
Sr= 1340 x 103
A = 8370 mm2
W460x61
w = 60.9 k9lm
Sx= 1150 x 103
A = 776O mm2
Solution:
I"cads on bearus B1
I1'=120 kN/m
W = 10(6)(2)
17 = 120 kN
2R = 120 kN
R
ft=60kN
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
y
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120-H
C
C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Itteel lDeslg=rr
lpads on girder G-2.

(two reactions of beam B 1)
PL
M=T
,,
tvt- -WQ-
3
M = 120 kN.m
,=.fM
120 x 106
"^\=--_-=-
t20
S= 1000x 103
TryW410x60
Sr= 1060 x 103
,_M
r- s
-
/=
120 x 106
io6o;m
I = 113.2 MPa < 120 (safe)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
121w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
el lDesl.grr
'Fn'bliiiti
A W 10 x 30, 8.4 m. long floor beams in a
building are simply supported at their ends
and carry a floor load of 4.2 kPa., Sx = 530 x
103 and E = 200000 MPa, Fy = 200 MPa.
Determine the centerli4e spacing assuming
the beam is laterally supported. Use
allowable bending = 0.60 Fy. Allowable
deflection is ti360. 1= 98 x 106 mm4, d =
254 mm, t* = 19.2 mm. Allowable
shearing stress is 0.40 Fy.
Ga) 1.68 m.
b) 2.46 m.
c) 1.24 m.
$ 2.33 m.
Solution:
Total load = 4.2{8.4)5
Total load = 35.285 kN
By bendmg
T M
s Fb=sx
1
M
0.6.Fv = ^
'Jr
0.6(200) =
,r#ro,
M = 63.5 x 106 N.mm
M = 63.6 kN.m
wL
M= g
ur.u=ffs@
S=1.72m
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
bu
to
to
k
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lic
lic
C
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w
w
m
m
w 122 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel- IDesLgn-
By deflection
8400 _ s(35.285\(8400\3 (1ryo)
360
= 38(20moox98)ld
S = 1.68 m.
By shear
v.dtw = 0.40Fy
Y = 0.4(200)(254)(19.2)
V = 390144 N
, =ufl(lom)
3eor44 =
IT*
S = 22.12 m.
Use S = 1.6E n.
A simply suPported beam having a s

10 m.-carries a uniform load of 2Ci
over its entire length and a
of 40 kN at its midspan. Assume
beam is laterallY suPPorted at its
Use Fb - 0.60FY with FY = 200
Which of the following gives the
section (W shaPe) from the gi
section shown.
rsa) W 610 x 125 ; w = 1227 Nlm

= 3220 x td mm3
Sx
b)W690x125;w=7232N1m
Sr = 3500 x ld mm3
c) W7CIxl47;w=1443N/m
Sr = 4410 x ld mm3
O W530x150;w=1477N/m
Sx = 3710 x 103 mm3
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
123
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
erel lDesl.grr w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Solution:
F r)01 a, -- PL wLZ
il,6 ttr-
4 - g
2i-(!0f
,y=4Q(lQ
48 *
M = 350 kN.m
M =350 x 106 N.mm
TryW5laxfiS
Dead load = 1221 Nlm
MDL=ryN
MDL = 153375
MDL= 15.34 x 106 N.mm
I
Total M= (350 + 15.34) 106

Mr=365.34x106
fu rgaspan. All ow ab le be ndin g rrresr..

ru-: cf 20 kN :
F o = 0.6Fy
mq,.3ntrated lc'r
4r:Jfie that :. Fo = 0.6(200)
[.J[ lts end on. Fa = l20lvlPa
x = 200 MF.
the lightti
ln,*, ^M
fb=v-
JX
fia given ste :
Actual section modulus :
^M
a, =FT
365.34 x 106
^ =--T26-
",
rni Sx = 3M4.5 x ld < 3220 x tG (safe)
'u:nl (Ise W 610 x 125 (lightest section)

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
124
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
Steel lDeslg:n
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
@laufiu*1i,11.:..,,''
On a certain remode.ling job, I
necessrlry to remove two colurnns in th;
storcy building. This can be dcr:
carrying the second and third storey
ioads and roof loads, presently carried :'
columns, by a stcel bcam.
Let R 1 be the left suPPort of s

A=400 kN B=280 kN R2 be the right suPpofl
beam and
distance between R1 and l?2 is ll m
be one of the column loads of 4ff
located 2.4 m from R 1 and let I the
column load of 280 kN, 1.2 m fron
The distance between A and B is 7.4 rn
first storey ceiling height is such thr
beam can be placed under the ceiling
it will be laterally supported at the ct
only. Using AISC SPccs and FY =
MPa. design a W section to carry thrs
Assume dead load m be 2 kN/m.
a) W690x217 A = 27740 m
d=695mm b/= 355 mm
f = 24.8 mm rw = 15.4 mn
S.r = 6740 x ld mm3
1) = 185 x 106 mm4
b) W 610 x 217 A = 27940

d=628 bf= 328
rf = 27;l ,w = 16.5
S.r=5070xld
/-y=163x106
c) W 530 x 219 A = 27940 n

d=560mm D/= 318 mm
tf = 29.2 mm rrv = 18.3 mr
3.r = 5390 x l(F mm3
/) = 151 x 106 mm3
L
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
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y
y
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125
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
eel lDesl"grr
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Q W 920x201 A=25(t00 rnm2

g job, it
d = 903 mm b/= 3(M mm
in the f;
tf = 201mm w = 75.2 mm
x
-q
done ld mm3
Sr = 7200 x
storey ly = 94.4 x 106 mm4
:arried by
Solution:
:t of such
support LMR2= Q
,l m. Lel , LMRI = 400(8.6) + 280(1.2) + 2(11)(5.5)
of 400 B
I the otis Rt = 354'27
n from .R - R1+R2=400+280+2(ll)
i 7.4 m. T:r Rz= 347.73
,.lch that
"-*
::rling, u _ (354.27 + 349.41)(2.4)
.. the colur.,ir
''-n
^ 2
F,v = l-. Mt = 844.488
1' this loi:
Me =844.488 - l5!$ r$-::)]Zl)
2
mm2 Ma = 415.806
imm
:.1mm Assume: Fb = A.6Fy
Fb = 0.Q230)
Fb = 138 MPa
:.0 ^M
"/-{
^ M
_l
844.488n0)6
-5 -\=-=
J 138
S=6119.5xICF
Try 6X) W 217

mm2
d=695mm
mm
bf = 355
.J mm
tf = 24.8
tw - 15"4
S.r=6740xId
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
126,
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesl-grr
Lc = _*
200bf
!rv
_
,^_....J
Lt, -
2m(3s5)
{ z:o
Lc = 4682 mm < 7400
_ 138000
Lu=
ô
Af
.
Lu= 138000
ua,6g5\
355(24.8)
Lu=7607 > 7400
Use Fb = 0.6F) L ) Lc but L 1Lu
Shear:
M
fb=s,
x
ft- 844.488
6740 x
106
103
lb = 125.29 MPa < l3S lvIPa (safe)
V = 354270 (frorn shear diagram)

V
u=-
' dtw
354270
'= 695(150
v = 33.1 MPa
fv = 0.40 Fy
fy = A.4O Fy
11 = 0.a0 (230)
fv =92 MPa > 33.1 MPa (ok) Safe
UseW69Ax2l7
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
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y
bu
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127
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.d o .c .d o .c
I lDeslc=rl
82.
Concentrated loads P are acting at the middle

thirds of the beam having a span of 9 m.
The beam is made up of a wide flange with a
yield strength of 344.5 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 200000 MPa. The beam is
laterally supported only every 3 meter
distance. Neglect the weight and deflection
of the beam.
Width of flanse = 368.8 mm

Depth of beam = 356.1I mrir
Thickness of flange = 18.03 mm
T'hickness of web = ll.l8 mm
Section modulus about the x-axis
=2343 x ld mm3
j,< Lu Monwnt of inertia about the x-axis
= 416 x 106 mm4
Allowable bending str e ss

a) 0.66Fy
for compact sections
$A.60Fy for non compact sections
For partially compact sections:
c) F6 = ry
t rufe) fo.ts
- 0.00076
#O)
O Which of the following gives the rnaximum
wt) unbraced length.
a) 2.597 m 6 c) 3.974 m
b) 3.215 m g 4.236 m
0 Which of the following gives the value of

the allowable bending sress.
s a) 222.55 MPa c) 174.221vffa
b) 296.35 MPa @ 247.53 lvffa
0 Which of the following gives the safe value
ofP if flexural stress controls the design.
Safe
a) 126.8 kN 8s c) 173.8 kN
b) 236.4 kN 0 218.3 kN
PD PD
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W
O
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N
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128
C
C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslgrr.
Solution:
ls=3rn..
Lc = trutx" unbraced length at which
Fa = 0.60FY
,
LC-
200bf
!Fv
r.= &$9Q
! 344.5
l,c = 3974 mtrl"
[,u < l, {tt is laterally supparted)
,
wnefi
bf 1]o
< -;:-
t tf
- .iFv
Llse F6= e.66fy {conryact s€ctt,.'-
ht 17o
when *z tf > ;-
-v_"ry
Iy
Th, - 0.&X]76;
L'se Fs =
[_Cr.79
tJ.
bf 250
;:-< -t_
''J Vly
bf t 368.8
2.i 2(rBs3) =rt,"/i)
'89 =
q"to
{rv
250
= lj.4l
! --r"y
10.23 > 9.16 (partially aompacr
rc.23 < \3.4V
Atlowsble bending s*ess.'

(AISC Specs)
Fb= Fy
[o.rr - o.oc076 #O)
Fu=344.5[A.79 - 0.00076(10.23)
F6 "* 222.55 MFa
"
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
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lic
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129
C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Iteel. IDes{qm-
PL P(9\
lft- 4
JJ
a.hick M = P(3)
M
F&=
df
"
aan <<
M
LLL'JJ-2343x103
M = 521434650 N.rnm
M = 521.4 kN.m
52r.4 = P(3)
P = 173.8 kN
:: section)
A W 310 x 38 steel beam having a span of
6 m. is resting on a W 530 x 82 girder. The
beam carries a super irnposed load of 4785
Pa excluding the weight of a 100 mm
hf
-5;1!F. concrete slab and its own weight. Weight of
-)
concret€ is 23.5 kN/m3. Use A 36 steel
with yield strength Fy = 248.8 MPa. The
compression flange is rigidly atached to the
corrcrete floor.
A = 0.0{894 m2 1r = 0.0000851 m4
d = 0.310 m. Iy=0"0ffi00727 m4
bf = 4.165 m. S-x = 0.000549 m3
f=0.W7m Sy = 0.0000881 m3
rw = 0.0058 m Weight = 380 N/m
wrct sectio,
@ Which of the following gives the allowable
bending stress.
rsd 154.21 Mpa c) 148.58 MPa
b) 215.46 MPa $ 712.221vtra
I Which of rhe f*llowing gives '&e total i*ad

carried by the beam in kN.
::){3dJ' a) 158.4 kltl es c,.! 120"2 kN
b) 138.7 kN 4 212.4 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c 130 .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Eteel n6slorr:r

the W 310 x 38 beam.
sa) 2.75 m c) 3.29 m
b) 2.27 m $ 1.23 m
Solution:
Since the comPression flange is
the concrete f'loor, it is trearcd as a
which is laterallY suPPorted.
*=ffi=8.51
170 -:
'-:= 170
= 10.78
{ry {z+a.a
bf
LZ-- 170
2tf -
"[h
W 530x82 Ilse F6=0.66FY (comPact section)
O Allowable bending rrresr.'

F6 = 0.66FY
Fa = 0.65(248'8)
Fa=164.21 MPa
Q Wt. of slab= 0'10(23'5) =2.351J'l/iri-
Live load = 4.785 kN/m2
Total load = (4.?85 + 2'35X6XS) +
W = 42.815 + 2'28 kN
D. M
t'b- -- c
rx
M
t&.zr = 54t;10',
M = X)151.29 x ld N.mm
M = 90.15 kN.m
WL
M= g
!y(6)
qo.l5 = -s-
W = 120.20 kN
0W=42.815+2.28
00"2A =42.815 +2,28
S= 2.75 m.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
l3G-,4w
C
C
w
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m
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w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
I- IDe-lgn
6e spacing 83-a CE Board May 1998

A simply supported beam wirh span of I
meters is subjected to a uniform vcntical
downward load equal to 50 kilo
Newtons/meter, acting on the plane of the
ts allachcd
minor axis of the beam section, whiefi
includes the beam weight. The bearn is
restrained against latpral buekling of the top
and bottom flanges for the errti{e span. The
material is A36 steel with f, = 24&
megaPascals and modulus of elasticity * 200
gigaPascals. The allowable flexural stress
for laterally braced compact sections is 0.56
fr. The allowable deflection is U350 of the
span. Three cornpact sections are being
l:tion) eonsidered, as follows, with their respectivo
properties relevant to this preiblern (length
units are in meters):
Section Moment of Inertia Beam Depuh
1. W 24 x 55 0.000558 rna 0.598 rn.
2. W 2l x 62 0"000554 rna 0"533 m"
3. W 2l x 68 0.000615 ma 0.53? m.
O Determine the minimum se.etion *":crJulus
+ 0.38(5r 51, in m3, such that the m*ximun'ir fi.*xural
stress will not be exceeded.
a) 0.0015 *c) 0.w24
b) 0.0018 0 0.0027
0 Determine ttre minimum moment of inertia
Ir, in m4, such that the maxirnuril detleeti*m
will not be exceeded
a) 0.00050 c) 0.00055
8sb) 0.00060 0 CI.m065
O Assurning that shear sress is not eriiieai,

which of the sections being consiclersd is rhe
most economical section ad*qua{c f'{}r {fre
given load.
a) W 2l x62 e) $f24x55
b) W2l x68 crd) I"{(}hT1
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
.{3S-E
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
B&eeR ffies{qxa c u -tr a c k
Solution:
,, -nll = 50000 (8)2
€9 Iw= 8. - 8
M = 4ffi ffiO N.m. = 4ffi x 106 N"nnm
c-* M
J-c ur
0.65(248)=,ry#
Sx= 2443793 mm3 =0.0A24 m3
5wL3
d,l
Y 1,_-:-:*
"T 3MEtr
360 -
Eqaq * i(@x8)Gfoa{)qf
384(2mm0x
I = 500 x 106 mrn4 = 8.00A6 m4
tffi
111:.:1
Id
o s=; ,=1.
ForW24x55:
odss,,l
r ll
I I
l=0.ffi558rn4 d=0.59i
Id\#
W 24x55
i
^
'i = --
0.0005s8(2)
irsgg-*
,ffi
llli,:t{
S = 0.00187 < 0.W24
fail in flenuc
I = 0.000558 < 0.Sffi6/ciI in defle:
ForW2lx62:
osl:"' | / = 0.0ffi554 rn4
t4w |
W 21x62
I '
^ --0J33-
J=
d = 0.533
0.000554(2)
S = 0.ffi208 < 0.0024/d,, inflexa'e

i.= 0.0005-54 < 0.00061ditr in deJit
{orW21x68:
/ = 0.0ffi615
s=-.ffi
^ 0"000516{2)
,9 *0.00229 < 0.0024/s,l infle;.*'r

/ = 0.000616 > 0.m06 safe in defu
'!'k,ere-fitre none af the s*tion is adt:
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y 0-C
y
bu
13
bu
to
to
k
k
fDeel.gra.
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
re
83-b CE Board May 2000

A simply supported steel beamis to be
-\.mm supported over an 8 m. span. It is to carry
a total uniformly distributed load of 40
kN/m on the beam. Assume the
compression flange is laterally supported
throughout the whole span and the section
is a compact section. Fy = 248 NlPa,
i
lb = 0.66Fy. Allowable deflection ,, #
of span.
Section I, (m4) d(m)
55 0.0005619 0.599
W 24 x
57 0.0004810 0.535
W 2l x
t 62 0.0005536 0.533
w 2t x
7l 0.0004870 0.469
W 18 x
0 Which of the following gives the required

section modulus?
sa) 0.001955 m3 c) 0.001768 m3
= 0.598 rn
b) 0.001843 m3 0 0.001548 m3
,fiexure O Which of the following gives the required

moment of inertia
deflection
o*1; 9.000ra3 1n4 c) 0.00052 ma
b) 0.00062 ma 0 0.00038 ma
(D Which of the following gives the most

econornical section?
Ea) W21x62 c) W 24 x 55
.lexure
deflection b) W2lx57 @ W18x71
Solution:
= 0.537 O Required sectbn modulus:
"-M
"r_fb
M =v!2
lf,-8-8. =qU = 320 kN.m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
IJO.D
C
C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel f)srellorr
- =T3o(z8J-
r, 320 x 105
S, = 195503 mm3 = 0.0A1955

9 Reqaired tnoment of inerrta:
Allowuble deftection =
fu
^ SWrL
\--
"-3B4EI
8000 _ (s0x4m00x8x8000p
360 - 3M(200000y
7 = 480 x 106 mm4 = 0"0004E ma
9 Most economical section:

W24x55:
^ r 0.0005619
"=f=1-599-
2
S = 0.0001876 m3 < 0.001955
(not safe)
W2l x57:
^- r 0.004810
o
c.' 0.535
\'-+--
2
S = 0.000i798 m3 < 0.001955
(not safe)
W2l x62:
^ I 0.0005536
o\'_ - -_-
c- 0.533
2
s = 0.002077 m3 > 0.00t955
(safe)
W 18 x71:
^ I 0.0004870
r=f= 0.469
2
S = 0.002077 m3 > 0.00t955
(safc)
Use ril 21 r 62 lighter thanW lE r
S = 0.00207? ma > 0.00048 ma
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
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lic
lic
I 30-E
C
C
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w
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m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d .c
mrel llmign
I.qTERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
Y.955 m3
A simply supported steel beam carries a
uniform concrete slab 200 mm thick. It
carries a ceiling load of 500 Pa and live
load pressure equal to 2000 Pa. The
length of the beam is 6 meters and is
spaced at2 m. on centers. Unit weight
of concrete is 24 kN/m2. Allowable
E bending stress for steel beam is 0.66Fy.
Modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.
)lt m4 Fy= 248lv[Pa'
o Which of the following gives the

uniform load pressure carried by the
beam.
@ Which of the following gives the
load carried by the beam in kN/m.
tI955 m3
most economical section.
Section Moment of Inertit Depth

I W 12 x26 0.0000849 ma 0.310 m.
f955 m3
W12x19 0.0000541 ma 0.309 m.
W12x14 0.0000369 ma 0.302 m.
Solution :
A Unifurm load pressure carried by
the beam.
m!5 nf
W"= 24(0.2) + 0.5 + 2
Wu= 7 '3 ?'Pa
Wu= 7300 Pa
@ Load carried b), the beam:

I55 m3
w ='73N(2)(r)
l18r7l i{'= 14600 N/m
Hm4 W= 14.6 kl{/m

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
130-F
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
LATERALLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

@ Most economical section:
wL2
M= g
lvt-_14.6(6)2
^, g
M = 65.7 kN.m
Required section modulus:

^M
sr=
i
65.7 x 106
o_
", - o.o6(2+s)
^
S'= 401393 mmr
S;r= 0'0004014 m3
ForW 12x26
I
Sr= C
-
rr -
0.0000849
o.3lo
2
s:r= 0.000548 m3> 0.0004014 m3 (safe
ForW 12 x 19
c I
"r_--C
- - 0.0000541
u.r
0.309
2
sx= 0.000350 m3 < 0.00040I4 m3 17aii'
ForW 12 x 14
I
Sr= E
^ - 0.0000369
ur
0.302
2
Sr = 0.0002443 < 0.0004014 m3 (failea
llse W 12 x 26 is tl'te most economical

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
131
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
IDeslgrr c u -tr a c k
84.
A beam having a simple span of '6 m. is

loaded with a uniform load acting on the
plane of the minor axis of the beam section.
The beam is restrained against lateral
buckling of the top and bottom flanges for
the entire span.
Fy = 250 MPa, E = 200 000 MPa
Allowable stesses:
Flexwal or bending stress = 0.6Fy
Shear stress = 0.40Fy
Allowable deflection =*of ,Wn
Properties of Steel Section:

Ix= 560 x 106 mm4
d=550mm
safe)
lp=10mm

uniform load if the allowable flexural stress
govems.
rsa) 74.67 kN/m c) 85.39 kN/m
b) 64.25 kN/m 0 70.59 kNlm
"t'ailed) 0 Which of the following gives the maximum

uniform load if the allowable shear stress
govems.
a) 121.21 kN/m ec) 183.33 kN/m
b) 212.68 kN/m S 259.32 kN/m

uniform load if allowable deflection
govems.
'al sectior a) 126.8 kNlm rs c) 110.62 kN/m
b) 236.4 kN/m 0 139.58 kN/m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
r32
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel rbs€llorn
Solution:
O When Flexural stress governs
MC
Ft= I
Fu = 0.66Fy
M(275\
0.66(2s0) = s60;106
M = 336 kN.tn
aLZ
M= g
tqr = a) (6)2
8
a = 74.67 kNlm
e When allowable shear stress governJ

Fv = 0.40Fy
._v
ct tw
V
0.40(250) =
550(10)
V = 550000 N
14(6) = 550(2)
W = 183.3i kNim
e When allowable deflection governs

1
Y ail = T6 of span
5a L4
r actual = 3g4 EI
-_ 384(200000)(560 x ld
6000 5o(6)4(1000)3
3600
a; = 110617 N/m
co = 11A"62 kN/m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 133
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d .c
eel IDeslgn
r--
W"*ia'ilint,'
A structurai steel bearn having a span of 6m.
is loaded with a uniform load acting on the
plane of the minor axis of the beam section.
The beam is laterally supported against
lateral buckling of the top and bottom
flanges for the entire span. Fy = 250 MPa,
E = 200,000 MPa. Use 1992 NSCP Spers.
Prop. of steel section:

d=420mm
tf = 19.33
bf =261mm
Iw = ll.6 mrn
Sx=22A0 x ld mm3
Allowable deflection =
I : )verils fu
Ix = 462 x 106 mm4
Find the safe load it could carry.
Es a) 80.67 kN/m
b) 75.29 kN/m
c) &6.23 kN/m
0 83.53 kN/rn
Solwtion:
By Beruling:
bs 26r
2 tf =:-
=a 2 (19.33) = 6.75 <9= 1O.ZS
Use Fb = 0.66 Fy
Fb = 0.66 (250) = 165 MPa.
Fb =y
,}J
3
l[rr- lfr:i
^-"'-=
Ir 105; --'Il--x 103
220$
ii,I ,= 353 n 1r5

,$,f =" 363 k}$"rn.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
134
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel IDe>erlorrr c u -tr a c k
wL2
M=a
3$=#
rv = 80.67 kN/m
By shear:
,_V
tv-dfu
v
0.40 Fv =
' dlw
-;-
V = 0.40 (250) (420) (11.6)
Y = 487200 N
V = 487.2 kN
v=wL
z
487.2=ry
n, = 162.4 kN/m
By deflection:
-L
yall=ffi
6000 5 wL4
m-= 3u EI
6m0 (o)4 (tOoO)3
360
-- 3845(2ooooo)
rry
(46D 16
w = 91259 N/m
rY = 91.26 kN/m.
Safe w=t0.67 tNlm.

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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k
lic
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135
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
I lDesl.s:n
86. ,?'ibblCm,:
Which of the following gives the safe
moment capacity of a wide flange section
having the following properties. Fy + 250
MPa
A = 5310 mm2 bf = 166 mnt

t -'7 ")
d=205mm r/= 11.80 mm
1.80 Ix=40.9 x 106mm4 tw=J.2mm
a) 85.82 kN.m
b) 35.38 kN.m
sc) 65.84 kN.m
[": $ 94.73 kN.m
Solution :
-6r=y66--) bf-r*
Lty - 2(1r.8)
{tlf = 7.03. ]4
{ry
hf
=tr- = 10.8 Compact section
"tl
ft = 0.66 ry
ft = 0.66 (250)
,fb = 165 MPa.
;3 ,, -M
JD - ox
E
E
"od -MC
Jb= I
M (102.5)
to: =
loll 1s6
M = 65.84 kN.m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w r36 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Elteet lDeslExr:r
87.
A beam l0 m. long is simPlY suPl
m. from each end- it is made of
380 x 50 channels riveted back to
used with the webs vertical' Whr;:
foliowing gives the total .uf. '
distributed load that can be carried

eniire length without exceeo-'
allowatrle flixural stress ot 0'60 F'
200 Iv{Pa.
Prcperties of C 38A x 50
W= 50.5 kg/m I* = 10.2 m:'--

-
rx =143 nrm A = 6430 mr -
Sx = 687x1d r, = 23 mm
,J=381 mm S)=5l'4x-'-
.r=20mm
s a) 22 kN/rn
b) 26 kN/m
c)32 kN/m
@ 36 kl,iim
Solution:
2R = ly (10)
R=5W'
y = 4R - 5W (2.5)
M=4{5)YY-5W(2.5)
M = 1.5w t5)
M -- 73W
"M
/=T
7.5W (10)5
0.6(200) =
ea7iJfr tA
W * 22 kNlm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
r37
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
I lDeslgrr
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Problem:
Which of the following gives the lightest W
r.ide of twc shape secrion which can be used for the
:-rk to baci (odarn -t beam CD il the allowablc srrcss is 0.60 Fy.
Which c: Fy = ZtXl N'lPa. Neglclt we ight of bcams.
":l unifo:
.:.rried aloi.l rsiU W,4l()x,1615x= 773, ,n3
w = 451 Nlm
b) W46{)x5?;Sr=9;1.1 r 103
w-"5 l0N/m
c) W 360 x 5l ;,tr= 796 x 103
,lmm w = 4!)6 N/nr
-:,10 mm2
d W 310 x -52 ;.!r= 7,17 x 103
-.mm w = 51-l Nim

;.1xld +-
- lttr
Solwtion:
i
For beum B-l

20 kN 7 otat toad = 5(2)(a)
'Irttul load 40 kN
=
For Benm AB
'l
he reaction at B equals 20 kll .
For Beam CD
wr = l0(iX2)
J
R2
)t1 = 20 kN
W1
'j1 = -
20
,, =' ,U */rn
w2= J(4)(l)+ t0(4)(tl
w2=60kN
(d)
w2=
4
wz = 15 kN/m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 138 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel -Irsslorn c u -tr a c k
ERt=0
6Rz = ZA\D + 20(2X1) + 15(4Xa)
Rz=50
R1 = l0(2) + l5(4) + 20 - 50 = 50
r=f,50 =:.rr
Mmax=ry=83..25x106
.M
Ja=;
83.25 x 106
'= or(2oo)
<'173 x 106
s = 693.25x 106
UseW410x46
Note: W 310 x 52 is also safe onlY it
heavier than W 410 r
@i!ilrira" lu
A simply supported beam l0 m.

40 kN/m a uniformly distributed load of 20 H
its enrire length and a concentrated
kN at midspan. Which of the f
gives the lightest w shaPe beam q'
be used if deflection governs the
Allowable deflection is 1/360 of
E =200 000 MPa.
a) W 610 x 125 ; w = 125.1 kg/m:

I=985x106;S=3220xId
rs'b) W 530 x 101 w = 101.2 kg/m:
1=617x106 S=2300xld
W 460 x 128 w = 128.4kglm:.
I=637x106 ;S=2730xld
W 530 x 109 ; rv = 109 kg/m
I=667x106 ;S=2480xld
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
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k
k
lic
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C
C
139w . d
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .c
eel lDeslgn
Solution:
Ei: +,4)
6=;y1- * lrt=-
384 EI 48 EI
5-=50 P
10000 _ 20000(10)4 (1000)3 (5)
360 - 384(200 000) r
lr106 ffi- - -;li;;__J * tgooua}1('iqaI

- 48 A660) r-
11 1a _ 13021 x 106 , 4167 x

/"t.t6 106
=- I
I=618.72x106
, .'nly it is TryW5j0x109,
:lA x 46
I=667x106
Addirional load = 109(9.8t)

Additional load = 1069Nlm
:. Iong cr
i l0 kN/m .
ted load c:
w =2W 000 + 1069
:ie folios
rv = 21,069 N/m
:s the des.i
. of span. _
^ 5wL4 PL3
x__
"-384EI-488I
I ry'm;
Ir ]d r _ 5(2lo69xlo)4 (rooqI
'= al4coo;oo;G;rt66
I.y'm ;
lr.d , 40000(10)3 (1000I_

48(200 000x66D106
[.Jrn ;
5 = 26.81 < 27 .78 (safe)
r.F
E r') Try530xI01, I =617x106
r.F
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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to
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k
k
lic
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140
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDeelg=rr
Additional wt = 101.4(9.81)
Additional wr = 995 N/m
Additional wt. = 0.995 kN/m
TotalW=20+0.995kN/m
W = 20995 Nlm
5wL4 PL3
"^ 384 EI+-48 EI
.-
A=- s(2oees)(10)4
" 38+(2ooooox6l7)106
(r00q1
4000000)3 (l000)3
48 (200000x617)106
5 = 28.91 > 2'7.78 ffail)

UseW530r109
90.
A beam having a simple span of 6
a uniformly distributed load "W"
its span, acting on the plane of
axis of the beam section. The
laterally supported against lateral
the top and bottom flanges for {
w span. Use A 36 stecl with Fy = {
E= 20ff[0 MPa i
Properties of steel section: I

bf = 0.2t0 m. fflange width) 1
f =A.0fi4m. (flange thickncl

ix = 0.0023 m3 (section mod,nl
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesigrr
Which of the following gives rhe safe value

of "w" to limit the flexural sress to the
allowable value.
Ga) 83.66 kN/m

b) 92.42 kN/m
c) 76.44 kl.{m
i! 68.74 kN/m
Solution:
A I low able be ndi n g .slre.r.r.'
, hf < 170
wtt€n 7-,r _ (compact section)
tt't {rY
Use F6 = 0.66F)
21A 170
,(rrA)' 1/;-,
6.03 < 10.80
Use F6 = 0.66(248)
Fa = 163.68 MPa
M
,D.h-"_-
!)f
*
153.68 =2300(10)r =
M =376.464 x 106 N.rnm

M = 376.464 kN.m
M=wL2
g
@4.-
316.4u=
ry1
w = 83.66 kNlm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 142 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDesl.gn
W;,lffi,biin'i
A simply supported beam having a span
3 m. carries a uniform load of 12 L'
including its own weight. Assuming
beam to be laterally unsupported, de
safe concentrated load it could carry ar
midspan if/y = 250 MPa.
Properties ofW 410 x I l4
A = 14600 mm2' /w =-l-1.6 mm
d=420mm rr = 178 mm
Ix = 462 x 106 mm4 rJ = 62.6 mm
Sy = 439 x ld mm3 tf = 19.33 mm
Sx =22C0 x 103 mm3 bf = 261 mm
IY = 57.2 x 106 mm3
€a) 89.09 tN
b) 92.42 kN
c) 76.44 kN
0 68.74 kN
Solution:
I
(381.34) = 63.56
;
whenL=8m.
Lc = 3.301 rn.
Lu = 6.623
L>LcandL>Lu
1.6 8 >3.301 and 8 > 6.623
I
A= Af+ uAw
1
A = 19.33(261) + (381.34X1 l.)

i
A = 5782.39 mm2
. . 19.33 (26\3 . 63.56(11.6)3
'J-
t,-+L
n 12
If=28'65xtO6
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
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k
lic
lic
143
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c . do .c
EteeE JfDeslgrr
mn:; a span :
,r=#
| -: 12 kN-
^m
f=28.65x106
[.uming r--.
E determi:.
Y s782.39
h :arry at r:.
rt = 7439
| ,1 l;=ffi = r13'65
l:mm
iI nfil Cb = 1.0 (simply supported beam)
[.: nim
[*:,: mnl
[- mm
W=118'66
aW=53'03
53.03<113.65<118.66
ft Fv (L.lr,\2 I
IJse Fb = L; - roEi ioo crl rY
i3.612'
L3 10.55 x 10o (1)-!I
250(i
,n =12- 2so
FE = 90.23 MPa
Check alsa:
cb 83000(1)
,^ _ 83000
tu- I"d _-gffwz!)
AI 26(rq3)
Fb=124.63<0.60Fy
Use Fb = 1%.63lvtra
M=wL2 PL
a*+ r
u _r2L8Y.,Pl8)
84
M
E: r-s-
f_
(96 + 2P),: 106

14,1
"'- --f--
22oo * 103
F = 89.A9 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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lic
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144
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslqn
Uil,,,,#A'blin.',,
A simply supported beam 10 m. in
carries a concentrated load of 28 kN at
midspan. Assuming the beam to be
unsupported, compute the safe uniform
it could carry using/y = 250 MPa.
Properties afW 410 x ll4

mm2
A = 14600 ru = ll.6 mm
d=42Amm rr=178mm
Ix = 462 x 106 rnm4 r! = 62.6 mm
Sy = 439 x 103 mm3 ,/= 19.33 rnm
Sx = 2200 x ld mm3 bf = 261 mm
Iy -- 57.2 x 105 mm3
8sa) 12.15 kN/m

b) 21.12 kN/m
c) 10.23 kNlm
4 25.34 kN/m
Solutiort:
WhenL = l0m.
L2[-candL)Lu
L lOf$
r1 70.39
L
-
tt =
142.01
53.M < r42.4',7 > 118.60

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
145w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDeslgr-r
1170000_cb
Use Fb_
(Ltr)t
,llilll r -i-
I170000 fl)
h h =-------------*
(142.07)/
Fb = 57.91 lvPa
Check also:
1170000
t o =____Td _c,
TT
83000fl)
rD =
robooAfiJ
26r(t9.33)
Fb = 99.70 MPa < 0.6Fy
Use Fb = 99.10lvffa
M=wLZo
a 4
PL
*=ry.,P
M=12.5w+61.5
^M
J-(
{12.5w + 67.il fi6

99.70 =
2200 x 103
12.5w + 67.5 =219.34
tq = tr2.15 kNlwr
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
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k
lic
lic
146
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesLgtr:r
A simply supported steel beam has a span

6 m. and subjected to a verti
is
concentrated load of 150 kN acting
midspan. An allowance of 1007o for i
is made for the concentrated load only.
beam is laterally supported only at
supports. The 1992'National Struct
Code of the Philippines States that
allowable tensile stress for late
unsupported members subject to bending
0.60 fy while the allowable com
300 @tus 100o/o far imPact) stress for laterally unsupported mem
subject to bending is given by the
,u=l?-iffi),'
where Cg maybe taken as 1.0 since
maximum moment does not occur at
supports, r1 is the radius of lhe com
web area, taken about the axis in the
of tle web.
Steelis A 36 steel with yield

Fy = 248 MPa. Which of the fol
most nearly gives the rnost eco
(lightest) section that will limit the
stress !0 the allowable value.
€ a) W 18 x 76; weight = 1108 N/m ;

rt = 75 mm; S, = 0.00239 m3
b) w 21 x 62; weight = 9l I N/m ;
rt = 53 mm; S, = 0.0023 m3
c) W 24 x 68; weight = 1000 N/m ;
r1-' 57 mmlJx = 0.00253 m3
0 W 27 x84:weixht = 1234 N/m;
rr = 83 mrn; S, = 0.0035 m3
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
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k
k
lic
lic
147
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeslgn
-k Solution:
hs a span of
r : vertical
*=!
M-q(o
,
f acting at l
f, for impact I
d only. The i
M = 450 kN.nt (excluding its own weight)
unly at the I
I Structural I Allowable tensile srress = 0.6Fy

n that the I Allowable tensile.irr€rr = 0.6(248)
r lateralll' I
I bending is I Allowable tensile s.;,ess = 148.8 MPa
rrnpressive I
d members I Allowable be ndin g srre.rr.'
Eequafion. I
ou=Li-ffiJrv
^ f2 Fy(Ltr1\2
Seclions Weight Radius of

l::." ,,. I Gyration
Allowable
Bending
Allowable
Tensile
Section Modulus
Sbess Section
(rt) lJrt (Fb)
IfI I
W18x76 1108 N,tn
W21 x 62 911|{m
W24x68
75
53
nm
nm
ff=*
S=rrazr
128.02 MPa
90.62 MPa
148.8 MPa
148.8 MPa
2390 x 103 mm3
2300 x 103 mm3
1000 tttn 57 nm 100.74 MPa

S=loszo 148.8 MPa 2530 x 103 mm3
Y'I27 x84 1234 N,ln 83 nm

S=zzes 134.87 MPa 148.8 MPa 3500 x 103 mm3
,u=l?-ffi] 248
Ft = l28.A2NIFa
,, -f?
'D- L3
- ua(r,n.zlnz'!
248
rossoooo(r)J
Ft = 90.62MPa
PD PD
!
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O
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N
N
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bu
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to
to
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w 148 w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel IDeslgn
,u=l?
F6 = 100.74 MPa
'ffilz+a
,u=L?"1[ffifua
Fb = 134.87 MPa
A ct ual be ndin g .srreJs.'
t-
M
Jb-e
--
vx
TryW 21 x62
wL2
Y=454n g
M 450.
o-9+*f
=
M = 454.10 kN.m
t- ---
M
Jb-e ex
- 454.10(l0)6
/b= 2300ilCIt
fu = 197.43 > XJ.62 Fail
TryW 27 x84
Y =45o.ny
M = 455.55 kN.m
t. -M
Jb-c ux
- 455.55 x 106
/a =-:soo * td
/b = 130.16 < 134.87 (ok)
fu=130.16 < 1483
tlseW 27 x M
PD PD
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N
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149
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w w
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SteeB
rt'
EBeef.gq-e
,MW:::'I98,4,
3::)t:::tt::::::::tt:t:t:t:t::::::::::::::::tt:::t.t.t:::::::::r::r:::::r::.:::.:.:i r.t.:.r.:..r:::
The beam in the figure carries a uniform load

of 20 kN/m including its own weight, a
concentrated load of 30 kN at 3 ni. from the
left support and another concentrated load of
29 kN at its farthest right end. The beam is
laterally unsupported except at the two
vertical ends. The beam is to be made of
W 410 x i44. Use AISC Specifications for
A 36 sreel Fy = 248.69 NIPa
Froperties afW 410 x I l4

A = 14.60 mm3 ,/= 19.3 mm
d = mm 420 rw = 11.6 mm
b.f = 261 mm Sx = 22t& x ld mm3
Ix=462. x 106 mm4
Iy * 57 '2 x 106 mm4
rx = 178 mrn
rJ = 62'6 mm
S XVhieh of the following gives the maximurn

flexural s$ess of the beam.
€a) 125.45 c) 212.14
b) 196.32 0 153.64
I Which of the following gives the difference

between ttre allovrable and its actual flexural
stress and indicate whether it is safe or not"
a) 35.34 MFa c) 57.32 MPa
b) 27.90 MPa us 4 23.76 MPa
Solution:
S LM1= ti
6fi2 = r$4161(s) + 30(3) + 29(10)
ftz=23SN
"LF,r = {)
fii+fl2=30+?9+20(1tt)
ffl = ?"9 i<io'tr
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
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bu
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to
to
k
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lic
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w
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m
m
w 150 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
pteel lDesl-gn
)o
x=ffi= 1.45
21'025 kN'm
'o='Y=
Ms=2t.025 '-(P=-lkN.m
Mc = -r -@#?<r>
MC = -276W1.m
zts +WlD(+)
MD=o
Actual flexur al str es s :

M
F b, =a-
ox
- 276 x 106
ta*=ffiiTF
Fbx= 125'45 MPa
0 Allowable flexural srrer.t.'

.
l----
2mbf 2qE3-)
" {Fy .'lzqe.og
Lc=3310 mm = 3.31m
Lc= 6 m'
L>L,
- 138000
ru=-M 138000
=N.eg@
bf tf 26r(re.3)
Lu= 6655 mm = 6.655 m.
L<L,
L> L"
Use F6 = 0.60 FY
Fu=0.&(248.69)
F6 = 149.21MPa > 125.45 (safe)
Difference in allowable and actual
flexural stress
= 149.21 - 125.45
= 23.76 MPa
PD PD
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151
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.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteetir. lDe€ltorrr c u -tr a c k
95.
A simpiy supported beam having a span of

t 8 m. is subjected to a vertical downward ld
acting on the plane of the minor axis of the
xL\.m
beam section. The wide flange section has
the following properties:
1.r= 550 x 106 mrn4

tt = 54 mm (radius of gyration)
compressionflange plus l13 of
compression wcb area abow an aris
r-210-r_t in thc plarc of web.
,16 d = 530 mm (beam depth)
I
d=5
bf =2t0 mm (flange width)
tf = 16 mm (flangc thickness)
J
t, lp = 18 mm (web thickness)
,16
If the beam is restrained against lateral
buckling only at the supporrs, which of the
following gives the maximum uniform load
that will not exceed the allowable flexural
stress. Use A 36 steel. Fy = 24E MPa.
t*'a) 17.06 kN.m

b) 25.36 kN.m
c) 10.23 kN.m
0 31.22 kN.m
Solution:
a_ _ 800
rt- 54
L
,r = l+g'tS
I safe)
H ^ l3srcrrm cb
Y__E-
Cu = 1.0 for siwryly supported bearn
PD PD
!
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N
N
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to
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w 152 w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Q*eel lDeslqYr
ffi(r*rs)ffi
when:
53.24 ( l4s.1s) t ro. r+
dlse the biggestvalue of F6but <0.60 F1
llz0000 ca
r,.b _
- (Ltr)z
Fa=83000
Ca
td
W
_ 117U)00(1)
''-
L',.-....---
tt+8.t59
Fa = 53.31 MPa
_ 83000( 1)
8ooo(53Q
210(16)
Fo = 65.77 MPa
0.5Fy = 0.60(248) = 148"8 lvlPa
Use allowable bending stress:

Ft= 65.77 MPa
,,
t D-_MC
I
M (530/2\
65;t7 =,*;06
M = 135.50 kN.m
M=wLZ
g
w fi't2
l3d.5o = -Tr_
W = 17"0$ kNlm
PD PD
!
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O
N
N
y
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to
to
k
k
152-A
lic
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Steel DEsign
- 95-a CE Board May 2A03

.
:18
60 Fy
f5.;.'0:f0..f,'$;
The.;i;.;i;.nh,hgef value comPutbd' [i

.r:::rr.r,,.,.rF6.qg1;11la..,(Ci5i6s)..orl.'fi :516b)i,afidrr(4iSrfi ]reS:r
l,...ii...ii...np"lttnHlqi,,tufi.ilof .,moFcl.ft*.0ffi or.....iiiii
,;;,;,, .L1.,'1,,,Ilffi
whgt...fr,,.a,,,N, ....
' ': .' Ii.70000 Cr ,,,.,

,tl5e ' ,fn=,,
,,,',,,,.,'.,.'.'
(4lsrdb)
Or, *vhen,,.tlii,tbmpi*Si6n flangc is solid arrd

appro*im*ielf rectangular in cpoqs-sectioh
,and,:,itsi axea.tiE,im.t:,lEss rthan:rthAt,of i,thj,:tension:::
.:,:,:,:,:,:,::.::.:r r:rr::,::l
:inffii:::,.:] :::,]]:,i, ::,,]..
.:: :.::ai.'ri)ir"rr!
rt':t:t:tl::t
.,., .''.',.,,.,..,,,.,,,. ..83{1fi}.C*. :r: tl
xh* LD ({i5#}
,,
l:,:1,'.':,,',1:':i':',:,:,:,,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,:,........E.t+
,,'.,,.
.w, .idiljriii
#ij+ ibliiffi..i.ftu'. '.#l
hot,fiore than 23; whgreiM1 is the smaller
,andMl.,is the:,larger:bending mornent at
the ends of the unbraced. length, taken
about the strong axis of the,memb,ui..nd
PD PD
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N
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152-B
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Steel Design
i
LXI:#RALLY .
vxswrox
i
idaws. ffiil;'...ffi
,,.,...1#...il*u..!i...tu4...fix*m.'r"
ppsidve,,i"nea, M1...ena,.M2 have ,,thr.,Srrre
Cieh (rec*rse cut*atuti Ue ng) ad
:negative when:,the} iare,,.of oppoSite sillni
(single,curvafufe bending)t : Wnan tti
bendihe'moment Ct rny Pgint:ryiffiin {
u$br&ced::t+-ffth is:,,lai[er than,,.$p1 4
,Uotn ends:,,o,I' ttis, ltnsthi,:ttrq: :vxluE:: of' ql
shall be,: taken,.i, ab.,, uhity......,. C; .,mrl
consgrvu,tivet,...,..be trken ,.Cs,' unity., fr;
cantile+er btAms and R1,:.lS.,,the.,tadius {
fyraiiOn ,of.*,...,;; tompri$ing t{
lompiesslon flan,ge pl'us'f1.3', of t
compression web.,. aie*i,,"taken,:, about
axis in the planC of,.the.web, and ,.
d,i! BCqm,D,epIh :: :,
br=flange.W,id11',,I
rr:tiE::FIanEe:: thidkne$$
A steel benm having,a:s;imple Span of t

,fusu$,ieatffi..t6.lle. r::trV-f,,dt'..thslefl
snd 2Sr%...of ..NI...Et..the rf igllt.'€nd;.....frhe
ii€EttrturrMqri,tfi o::fo-IXolntngiiprdfier,tle*
F-
:,:
'l
* 248,,lVIPa: ,,,
: :, r,::
,fr,,l::0i053ri ii.i.ii.,...i..
4..=,..0s$A..u.....l,i i.i.ii
b.,+,0i210 tr r
.fu ,=;,0;01S,lmr;1;:1 ;,; 1l

iSj..+i.sffir06t.nli
O,,,,w,, U,,,ot,rii rrrfoll[$in[.;,sv,es...ru
Snende es$..:....tatlo,,afiolrci,,,whicl
considbted long beem,
.@ '
IVhic .,, .rof .'....tllc, rrr filllCIWinB..., .
gif,qs
,, allowab:lt: b,lnatn,s stiosi' in
€ompression,fiehgd
.,,.,, ,
O'Whie'h 'of fhe ::follo*ing 'gives

monrent at,,the Ieft end;: '
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
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bu
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152-Cw
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
';.,.L#Eft ln$
gNSWtO Soluti.on:
ts fi,:si
A Sknderness ratio:
iitnk
EI]L
Ct= 1.75 + t.os#+ o.3o (#)'
i1*1}s
+t--
but not more than 2.3
1t+E
*i ca= t.ts + r.os (- ** )
'i".dt rt
r:l I - + o 30 (- g?l4)'?
E1t',r
fr.rr
Ct= 1.506
--
u_\ -{ qI1
: the 703000Cr L 3520000cb

tht Fy rr F.,J
6Li
\ryedn{ry
65.34<150.94>t46.20
,+f E rn- Max. slenderness ratio above which is

end considered long beam = 146.20
steel
@ Allowable bending stress:
Fb=
,-b=--O5oi4)2-
1170000( 1.506)
Ft= l7 .34lvfPa
PdEE mBI. Clrcck:
,,_
rdarch L 83000 cD
b = --l.d
prr the q,t

r ,n tht - 83000(
1 -506)
to=.18)(0333'-.
the 0.210(0.016)
iw es
Fr = 98.50 MPa
PD PD
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N
N
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to
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Steel Design
!LL,i.:r iiii
F a= O.60Ft
F6= O.60(248)
Fa = 148.8 MPa
tlse allawable bendingrrrs.rs = 98.50 MPt
@ Moment at the lzfi end:

.M
rt= s
M - e8.s0(0.00206)(looof
M =202.91x 106 N.mm
u = ziz.gt *rrt.m
tion 4.5'1,4.5 of the 1992 Na;

Structural Code oJ the PtrtUppines
Urc,,aitowattersti ::in:M€gfrP alE
UUaryf not,r.estrsined agarnst
buekling as'follows: ,i .
. .i
t, T"#*,
F5 ='0.60 Fy
Compression
The larger value comPuted
Formula (4.5-6a) or (4.5-6b) and
7) as applieable, but not more
0.608r.
...:
lVhen F
PD PD
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N
y
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152-E
k
k
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;
w w
w
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o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
tlxwflrmawfieaws.
B4;
l{Po
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
y
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to
to
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w w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
l;'!:!?.::,.r:,'.* ffffiW,iifr,
W
Solutian:
A Slenderness ratio which is considerd
short beam:
Ct= 1.15 + r.osff* o.ro (*S

Reverse Cumatuie
but not more than 2.3
cu = t.i 5 +r.05 (ry) . o so (ff',

Ca=2.03 <2.3
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
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W
NO
O
N
152-G
y
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to
to
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Steel Dgsign
C
C
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om
m
w w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Slenderness :ratio considered

,short beatn:
r
=r = 75.86
rrlI. Allowable bending stre ss :
Y,€$
e 7030a0cb L 3520[0,0 Cb
FY rs Fy
:the
703000(2.03) 8 3520000(2.03)
,,fhe
248 0.0s3 248
75.86<150.94<169.74
Sidered
'u=l? #H,r)"
-)
'u=13-t##1kl,o,
)5M.'z
tr) Ft=99.9/llvffa
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
152-H
uy
y
bu
b
to
to
k
k
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lic
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C
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w
Steel Design w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Check:
83000 Cr
r \=
" b.f tf
_ 83000(2.03)
I'a = -l(oE) -
0.210(0.016)
Fa= 132.77 MPa
Fa= 0.60FY
Fo= 0.60(248)
Fa= 148.8 MPa
Use allowable bending stress = 132.77 M
Moment of left end:
_M
rr= s
ta^ n1
t32't t=
0ooro7lrooo;3
M =225.8 x 106 N.mm
M = 225.8 kN.m
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
y
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k
1s3
lic
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w w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl.Clrr
.)
8f|i,,,l*iiiiiiii
A wide flange section is used as a beam
which is laterally unsupported on a span of
6 m. Which of the following gives the
actual section modulus of the beam if it
carries a bending moment of 330 x i06
N.mm. Let Fy =250 MPa, bf = 261 mm, d
=420 mm, ,/= 19.33 mm.
sa) 22t0x 103

b) 2400x 103
c) 26Sx 103
@ 2700x103
Solution:
il:-_lrn=,';.), t^_- 200 bt
I L-"1
LL_
t[.t
III
r--rT
-lr=-
{ry
2N (26t\
).77 MPa o)o* t '{2so
Iti
iil
I
Lc =3301m
lr:l
t
I
=26t--:
-bf
-)
I=6000mrn
L> Lc
L<Lu
flse fb = 0.60 Fy
-
tu=*jr4- fi38 000)
Al
_ (138 000)
tu=inz;fi
261 (19.3\
tru=6 631 mm.
^M
t=fb
o- =
300 x 106
oso (250)
S =22N)xlF mm3
PD PD
!
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w 154 w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDesl-gn
97.
A sinnply supported beam a W 410 x I
carries a uniform load of 12 kN/m ad
concentrated load P at its midspan'
beam has a span of l0 m. and is as
be laterally unsupported. FY = 250
Find the safe value of. P using the
_ 83000 cb
< U.of y
ha =-tdt ,qf
Properties ofW 41A x 1 14
A = 14600 mm2 tw = 11.6 mm
d=420mm rx = 178 mm
bf = 261 mm rJ = 62.6 mm
r/= 19.33 mm S-r=2200x ld
Sy = 439 x 1d mm3 Ix= 462x 106 m
Iy = 57.2 x 106 mm4
€a) 27.74 kN
b) 36.24 kN
c) 31.65 kN
0 22.65 kN
Solution:
83000 cb
Fb = pa1lJ
Q$ = 1.0 for simply supportced beams
FA= 83ooq!L
--
' '- loooo(420) =9g.la
26r(19.33)
Clwck: Fb = A.60Fy = 0.6(250)
Fb + 150 MPa
Use Fb = 99.70 MPa < 150
MIS = Fb
,^ff15r=ee'to
,f/ = 219"34 kN.m * =?.*
2te.M=ry.*g
P = 27.74 kN
.--. PD
F -T O O L S
PD
F -T O O L S
!
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EteeL lDeslgn
EE Pri,ii;i i,)
[ --, x - - A structural steel beam having a span of 8m.

h'": an: . is simply but laterally unsupported
ro.::li. l- , throughout its span. Compute the safe
J*:-Illfi unifonn load it couid carry using allowable
-
bending st-ress ft =93+?!4 wrrere Cb is
Af
assumed to be 1.0 Fy = 250 MPa.
Use 192 NSCP Specs.
m:
d= 420mm bf = 261 mm
r- f = 19.33 mm
, - l-it: Sx =22N) x ld mm3
' :nn- Sy = 350 x ld mm3
rr = 164 mm ry -- 56.2
*a) 34.275
b) 43.103
c) 30.492
0 28.234
Solution:
_
/'= gQoqd
830m fl)
261 (19.33)
fb = 724.63 MPa < 0.6 Fy = 150 ok
M
fb=s,
124"63 =2200Yx 10r^
M =274186 x td N.mm
M = 274.2kj,].m
wL2
L-
M= a
,t1A. (8)2
Lta.L --" g
w = 34.275 kll/m
PD PD
!
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N
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156
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Steel DeslcEn
Str$ctural steel beaftts th.at supports he

i:oncenlreted loads sometimes fail by '
srippting unless atherwise the web
stiffene<:! near the loads. lVeb cripp."
occars due to the stress i:oncentr{$ton-
the jwr,ction af the lTunge and the web v ''
the beam is trying to transfer compres-
in the wide flange ta the web. Failure
occur wlrcn tlae metal begins to fail ai
toc af tlrc fillet in bearing and the fl*nge
web hcve tke tendency to fold over €
ather.
Webs of beams and welded Plate gir

shatl be sa praportioned that
compressive stress dt the web toe oi
f;tlets, rcsulting frowa concentrated l:
nat supryrt€d by bearing stffiners, :
nlt exceed A.V5Fr; otherwise, tsea-
stffiners skall be pravided. Tke g,over'
formulas shall be:
For interior loads:
For end-reactians:
1,.;:;i.;,,,
,.'.,,,;,.,.,.,1,,,,,,:,'.'.,......fi .'.,:,:
,,.::.,,.iiiiif ,
where:
R = concentrated load or reaction, N
tw = t$ckness of web, mm
N = length of fuwing (nat less tlwn kfor
end reactians), ntrn
k * distance from awter face offiange a
web toe of Jillet, nvn
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Eteel"IDeslor-.
$[l;;.EE|iliatfiWti:,I[.u7'2:1:,
il by web A simply supponed beam has a base plate
support at its end to control web crippling.
rippling A wide flange section is used as a beam to
support a concentrated load at the center. If
web where the reaction width "N" is equal to 90 mm at
the support, which of the following gives
'ulure will the max. reaction that the wide flange
fail at the section could carry if the web thickness is l0
flange and mm and the distance measured from the outer
over each Y=90 flange face to the top of the fillet toe is 3l
mm. Use A-36 Steel with Fy = 250 MPa
€a) 227 kN c) 344 kN

that thc b) 199 kN 0 449 kN
ae of thc
Solution :
s, shall R = (N + k) t,,e 0.75 Fy
. bearing P = (90 + 31X10X0.75X250)
governing
R = 226875 N
R=227 kN
@;;.Fuffibffii.i
A simply supported beam carries a
concentrated load at the center of a wide
flange section having a web thickness of 12
mm. The base plate placed dire0tly on the
load is used to preyent web crippling and has
a load reaction width "N" on the beam of
600 mm. Which of the following gives the
max. concentrated lod that the beam section
hN could carry to prevent web crippling if the
distance measured from the outer flange faee
to the top of the fillet toe k is 31 rnm. Use
fit1or A-36 steel with Fy = 250 MPa.
i
)uge ta
a) l730kN c) 1200kN
b) l090kN ,s0 1490kN
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Eteel IDeel.gn
Solution:
R = (N + 2*) tr2 A.75 Fy
i1 = (600 + 62) (12X0.75) (250)
R = 1489500
N = 1490 kN.
A wide flange is used as a simply suppc

beam and has a reacticrin of 1300 KN at
of is ends with the width of contact equ
300 mm along the beam. Which of
following gives the actual stress due to
crippling at that section if the wide
section has the following. properties.
d=622mm
,w = 20.30 mm
K=50mm
tf = 116.2 mm
*a) 182.97 MPa

b) 139.86 MPa
c) 174.82 MPa
0 190.39 MPa
Sdution:
R
stress=lr4rw+r)
_ l 300 000
2oi (3oo . 50)
Jtress =
Srress = 182.97 MPa

XDCFh-aTnOgO
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F-P w F-P w
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Eteel Deslgsn
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l-
A wide flange section carries a uniform load

of 46 kN/m on a simple span of l0 m.
Using an A 36 steel Fy = 25A NIPa, which
of the following gives the thickness of the
wide flange to avoid web crippling if the
\=) L value of N = 92 mm and the distance frorn
the outer flange to the top of the fillet tm is
K=32mm.
ffia) 9.89 mm
supporte.
(N b) 7.94 mm
at orr
c) 8.36 mm
:-;h of r: 0 10.35 mm
:Je to \r ii
u:de flan;t
Solution:
R = (N +nrw (0"75)^ry
R=ry
R =230kN
,l? = 230000 N
230000 = (92 + 32) rw (0.75)(250)
tw = 9.E9 m.
The beam shown is made up of a W 840 x

193 of A 36 steel for a span of 9 m. The
beam carries a load of 257 kN at its middle
thirds and a superimposed load of 30 kN/m
(including its own weight). The bearing
length at the support is 100 mm while the
concentrated load is applied to the beam over
a width of 150 mm. \Yeb thickness is
t
14.? mm while = 42.2 mm for a W 840 x
192 section.
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Ste'el lDeslql-r
O Detcrminc the bearing stress at the support
6 a) 192.3 MPa
b) 1?4.5 MPa
c) 223.2MPa
$ 212.7 MPa
O Determine the bearing stress at the point

application ol the load.
6 a) 98.5 kN
b) 82.3 kN
c) 121.6 kN
0 112.3 kN
Solution:
2R=261(2)+30(9)
R=402kN
Stress at end reactions:

R
l(N+k)
402000
- 14.1 (100 + a2.2)
= 192.3 MPa
At the concentrated load:

R=267kN
Stress at tlu point of application of the '

(_-- R
'-t(N +2k)
267A40
J=
14.7 [100 + 2@2.\]
s- 98 5 MPa
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Steel Design
103-a Problem:
M .upport.
A beamhaving a,span L m. cenaer to center of
end supportq serves as underpinning for a
column located at 0.4L from the center of the
left support. The column carries a load P to
the top of the beam and rests on a steel bese
plate which measures 300 mm along the bearn
(\r= 366 nr.r. The beam consists of two
point o:
I-beam which lrave 200 +m supports on steel
base plates N. = 200 n1n) at its supports.
Neglect weight of beam and column.
Properfies of [-beam:
l = 1253 x 106 mma
d=600mm
h = 20.26 mm
k =.19.21 mm
f) = 250l\IPa
Allowable web crippling = 0.75 F]
Allowable vertical buckling = I28 - 0.01 (9)z
t Compute the value of P if the *.b ..i;tj;r*
stresses govsms. l
O Compute the value of P if the vertical

buckling stresses governs.
.3 Compute the max, reaction at the supportr..
Solution:
it Value of P web crippling s/rc.sses goyerns;
LMa= 0
R(L) = P(0.6) L
rt=0.6P
Web crippling 0t the .\upport.\
,_-t,r.iNr+kt
J
R
075t- ll
-'---1 = r,,(N.+k)
'-a icta; For ly,r,t I-bean.s
R = 0 7.5(2-50)Q0 26t(2)(200 + -19 lt )
ft = 1893373
R=18934kN
1l=061'
1893.4 = 0 (.1'
P = -l 1-5-5 7 kN
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Steel Design
WilEENPPT-INO Web crippling at the interior load:
r,_
P
-t*1No+2k;
P
o'15Fv=t*1lq*2o
p = 0.75 (2s0)( zb.za)e) ltoo + z6o.ztll
P = 3026996 N
P = 3027 kN
SafeP=3A27kN
Value of P if vertical buckling stress go
Allow abl e ve rtic al bucklin g st re s s
- 128 -0.01 (g)2

'tw'
. nrn .2
f = r28 - 0.01 (2026)
f = 119.23 N4Pa
Vertical buckling at the suPPorts:
.-R
' - ,* (*, *f)
119.23 =
2026(2) (r*.#)
R = 1690920 N
R = 1690.9 kN
R=0.6P
rc9}.9 = 0.6 P
P = 2818.2 kN
Vertica! buckling at tlrc interior loa*
,_-,. P
' (*,*f)
ro 1r -
r119.23 P
=
2c(2026)(2) (ron+.
s)
P = 2898 kN
SafeP=2818.2kN
G) Max. reaction at the suPPort:
R=0.6P
R = 0.6*2818.2)
R = 1690.92 kN
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Eteel lDeslgn
I
I
I
I
t
h:
P::1)]
When bending moment or shear of a
girder are of such magnitude that a rolled
section is inadequate to meet the
requirements then a built up section called
fiEoverns:
plate or box girder k used. A plate girder is
?5'
a beam made up of plates and angles riveted
or welded together to form an l-section.
The vertical plate of a plate girder is

known as the web plate, at the top and
bottom of the web plate flange angles are
connected on each side. Sometimes oni or
more plates called cover plates are riveted
to the outstanding legs of the flang'e angles.
To prevent buckling of the web plate,
vertical members known as stffiiers are
riveted to each side.
tn designing plate girders there ire

three fundamental pinciples that governs
the sizes of its members.
o The function of web plate is to resist

.d. shearing stresses. It is assumed tltat these
stresses are distributed unifurmly over the
cross-seclion&l area of web.
il I The flange consists of the flange angles,

cover plates if nccessary and one sixth the
web area. Tlu function of thc flanges is to
resist tensilc and compresses due to
bending.
o Purpose of stiffener is to prevent buckling

of web plate.
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c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDeslgrr c u -tr a c k
Since the web plates have sli

uneven edges, it is customary to set
flange rivets completely fill the holes
do not reduce the ffictive area. The lo
flange, however is in tension and tlrc ri
holes must be considered when computi,
the net area resisrtng stress.
The NSC Specification requires that a

reduction shall be made for rivet holes it
either flange except for special cases it
which the areas of the,flange rivet ltoles
eitherflange exceed l|no of the gross
ares. If 15% is exieeded, the excess
deducted in computing the effective
Practical considerations require
minimum thickness of web plates of 5lI
and l14 in. for exterior and interi,
locations, sometimes its web thickness I
11170 of the unsupported distance
flange angles.
)ev
_Li
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c u -tr a c k
Eteel Irg,silorr:r- c u -tr a c k
- I
Min. tw =
m ." n,d,
,". "'.J tt
LL
d=f to
-ltf .-'*".r- U
ll. td * .* Aw = area of web
Af = area offlange
y = distance from the N A. to the centroidal
axis offlange
C = distance from the N A. to extreme liber
By ratio and Proportion:

f =f,
cy
Jt"fv
=e
Effective compressive or tensile area:
Aw
n=Af + O
C =ftA
c =7 (ey +!)
M=Ch=C2y
M =fp(ot.*) r,
fv , Awr
M =T \,tf +
7) zy
The contributing area of the web to the
ffictive flangc area is 116 of Aw, if the
web were not weakcned by ivet lwles. If
thc weakening effect of thc rivet holes are
considered the resistance of the web to
bending is only l18 Aw.
h = 2y = dw - 2(1.5) (approimate only)

dw = dcpth of web
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Eteel IDeslgrr
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Design a plate girder to carry a ota!loalo{

t200 kN-including is own weight. The
plate girder will have a simple spanof 20 m'
and ii braced every 3 m. intervals on is
compressive flange. Limit the depth of
1462 mm with 20 mm diameter rivets fr
the connection of the angular sections to thc
web member. Allowable bending stress is
138 MPa and allowable shearing stress is
90 MPa.
Available angular s ec tio ns

Two'2N x 100x22 mm
A=12162mm2 w=966N/m
I=8.24xldmm4 )=26mm
'2N x 150 - 22 nun
Two
A - 14810 mm2 w = ll42 N/m
I =29 x ld mma y = 40.25 mm
Ba) 1450 x 8 mm web Plate

"tff 2-2N x 150 x 22 mm angles
b) 1400 x 10 mm web Plate
2 - 2ffi x 100 x 22 mm angles
c) 1460 x 8 mm web Plate
2 - 2N x 100 x 22 mm angles
0 1340 x 10 mm web Plate
2 -zUJ-- x 150 x 22mm angles
Solution:
Try2N x lN x22 mm
dt= 1462 ' 2(100)
dt= 12.62 mm
nil =
dr 1262
m= lr0-
w =7.42mm
Use webplate 1450 x 8 rwn
Area of web = 145q8)
Area of web = 11600 mm
L
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tteel IDesl.grr
ic k
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In plate girder design the distance h,

load o:
between tlv resultant compressive force
and the resyltant tensile force is assumed a
ght. Thr be approximately equal-qo the depth of the
of2fr m 138 MPa
plate.
els on il.
depth c:
talu h=d= 1450mm
rivets fc': "fr - t:a
lns to th€
725- 731
: stress l! -fi = 136.87 MPa
stress i! M=Ch
C=ftA
C = 136.87A
1
A=AI+ZAw
I
i A = Af +; (11600)
I'
I
ts
M = 136.87 (or.*x 11600) 1450
[+: u -rL
,r- _ 1200000 (20) 1000
hm",i
g g
M = 3.0 x 109 N.m
a+o.zs 3.0 x 10e = 136.87 (A.Ix 11600) 1450
ts -'l A/= 13183 mm2> tat62 (fail)
I
F 690.,75 Ux 2 - 2N x 150 x22 nvn

_ __t Area fiunishcd = 14810 mm
Area lost by using two rivets
F
onthc l50mmleg
b Area by holes = (2U3)(22N4) =2024 mm2
15% of 14810 = 2221.5 > ?fi24 mm2
No necd of reducing thc ftarye area duc to
tlu area of lwlcs. Investigate thc adequacy
of tlu plate gir&r.
I=It+12
r=fitrxr+sof
+ zfeg x rd) + l48lo(6e0.75)2 l
*
I 16.22 x 109 mm4
. Mc=l;t;;dD-
r* (3 x 109) 731
tr
f = 135.2 MPa < 138 MPa (sd€)
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St€el lDeslgn
Determine the safe concentrated load that the

plate girder could carry at its midspan if r:
has a simple span of l0 m. The plate girder
consists of a web plate which is 1050 x lri
mm, two cover plates 350 x 12 mm, an:
four angles 150 x 100 x 16 mm placec
1062 mm back to back of the 150 mm le5,"
Determine also the spacing of the 20 mn
diameer rivets placed in the vertical legs c
the flange angles connected to the w3.b
member when the total shear is 330 L\-.
Allowable bending stress is 124 MPa a-C
103 MPa for shearing of rivets; and 2id
MPa for bearing of rivets. Assume tlr
beam to be laterally supported. The girdcr
carries 30 kN/m uniform load.
Properties of two angles

/50 x l}Ct x 16 nnn
A =7325 mm2 Sx=79.69 x 100 m#
w = 50.64 kg/m y = 25.75 mm
1 = 5.86 x 106 mm4 U = 28.25 mm
sa) 502 kN, 150 mm

b) 543 kN, 140 mm
c) 654 kN, 100 mm
0 489 kN, 120 mm
--l-- Solution:
I=Il+12+13
'1,
n=#,(10)(roso)3
It=9.65 x 108 mm4
Iz = 2 l$.sox to6) + 7325(505.252)
Iz= 37.5 x 108 mm4
n = z f$ <zsox 12)3 + 3so( r2)(s37)2]

h = 24.2 x 108 mm4
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Eteel DesLgn
I=It+Ig+13
I = 7.135 x 109 mm4
Area of rivet 7o1s = (20+3)( i6X2) = 736 mm
Area of tensile flange:
A=Af+LA*
'6
A = 350(2) +'t325 * | iTOSOXTO)
ff*,- . ,,,,
h- :_ A
l5Va
= 13215 mm2
of 13215 = 1991.25
k-t..- 736 mm ( 1191.5 mm
1"* ': -:.'
fffll ,, --" , So area of rivet hole is neglected
a> '.r:. ,-M,I
r-
F" '-': -'
i _-:srll! 124 (7.135 x to9l
[ -:e girc:-
- "
tvt
^, -f!-
- c- 543
i M = 1.63 x 109 N,mm
M -L*L2 +PL
lM 84
!
pr --3m:l
t--
lJr,
t.6j x loe =
] t:oooo)trol2 *814f@
tr -: P = 502000 N
Ay = At yl + A2yz
A=A1+Az
A =7325 + 350(12) = 11525
11525Y = 1325(31 .7 5) + 350(12)(6)
t = 26.2 mm
Q -- Ay = I ls25(516.8)
Q = 5956120
fl
"-
"-Ve
R =IQq2 (to3x2)
R =64117 N (double shear)
R = 10(20) 238
ff:52] R = 47ffi0 N (bearing on web plate)
UseR=47600N
:!7600(7.135 x I0e'
f ,::;12] -"_
- (330 x lo3x5956tfiJ= 172'B tnn,
Use S = 150 mm (NSC Specs.)

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Steel lDesLgln
that
Determine the safe resisting moment
ptaie gi'oer could carrv if ill:îi9:^.'1,:
web olate 1200 x l0 mm, two cover Pl
;il i it mm and four flange angles-of
x
*f ZOO x 10 mm, two cover plate-s^350
rnrn urO four flangq angles of 150 x 10
,i; ;;. The angles ar6 riveted to the

tivets
;iJ; by means."of row
.22 i-rn -*:l
and has a spactng
Itaceo in a single
;;;; ;; cen"ters located at 62.mm &t
if,. uu.t of the angles' Allowable
are as follows:
Flexural srress = 124 MPa

Shearing s,ress = 103 l@a
Bearing slr,ess =2'76\fra
al
Determine also the maximum shear
by the sPacing of rivets'
ProPerties of2'angles
150 x 100 x20 nvn
A = 9150 mm2
Y=27mm
S = 92-2 x 103 mm3
r=28mm
1= 6.8 x 106 mm4
6a) 2155 kN.m, 1105 kN

b\ 3223 kN.m, l23l kN
zz+o kN.m, 1169 kN
"\
O 1894 kN.m, lM5 kN
b-_
PD PD
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Eteel lDesl-g:n
Solution:
At = 350(12)
At= 42C0 mm?
Az = 9150 mm2
A=4200 + 9150
A = 13350 mm2
Diameter of rivet hole = 22 + 3

Diameter of rivet hole = 25 mm
Area of hole = 4(25)(20)
Area af hole = 2000 mm2
Allowable area of holes

= 0.15 x gross area ofllange
= 0.15 x 13350
Hffi-L5't9
= 2a02.5 mm2 > 2000 mm2
Neglect the ffict of holes

I -- 11+ 12+ 13
n =#,(lox12oo)2 @eb ptate)
It= l.M x 109 mm4
h = lb(350x12f + 3so(r2)(6 r2)2]
Iz=3.15 x 109 mm4 (two coverplares)

13 = [(6.8 x 106) + gtso (s7r2) 2
1:=5.15xi09
I=lt+12+13
I = 10.74 x 109 mm4
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Bteel IDesLgn
Q=Ay
Q =9150(579) + 42C[l(6tz)
Q = 7.87 x 106 mm3
fI
M =e
,=*jrt#d
M =2.15 x 109 N.mm
r=w
^N
R = rivet value
By shear:
n =! {zz)z (ro3) 2
rR = 7830? N
By bearing of2 angles:

R = (22)Q0)(2)276
R = 242880 N
By bearing of web plate:

R = Q2)(10)(276)
R = 60720 N
Use least valrc of R = 60720 N
^RI
r=w
_N
,,,-sQ
60720 (10.?4 * lO
V=---
' 75 (7.87 x l0o)
Y= 1104842N
PD PD
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Eteel lDeslgn
@y;,l, limi;;,,:
A steel girder is composed of four 150 x 150

x 13 mm angles connected to a web plate
500 mm by 200 mm plus two flange plates
each 460 mm x 20 mm as shown. The
properties of the angle are Ix = 1) = 8.05 x
106 mm4, the area = 3730 mm2 and x = ! =
42"3 mm. If the allowable bending stress is
120 MPa, compute the safe moment
capacity of the section.
*a) 1200 kN.m
b) 1100 kN.m
c) 1000 kN.m
0 1300 kN.m
Solution:
,=Lry+ a6o (20) (315)2]2
+ [8.05x I 06+ (37 30)(2t62.7 lrp*'#

I= 3250 x 106 rnm4
,
J--MC
I
rzo=!@2 -
3250 x l0o
M = lZC[ x ld N.rnm = 1200 kN.m
EEiiiiiin*rffiiiii
A plate and angle girder is fabricated by
attaching the short legs of four 125 x 90 x
13mm angles !o a web plate I lO0rnm by
10mm to form a section ll2Omm deep as
shown. At a section where Y = 450 kN;
determine the sprcing between lgrnm rivets
that fasten the angles to the web plate.
Allowable shearing stress = 100 MPa,
bearing sEess for rivets in single shear = 220
MPa, bearing stress for rivets in double
shear = 280 MPa.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
172
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesLg:rr
Proprties of 125 x90 x 13

A = 2630 mm2 Ix = 4'A7 x ld mm4
x = 23J mm Iy = t.77 x 106 mm4
y=4l.2mm t=13mm
€a) 174 mm c) 170 mm
b) 165 mm $ 181 mm
Solution:
Note: NSC Specs. call for no deduction
rivet holes in computing I provided that
rivet hole area does not exceed 15{o of
gross flange area. If it does only tlu area
ixcess of 157o need be considered
nndifying I to deduct far ivet holes.
Area of hole= (19 + 3) (13) = 286 mm2
*
Area of hole:
ffi rOO
= 10.8'7?o < l\?a

(no deductionfor ivet holes
l= lo(ttooi3
t2
+ [i.77xlF+'F30 (5363)]
I=4142x16
c-- RI
"_vQ
R = rivet capaciry
By shear af rivets: (double shcar)
R=SsAs
R= lmf,(l\z Q\
R = 56706 N
By bearing of rives on thc web:
(double slvar)
p=t656
R= 19(10)(280)=53200N
UseR=53200N
Q=Ay
Q=2630 (2) (536.3) = 282W38
s
N
- =W= 53200 (4!42) 106
4soooo?m38)
S = 17i.6 mm say 174 mm. O.C.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
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lic
lic
173
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C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
tteel IDeslgn
I --:
P:m4
A plate girder is composed of a section of
@:,tm4
welded connection as shown. The girder has
a simple span of 15 m. Determine the safe
! concentrated loads that this secrion could
! carry at is middle thirds besides a uniform
load of 25 kN/m. Assume that the
compression flange is continuously braced
Wt*::ton.i: - that the girder weighs 3.60 kNim.
w: :hat ;;t Allowable be*ding stress is tr38 IVIPa and
5 : i: o,f t,c allowable shearing stress is 90 MPa'
3 :i 'lrea -' Neglect deflection.
w;e,eci,,
@: *,a) 599 kN
tr -rnj b) 543 kN
c) 654 kN
0 630 kN
Solution:
I
rr= [ :#rt+ 350(rg{?rs)a]
It=67ECIx ldmm4
!'
,, = l@d,-+ +cro1zo;4r50321 2
12=))/$x lNmrn4
n=#.(mxlsooP
Iz= 5625 x 106 mm4
I = It+ 12+ 13
I =21645 x ldmm4
J-
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
174
C
C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDeslgn
,_M,
J- l
ft
M=V
, - 138 (2151J x 106)

M = 3800 x 106 N.mm
M=\/214.5+P+71.5 *u)
z
--i-(2.5)_
* 71.5
M =715 + 5P + 89.375
M = 8M.3'15 + 5P kN.m
M = (8U.375 + 5P) x ld N.mm
R=214.5 + P
214.5+P 3800 x ro6= (ao+.125 + 5P) tff

P=599kN
By shear:
v
-(214.5+P) u= t*d
Y = (214.5 + P) 1000
(214.s + P) (1000)
, 20 (1500)
P = 2485.5 kN .
SdeP=5,99kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
175
C
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w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel- IDeslgn
@riil am*;t
Design the flanges of the welded plate girder
to resist an applied moment of 610 kN.m.
Use ASTM A 36 steel. Follow AISC
Specifications. ^Fy = 250 MPa.
6a) 200.73 mm
b) 129.93 mm
c) 248.24 mm
@ 312.12 mm
{1 Solution:
t-- 12 (?50)3
n
* [airoylla r,.ryf ,
I= 422 x 106 mm4 + (5.9 x t06) D
F -Mc
a _-
J- I
f = 0.60 fy
/= 0.60(250)
/= 150 MPa
(610 x 106x395)
150 =
422 x 106 + (5.9 x t05; b
b = 200. 73 mm
G
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
176
lic
lic
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C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel. IDesl-ann c u -tr a c k
Due to the moment of 300 kN.m r

midspan, find the depth "d" of the truss the
can sufficiently carry the load. Fy -
MPa, f'D = 0.66F), E= 200000 MPL
Allowable deflection = LlU0.
*,a) 953.06 mm
b) 879.93 mm
c) 998.24 mm
0 782.12 mm
Solution:
,= [tryf*ae+ r5o(r2x.r -u>rf ,

72 at3m=36
. [''iP+ 12)r5oX.r -ttffz
T
87
I = 432C[ + 3600 (x - 6)2 + 6750000
t
-87
+ 3600 (x -87)2
=l- ].
lli
I = 6793200 + 3600 I@ - e\2+ (x - 8fl2]
n I =67932N + 3600
I l*-tx+36+*-nqx+7s691
gt,-:---t l',:1
I = 6793200+ 3600 Q* - t86x + 7605)

I=6793200+72N*
- 69&0x+27378000
I =7200* - 69600x + 34171200

PD PD
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177
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w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .do .c
Eteel lDeefgn
- MC
Fb= t
ll t-\: u Fb = 0.66Fy
h mss :mr Fb=0.6(248)
I .i3 = ;45 F0 = 163.68 MPa
lilfir- \Fr
C=x
f-tso _11
163.68=ffi
tt7 8496x2 - I 096001 28.r
+ 5593142016 = 300000000r
rL78/,96* - 409600128, + 5593142016 = 0

xz - Yl.sox + 4746 =0
150
x=--- r 319.08
347.56
I x=333.32
t2
I,
--I d=2(333.32')
Ir-J :
d = 666.64 mm
mil: By dcflection:
WL
M= g
ry (36)
1(n _
8
W = 65.67 kN
.'Er W= 66670 N
nffij, 5 WL3
Y=mEI
36000 5(65670X36p 0000p
24A- 3S4 (200000)/
/= 1350067500
I =7200* - 659600x +34t7t200
13500675m =7200* - ffiffix
+ 341712ffi
72N* - (59ffix- 1315896300 = 0
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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to
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lic
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C
C
17E
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeelgrr
*2-g3x-182i63.375=a
93 r 860.06
^- 2
r = 476.53 mm
d =2(476.53)
d = 953.06 mm
Used=953.06mm
Check: Whcn x=333.32

r ='72c{{3333D2 - ffi9ffi333.32)
+ 341712N
/ = 610915129"3 mm4
l-, -As
I
- 3&X10)5 Gn32)
t=-46ffis
f = 163.6E ok
Deflection:
5WL3
Y =MEI
Y=
@oomoxotostotzq.:)
y = 331.49 > 150 mm (fail)
Whcn x = 4j6.53
r ='1200(476.53)2 - 66%0q476.53)
+ 34171200
/ = 1350068766
-
r=ll5m-300(l0)6(476.53)
,f = 105.89 <163.68 (sde)
Usc d=953.06 am
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
179w
lic
lic
C
C
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w
m
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w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesl.gn
The built up girder shown in the figure is to

support a uniform load of 175 kN/m over a
span of 6 m.
Assume the beam to be
simply supported. Determine the thickness
of the web plate to avoid excessive shear and
bending sresses. Use Fy = 250 MPa and
the AISC Specs.
6a) 18.6 mm c) 15,4 mm

u,- - I
b) 25.3 mm 0 32.8 mm
r-_rl
Solution:
Max. M =*= quE = 787.5 kN.m
Max. v =T = 525 kN
t=
,!r{sz+)3
*z lS <zzsX38f + 22s(38)(zBDz)
I=12x106t+1352x106
l-, -MC
I
/= 0.6 (O)
/= 0.6 (250)
,f = 150 MPa
rn 787 .5 x 106 (300)
iru=ffi
,
, = 18.6 mm
l*r, By shear:
V
Fv =zi
Fv = 0.40 Fy
Fv =0.40(250) = 100 MPa
,*=W
t=l0mrn
Usc t = 1E"6 ni,m {Bending gaverns)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
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w r80 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Bteea lDesl-grn
A built up steel 1 beam effectivelY

supported has a sPan sf 6 m. Due to
con'ditioning installation it is necessary
provide openings as shown. If the beam
io .utty a'uniform load of 175 kN/m, whi
150 mm 0 of the following gives the maxim
flexural stress of the built up section'
a) 149.53 MPa
b) 12394MPa
c) 178.37 MPa
0 212.24 tttra
Solution:
Moment at mid seclion:
ru =lwLz
M =l(r7r(6P
M =787.5x ldN.mm
M = 787.5 kN.m
, =Lh(3oox2r3 + 3oo(25X28r.t>'f ,
287.5
. [# (2sx2oo)3 + zs(2ooXr7s)2]
/ = 1580 x 106 mm4
LE
Mc
fs =rT
,,- =-ls8o;loT-
787.6 x 106 (300)
fs = 149.53 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
t8t
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDesLgr.r .d o
c u -tr a c k
r'l'::::
-
laterall; Design the thickness "r" of the steel beam
shown if it carries a bending moment. of
4673 kN.m at the midspan. A recrangular
6e beam b hole 600 mm by 400 mm is cut out at the
, which 600 midspan to accomodate the airduct for the
lllll]l'ry:r proposed centralized air conditioner.
[ ,i,i , ,,,],.,,1400 F) = 250 MPa. Use Fb = 0.60 Fy.
t.:: l: !::i I
. ::
l!.:1r "-r,,,:,,:: I
*-a) 20 mm
b) 25 mm
c) 15 mm
0 32 mm
Solution:
,-MC
J- I
l
I = 0.60Fy
/= 0.60(250)
/= 150 MPa
,ro=@o1€@
r5)2] 2
I =24923 x 105
lur2] 2
,= [ryP +sw12o)(7wy2)2
. [#+58011+myz] +
I= 12483 x 106 + 622x 106 t
24923 x 105 = 12483 x 106 + 622 x tA6 r
t=20 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
1E2
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
Eteel lDeslc=rr
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
P.ru)'b'lom:,;.,,::
.!llll:::!:|:::::
:l::::::::
From the section shown below at whl

distance from the support could you bore r
hole 150 mm in diameter if it has r
allowable bending stress of 138 MPa. TI
section carries a total load (including is ou
weight) of 175 kN/m. Assume the span !
be laterally supported on a simple span d
6m.
*a) 2.17 mm
b) 1.34 mm
c) 3.95 mm
0 2.85 mm
Solution:
2R = 175(6)
R=525kN
MA= Rx- tts @l
Me= 525x - 87.5x2 kN.m
,= [}(2sx2m)3 + 25(2ooXr7 sf)z

. [# (3oox2r3 + 3m(25)(28 7.s1l
1= 1580 x 106 mm4
-
l=
Llc
t
M =fl
(525x -87.5r2X I 06) J""#'-"1

525r - 87.5x2 =726.8
- 525x +,'726.8 = 0
87.5P
,2-6x+8.31=0
x = 2.17 m.
PD PD
!
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W
O
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N
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183
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDeeLgn
The built up girder is to support a uniform

.:,u 'tt::: u load of 175 kNim oYer a span of 6 m.
I75 kN/m
ilihasm Assume the beam to be laterally supported
lPa. l;u and use A-36 steel with
FY = 250ltfPa
- i- -fir -- -
- * - Fa = 0"60 FJ
-t )fr[. - Fv = 0.40 F)
Froperties af built up girder

bf = 225 mm
524 = 38 rnm
'/
.d=600mm
I
I
l:a O Which of the following gives the thickness
_il
of web member to avoid excessive ihear.
tra) 8.75 mm ei 7.34 mm
b) 6.93 mm $9.23 mm

of web member to avoid excessive flexural
sFess.
a) 21.25 mnn c) 15.73 mrn
b) 10.21 mm Bg 18.57 mm
-z.S;z]:
Solution:
O 2i? = 175(6)
R=525kN
V = 525000 hi
[5.- x 106 Fv = 0.40F)
!,r-
v
Fu --
at*
o"4o(250) =:ffi
t** = E.7S mrn
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
184
lic
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel Ile6lo8rr c u -tr a c k
e By bending:
olr2
M =-T_
*=uty
M = 787.5 x ld N.mm
- tw 624)3
t- n
. l*y + 225(38)(2811'),
/= ll9898l9 rw
+ 1352290800
r-MC
b =-7-
0.60(250) =erjo1@
I= 1575 x 106 mm4
1 1989819 t* + 1352290840
= 15750000ffi
tw = 18.57 mm
The plate girder shown is made up of a

plate 1200 mmx 10 mm, two cover pli
350 mm x
12 mm and four angles
150 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm. The
are riveted to the web plate with the 150
side by means of 2 mm1 rivets and the
mm side of the angles are also riveted o
covel phtes by means of 22 mm dia. ri
a.s shown. Rivet gage is 62 mm on
150 mm side and 42 mm on the 100
side.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
18s
lic
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w
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w w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
I IDeslgn
{t Which of the following gives the maximum

moment capacity of the plate girder if the
allowable flexural stress is l24lv1Pla.
6a) 2154 kN.m c) 3214 kN.m

b) 2467 kN.m 0 1748 kN.m
e Which of the following gives the safe

concenuzted load P that the plate girder could
cary at its midspan, neglecting its own
weight and impact stresses. span of beam is
6 m. and is assumed to be laterallY'
supported.
a) 1247 kN 6c) 1436 kN

b) 1192 kN 0 2134 kN
@- Properties of2-angles
150 x 100 x20 rvn
t A = 9150 rnm2
Sx=92.2x ld mm3
! =27 rnm
Ix = 6.8 x 106 mm4
Solution:
!rofaoa
:.-ier pla-pr
O ,4t - 350(12)
f Ay = 4200 mm2 (cover plate)
fr angles ;r
h lte anel* Az=9l5omm? p aagles)
} oe 150 r:nn A=4200+9150
Ioa rire ir::
A = 13350 mm2
@-ercd m ur
fm dra. nve*
I r"m on rl* Dia. of hole =22 + 3
Ite too rns Dia. of lCIle = 25 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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to
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m
m
w 186 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel- IDeslgn
Area of kole = 25(20X4)

Area of hole = 2000 mmz 12 angles)
Allowtble area of holes

= 0.15 x gross area offlange
z0 7a
= 0.15(13350)
ti-[r =2A02.5rnm2 > 2000mm2
,,ry84,=" Neglect ffict af holes:
4? 42
-
tt=-- 10fl200)3
t2-
It = 1440 x 106 mm4 (web Plate)
,n= [S$P + 35(12X61rt'],

lz*3146x 105 mm4 (two cover
13 = [o.s x lo6 + 9l5o(s7e)2] 2

1: = 6149 x 106 mm4 (4'angles)
=$F=., I=li+12+f3
f=1440x106+3146x106
+ 6149 x 105
/ = 10?35 x 105 rnrn4
M (518)
."-10735*106
1z),1
----
M = 2154 kN"m {mornent caPacir:
S Sq/e cancentrated load:
M=-PL
4
P (6)
,15d -r
1
P = 1436 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
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w 187w . d o
w
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.d o .c .c
Eteel Deslegr:r
ffi.',...r,*rffii
I A built up section consists of a channel and
rF
,=,[,JJl_
an angular section with long legs turned out
as shown is to be used as a beam having a
simple span of 6 m. Assume the beam to
be restrained against lateral buckling for the
entire span. Use A 36 steel Fy = 250 Mpa
Fa = 0.60F.y.
LtL Properties of channel:

A = 3929 mm2
d=305mm
Ix = 53j x 106 mm4
: w = 302 N/m
Properies of dngular sectiott:

.,{ = 1600 mm2
I Iy = 0399 x 106 mm4
w = 124 N/m
.r = 19.9 mni
O Which of rhe following gives rhe section

rnoduius of the beam.
6a) 390268 mm3 c) 43294A mm3

b) 354964 mm3 0 339524 mm3
(9 Which of the following gives the safe

;ryacily)
concentrated load P tilat ttre beam could carrv
et its midspafi if there is a super imposed
uniform load of 4 kru/, besides its own
weight.
a) kN
21"25 c) 20.34 kN
b) 33.21kN rso 25.75 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y r88
y
bu
bu
to
to
Elteel lDeslgrr
k
k
lic
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
I
Solution:
i,
o Ar = 1600 mm2 (angle)

I Az=3929 mm? (channel)
F A=At+A2
F
t
I
A = 5529 mm2
I I 52.
38 .37 Ay=Atyr+AzYz
l''j" --T--
[r- -
'?'J-
lqa
- 'N A.;
I
I' 52
v
ss29t = 1600(19.9) +3929 (152.5)
i = lr4.t3
1-l- toz
It = 0.799 x 106 + l(f,f,l(g4.B\z
/r = 15005869 mm4 (angle)
Iz= 53.7 x 106 + (3929)(383T2
12= J)!84497 mm4 (clanncl)
I=It+12
1= 15005869 + 594&4497
I =744N366mm4
Section modulus:
I o-c
"-l
J^=
74490366
r9os7
S = i9026E mm3
a=4 +0302+0.1M
ar = 4.426 kN/m
M=aLZ
g *
PL
+
M
Fb =T
0.60(250) =mM
M = 5854A00 N.mm
M ='58.54 kN.m
58.54=ry.'#
P = 25.75 kN
\
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
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to
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C
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I88-A
w
w
m
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w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel IDeslgrr c u -tr a c k
problem:
W
A plate and angle girder is fabricated by
riveting the short legs of four l2-5 x 75 x l3
mm angles to a rveb plate 1000 mm r 10
mm to lorm a section 1020 mm deep.
Corer plates each 300 mm x 10 mm are
then rireted to the flange angles making the
E-{l
overall height of 1040 mm. The moment of
inertia of the entire section about the N.A. is
I = 4770 x 106 mm4. Allorvable shearing
F slress of rivets = 100 MPa, allorvable
bearing stress = 220 MPa for rivets in single
IL shear, and 280 MPa for rivets in double
shear. I)etermine the rivet pitch for a 22
mm diam. rivets. attaching to the angles to
the lveb plate at a section rvhere V = 450 kN.
Properties oJ 125 x 75 x I3 mm angle

Ir= 3,82 x i06 mm4 A = 2430 mm2
1y= 1.0.1 x 106 mm4 -y = 39.6 mm
x = 20.7 mm
0s'a) 166.4:l mm c) 138.64 mm
b) 1.58.62 mm O 146.34 mm
Solution:
R=AsSs
n=|{zz)z (1oox2) (double shear)
R = 76027 N
R=22(10)(280)
rR = 61600 N
UseR=61600N
Q = 2430(489.3)(2) + 300( I 0X5 1 s)
Q = 3922998
RI
r= ve
- 61600(4770 x 1061
'= 45oooo(39r299qt-
S= 166.44 mm
PD PD
188 -B
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O
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N
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y
Steel IDeslesrl
y
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Problem:
Two channels C 380 x 60 are rir e:::

together by pairs of 19 mrn rivats spa:x
200 n"rm apart along ihe length of the be=
What maxirnurn vertical shear can be app :t.
to the section rvithout exceecling -:c
allowable shearing stress of rivets of -.ti
MPa, allowable bearing stress of 220lv{F:
Properties aJC i\A x 6A cltannel

A * 757a mm} /1y* ll].2 ,*
Iy= 3.811 x 106 min4 .r* 19.7 mrn
ffia) 25.9 kN
h) 31"5 kl.{
e) 3:1,7 kl{
d; 21,5 kN
5ofur{iom"
1'- [3 8.1.x 106 +. 7s7\{19"n27 z
I* 13.6 x i06
"-4-
Ey shear of rivets
R = .4.r Ss
n=f{iet2(ioox2)
fi = 56706
Ey bearing ofrivets:
R=AtSu
ft= 19(r3,2)Q2UQ)
fi= 110352
Use ft * -56706
PD PD
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88.C
k
k
T
lic
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w
flteel- Ileslg=xr w
w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Q=Ay
-
-; ri }'e.; . Q=757A09.7)
::s spaa; -
I = 149129
- :he 'nea:-
' re appi:;:
r.-: .N
t=
':ding ve
.:s of i,
ll0 NfPa .nn=56706(13.6) 106
zvv y64gS-
V= 25857 N
V = 25.9 kN
A beam is forrned by bolting together two

W 200 x 100 sections as shown, It is used
to support a uniformly distributed load of 30
kNim (including the weight of the beam) on
a sinnply supported span of 10 rn. Compute
the rnaNimum flexural stress and the pitch
r
i14.5
229 betrveen bolts that have a shearing strength
of 30 klt.
I
Froperties afW 20G x 100
A. *127A0 mm?
d *229 mm
Ix= 113 x 106 mm4
6a) 153.62 MPa, 153,7T mm

b) 123.35 MPa, 155.76 mm
c) 147,87 MPa, 134.63 rnm
0 168.93 MPa, 166"75 mm
Solwtion:
/= [113 x 106 + n7\0$14.il2] z
1= 559 x tr06
PD PD
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i 88-D
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Q=A)'
Q= 12700(114.5)
0= l-+5.1150
R = 30000(2)
R = 60000
RI
'-c__ vQ
O Flexural stress
,-M C
r- I
wLZ
M= g
30(10)2
^, _ g
rvt-
M = 375 kN.m
v=30000(10)
2_
V= 150000 N
I= , 37s x to! tne)

--- -
' -=---559 x 1oo
f = 15i.62 MPa
Spacing oJbolts:
RI
s= t'e
-\
- = 60000(559 x 106)
r5oooo(1,15+l50)
S = 153.77 mm
PD PD
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188-E w
C
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IDesl.grr
118-d CE Board May 2001

A composite beam is made up of a wide
flange with two cover plates of 320 mm x
12 mm placed at the top and at the bottom.
The beam has a simple span of 6m. and
carries a total load of 360 kN/m.
Allowable bending stress Fb = 150 MPa
Allowable shear stress Fv = 100 MPa
Allowabledeflection a=!,
* 360
Prop. of the wide flange section.
A =0.02m2 tw = 0.0i8 m.
r/ = 0.56 m. 1= 0.001568 rn4.
E = 200,000 MPa.
O Which of the following gives the section

modules of the section.
sa) 0.00752 m3 c) 0.00492 m3
b) 0.00683 m3 0 0.00842 m2
deflection of the beam.
a) 14,12 mm. c) 11.42 mm.
b) 12.62 mm. os$ 13.83 mm.
360 KN/m @ Is the beam

mT,rrTIlTITTTilt
f;- Ba)
b)
c)
Adequate
In adequate forflexure and shear
In adequate for flexure and deflection
$ In adequate forflexure, shear and
deflection.
Solution:
@ Section modulus:
1= 0.001568
. I*P'i + o,32to.or 2t$.286P1

PD PD
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188 -F
C
C
w
w
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w
w
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Steel lDe>cllorrr
I = 0.ffi2l96 m4
I =2196 x 106 mm4
- I =0.002196
J=c Lzn
S = A.00752 mj
S = ?520 x 103 mm3
@ Deflection of beams:
"- 381 Er
5wL4
.\_-
5(360000x6x6000)3
"" - 38+12ooooo)(2196x lo5)
O=- _
6 = 13.83 mm.
@ Investigation:
By flexure:
wL2
M=n
* J*= 1620 kN.m.
^ M 1620x106
rb-s-7520x103
fu = 215.43 MPa > 150 MPa (unsafe)
By shear:
wL 360000(6)
'22
t/ _
-
V= 1080000 N
^
/.tt=-=-
v t080000
d tw 584(18)
Fv = 102.7 MPa > 100 MPa (unsafe)
By deflectiott:
6000
Allowable deftection-
360
= 16.67 mm (adeqwate)
Therejore it is in adequate for shea.

fie.rure.
PD PD
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r89w . d
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Eteel lDeslgrr
l---
A steel behm in the form of a T-seetion

consists .of W shape seetion and a channel
placed on top of the W section and is riveted
by two 16 mm diameter riveis.
i
Properties of W section:
A = 6832 mm2
d=402mm
Ix = 185.75 x 106 mm4
Properties of channel:
A = 3920 mrn?
d = s305 mm
tw =7.2 mm
.r= 17.5 mrn
Ix= 53.5 x 106 mrm4
/l = 1.59 x 106 mm4
Which of the following gives the required
fuw:afe) rivet spaeing to resist a shear foree of
178 kN if the allowable shearing stress of
the rives is not t,o exceed 103 h,fPa.
*a) 136 mm
b) 124 mm
c) 150 mm
wr: ife ) 0 168 mm
Solution:
At=39?0 (channel)
Az = 6832 (widc ftange)
w ,hear and
A=A!+Az
A = $752
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190
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Eteel. De,slorrl
Ay=Atyr+Azyz
10752i ='3920(17.5) + 8332(208.2)
i = t38.ot
/r = 1.59 x 106 + (3920)(12fiT2
/r = 59.144 x 106 (channel)
Iz= 185.175 x 106 + (6832)(69.$)2

Iz= 218.779 x 106 fuide ftange)
I=It+Iz
I = 59.l4/x 106 + 218.779 x 106
I =277.923 x 106 mm4
Spacing ofrivets:
ff
"-
R=AsSs
n =f,60P(2Xro3)
rt = 41419.76 N
(shearing cap. of 2 ivets)
Q=Ay
Q = 3920 (tzt.t7)
Q = 474986.4 mm3
7= 178000N
o- fl
"-VQ
r=@
" 41419.76 (277.923D rc6
S = 136.15 mm ray Ii6 mm
PD PD
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190-A
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Design
119-a Problem:
:A::::St cturf,I::iStgelr:rb,ootn:::!.h:::t e l.oflle foi

T.section eonsibts of a WF seetion and a
cbnnhd p)aiiid on tbp af the VEF setion
*hich is:riveted bY two 20 mm diameter
rivets spilCed st 140 rililon centers. The
beam,has a spanlorf 6 nr. F" = 103 MPa
[pei lWEisbctiUn",t, ,",,,,
A -6800 mm2
d =400mrn .
' Ii = 186 x:106 mm4
Properties of Channel
A = 3fl)O lnry2
d,=300rnEr ::
X =,.1:/.J mm
tw =J.2t4tn
Ix=54xldmm{
: r: r Ii ! ii1,60 .X,.f ry1.,:,,,
Oe1 I ;,,, ::
:;, :
;,;:.1,.;:,,
[tr;..is11fi T.:.,cCe[.iif,i'iof
.@..:..Soffi iltc.i.iifietii.fi
.,.''',,...the,.bgenL .'. ..,...,., ,,'r, ' ,'' ..' " .. ,,
::::,::,::., ::,:::
:,::::::,,: , :,: :,, , ,,
.Oii,i.0"fipiit",,.tn0..iiSA0;ia*1.,moi[uludl14r:,l l
beam. :::' :,
@,,Computc,:,the, stress,,at the intcrfa+e of

:::!i:.::::::the:::::brhahhel:i::ahdri fryB,r,,l$Eetloht,;:rif
I :::,it:,::tr5,:
'
,:.,,.:,su.bjeicted to a moment of 297 kl\I.m.
Solution:
A Max. shear capacity:
At = 6800
Az=39A0
A= At+ Az
A=6800+3900
A = IOIOO
PD PD
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190-B
C
C
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Steel Design
::: . a trf
'fIJ-f$"Qt*Iift*fi,-, AY=Atlt+Azlz
10700y = 6800(201 .2) + 3900(17.3)
Y = 13'1.96
I= l.6x 106 + 3900(120.68)2

+ 186 x + 6800(69.22)2
106
I= 2'77 x 106 mr#
.RI
\=-
"vQ
n =T eoP (103x2)
4
R = 64717 N
Q=Ay
Q = 3900(120.68)
Q = 410652
64711,211t x rc6
t4o = vG1o652)
V =272063N
V = 272 kN (max. shear capacitY)
@ Section modulus:
s_r
"C
^ 211 x 106
"\=- 269.22
S = 1029 x lF mm3
@ Srress at the interface ofthe channe!

WF section:
^MC
J= I
x 106t1!qJ_q)
" 2e7 zn;ld
J=
f = 110.22lllPa
PD PD
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Eteel IDeaLgrn
r :: -t0(17.3)
m'-;J A built up wide flange section is made up of

It:: l2)2 300 mm x 20 mm. as the lower and upper
flanges and a 600 rnm x 20 mm as web
member. If this section is used as a beam
and a 160 mmo hole is bored at the center of
the web section at its midspan, which of the
following gives the moment capacity of this
section if the allowable bending stress is
0.60 Fy. Use A 36 steel
(Fy= 250 MPa)
Ea) 706.4 KN m.
b) 624.3 KN m.
c) 588.2 KN m.
0 486.3 KN m.
tr -:acity) Solution:
,= [qS+ 3oo(20)(31o1zf z
.P# + zo1zzo)lreoff z
/ =1 50? x 106
channel rL"t
/:e ft =vf
M t320)
(2s0)
vrw\&Jvl'-
0.60 -l -
507 x lo6
M= 706.4 KN m.
PD PD
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192
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Eteel lDeelgn
@::itr',i,iPI*.i ?it
A built up beam consists of a W 350 x

with 30 mm x 254 mm plates attached
each flange and is fastened by two rows
20 mmg rives having an allowable sheari
stress of 156 MPa. Determine the
spacing of rivets to resist an external
of 267 kN.
Properties of W 360 x91
d = 353 mm bf=254 rnm
A = l16oo mm2 Ix=267 x 106 mm4
,*,a) 200 mm o.c.

b) 300 mm o.c.
c) 100 mm o.c.
0 4(X) mm o.c.
Solution:
I=267xld+
[rfrg. 254(3oxrer. solz)z
I =827 x lff mrna
Q=25//'n)(191.50)
Q=14592Nmm3
c-- RI
'-Ve
R=Taq2ioso\Q)
R=91248
o- fl
"-Ve
r- =%7mESm
94248$27\t6
5 = 200 mm o.c.
PD PD
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193w
C
C
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Eteel IDeslgrn
Given a built-up section of a C 310 x 30.8

-16
and a L 102 x x 9.5 with long legs turned
oul as shown, is to be used as a beam.
Deterrnine the safe live load "w" in N/m that
the beam could carry based on flexural stress
285. alone. /s = 165 MPa.
I
l Properties of beam section

MN C 310 x 30.8 andL 102 x76 x95
I
, ,, __. -t
A = 3929 mm? A = 1600 mm2'
d=305mm
Iz-z = 0.799 x 106 mm4
Ir.t = 53.7 x 106 mm4

y = 19.9 mm
w=30.8kdm w=12.6kg/m
*a) 18.945 N/m

c) 12.234 N/m
b) 21.534 N/m
.lJ-- 0 24.23t N/m
Solution:
A=At+Az
A=3929 + 1600
A = 5529 mm?
Ay=Atyt+A2y2
y-.=
(3920X152.5) + 1600(2_EIJ)
----'---iszg
) = 190.9
305-Y=114.1 mm
dr=190.9-152"5
dt = 38'4 mm
PD PD
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194
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.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel. IDesl-grr. c u -tr a c k
dz= 2E5.1' 190.9

dz= 94.? mm2
Moment of inertia of the wlCIle section:

I= 53.7 x 105 + 3g2g(38.q2
+ 0.799 x ld + 15Cf,i(94.D2
I = 74.4X) x 106 mm4

-Mc
J- I
fI
M =;
I-aad
(165) (74.49 x 106)
DiaS.
trt
^, - 190.9 (tooo)
M = 64,3M N.m
Shear lM pn = g
DiaS. ' p
(3) (3)
fft =, (4.E) 6j)
2
- 23
Rl = 4'8w + l'5w - 1.67w
"-,,,,....--
,'-'.,.
, .
,.,.:'\.
,.:.,,.: -.'" .,.-, ,, Il[Oment Rt =4.63f.yN
V Dws'
_
L-
_r.67w
w
x = 1.67 m.
Max. rnoment
(t'67PJ(l'67)
= (r.67w)(1.2) + -2
1 3.39845w N.m
il.3M = 3.39M5w
w = 1t.945 Nlm
PD PD
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195
C
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.c
Eteel IDesl"grr .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
-
The built up,section shown is made up of
S 250 x 38 and two cover plates 300 x 12
U ;ection: mm welded to its flanges. This section has
a simple span of 6 m. Determine the total
uniformly distributed load that this section
could carry including irs own weight if the
allowable bending srress is 138 Mpa.
Properties of S 250 x 38
A= 4820 mm? tf = 12.5 mm
d =254mm tw =7.9 mm I
b/- l18 mm r: = 103 mm

rY = 24.3 mm
Iy =2.84 x ld mm4 Ix = 51.4 x 106 mm4
Sr = 405 x ld mm3 Sy = 48.2 x ld mm3
crd 39466.67 N/m c) 43284.49'N/m

b) 32173.35 N/m @ 25E67.5E N/m
Solution:
tu = (51.4 x t061+ 2
[] r*x,r)3 + (3oo)(12)(u3P]
,Lr = 178.85 x ld mm
c=139
^ Ix = 178.85 x 106
J'=; 139
Sx = 1.287 x 106 mm3
,_M
J -Sr
y=fSx
q57)
M = 1.776 x ld N.mm
M = 1.776 x ld N.m
,, -oL2
tz-
8
1.776 xrd =#
w = 39466.67 Nlm
PD PD
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.c .c
.d o
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Eteel lDesLgrr. .d o
c u -tr a c k
A girder is built up bytiveting three S 5

x I 12 as shown in the figpre. The girder
a span of 6 m. and carries a total load
117 kNlm including its own weight.
rivet has a diameter of 20 mm and has
allowable shearing stress of 103
Determine the required'pitch of the ri
joining the beams?
Propertics of S 51A x 1D
A = 14300 mmZ t'= 20.1 mm
d=508mm nv = 16.3 mm
bf = 162 mm Ix= 532 x 105 mma
ru = 143 mm ry = 29.6 mm
Iy = 12.5 x 106 mm4 Sx = 2100 x ld
Sy = 154 x ld
mm4
a) 159 rnm c) 115 mm

eb) 124 mm O 215 mm
Solution:
Ix= 532x ld + [tz.s x td
+ v3n{262.rc7212
Ix=2.522 x 109 mm4
"-S-'
"-VQ
n =f,{zo\2(lo3) 2
rt = 64716.81 N
,,,_lff@6)
f -
2
V = 351000 N
Q= 4y
Q= 143NQ62.15)
Q =3748'145 mm3
64716.81(2.s22 x lql.
s^ = ,5ffi37ag75y
S=124 mm
PD PD
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197
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Elteel lDeslgn
@
m Juee S 51" A channel and a wide flange beam form a
l:e girder ha T-beam of 9 m. simple span. What
r cal load c- concentrated load P can be supported at the
I rtight. Tl: center of the T-beam if the shear in the rivet
mm ard has r is not to exceed 100 MPa; the Fiber sress in
m i03 MPa the WF is not to exceed 138 MPa in
I :q the riveu tension; the fiber stress in the channel is not
to exceed 118 MPa and the deflection for the
concentnated kiad only is not to exceed 1660
i of the span. Use 16 mm dia. rives qpqped at
;"; 150 mm on centers longitudinally.
[:.n
,^K
Es =2x td MPa
,; .i_r" mme
h:n Properties of C 380 x0.4
[r -, ld mm" w = 50.4 kg/m A = &26 mm2
d=38lmm Ir= 731x 1S mm4
/y=3.38xtd r=20mm
m tw = 10.2 mm
m
Proprties of W 460 x 143
A = 18190 mm2 d = 461 mm
Ix=699x ldmm4 Iy=93.7 x ldmm4
w= l43kglm
,g'a) 190,231N
b) 22r232N
c) 115,273 N
0 215,t24N
Solution:
,41= 18190
Az= 6426
)t * 230.5 rnm
)2 = 451"2 mm
PD PD
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19E
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Eteel lDeal.grr.
A=At+Az
A=18190+6426
A = 24616 mm2
Ay=Atyr+A2yz
24616y = 18190(230.5) + $26it451.2)
y = 288.1 mm
d1=288"1 -230.5
dt = 57.6 mm
d2= 451.2 - 288.1
dz= 163.1 mm
I = 699x 105 + f 8190(57"02 + 3.38 x

+ &26 (163.1)2
I =9.33672 x ld mm4
For bttomflange:
"McI
J-
fI
M ="-c
(138) (9.33622 x 108)
M=
-6i8.lx-lom)
M = M7,229 N.m
For topflange:
M *"-fIc
fI
* =6;*,
,,
M = 01!XX33612rlqU
fGtr
*,20),(iooo
M = 601,711 N.ne
PD PD
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199
lic
lic
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C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel- IDeeLgn c u -tr a c k
Use safe lnotnent of 447,229 N.m

PLn WL,z
M=T g
P (9) (50.4 + 143X9.81X9)2

))q=
!.a.7
48-,
44'l,229=2.25P + 19210
l4-( 1.2)
P = 190,231 N
Shearing force of rivet

n =f,Oel2 (toox2)
R = 40212 N
,* i-i8 x itc Spacing af rivets
,,_L
,-sQ
Q=Ay
Q = 6426(163.r)
0= 1,048"080.6 mm3
v=m (4}2tz)(9.33622 x t08)
V = 238,819 N
Y =r*
P. __;
(50.4+ la3X9.8lX9)
P = 460,562 N
By deflection
PL3
J=+trt
(gxl000)_ P(9)3(1000)3
360 - 48 (z x ro5) (9.33672 x ro8)
F = 307,382 N
Use P*194,2i1 N
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Eteel lDesl-gn
A simply suppo.teO steel beam of hol

rectangular section as sholvn has a clear
of 4.60 m. The beam which is sim;
supported laterally is to carry a
consisting of two unequal wheel loads
25 kN and 50 kN at 1.80 m. on
considering impact allowance of 3070
fs = 124 MPa and a dead load of 1.80 kN
including its own vreight.
What is the width of 9 mm cover plates

is required @ tie top and bottom !o
carry the loads.
What will be the theoritical length of

cover plates.
a) 120 mm, 1.57 m.

b) 130 mm, 1.23 m.
c) 150 mm, I m.
0 100 mm,222 m.
Solution:
75x = 25(1.80)
42.39
.r = 0.60 m.
For max.'moment due to live load:

IMpr=0
4.60R2='15(2)
-32.61
max, M fiz = 32.61 kN
MLL= Gr.62)(2)
MLL= 65.22 kN.m
Mr -- 0.30 (Mu)
x z=1.29 x 11.74 M1=,19.57 kN.m
MDL=| tr.aox+.oiz
MDL= 4.761kN.m
Max. mament = 89.551 kN.m
PD PD
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Eteel lDesLgrr c u -tr a c k
Moment capaciry of section:

hr of hollor tt_!
If
hu a clear spa:" tft-c
h: is simpi'.
l:.rrry a Ll , _ (125) (250)3- 005\(226'f
t-
nmeel loads c: n n
n in Centers I = 61.5762ffi6 x 106 rrrm4
u :f 30Vo ur:
t ri 1.80 kNir I = l24MPa
Q= 125
m; plates rha:
nrin to sat'elr
61.75762666 x 106 fl24). --
M=-kN"m
t2s
(10)
.mgth of the M = 61.26 kN.rn
Section is unsqfe usc cover plates.
Section with cover plates:

tr = 61.7576266 x 106 mm4
@r.;
.rlW+ (exb) (r2e.50)21
Ir = 62.7 5762ffi6 x 106 + 301986b
For mament capaciry: a

_Mc
,= f
6r.67xld+301986b
_ (89.551 x 106X134)
124
b = 115.95 mm say 120 rnm width
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Eteel lDeolgn
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Moment capaciry of section:
I =6r.57562666x lN +.301986(120)
I =97.99594666 x ld mm4
,, x 106\
trt -(97.99594ffi
- 0u)
M = 90.68 x ld N.mm
Tluoritical length of covcr plates:
Capaciry willnu cover plates:

Rl=42'39 kN Rz=32.61 kN
M = 61.26 kN.m
M =36.75x-, *, (;)
61.26=36.75t- 0.90x2
R3=4.14 kN Rr=4.14 kN
x = 1.74
u = 46.53y- u0
(ry
61.26 = 46.53y - 0.9Oy2
Rs=46.53 kN Rr=36.75 kN y = 1.29
I-cngth of cover
Platc=4.6-1.29-1.14
Plater= 1.57 m.
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IDe>ellcrrr
@',tfmieilt*
I
A composiie beam is used as a girder having
Bt6(120) a simple span of 7 m. It carries a pair of
moving loads having each load of 170 kN
spaced at 4 m. llhe girder is made up of a W
shape on top of which is fastened a channel
stress in the girder due to the given loadings.
The channel is riveted on op of the W shape
section by means of two 20 mm diameter
rivets. Determine the spacing of these rives
holding the two sections together if the
allowable shearing and bearing stress of the
Et<; rivets are 103 MPa and 220 MPa
respectively. Allowable bending stress is
124 MPa.
t
Properties ofW shape sectign
A = 14712 mmz Iy = 12.6 x l06mm4
d=600mm f = 18.17 mm
Ix = 871x l06mm4 rrv = 11.47 mm
w=ll9.3kg/m
|| --as
"'" Properties of Clwnnel
A= 3768.75 mm2 r = 17.5 mm
t70
Ix=50x ldmm4 tf =12.53mm
Iy=1.52x 106mm4 tw=7 m.
w = 30.86 kg/m
i, Et) 150 mm
b) 200 mm
c) 170 mm
0 120 mm
Solution:
LMp, = g
7R2 =34AQ.5)
R2= 121.43 kN
Mmax = 121.43(2.5)
Mmax= 303.58 kN.m
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Steel IDeel.gn
Total dead load = (119.3 + 30'68) 9.81

Total desd losT = 1413 Nlm
Wx(L-x)
Dead Load Moment='--*
1473(2.5\(7 '2.:
Dead Load Monunt =- z
Dead Load Moment = 8286 N.m
Total Mornent = (303.58 + 8.286) kN.m
Total Momcn = 311.865 kN.m
Max. shear:
I,,MRz=o
R1 (7) = 170(7) + 170(3)
Rt = 243 kN
Dedloadshear=Wp
L
= 5155.5 N
Total shear = 24300 + 5155'5
Total s;hear = 248i55.5
A=Al+42
A=74712+3168.75
e = 18480.75 mm2
Ay = At yr + A2Y2
18480.75y = r47 r2(3ffi) + 3768J5(89
)=359mm
I=lt+12
11 = (8?1 x 106) + r47r2(sg\2
It=9.22x108
12= Q.52x ld) + 3768.7s(230.5\2
Iz=2.0 x lff
I = (9.22 x td) + (2.0 x 108)
I = 11.22 x ld mm4
Bending Srress.'
, _M,
J- I
- (311.866x 106)(359
I =---rL2r;Tcf_-
f =99.9 MPa( l24lvtrla (safe)
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Eteel lDeslgrr
lr. 68) e.8l Rivet pitch:

h c_-- RI
hrt . ,) "-vQ
!! Rivet value:
ffi: sic - z.s, By shear:
lL n =[ eo)2 (ro3) 2
l5* R = 54717 N
Nfl.:36) kN.m
t:r By bearing on the thinner section
R =7(20)(220)(2)
R = 61600 N
UseR=61600N
Q=Ay
Q = 3768.75(230.5)
r155.5 N 0 = 868697 mm3
V = 248155.5
fl
"-
6l6QQ (l 1.22 x l0\
r. _=lA8rs3J (868d97)
S=320mm
rf3J5(89.s)
Use 150 mm maximum spacing rivets
(AISC Specs.)
t'
E"r.S;z
A W 610 x 155 beam has two cover plates
400 x 20 mm thick placed on top and
bottom of the section. The beam carries a
uniformly' distributed load of 73 kN/rn
including its own weight and a concentrated
load of 890 kN acting at the midspan of the
6 m. span. If the diameter of the rives used
is 22 mm, determine the spacing of the
rivets if the allowable shearing sress of one
rivet is 103 MPa and an allowable bearing
stress of 248lvPa.
PD PD
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.d o
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Bteel prs>glorrr .d o
c u -tr a c k
Properries ofW 610 x 155

A = 19?00 mm2 tw = 12.7 mm
Sy=666x 1dmm3 d=6ll mm
Ix = l2%)x l06mm4 rx= 256 mm
bf = 324 mm /y=108x106mm4
r5.5 1y = 108 x l06mm4 rY = 73.9 mm
L_ f = 19 mm w = 154.9 kglm
Sx=M.20x ldmm3
ya) 134.57 mm
b) 118.23 mm
c) 216.83 mm
0 187.25 mm
Solution:
Rivet capacity:
n =f,ez)2(2xlo3)
R =783V1 N (sluaring of rivets)
R =nQ$Q)Qa8)
R = 21E40 N (beaing of rivets)
Safe rivet capacity = 78307 N
.-&
"-Ve
I = (l2g} x 106) +
try+aoo(2oX31ssflz
I = 2.88 x 109 mm4
Q=Ay
0 = a00(20x315.5)
g =2524000 mm3
v
890000
=--T + --r-
73000(6)
v = 664000 N
c
N
----i
"-Ve
-
r- = 6d4-@mt
78307,2.88 x lOe)
S = 134.57 mm
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Eteel. IDeslgn
7mm Vflli,r,1ffi,bi.iiiilttll
mm A. WF section is used as a beam to carry a
, IIIII uniforrn load of 15 kN/m over a simply
x 106mm4 supported span of 6 m. The lelt support
must be at the end but the right support can
be placed at any reasonabie disrance from the
right end. I{ow far from the right end should
the support be placed so that the smallest
beam can be used? Neglect weight of beam.
ILT a\ 1.76 mm
b) 1.23 mm
c) 2.43 mm
0 1.11 mm
Solution:
mris) LMa= o
(.6 - x) R2= 6(15) 3
k/
r\ _ 270
Ra
' ==-*
6-x
270
fir = 15(6) -
6-x
fi.r2f 2 90(.6-x)-270
^'
.t(t=--T
b-r
- 90x
^' =---;-2706--r
^l
So that smallest montent will otcur

Mt=Mz
From the figure Mlis equal to the area of
the triangle from A to C while M2 is equal
to the area of the triangle from B to D. So
that the two areas will be equal then y * y,.
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Eteel- IDesle=tr
Slrcar at C and B is zero

Vc=Rr-l5(x)
210 90x -
0--------l)x
b-r
210 - 9Ox
l5x =----;-
b-x
90x-15x2=270-90
*-tu+t8=o
x = 1.76 mm
Check:
ZMa= 0
Rz(6 - 1tt6) = 6(15) 3
.Rz = 63.86 kN
R1+R2=6(15)
R1 = 26.32 kN
I
ut= iQ6.32)(t;76)
Mt = 23.16 kN.m
Mz= 23.t6
M2= - 23.16 kN.m
t;,,,,1.03,4
12 m-.--l The structure as shown in the fii

supports a uniform load of 6 kN/m. :
connection at point C maY be Pl
anywhere along the continuous beam
Compute the angle 0 and distance AC
minimum moment at AD and reactior'
3m
suppprts.
Ba) 53'02',8.4853 m
b) 55'23" g.a37: m.
c) 50'34', '7.3495 m.
0 48'55',9.4563 m.
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c u -tr a c k
ftteeI Deslgn c u -tr a c k
Solution:
LMa=0
47)
nz=
ail,.
IFr=9
R1 + R2= ll
i?)
Rt=72
O; f
In order to minimize at AD, Ml = MZ and
At=Az
At point E, the shear is zero;
Vt=Rt-6y
o=72-ffi, *
72 (12 - i - a32 - 6y (r2- )) = 0
6y2-tlly+432=0
24 t 16.97056
y =-----2
y = 3.5147 -
12-y=8.4853
Rr=72
#
Rt = 21.088 kN
Rz= 72 - 21.088
Rz= 50.912
:: the figur: 21.088(3.5147)

; kN/m. T}: Mt=-
'2
. be place: Mt = 37.06 kN.m
Mz= 37.06
reactions ::
Mz=,- 37.06 kN.m
^
IEII H =
3.98s3
--:--
J
0 = 53'02'
Distance AC = 8.485i w"
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Bteel IDesIgn w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
A sructural designer specifies a W760 x

for a certain beam. The constructi
supplier by mistake shipped a W760 x I
to the construction site. The beam must
erected immediately in order to avoid
delay. Assuming that steel plates
available at the construction site which
the following gives the size of the
plates to be welded to the top and
flanges of the W 760 x 185 which.
provide the necessary section so as nor
exceed the allowable flexural stress i
tension and compression of 124 MPa.
Properties ofW 760 x257

d=737 mm
D/= 381 mm
S-r = 8830 x ld mm3
Ix = !42-O x 105 mm4
Properties ofW 760 x lES
d=766mm
bf =%7 mm
Sx = 5820 x ld mm3
Ix=2230 x ld mm4
Ea) 300 mm x 14 mm
b) 250 mm x 12 mm
c) 350 mm x 12 mm
0 200 mm x 14 mrn
Solution:
(Sruo"- Srl) (1.05)
M
b = 32mm wide ar narrower tlun ilE
flangcs to permit disposilia
of afillet weld
PD PD
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Eteel IDeelgrr c u -tr a c k
Try
I -60 x Lo- b=32+267
j;:slructl1: - b =229 say 300 mm
L-CI x l!:
,=@
._ (8830x 103 - 5820x 103Xr.05)
:i oid ar" t -- 13.7 mm say 14 mm

:rateS a::
'r hich :
- I =2230 x 106
r:i bottc:: . ['#+ 3o(ra1:m)2] z

r:,rch u - _
f es not -_ / = 3508 x 106 mm4

slress i-
o-c /
"-
r- =---at7-
3508 x 106
S = 8836 x td > 8830 x tG (safe)

Section modulus suppked with caver plate
= 8836 x ld mm3
Scction moduhu required

= 8830 x ld mm3
Use 3M mm x 14 mm
A welded plate girda with section showir is

simply supported over a span of 12 m. It
carries a uniform load of 36.6 kN/m
including its own wcight and a concenffated
load of 268 kN at its midspn. The web is
provided rvith sufficient stiffeners and the
wfrt. :|c compression flange is laterally supportril
dn:r,- rillr,i
PD PD
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Bteel lDeslg:n c u -tr a c k
o Which of the following gives the widrjl

the cover plate so as not to exce€d
allowable flexural stress of 138
Neglecting impact stresses.
a) 365 mm 6c) 276 mm

b) 236 mm @ 294 mm

the cut-off point of the coverplates
support.
a) 2.40 m c) 3.70 m
' rs'b) 3.10 m 0 4.30 m
Solution:
tD M= PL
4 *
oL2
g
cover plllte M- 'z68r]4,

.'-f?,t
M = 1462.8 kN.m
M = 14623 x 106 N.mm
,r=l# + rzb(618)2] 2
\ = )l$/,$4 x mm4 (cover plucs
"=
[q#+ 30(rz)(606)z]:
12=)$44195600 mm4
-
tJ- 10fl200)3
n
h = l44O x 106 mnn4
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Eteel. IDeslgn w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
l---
-'.e width c. I=It+12+13

:xceed th;
138 Mpa I= 9166464b + 2@4185ffi0
+ 1440(10)6
I=91661640+4084185600
Lm
:m
^MC
J= t
rso _
Jistance c:
1"'a 1462.g x to6 (624)
= g76fi64-f,1 -
4084185600
b=276 mm
(width of cover plate)
1,::::,r
nl
I 9 Cut-off af cover plate:
iR=35.6(12)+268
l.-30G--i
,l? = 353.6 kN
-
36'T'P
M = Rx
M=353.6t-18.312
- -MC
- l- I
1= 4$!{t$J600 p64
(witltout cover plates)
wc: on\1
RR _ M (6t2)
4084185600
ol , M,=920.94 x ld N.mm
M = 920.94 kN.m
920.94 =353.6 x-183*
* - tg.lu+ 50.32 = o
x = 3.10 m.
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Eteel I)esLgn
A W 310 x 52 structural beam is to

reinforced with cover plates at the top
bottom of the W shape to be enable to
a total uniform load of 50 ki.{/m (incl
its own weight). Assume the beam to
simply supported on a span of 6
Allowable stress of steel is lU lvPa.
Properties ofW 3lA x 52
A= 6670 mm?
Sx='t4'l x ld mm3
d= 317 mm
^l"r = 118 x 106 mm4

w = 52.3kglm
fw = 167 mm
tf = l3.2mm
tw = 7.6 mm
Which of the following gives the size of

cover plates for the wide flange section.
*'a) 2-20Ox18mm
b)2-250x20mm
c)2-300x20mm
0 2-150x10mm
Solution:
b = 167 + 32 (Assume)
b = lD mm Jay 200 nud
o-
"-Mf
M = (50x6)2
*
M = 225 kN.m
M =225 x ldN.mm
PD PD
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Eterel lDeslgrr
is to be
J^=---t24
225 x 106
S= 1800x ld
S'=74'7 x ld mm3
ruarof6m
[o MPa.
l.os (s - sl
52 t=T .
(see coverplated beams)
. 1.05 (1800 x 103 - 747 I101

'= 2oo (317)
t = l'l .4 mm say 18 mm
1=l18xld
Ite
pection.
size of the
t [ry;CIl + 200(18)(167.5)2]
I =320 x 1d mm4
/
r-c
"-
J^=
320 x 106
l76i
S = 1813 x td >t800 x tG Safe
Use : 2 - 200 x lt mm cover plates

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Steel. IDeslgrr
Members such as bottom chords f

,rl.rJes which are usually subiectea w
tensile forces is subjected also with benc-"q
morvrent due to its own weight or maybe t*t
by the hanging of light features, duct*:*
and other items between the lruss ior,;
Moments in tension members are na! N
serious as lhose in compression
because tension tends to reduce lat'
deflections while compression incr
them. Increased lateral deflections
resull an increase or larger monunls hi
in turn will producc larger deflections.
O For bending in one axis only, the st
:,l ::.::i:u:f, .:t :,#E::l:::.,.:::::l:,:,:',

r':,f
,:..,,.. ,*.:.t::,:S;l.r,r,l.;.:.r:r.:.r.r.:lr,
T = tensile force
A = crass sectional area of sectksn less
arca of ivet holes if thcre are any.
M = bending moment
s = farthest dktance of thc fibers in teru;n,
lo thc NA.
I = monunl'of inertia at llv NA.
f = combined stress
Sx= section modulus of tlw member
Q Formembcrs subjected to axial loads

bending about both axes are us
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y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c 217 .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Steel lDeoLgrl
o Most designers vse an allowable slless

which is a combinstion of two individual
: chords :" allowables. Expression of this rype is
:.bjected ..; referred lo as llre interaction equelions
*tlh benc-,., which is as follows:
."' maybe ie n"
'::, ducr* :,-r"

:.uss jarr-:
: 7re na: :"
'\ mcmt!* fa = actual tensile sfiess
-!:r'ce latc-:t T
:: increc:: fo= A
' ? 3tlollS *'-l Fa -- allowable stress if only axial tensile
*tnts * i::.t saess occurs
' : -:ion-t. Fa = 0.6OFy
slre::.!. fb =Yf o,
{ @rut bendinsstrcss)
Fb = allowable llexural stress if only
bending JrreJses were Present
Fb =A.6Fyfor corntoact section
Fb = A.fiFy for non compacl section
@ Should thc bending occur about both axes,

: t less
the following expression is use to consifur
the cornbined strcss situation.
: t4 ter;-:,r
.T
la=A
M.
,oaas;Rli frr=ff
:'€ B_rr;. Mn
fbv. =ttry
Fs = 0.60F)
Fba= Q.S6Py (rnn cornpact scction)
Fb, = g.5gP, {compact scctir.rr)
Fb, = 9.75P,
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 21E w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel IDeslgn
A simply supported beam haq a sF

4.5m. The beam is subjected to an r
tensile force of 250 kN. and a
concentrated load P acting at its mi
The member is fullY laterallY
its entire lengti. The effect of any botu
be neglected. The beam consiss
2 - 150 x 90 x 12 mm angles with lmg
l2 back to back sPaced at 10 mm aprt
this problem the properties of one 150
x 12 mm angles are:
#ffi Arca (A) = 2751 mml ^

section modulus (sJ = o'oooo63
Steel is N6 with yicld strength(Fyr
= 248 MPa
Allowablc tensile slrd.tr = 0.60F;
rI
Allowablc tlexwal strcss = 0'66F)

Neglecting ttre weight of fie beam, wh
the following most nearlY giver
maximum value of the load P 6a
rnember can supPort.
lsrxl 12.73 kN c) 17.32 kN
b) 10.46 kN 0 21.26 tN
Solution:
ft,16 = r.o
fr=I=ffi=45.44MPa
M
Ib =7'
ex
Sr = 63000 mnF = 1.125P kNm
/r=!ffit$=8.e3P
Fa=0.&(2/18) = 148.8 MPa
Fb =0.6ffy = 0.66(218) = 163.6t
fi45.4
' fr=r
t.q3P r
ram+fo3E=r
P = 12.73 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
219
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
eel IDeel-gll
E!til.,. -66*:X,.
3 SFla-: ti A srucnrral steel section has a simple span
i:' aj] A:-Ul of 6 m. and carries a uniform load which
a Yeni.&" produces a berding momect of 170 KN.m.
: mrds::am The compression flange of the member is
;;;portec :r laterally supported against buckling. \Vhich
a-r bolti :iur t
of the following gives the safe axial tension
-ansists -r' load that could be applied through the
l--1=6. centroid of the member if it has the
iy
3D6rL following properties. Fy = 250 MPa.,
:rc 150 r .r A = 9,500 mm2, S: = 1,300 x ld mm3. ,
bf =216mm., 6f= 19.3 mm.
.l-'53 m3 !sa) 295640N c) 316240N

t:nr Fy t
b) 196240N 0 122540N
Solution:
:i. whici :
'r+
.* ( t'o
IIYES -:E Fa = 0.6 Fy = 0.6 (250)
P thar ::r
= 150 MPa (axial stress)
For bending srres.s .'
a_- 2 (19.3)
Zty
zrc
=s6o<+
!Fy
= 10.75 (compact section)
FD = 0.66 (250)
Fb = 165 MPa
T
fa=T
- M l70xl05
fb = S, = ffiffi = 130.77 MPa"
fa
LJ--=l 130.7'7
150 165
E.:i -VPa
fa = 3l"l2lvlt:a.
"
T
t5oo =31'12
T=295640N
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 220 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesletn
A bottom chord of a riveted bridge trusi

5.5 m long and has a maximum tensiie ':
of 142.3 kN and is made uP of 4 an,:
150 x 100 x 12 mm arranged as sh'' -
Determine the maximum stress of
section.
Properties of 2 angles 150 x 100 x 12 r''."

iv = 48.3 k8/m Area = 5940 mn-
J = 49.15 mm r) = 38 mm
Ix = 13.6 x 106 mm4
6''a) 148.95 MPa c) 124.64 MPa

b) 212.23lvlPa @ 112.32 N{Pa
Solution:
P
f =a
,_ M,
r' I
A=2(5940)= 11880mm2
1r-r = 5940(3Uz Q)
It-t = 17.15 x 106 mm4
c=100mm
M=wL2
g
W = 48.3 (9.81)2
W = 947.65 N/m
,, _947.65 (6.5\2
1f1- g
M = 5004.8 N
P Mc
c_- L-
r-A' I
" il880 '
I=
1_- 14230000 (5!04-Ex-l00oxlaa)
17.15, 106
f = 14E.96 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
221
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel. IDesfle=r.l
@'!ir,iiotiim,:,,
The bottom chord of a Fink steel truss is
made up of two angles 75 x 62 x 6 mm with
long legs back to back on a gusset plate
8 mm thick. The bottom chord carries a
i330 N load at tie center and an axial tensile
load of 53 kN. Determine the rnaximum
stress of the section. Use 22 mm diameter
rivet" Span of bottom chord is 5.5 m.
Properties of two angles 75 x 62 x 6 mm.
A = 1690 mm2; w = 13.4 kdm; Sx = 18 x
ld mm3.
*a) 160.57 MPa

b) ll2.23lvlPa
c) 224.& lvlPa
0 142.32lvIPa
Salution:
PL wL2
M =T * g
,ra =
tr$D* , r.or(r.tr',(t.t',,
8
M = 2325.8 N.m
.P M
rAJ-r
f=:*-
(1000)
" 53000
t= 1690
*.2325.80
l8 * lil
f = 160.5V MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
))'t
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDesI-qn
A simply supported member has a spari :n

6 m. and carries a uniform live and dead lcrm
of "M' kN/m (including is own weight) arn
axial tension load of 290 kN. acting throug.
the centroid of the member. Using AM
Specs. and A 36 steel FY = 250 ttl'z
compute the safe load "W" that this sec:;;n
could carry.
Properties of W section
A =94M mm2
S,x=1327xld
bf =216 mm
t'= 19.3 mrn
r) = 39.75 mm
rx= 16'l mm
a) 38.81 kNlm
b) 42.64 kN/m
c) 24.65 kN/m
@ 54.36 kN/rn
Solution:
rri.f-os''o
Fa = 0.6 Fy (allowable tensile stress)
Fa = 0.6(250)
Fa = 150 MPa
_u_ _ 216
2tf- z(tes)
_u_ _ s.60<
2tf- 4 = 19.75
{rv
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 223
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d .c
Eteel lDeslgn
Use:
:s a span :'
rd dead loa: Fb = 0.66 Fy
weight) a:.: Fb = A.66 (250)
ing throu:: Fb = 165 MPa
- sing AIS I
= 250 MF: _Mx
this secuc,r Jb= Sx
M=Y
*=Yy
M=S.Jl+/a196
rft . ft< r-o
f, =I
- z9ffirn
la= 94fy-
/c = 30.58
L_ 6000
r =-39.75
L_
r = 150.9 < 240

[n :t'eSs)
30.s8 -fb
150 -r
'165-'
JD = 131.36 MPa
fb =y
"+r
i31.36-a.5Wxl0i
1327 x l0r
W= i9.El kNlm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c 224 .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Eteel lDeslgn
Two C 380 x 74 is used as a bottom

of a \#arren Bridge Truss which are
a vertical position with flange
and is placed at a distance of 300 mm
to back. The section carries a tensile lc
1645 kN on a span of 7.5 m center to
of panel points. The web members
riveted with four 22 mm diarneter rir
Assuming rivet hole to be 3 mm
than the rivet diameter, determine
maximum stress of the section.
Properties ofC 380 x74
A = 9480 mm2 d = 381 mm
Ix = 168 x 106 mm4 fr+r = 18.2 mm
S.r = 881 x ld mm4 rx = 133 mm
.r = 20.3 mm w =74.4kglm
6a) 124 MPa c) 154 MPa

b) 212 MPa @ 112 MPa
Solution:
,, _74.4 p_3,])-Q-.5y
lfr-
0
M = 3421.24N.m
M = 2(342r.24)
M = 6M2.48 N.m (for two channels)
l=2(168x106)
I =336x ld mm4
Net area = 9480(2) - 18.2(25)8
Net area = 15320
P Mc
f--z.* t
- 1645000
l=-ffi*336*106
6u2480
f = 124 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
224-A
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDesf.ryr:n c u -tr a c k
1##-s eff tros,r"dffnv. 20#0

ru : bottom ch:-: A seeei beam having a simple span of I n'1.
Hm,.i are placer r whieh is traterally $nsupported throughout its
frr;: outstand-:r span carrics a uniform ioad of 10 kN/m and
I r, 100 mm bo:l
an axial tensile load of 6t)0 kN aering at its
Er l:ensile loac :
centroid. Section 4"5.i.4.5 of the NSCP
m :3nter to cei.i
specs. whieh is as follows:
m nembers -;
;-.ineter rir'; - On extrente fibeis of flexural memhers the
m : mm gre<-r allowable stresses are as follows:
; ::termine *..,
mr
W :71
1. Tensi*n ".... FA=0.60Fy
2. eompne.ssioru:
ffi. nm
.. I - mm of
Fr.lr members meering the requirements
[:nm :
see[ion 4"9"1.2 having an axis of
symlmetr!'and loaded in the plane of their
web, amd compression on extreme fibers
of ehannels bent abotrt their major axis:
The larger value eomputed by forrnuia
(4"5-6cz) or (4.5-6b) and (4.5.7) as
applicable (unless a higher value can be
.iustified on the basis cf a more precise
analysis) but not more than 0.60Fy.
wlien ^rcL
V ry
352ffi00Ca
"r*
y(Lir$2
Fb=E
55x106C& lur 4u.s-oo;
when
L
;> v -f5-
^ffiffi-c,
1170 x i03 Cr
Fg=-;;5- t4.5-6bJ
\Liril'
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
224-B
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
lBteel IDeslgn
Or when the compresskx flange b soed

and ap,proximately rectangular in crc:
saction and its area is not less lhan 0f L
tension flange:
83 x 103 C6
r o-td
q
In the foregoing:
tr = distance between cross sections brud
against twist or lateral displacernent
the cornpression flange in mm' I
cantilevers braced against twist only
the support, L maY conservativelY
taken as the aetual length.
rr = ratiius of gyration of a sec:-
comprising the compression flange $
l/3 of the compression web area,
about an axis in the Plane'of the wa:
ITIM"
**of comPression flange in mm/'
A,f =
Cb= 1.75 + 1.05(MtlMz
}3}(MtlMztr2 but not more lhan l
where M1 is the smaller and M7
larger bending moment at the ends d
unbraced length, taken about the
axis of the member and where M1
the ratio of end moments' is Posn
when M1 and M2 have the same
(reverse ctrrvature bending) and neg
when they are of oPPsite signs (si
eurvature bending). When the ben
moment at any point within an
lerrgth is larger than that at both erfr
this length, the value of C6 sha,E
mken as unity. Use the intera:
tbrnrula:
f, ** . r.o
A.6oFY- Fb
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
221-C
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeelgr
--
$u*mt The steel section has the following
lil[ m ilil properties:
I &ur :r'L
A = 0.012 m2
5x= 0'00208 m3
rt = 0'053 m'
d = 0.210 m.
o'016 m'
'/= =248MPa
FY
llllullm:xt :::u.llsll
mixv:-*fi m
O Which of the following gives the axial
'nfl'i'T ;-ml
tensile stress if axial load only existed.
roll|nlfl T,,
i|U,n& ,":
nul
'l|ill
6a) 50 MPa c) 90 MPa
b) 60 MPa $ 120 MPa
[ ,: -.l]1l1l
lllllllu ,".: "'tl|]]!

@ Which of the following gives the bending
stress if bending alone existed.
6a) 38.5 MPa c) 102.3 MPa
b) 46.2 MPa 0 59.6 MPa
@ Using the interaction formula which of the

following gives the value of both axial and
knding moment interaction value.
6a) 0.924 c) 1.124
ul]l]t ilr M
fi flr:iml
b) 0.891 0 1.025
Solution:
@ Axial tensile stress if axial load only
existed.
.T
16=7
lllt1l1r60rut
. 500000
la=
mnum
aorz
UtUtlu. fa x 106 N/m2
= 50
fa = 50 MPa
@ Bending stress if bending alone eisted.

M =*-=ry=8okN.m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
224-D
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDeeLgrr
-M
lb= s,
,.--
rD
8o
o.oo2o8
fo=3M62tN/m2
fa = iE.46 MPa
@ I nteracrtan value of both axial and bendia
Cr = 1'0
./ry=1re.14
r__
rr- -*_q_
0'053
l-= tSO.g+ > 119'14
rS
1170(10)3 Ca
use F6=-G;V-
"=ffi#fl
83000Ca
,.b-
, _ Ld
_
4
830000.0)
ra = -e(o.S5l
0.210(0.016)
Fa= 65.4 MPa < 0.6FY
Check:
0.6Fy = t" S{248\ = 148.8 MPa
Use F6= 65.4 MPa

la ,f!.,n''"
o-strv-Fb=
ffi6*'*f =a's21
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
224-E
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
eel Design
137-b Problem:
-r
ud bendir
Solution:
@ Netmoment:
Dia. of hole = 20 + 3 = 23 mm
At = 4600 mmz (angtes)
IPa Az = 23(13)(2)
Az= 598 mrrP
A=At-Az
A=4600-598
A = 4OO2 mm2 lnet areal
Ay=Aut-Azyz
4002Y = 4600(31.1) -.598(60)
Y =26.78 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
224F
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
, :,)ri?l'W"1.{i:!1/..fii::,*tai:!i:iii.{,1:il!||;it|.:::,1:,t
' ,, |:'
h = 4.34x 106 + i6iOOI+.242
\ = 4425847 mm4 (angles)
Iz= 23(13)(2)(33.2D2
Iz= 659934mr#
Netl=4425847 -659934
NetI=3765913mm4
@ Section modulus:
c_ 1
"- c
^ 3765913
*\=- 73.22
S = 51433 mm3
@ Allowable tension capacity:

M =T(33.22)
4*4=ro
I;a .f6
.I
26.78
I" =i
,-T
ru 4002
fa= 0.000257
.MC
Jb= I
- 33.227(73.22\
It= ,7$;
fu = 0.040646f
Fo = 0'60Fy
Fa= 0.60(250)
fla = 150 MPa
Fb = 0.66Fy
Ib = 0.66(250)
Fn = 165 MPa
0.aooz5T o.000646T
r5o * 165 =1'o
Z= 179153 N
T = 179.2 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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to
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225
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
teel IDesIgn
.d o
c u -tr a c k
u-
The bottom chord of a Howe truss consists

of two 100 x 75 x l0 mm angles placed
back to back with long legs adjacent and
sepamted by l0 mm gusset plates. It carries
a tensile load of lll2 kN. The bottom
chord is riveted to the gusset plates by
means of 22 mm rivets.on a 62 mm gauge
used in the 100 mm leg. Determine the
actual stress of the section neglecting weight
ofchord.
Properties of two ./.100 x 75 x l0 rnm
A = 3106 mm2 rr = 31.5 mm
Ix=3.1x 106mm4 r!=32.75mm
Sx=45.62x ld mm3 ! =32mm
a) 157 MPa c) 124 MPa

b) 2tZMPa $ 112 MPa
Solution:
Dia. of hole = 22 + 3 = 25 mm
A=3106-2(10X25)
A =2606mm?
Ay -- At yr - Azyz
2646Y = 3 106(32) - 2(10)Q5)(62)
I =26.24
11= (3.1x td) + 3tM(5.76)2
It = 3203049.6 mm4 (for angles only)
Iz= r0Q5)(35.7q2 Q)
Iz = 639388.8 mm4 (for holes only)
NetI=It-12
I =3203M9.6 - 639388"88
I=2563660.8 mm4
M = llt2ffi(35.76) = 3976512
- P' Mc
l=r* t
" I I 1200 . 3976512(73.751
I=-6-+ -lso6o.s
f = 157 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
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k
226
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lic
C
C
w
w
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m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesLgn-
Two angular section 200 x 100 x 25 mn

used as a botom chord of a roof trus *'t
the 100 mm vertical legs placed 12 mm
to back. The section carries an axial load
330 kN in tension. The angles are
to a 12 mm thick gusset plate by means
22 mm diameter rivets passing through
vertical legs. The capacity of the 22
rivet is good for 90 kN both in shear
bearing. Determine the maximum stres;
the tension taking into consideration
the eccentricity of the connection
bending due o weight of the angles.
gauge on 100 mm leg is 62 mm.
also the number of rivets required at
end. Allowable stress is 173 MPa.
bonom chord spans for 3 m.
Properties of two 2N x 100 x 25 anglcs

A = 13750 mm2
I = 9.7 x 106 mm4
y = 26.25 mm
r =25.75 mm
ry = 111.5 kg/m
*a) 1ffi.73 MPa; 4 rivets

c) 134.23 MPq 6 rives
b) 212.49 MPa; 5 rivets
0 112.94 MPa; 3 rivets
Solution:
Area of hole = dia. of hole times
of angle
Area of lnle = (22 + 3) (25)
Area of hole = 625 mm2 for one angle
Area of holes = 2(625)
Area af holes = 1250 mm2
Net area = 13750 - 1250
Net area = 12500 mm2
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
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227
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C
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.d o .c .d o .c
ftteel IDeglorrr
Determine the location of the neutral axis

r.t,l x25mn* or centroid of sectbn.
i I -:trf [russ g:-:
b: 12 mm b3_r 12500Y = 1375X26.25) -il5q62)
I t-" arial loac :, I = 22.675
ilE :Ie Conne{;r
k :1 means c. I Moment of incrtia:
ln; through ::* Ir = 9.7 x ld + ].3750 (3.57lD2
m -: the 22 r:
mr :n shear d:,: It= 987534.5 (for angles only)
m: Jm stress :, Iz= l25A O9.32rz
@i[eration h:,r
,;mr : e{ [ion 3,:,:
Iz= 1933069.5 mm4 (for holes)
h '-.Eles. Rr; I=It-12
=
!.-.-;- Detern.-,,
rm;-rred at ea:T I =9875'734.5 - 1933069.5
-: \{Pa. l-, I
rl ] I =794265 mm4
- P PeC+Mc
!=7+
Ml : ---i cngle: I I
I
I
P 330000
A = l25m
P
I A = 26/ \Da
P eC_ 33008(39.325\('77.325)
I - 794265
x 100
f=26.4+12634+7.99
f = 160 MPa
Rivet value = 90000 N
No. oJ requrrd
,= 330000
90000
No. of required = 3.67 say 4 rivets
PD PD
!
W
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O
O
N
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y
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bu
bu
to
to
227 -B
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Fteel lDeslqrr
TryW 410 x74
: span of6 r
Sx= 1330 x td,e
= 9550 mm2,
: Cead load : rt= 40.4 mm, bf = 180 mm, rf = 16 mm
. weight) ar:
.;dng throui-
i. shown. T:. wnrn*.4
L.J Use Fb=o.66Fy
:cr is lateral
lFy
-:1, Design -: wnrn*r
Z.J 4 use Fb= 0.60Fy
:r' the loa;, lFy
: A 36 sre.. 180 170
2(1O'./r5o
= i500 mm2 5.625 < r0"75
= 170 mm
i0.4 mm Use Fb = 0-66Fy
=
Fb =0.66{250) = 165 MPa
Fa = A.6Fy
= i 1400 mml
Fa=A.6(250) = 150 MPa
= 190 mm
=:2.9 mm fo.fb -,n
:53 mm Fa* Fb = ''u
.0800 nrml ,^ -T
JU_A
= 112 mm
= -1.1.2 mm
-
Jo= -;{so
290000
':-i5 mm
fa = 30.37
-r)100 mml
ll2 mm
o-M
lu - uir
e
_*1 mm
- 168.75 x 106
ii9 mm /a =ll:oird
fb = t26.88
H. ff =o.elt < r.o (safe)
Check:
L 6000
;= 4oA
I
7= l+S.S <240 (safe)
; , ectton
Usc til 410 x 74 (lightest sectian)
PD PD
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O
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N
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to
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k
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lic
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228
C
C
w
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m
m
w w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl.gn
An advertising sign board, rectangula:

shape, is erech'l vertically on the ridge ci
roof of a very L'gh building. It is 6 n
i;rlh ett
3.6 m. and is grryed as shown. Fin:
diameter of the weir of a wind for a q"
at
load of 3.8 kPa of vertical surface.
,fs = 120 MPa
sia) 20mmO
b) 30 mm,
c) 15 r.rm 0
0 25mm0
Solution:
LMgp =Q
2I1 Cos 45' (Sin 60'X3.6) = P (1.8)
P = 3.8 (3.6X6)
P = 82.08 kN
271 Cos 45' Sin 60' (3.6) = 82.08 (1.8

It = 33.51 kN
Tt=Asfs
33510=foz1tZO1
D= 18.56 mm
Tr sin 60'
UseD=20mm(
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
k
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229
lic
lic
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C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
el IDeslgn
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A cable suspended from two piers 135 m.

c:c;= ;r apart, one support being 3.4 m. above the
r'.*-- i,=14.6 kN/ril
ttttlffl center. The cable carries a uniformty
distributed load of 14.6 kN/m in horizontal
3.4 projection and has the lowest point of 7.5 m
below the lowest support. The ends of a
cable are attached o saddles on rollers at the
--135-, l- r top of the piers and the backstays which may
be assured sraight are inclined at 60' from
14.6( 1 35-r) the vertical and anchored into foundation
abuunents. Neglect tension the cable due to
its own weight. Allowable tensile strength
of galvanized bridge wire = 1380 MPa.
Effective net area is only 75Vo of normal
arql.

tension in the cable.
6a) 38M kN c) 4250kN
,,! b) 3650kN o 5160kN
I Which of the following gives the tension in

the back stays at A and B.
sa) 42t1.6 kN,42ll.9 kN
b) 5343.4 kN,4434.2 kN
c) 3461.8 kN,4323.5 kN
EiE i"5 a M57.7 kN,5423.2 kN
O Which of the following gives the thrust in
each pier A and B.
6a) 186.2 kN, 3011.88 kN
b) 212j kN, 3321.75 kN
c) 168.4 kN,2944.65 kN
a 193.4 kN, 3212.64 kN
O Which of the following gives the nominal

diameter of galvuiizrlbridge wire required.
6a) 72 mm d 65mm
b) 75 mm 0 60mm
PD PD
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O
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N
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230
k
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w
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m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDesLgrr .d o
c u -tr a c k
Solution:
Dln=o
7.5H = 14.6x
G)
H=0.9T*
ZMt=0
x)
H=3648 a 10.9fl = 14.6 (r35 - g031-
r,^w H = 0.67 (135 - y12
x2 = 0.689 (135 - x)2
H=3648 -r = 0.83 (135 -
x)
x = 61.23 m.
H = 0.973 (61.n)z
H = 3548 LN
14.6x-- 894 kN
r) = 1077 kN
14.6 (135 -
rr='[qgg4q + $648P
Ia = 3756 kN
894
tan0B=
3&g
6g = l3'8'
ro=.[OutPT $otaf
Ta = 3804 kN
r077
tan LA=TiiB
9l= 16'5'
Maximum tension in the cable is 380a
Tension on tlw backstays:
ft cos 30' = 3804 cos 16.5'
T1 = 4211.6 kN
Rt= 4211.6 sin 30' + 38M sin 16.5'
Rr = 186.2 kN (Iftrzsr at pier A)
12 cos 30' = 3756 cos 13.8'
T2= 4211.9 kN
Rz= 3756 sin 13.8 + 4211.9 sin 30'
,ltz = 3001.88 kN (Ilrrrct at pier B)
Asfs=T
(T r')0.75(r380) = 4211.e(looo)
D =72mm
PD PD
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k
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lic
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2i1w . d
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .c
Eteel IDeslgrr
Bending that occurs &out any axis other

I than that of tlw principal axes is said to be
unsymmetrical bending. When the external
loads are simuhaneously applied to the
beam from lwo or more direclions
unsymmelrical bending o ccw s.
Bending stress could be expressed as:
(#
.,.',,,.,.,r}fu ,t,.,t,.,,'
*.:::X:+i:.::::::
!::
:::::1.:.i::irri ::::
i
I
I
o Interaction equation:
.fi;,::.:,:i,:,: :t:.,:.i':.:':.:.:.::,:,,','::.:.
lm.,ol:ffi .llls,...t.io:: .:l
tL
M-
Jux------=
e
ox
M,,
fb"=t
,ut
Fb, = 9.6P,
lx ". 3804 k\
for laterally supported shapes
Fb, = 9.75P,
() When the lateral loads applied to the top

num - 5.5'
!r l- flange of the bean does not pass thru the

centroid of the section, the equation
becomcs.
;,r ]0'
ll
W- B)
.trN - _r]0)
Note: Reduce tlu effective section modultu
for the y-axis by 50%.
PD PD
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O
O
N
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bu
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to
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k
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lic
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7?'
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C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel -I)g>6rlotr:l
Sag rods at the center (mQtncr;
MeLt + 2Mg (L', + Lil + tl ; -
=f,w Qf + Lz3)
MA= Mg=Q
Lt=iL
l lt3
2Mn@)=-i* (i)'." (,
1 ,L3 wLl
2Mn(L)=-;n (8 * 8 ,
1 ,wLZ''
ZMB=-i\ + )
',i.,.',',':::.i::.:.,:,i,.:::li;r:,L:,:i:..,.:.::,:...i::.ii:i:.iiii:i.:.:.:ii.,,t,,,..:...,.
..##i.=:.ffi w,'iiini,lttr
.;:..',ili:
Sag rods at thc third pints (
MeLt+2MB(L1+ L2)+.V
=-|{rrrr'+wLf)
InzO(WL2) tt|}O(WLZ) MA= a
a. M a L2 + ZMg (L2+Q) +
= -f,tnh3 + *;
MD=a
b.Mn L+4MgL+MPL=-
M3L+ 4MsL= -lwi
Bicause of symmetry M3=
A B C
r-.*--l-l Mn&+41)-'\nf
!:-----*- ##uffi
t-.,J-r,)
BCD
PD PD
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W
W
O
O
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lic
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233
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesl,grr
L
But our L is actually (one third of span)
7
;ils"1il w(Lt3)2
MB=-
10
rw-L2 , ,:::ln:' :
::::::::::
: , :::: yiL$, I
'
:=::;':i;.ji1
',.,.,1.,,90.,.,,, I
Stress of sag rods at the third points

(moment)
p :|
!_
:
MB=R'rb
wL2 Rt L -lg
wLZ
rzl *
t -g0= 3
,L'
-(t)nt= n12 wL2
- eo
I ,.,.ii::rii.i
wL wL
18
h,r:atgttJ.ii.,.,
] '',.,,',,,,,,::i:i::
-''I__---
_trrl
30 6
- =wL-SwL
-nt i
30
fi:iw"rnt) 4wL
Rt= 3o
'w : (Lz) ?1.1+2R2= w(I)
'#+?R2=vt[-
'' 4o Lt ,q
rrl + Rz= wL
. 1.
'i-_:') Rz= nL-
* ".
wt3
,*r=(i%#)
= "L,
]T :::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::jE 4l4rll:i::::::: ::,:. :::
C..-..,30(A.,i,.,,,i,:,,
i ..i.:....,...ll :'.:.
fi=.Vc
:ili::::::::,:::":,:::::::,:::::::I:tlt#I:::::.:, :,,ti,:::
':.:.:::.t.t::ff.f,
:.
:#:fffi
:r:::.:::.:::.:r:.:.:.:.:r:.:-:r:::.:.:.irw...
.:.:.'.:,,, : t.
:.:.:.:r: :r:r:.: :.:
Stress of the sag rods at the third points

PD PD
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W
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O
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N
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w 234 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDes .8:rl
O Srress of sag rods at middle
{r,,
Rt
+u
R2
,,,
wL2
Mn=-T
MB= R2() " tilri
wLZ Rt L wLZ
z= s'Y
wL wL
Rr=a- to
4=frw r
X1 + R2=Yt I'
213l.wL
RZ= n L -.-i6
n2=flo t
#*uuffi
(Sness of sag rods at tht
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
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to
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m
w ??<
w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d .c
e(el lDeslgn
A W 360 x 110 bearn carries a concenrated

load of P at the center of the simply
supported beam having a spn of 6 rn. and a
lateral concentrated load of 30 kN acting also
at the rnidspan. Use Â 35 stsel with
Fy = 250 MPa. Assurne tuli lateral silp^{lort
for the compression flange and neglect
weight of beam.
+30 kN
Which of the followi*g gives the safe
concentrated load P ftat it eould support at
fhe center without exeeeding th* ellowable
stresses.
Properties ofW iffi x llA

d = 360 nnm
&,f = 256 mm
f= l9'9 mm
fw = 11.4 mrn
Sx'= 1840 x ld rnrn3
Sy = 435 x ld rnm3
*a) 90"75 kN
b) 110.25 kN
c) 88.75 kN
(, 65.25 kN
Solution:
bf 17Q
2,f ' ./F)
_u_6-_
?.tr9.9)
- {zso
\-- ua_
6.43 < 10.75

PD PD
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O
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N
N
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lic
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236
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C
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w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDeslgn
Use
F ux= 0.66FY (comPact rection)
Fax = 0.66(250)
Fbr = 165 MPa
Fuy=0.75Fy (NSC)
F 6, = 0.75(250)
F6, = 187.5 MPa
PL
lvt x = -7-
P(6)
Mr= -a
Mx = 1.5P kN.m
Mr=1.5(10)6PN.mm
_Mx
lbx=$
- 1.5(10)6 P
/br = i;;0;l00
0.815P
"fax =
PL
Mt=T
'r=3ff
M, = 45 kN.m
My = 45 x 106 N.mm
t. -Y)
tby - Sy
-
tb!=i3i;61
45 r. 106
/Di = 103'45lvlPa
+,
Fbx* Q,
rbl =r.o
0.815P
4
103.45
165 187.5
=l
P =90.75 kN
-
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
bu
to
to
k
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lic
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C
C
w
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m
m
w 237
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d .c
Steel lDeslgrl
I :;ion) @,tt*ffinttir,,,,
!'' A W 610 x 155 seclion has a span of 5.4 m.
and carries a concentrated ioad ofP applied
t
eccentrically at the center of the beam at an
I
eccentricity of 87.5 mm as shown. Use A36
t
i
i
steel .FY = 250 MPa. The flanges are
t
i
L--5 restrained from warping at the ends only.

4 n,
Which of the following lives the safe load P
t that the beam could support, neglecting irs
I own weight.
i
I
d = 0.611 m
i
bf * 0"324 m
f
= 0.019 m
w = 0.0127 m
I
S1= $'ffitlf P3
Sy = 0'000666 m3
csa) 187"50 kN
b) 140.25 kN
c) 218.75 kN
4 165.25 kN
Solution:
This bearm is laterally unsupported:
ZAObr
{-L
\FY
. 2AA(324\
-L
,-^=
--r
\D"50
lc = 4098 mrn
L>L",5.4>4.099
. , 1"38000 138000
" D)
bq 2s0(611)
bftf 324(19)
Lu= 5562 mm
L<Lu,54<5.562rn
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
bu
to
to
k
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lic
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w 238 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl4trx
Use
Fux = 0.60FY
Fa, = 0.6(250)
Fb: = 150 MPa
Foy = 0'75FY
Fuy = 0.75Q54)
Fay = 187'50 MPa
PL
Mx= -7-
+
P (5.4)
M^=-T-
Mx = 1.35P kN.m
Mx= 1.35 (10)6 P N.mm
-Mx
1
- 5,
Jbx
c.
1.35 x 106 P
tox- 4229 193
fox= 0.32P ^
H(592) = P(87.5)
I/ = 0.148P
HL
My= q
0.148 P (5.4)
My= --- a,-
My = 0'20P LN'm
My= A.2WLO)6 P N.mm
. _J
Mn 0.20 x 106 P
Jb!-r - l
it, i tooo) tor
fay = 0.60P
*, * f*,
f bx t'bl =r.o
0.32P 0.60P
ffi * lgTio =l'o
P = 1E7"50 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
to
k
k
lic
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239 w .
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
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.d o .c do .c
lElteel lDeslgrr
Certain loads passing tlrough the cenroid of

W 310 x 129.6 produceg a normal moment
Mx = 200 kN.m and a lateral moment of M,
which includes the effect of the beam
weight. Using an A-36 steel with Fy = lJ$
MPa, which of the following gives the value
of Mr. Assume full lateral support for 0re
compression flange.
Properties of W 310 x 129.6
A = 16500 mm2
ld
Sx = 1940 x mm3
ld mm3
Sy = 652 x
rx=l37mm ry=78mm
6a) 45.87 kN.m c) 36.82 kN.m
b) 3.62 kN.m $ 61.28 kN.m
Solution:
*r*&
rbx rb) =r.o
Fux=0.6 Fy = 0.66(250)
Fax= 165
Fb = 0.75 Fy = 0.75(250)
-3m Fol = 187
M.
'5
ftr= gi
-
,tax=
200 x 106
r94['l 163
fux= 103.@
103.09 fu"
165 +ffi= I
fot=l0.lS
- ,Mv
Jby=6
Mu
70.35 = Cdio:.
My = 45.87 kN.rn
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 240 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeelgrr
@i,,"i;iiilii;''i1
A wide flange is used as a purlin with a ryry
of 4.5 m. It is subjected to a vertical cenrnr
load P before the roofing or sag rods are pu
in placo. Thc slope of the sag rods is 3l'"
Asume the plrce of loading to pass thrws
the center of gravity of the bearn crlq
secticn. Neglect weight of beam.
rJpoO Which of rhe following gives the safe va-rr

KN of P so as not to exceed the allowabt
flexural stress of 120 MPa using momert
resolution method'
3sa) 3.03 k}q c) 1.95 kN
b) 2"M kN 0 4"25 kN
O rtrhich of the following gives the safe var

of P so as not to exceed the allowal't
flexuratr stress of 120 MPa using flexu"n
modulus method.
nrd 3.03 tN c) 4.25 kN
b) 3.86 kN 0 2.88 kN
Properties of wide flange section

D/= 84 ,* Ix = 9'08 x 106 mm{
d = 152 mm Iv = 0'750 x 106 mn'
Sr = 119 x ld mm3 q = tz.S x ld mr:i
Solution:
tD Moment resolution nwtlnd:
,_ M Cos-O M S-in 0
sr-S)^
M =!-*2 = 1.125P kli.m
hl =1.125 x INP N.rnm
_-lrq
1.125 x 106P Cos 30'
rzo =
;lF-
* x 106P sin 30'
* i.125l?.9 *lot_-
P = 3.03 &lf
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
241w .
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c do .c
lEteel I)esLgn
0 Flexural Modulus Method:

Irly
unin with a spu s- y/rCos0+.r1rSin0
r rertical centrrL
I
*g rods are p, x =;(U) = 42 mm
rg rocls is 3r.
:r pass throui:
:: beam crt,'
t =lr,szl= 76 mm
- (9.08 x 106X0.750 x 106)

J=
fie safe valc S = 28370 mm3
fie ailowab.: P U5\
-sing mome_
tl =1-
M = 1.125P kN.m
M=l.l25x106PN.mm
.M
,/=s
rhe safe valu
$e allowabir r.125 x lff P
xing flexura_
tZO =-- za37}-
P = 3.03 kN
146.
r 106 mm4 A W 250 x 22 shape section having the
'i-r x properties shown is used as a pudin having a
106 mm:
gxldmml simple support at its ends with the bottom
flange resting on top of two angular top
chords of a roof truss having a pirch of U,1.
There are 9 purlins on each side of the top
H'=3400 N/m
chord equivalent to 8 spans of sag rods,
hi which supports the purlins placed at the
middle span of the purlins. A uniform
vertical lmd of 3400 N/m is rcting at the
l,*.r
cenmid of the Purlins.
! i
Whryh of the following gives the diameter of

@'
the sag rods to support the,purlins at its
midspan if the allowabh mnsile s8ess of ;sag
rcds is 138 MPa.
sa) 2l mrn6 c) l5mrn6
b) 26 rnmO @ t0 narng
PD PD
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242
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.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel IDesl.grr
g Which of the following gives the diameter

tie rods between ridge purlins if tlc
allowable tensile stress is 138 MPa.
a) 28 mm6 @ c) 22 mm1
b) 19 mmO 0 25 mmg
Solution:
R1
o yl=yz
5 ro 14 Cos 0_ P4_
384 EI 48 EI
24AtlltSin0
'3W
D ___
D_
5roISin0
_
t- g
(Stress of sag rods at midspan
for one span only)
Total stress of sag rods:
8 (5 arL Sin 0)
f=
r= 5 (34oox6) +
T = 45616 N "l5
T = Asfs
s
45616=
d=20j1
Urq
say 21 mm
Strcss of tic rod between ri.dge purlins

11Cos0=45616
Tr (2\
= 45616
ii-
Tt = 51000 N
Tl = Auft
51000=
$,rrq
d = 21"69 say 22 mm,
PD PD
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O
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to
to
24j
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeslgn
--.e diameter _.
;-riins if l:,
.t'Pa. A structural steel angle 2O3 x 152 x 25.4
:-]m0 has a moment of 10 kN-m. The longer leg
::tm0 is parallel to fte y-axis and the shorter to the
x-axis. The inertial properties of the angle
are as follows:
Mmart of inatir rbout thc r-rxis, Ir- 33.6 r 106mm4

Mmat of inatir ebot thc y-rxir, D - lO.t x l06mm4
Polu mmat of inertir, Iry --tl'l ^
106mm4
-110.1! The sress at point A in MPa which is at x-

----l distance of -41.9 mm and y-distance + 135"7
mm from the centroid is equal o:
rg'a) 44.92 compression

b) 17.31 tension
c) 44.92 tension
0 17.31 compression
Solution:
^ Mxln\ (Mvlx-
rA=-TGE;,
(MxIy - My Im)
+-----y
Ixly - ILD
rA=(m
^ [0-10xl06Cl3.4rid)I{_1-.9)_
.
+ tl0 x r06(ro.r)xi06-0xt35.7)
(3 3; o6l?m;l
I o6Jl--I 3 .+* 1 o(tP
,{=- 15.54+6O.46
f4 = 44"93 MPe (aomprcssion)

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y 244
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
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Elteel lDesl.gn
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
1A-
**l A l50mm x 100mm x l6mrn angle is usd
.,W
:R,ffi
as a cantilever beam 2m. long with tit:
150mm leg vertical. It supports a load i
4,m0 N applied at the free end of the bea:-
Compute the maximum stress.
Properties of ) 50 nvn x l(N nvn x I 6 nun

Y=99.,10 A = 3'740 mm2
/.r = 8.40 x ld
mm4
.r = 25.9 mm
) = 50'9 mm
Iy=3x106mm4
tan 0 = 0.434
0 =23.46'
.,a) 128 MPa

b) ll5 MPa
c) 232MPa
0 135 MPa
Solution:
t^ze=lrl
ta,-t(46.s2)=t#
Ixy=-2.89xId
n4x = 4W0 (2)
Mx = 8000 N.m.
illx=8x 106 N.mm
. (My lx - Mx lxy) (Mx Iy - W lxl)
IA= h ty 4;flx+ Ir ty - (txiz '
t0 - 8xr06 (-2.89)1061(-9.9)
*m
fA= (8.40x106) (3xlo6) - (-2.89xldP
fl=-t3.59
t8x 105(3) ld- 01 (99. l0)
+ 141.17
fl = lZz.S8 say 12E MPa
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
245
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
tlt.eel lDesLqrr
k
k
lic
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A 150 mm channel is used as a purlin of a

Howe Truss spaced at 4.5 m. apart for
having a pitch of ll4 which carries a
uniform vertical load of 1000 N/m and a
uniformuniform load of 1170 N/m acting
normal to the roof . Determine the
maximum stress of the section if sag rods
are connected to the web of the purlin at its
midspan. Assume the verl.ical load to be
acting aI the centroid of the channel.
Propcrties of 150 mm channel
A = 1494 mmZ
d=150mm
Iy = 0.213 x 106 mm4
Ix = 5.1x 106 mm4
w = l2.l kglm
Sx = 67.2 x 103 mm3
bf=48mm
f = 8'58 mm
s a) 63.86 MPa
b) 66.65 MPa
c) 70.23 MPa
0 59.34 MPa
Solution:
I
t"
ginQ=-;
!s
a
cosCI=+
!s
nur -
Wx = rl70 + (1000 + trl.D 4
!s
W.r = 2l7l N/m
PD PD
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246
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w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Desfl-grr
l4zv = (1000 + 118.7) 4

!;
12.1(9.81)=118 7
IY) = 500 N/m
000
l^
yx=iwLz
y, =ierlt)(4.r2
M.r = 5495 N.m
My =*,wy L2
M) = 316.4 N.m
Mx C My (c)
JA= h* IY
-. s495fl000x75)
/a= -JJll6il
* 316.4(!000x154
- o.rt;io6-
p=40MPa
Tensile stress at B:
MxC* Mv c
{1,'
4,,
fB
,=*#ffi
=-n -iy
+361.4(1000x12.8)
0fr;i6
fts = 63.86 MPa
PD PD
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W
O
O
N
N
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lic
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247 w
C
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.d o .c .d o .c
IDesLgr:r
The bens of a mill building consists of

28 m fink truss, knee braced to the columns
7:m and spaced at 6 m. on centers. The purlin is
made up ofW 200 x 25 section and is spaced
:l at 1.96 m. on centers as shown in tlre figure.
Show load is 960 N/m2 of roof surface and
28 roof covering is assumed to be 720 N/m2 of
roof surface.
Ian a =7114
0=26.56'
Compute the stress caused by the loads on
the purlins. Sx = 232 x 103 mm3; Sy =
46.4 x ld
mm3.
rsa) 88.66 MPa c) 79.42MPa
b) 96.36 MPa 0 64.38 MPa
O Which of the following gives the diam.of

sag rods which is placed at its third points.
sa) 18 mmo c) 20 mm6
b) 16 mmO 0 22mmg
O Which of the following gives the diameter of
tie rods between ridge purlins.
rsa) 18 mmo c) 20 mmO
b) 16 mmo A 22 mmg
135.2)
I too Solution:
8 Unifunn load per neter supported by each
purlin= 1.96(960 +720) = 3292.8 N/m
Weight of pwlin= 25(9.81)

Weight of purlin = 245.25 N/m
Total load = 3292.8 + 245.25
Total load = 3538"05 N/m
Max. foccurs at third poirus
]n2.8) _WL2 Cos Q

^,
tftx- g
r trtl6
,,
tftx- _
(3538.05X6)2 Cos 26.56'
g
M:= 14241N.m
Mx = 14.241 kN.m
PD PD
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248
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Steel IDesI.gn
Sag rods at tdrd points.

,r=h wr,2 sin o
1
My = Ln3538.05 (6)2 sin o

MY= 632'79 N'm
Mr = 0'63279 kN'm
- Mx
/= s, *62M,
. 14.241x 106.* 2(0.632-tg\rc6

J= ;:2xto3 46A;Til
f = 8E.66 MPa
e Sagrods:
(i*wr sin o)bsoans)

"=
Butfor critical sag rod,
it is carrying 8 spans
= r (l*) (3538.05)(6xsin 26.s6')

"P
= 27,843 N
.
Area=27843
r3g
Area = 202mm2 =tD,
D = 16.03 mm 6
Use: IE mm I sag rods
@ Tie rods between ridge purlins:
Tcosg=P
2tu3
r =c* 26i6'
I = 31,128 N
RequiTed Area ='#g = 225.6 mm2
f,o2 =zzs.o
D = 16.95 mm
Use: lt mn , sag rods
PD PD
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249
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eel lDeslgrr
A channel section is used as a purlin for a

Fink truss having a distance between trusses
2430 of 4.5 and spacing of purlins of 1.5 m on
centers. The truss has a pitch of l/4. Sag
rods are placed at the mid points between
trusses .o give full lateral support. Snow
load is 950 Pa of roof surface, weight of
roofing is 290 Pa of roof surface and wind
pressure is 480 Pa normal to the roof
surface. Which of the following give the
flexural stress of the channel section due to
the loads acting on it.
m Ii -(6'r
5 Sx =
Properties of channel
173 x
S) = 15.6 x ld mm3
103 mm3
Wr. of purtins = 190 N/m2
rs a) 130.5 MPa
b) 120.3 MPa
c) 231.6 MPa
@ 156.6 MPa
Solution:
weight of purlins = 190 Nim2
Totalvertical load= 950+480+ 190
Total vertical load = 1620 N1m2
Vertical load = 1620(1.5)

B": :.m3
Vertical load = 2430 N/m
Wind load = 720 Nlm

PD PD
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250
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Steel IDesl-gn
'
WN = 720 + 2a30 4
Is
W1y = 2893.46 N/m
W7 = 2a30 |!5
W1= 1086.73 N/m
w7,t =[wL2
wN = {28s3.46){4.5)z
i
lYls = 7324 N'm
u7 = $wLz
Mr =+2(1086.73X4.5F
Mr = 681.7 N.m
^ M7'1 M7
/= *T
s.r ^-
isY
7324(1@)
" r7t;1ot*. _q8i.?c000l
/=
|*.u,,,0,,
/= 130.5 lvlPa
PD PD
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251
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Eteel IDeslgn
The Fink truss shown has a span of 30 m.

and a height of 7.5 m. It lras a spacing of
6 m. between trusses. The purlins is made
up of W 250 x 28 section and is spaced at
2 m. on centers. The truss carry asnow load
of 950 Pa of roof surface and roof covering
is assumed to be 720 Pa of roof surface.
7.5 m
Properties of W 250 x 28
'l A = 3630 mm? Iy = 1.78 x 106 mm4
d=260mm S.r = 307 x ld mm3
30
Ix= 40 x 106 mm4 Sy = 34.8 x ld mm3
w = 28.5 kglm rx =22.1 mm
O Which of the following gives rhe flexural

' stresson the purlins due !o given loads.
Ea) 88.6 MPa c) 76.3 Ir4Pa
b) 97.4 tvfPa 0 80.2 MPa
O Which of the following gives the diam. of

sag rods o be placed at third poinl
€a) 18 mm c) 23 mm
b) 15 mm @ 25mm
Solution:
Unit load per meter supported by each
pwlin= (2.1X950 +720) = 3507 N/m
Weight of purlin = (28.5X9.81)

Weight of purlin = 279.6N|m
E_ Total load = 279.6 + 3507
M_1 Total load = 3786.6 N/m
yy =[w}(cos o)
m, =!Q786.6)G)z
Mx = 15240.77 N.m
ft
PD PD
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W
O
O
N
N
y
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252
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeele=rr
wL2
My= * Sin0
My =
h(3786.6x021b
My = 677.4N.m
- Mx
4--
J-Sx-
2Mv
Sy
3786.6 1s240.77(100o) 2(677.4X1000)
"
/= Jor;li3-* J;j;lo5*
(
,f = 88.6 MPa 138lvlPla (safe)
Sag rods: i
Srrrss = rrr Sin o

$
But for critical sag it is carrying I
sag rods
rotat stress= (8) (3786.6X6)

33322
# !h
s = 29904
Required area=W =215.97 mm|
X
r, = zts.s't
D = 16.59 mm
Use 18 mm O sag rods;

area provided = 254.34 mm2
Tie rod between ridge purlins:
srress=ry=x3\z2N
G
Required area =W = 241.5 mm2
TDz =z+r's
D - 17.5 mm
Use 18 mmQ sag rods:
area provided = 254.34 mm2
PD PD
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W
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253
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.d o .c .d o .c
IDeeLgn
A S 150 x 19 purlin with a span of 4.5 m is

before the roofing or sag rods and put in
place, subjected to a vertical central load of
2670 N. The slope of the rod is 30'. What
is the maximum flexural areas in the purlin?
Assume the place of loading to pass through
the center of gravity of the beam cross-
section.
o By Flexural Modulus Method

e Moment Resolutircn Method
Properties of S 150 x 19
A=2340mm rx = 62.3 mm
Fg 5 ,p4Br { S.r = ll9 x ld mm3 ry = 17.9 mm
,] Sy = 17.9 x ld mm3 fiv = 5.8 rnm
mffi+ Ix=9.0Exldmm4 D=84mm
r)
/y=0.250x l06mm4 f =9.1 mm
d= 152 w = 18.4 kg/m
*a) l22lvffa;121.85 MPa

b) 145 MPa; 119.54 MPa
c) 213lvPa; 1M.94 MPa
0 164 MPa 143.39 MPa
Solulion:
o Flerural Modulus Method
M=P+.*
*=ry1-1*t@
5 nrrol M = 360.65 N.m
. MCosOy MsinOx
t =---tx- " ---i;-
/=, (,;f .n_T")
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
k
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254
lic
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C
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w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel Deslorrr c u -tr a c k
E
E
5
t -- Mc
J- I
2670 N c vcos6 xsin6
I- Ix IY
c vlvcosO+xlxsin0
I - IxlY
I s
c
I __ IxlY
c y/ycos O+xlxsinQ
C : (9.osx
\/'vv ^
lo5xo.75oa
rv
'\
ld)
" -
fruXorro x l0$ cos30'+ 42(9.08 r lS st
b(P S = 28370 mm3
..-#'
t_- M
r-s
- 3460.65
l=--ffii-
(1000)
f -- 122 MPa (nut. flexural sresr)
Q Moment Resolution Method:

Mcoso Msino
l=--s-*- s)
,- 3460.65 (cos 30') (1000)
119x 103
*w
. :4tO6i-qin-3gll-0@)
f = 121.E5 MPa (nwx. flexwal strex

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
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251-B
k
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Steel lDesl-gt:r.
From the table try W 310 x 129

Sx = 1940 x ld mm3 b/= 308 mm
Sy = 652 x 1d mm3 f = 20.6 mm
L*.ry
/u {ry
308 170
,(ro o ' ./r,
1.48 < rcJs
Use Fbr= 0.66Fy

F b, = 9.7 5Pt
M-
.lux - JI
c
^
ttrY
-
2Ol x 106
1940 x l0r
/bx = 103'61 MPa
Fbr= 9.6612591
fbx= 165 NIFa
M,,
fbv.oy =t
-
ttr\\
39x106
-
652 x l0r
fby= 59.82lvfP:a
Fb, = 0.15 YPU
Fb, = 0.7512591
Fb, = 137.5614'"
fb,.lb1 >-,^t'v
Fbx* FbJ
{#. #*rt =o'e41 < t'o (safe1
Use W 310 x 129 (lightest section)

PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Oteel lDeelorrn
= 308 mm
= 20.6 mm Wlci a concrcic slab is suryud by
stccl bcans and therc is no provision for
shear transfcr bctween thc slab and the
steel beam, thc result is a non-composite
section. In non composile construction the
lod causcs tle slab. to &flcct along with
tlu beam, wilh thc result tlat sonu of the
load is carried by thc slab. Unless tlvre is
a great deal of bond betwecn tlo two by
providing shcar connectors, the load
carricd by thc slab is small and maybc
neglected.
{nc floor slab in a compasite

construction acts nt only as a itab for
resi:sting'thc livc loads but also as an
' intcgral part of thc bcan. It actually serves
on a large covcr plai;te for upper f'lange of
the stcel beam thys increasing the beanu
strength.
Tlu portion of the slab or flange which

can be considcrcd to participate in the
beam action is controlled by the
spccifications. The maximum effective
flonge width permittcd by the r'/SC can bc
determined by computing thc following
valrus and will cqul thc least of "b" so
obnincd. (NSC Spccificationl)
o' b slpuld not fu grcater than one fourth af

tlu span of tlu bcant
r.
".4 (safe)
e b' not grcater thu one half the clear
spacing of tlw fuwn
I :ection) o b' not greateT than eight times slab
thickness
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
y
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256
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Eteel IDersrlortr w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Should thc slab eist only on one side oj

beam, the following requirement control
o b' not greater tlanlof ttu span of rhc

g b'not greater rnanlof ilu spacing of
o b' nol greater tla n six tintes slab tucknes:
AASHO Specifications:
o b rct greater tfunlof tlu span of rhe

g b' not great tlwn spacing of beams centa,
center
o b' not greater tlan 12 tinus slab thickncs:
For slab cristing on one side only:
o b not greater than

fi of tne span of tlrc
g b' not greater than 17 ccnter to
spacing of beuts
o b' not greater than 6 times the
thickness
!=Effectire width of Ftange

PD PD
!
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W
O
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N
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to
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257w .
C
C
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w
m
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w
w
w
o
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.d o .c do .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDeslp=n c u -tr a c k
Shear transfer made

by bond udlriction
aLong Top oJ WF and
.:..t side oj':n by the sheaing
strength ol the
toncrete alon{ the
doued line.t -
:.f rhc fu:o

rtxB[sElt srcn0il rlln BUtt0rxli R00n$
-ng of bea*;
thicknes: (NSC) Allowable section modulus
::ffiSS
r tlv bce* STR = allowable section modylus

My- moment duc to live load
Mp - nwment due ta dead load
Ss = section modulus of steel section
Shcar Connector
:f :FC Oean
:i cer,:r-
-aE
sltHn c0ililrcTllBs
Vh = shear to be laken by the connections
below
beNeen
and
slab is equal
As Fv
Uu snwllcst value of Vh:

Number of connzctors
Vh
hoizontei.
Strength of one cainector
and
slab it eqml
to 0.85 fc',4s
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
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25E
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel I)eslgtl
@:::iii6Eifi Utt*#::m$$,#ffi
A flooring system consists of
beam sections sprced at 3 m. o.c. a,1:
;,-3*-'1..-3m1 simple spans of 6 m. The beams sr;p
,.:l l" 200 mm thick slab 120 mm of wha:n
"tl l;",
F; .' l:. above the top of compression flangei
,
"t t";
.1
lo*
6m'.',
t"
f6m
t",,
.
flooring system is designed for a liw
2400 N/m2 as well as ceiling load m
*[[ffi]',.*
'=rl
N/m2. The properties of ttre l-beam
AIE:
d= 352mm
tl 352m
w = 440 N/m
JL-_] /r = 0.0012 rn4
Consider Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200fr{

and rvt of concrete of 24 Wi|im3

pressure rcting on the shb.
s a) 7.2 kN/m2 c) 6.7 kN/m2

b) 8.a kN/m2 @ 7.9 kN/m2
0 Which of the following gives the

uniform load on the beam in kN/m.
ea) 2.29 ki.Ilm c) 20.34 kN/m

b) 32.19 kN/m 0 22.96 kN/h

the beam due to deadload only.
unshored cors&rction.
cro il.28 Mpa c) 23.12lvlh

b) 10.48 MPa 0 18.39 Mh
PD PD
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Steel- IDeel_grr
-
Solutioni
Unifurm preqswe acting on the slab:
' :++_ o Wsbb = U(0.2) k{/m2

= 4.8
.. ;,- ?i
WUveload =2.4Wilm2
W = 7,2 kNlm2
4 !:t l& g Total unifurm load on thc beam
1 * ,:_ -2" iml
Consifuring I m. length of beam
Shb: 4.8(3) = 14.40 kN/m
Ceiling: 0.75(3) = 2.25W{/m
Beam: 0.440 kN/m
Wo=14.40+2.25+0.440
I7o = 17.09 kN/m
,,,ry-' Wt=2.4(3)
-.t.[-{r- Wt=7.20hJ'Ilm
Wr =Wo +WL
;'j -t* ltTl Wr=17.09+7.20
Wr = 24.29 kNln
W,mj o Stress on the beam duc to dead bd only.

Sth'mj For unshored construction, loads will be
carried by the steel section alone.
:rm :::: WnL2
Srlh'mmr"
I.ru
uo = -i-
tftl) _17.@(6)2
I (il\m ^,^ - g
h uf"r*m Ma = 76.905 kN.m
ft=iMr
liflt ir:ffifi [
!m f-rruuim
)
76.e05 x 105 (T)
l'rdm,-r ft= 0.m12(l0m)4
ll ffipr
to - lI.2E MPa
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Bteel IDeslgrn T
I
The composite welded steel and concrea

deckgirder shown is to be construc
without shoring. The girders are to
spaced 1.8 m. on centers and each has
18 m. simply supported span. Use A
steel, weight of sieel i7 tN7*3,1.'
=
20.7 lvIPa, n = 10, Ec = 20,000.
weighs =24mk9r3.
The live load moment to the girder
midspan is 299 kN.m. Forms for the :
weights 480 N/m2 and are supported on

beams during construction. Determine
stresses in the girder under total dead
live load.
*a) 84.85 MPa (top),83.9 MPa (bentoml

b) 88.85 MPa (top), 73.99 MPa (bottom t
c) 90.85 MPa (top),93.9 MPa (bottomi
0 74.85 MPa (op),63.99 MPa (bouomy
Solution:
At=300(12) =3600
Az=900(10)=9000
A:=300(25)=7500
A=At+42+A3
A=3600+9000+7500
A = 20100
A y = 3600(6) + 9000(a62) + 7500(924.1'
20100 Y = 3600(6) + 9000(462)
+75W92a.5)
) = 552.90
,, =
ry# + 36oo(5a6.eP - LEHqI
+ e00o(e0.e)' .ry+ 7500(371
Ix=2795 x 16
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Bteel lDesle-rr
Loads applied before concrete hardens:

Concrete slab = 0.17 5(1.8X2.4X9.8 l)
;-=l and concr: i Concrete slaD = 7.416 kN/m
te construc::: Forms = 0.480(1.8)
g:Jers are to :r --1800/10=18
Forms = 0.864 kN/m
rrd each has :.:
r"an. Use A -1,:
-- kN/m3,/c steet=ffi,r,
l.
=
r)00. Concre : r,0.94
- --l-
- I Steel = 1.548 kN/m
Total dead load = 7.416 + 0.864 + 1.548
-:the girder : Total dead load = 9.828 kN/m
:s for the s.=: MD=
wLZ
rpported on _-, g
Determine rr ,r., _
lfru xg2!0!.8
nal dead a:r. - g
MD=398xlN
hPa (bentom) Srresses in steel before concrete beams:
\tra (bottom) At the top:
uPa (bortom)
-v=336
,l .MC
!top = J
\Pa (bouom)
/-l 161.96
, 398 x 106 (522.90)

-l Itop =--fi{{ll,r
775.04
ftq = + 78.73 MPa (Comp.)
At the bottom:
,.boltom .MC
-
J I
.
Ibauom
x 106
398
=-79t;106-
(3t1-_l_Q)
fbottom= ' 54.69\vfPla (tension)

1500(924.5)
It For the composite section,
convert concrete to sleel:
Ar = 18(175)
10(900i3 At = 31500
- t2 Az = 20100
-500(371.60: A=At+Az
A=31500+20100
A = 51600
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Eteel IDesl.gr.
Ay = At yt + AzYz
5 1600y = 3 150(87-5) + 201ffi(727 .9)
I = 336.96
+ 3r500(24e.46)2
,ro = f,P
+ 20100(390.94)2
lrua=7908xt06
Stress of conc'rete at the toq:
_
"^ -MC
JL I
Mt = 2gg x tA6 (ive load monurut
l..
2ss x 106-G-16JO
=
-+ ro(zfrsjld
1.27 MPa (Comp.)
fc =
Stress of steel at thetoP:
MrC
ftr = -i-
299 x 106 (161.96)
" =-7e08;-l06
/rr
Ft = + 6.12 MPa (ComP.)
Total stress of steel at the toq

= 6.12 + 78.73
= 84.85 lvlPa (Comp.)
Stress of steel at tlw bottom

MrC
ftr=t
?-=--
/s
299 x 106 (715.04)
TeoE;Jo?-
fs =29.301r/Fa (tension)
Total stress at the bottom

= 29.30 + 54.69
= 83.99tfra (tension)
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I lDesl.rgrn
100(727.9)
@
The effective width of the composite beam is
1800 mm and a thickness of slab of
150 mm. Assuming a modular ratio n = 10.
The beam has a simple span of 6 m. The
composite beam is subjected to a live load
moment of 540 kN.m. Wt. of concrete =
23.5 kN/m3.
mrf A = 17800,mm2 d=684mm
Ix= 1360 x l06mm4 w = 1370 N/m
ttd moment) O Which of the following gives the maximum

flexural stress of steel assuming no
composite action before concrete hardens.
8s a) 144.53 MPa c) l?l.ZllvfPa
b) 225.79 it4Pa $187.45 MPa
O Which of the following gives the stress of

concrete assuming a composite action
between steel and concrete after concrete
hardens.
a) 2.l?lvlP:a c) 4.39 MPa
b) 3.11 lvPa F0 3.97 Mpa
!,8 O Which of the following gives the stres of

steel assuming a composite action be' /een
steel and concrete after concrete har&r
a) "16.41vdP:a c) 85.2 MF.
b) 135.2MPa ts@ 97.8MPa
Solution:
O Without composite action:
'Dead load = 1.8(0.15X23.5) + 1.37
Deay' load = 7.715 kN/m
MDL=*
*rr=W
MDL= 34.72 kN.m
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Eteel IDeslgn, 3te
-f'I
M=MLL+MDt
M=540+34.72
M = 574]12Wl.m
t
MC
-
JS -- I
, x 106
574.-t2
ls=-[ffi19?
(342)
/, = 144.53 MPa
A Maximum stress of concrete:

Considering a composite action
concrete and steel.
Equivalent steel section i

rU
A1 = 150(180) ]i-,
At =27WJ
Az = 17800 mm2
A=At+Az
A=27000 + 17800
A = 44800 mm2
Ay =Atyr+A2Yz
44800, =27W(75) + 17800(492)
y =240.69
, = 199$Id + l8o(150X165.68)2
+ 1360 x 106 x 17800(251.31
I = 3276 x 106 mm4
nJc
.MC
=-7-
nJc
t. =--3nilTo6-
540 x 106 (240.68)
nfc = 3.97 MPa
@ Max. stress of steel:

.MC
ls= I
,^ _ 540 x 106 (593.32)
IS = 1276;T06-
fs = 97.E MPa
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Eteel lDe'sLgn
The wide flange section is used as a

composite beam to cury a live load of 4.8
kPa and assumed weight of partition to be
860 Pa" The beam section has an adequate
shear connectors to prevent sliding of
concrete over the steel section. It has a
simple span of 8 m. and spacing of beam is
2.5 m. center to center. Thickness of slab is
100 mm. Capacity of each shear connector
L:tion befire.a is 50 kN. Assume modular ratio n'= 9.
l00m Weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m3
fc' = 2l lvlPa ,& = 250 MPa
A = 5884 mm2 d = 402mm
/r=155x106mm4 w = 450 N/m
Sx=770 x l06mm4 bf - 140 mm
O Which of the following gives rhe secrion

modulus of the composite section,
m'492) Ea) 1157 x ld mm3 ld mm3
c) 958 x
b) 1347 x ldmm3 O 2t2t x ldmm3
tr.0412 e Which of the following gives the allowable
r-800(2s1.32; section modulus of the composite section.
Using AISC Specifications,
a) 2&7 x ld mm3 c) 975 x tdmm3
b) 1366 x ld mm3 rs$ 1642 x 1dmm3
O Which of the following gives the number of
shear connectors of the composite '!ream.
a) t2 c) 20
b) 17 B0 15
Solution:
a) b=by+l6t
b= 140 + 16(100)
b = 1740 mm
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Eteel IDesl-c:rr I
-
:
I
I
b) b = j (sOan)
. 8000
b= l,
b = 2000 mm
c) b = spacing of beams center to center

b = 2500 mm
Useb=1740mm
o Section Modulus of composite section'

At = 193.33(100)
At = 19333 mm2
AZ = 5884 mm2
A=At+Az
A=19333 + 5884
A=25217 mm?
Ay=AiYt+A2Yz
252r2i = 19333(50)+ 5884(301)
t = 108.59
,= Etlld + 1e3.33(roox58.5e)2
+ 155 x 106 + SAAqQgZ.qDz
I = 455.31x 106 mm4
108.59 I
o-c
c--
455.31 x 106
r^=- 395J1-
S = 1157 x Id mmj
Q Allowable section rndulus:

load before concrete lwrdens:
51a6 = 2.5(0.10X23.5)
Slab = 5.875 kN/m
Beam= 450 N/m
Total dead load = 5.875 + 0.450
Total dead load= 6.325htlm
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Elteel IDeslgrr
Uot=wL2
g
MDL="+-r
MDL = 50.6 kN'm
: center Load after concrete hardens:
Partition = 2.5(0.860X1) = 2.15 kN/rn
Live load =.2.5(4.8)(1) = 12 kN/m
Tatal live load = 12 + 2.15 = 14.15 kN/m
wL2
wc :.:tiOn uu= g
MLL="#r
MLL= ll3'2 kN'm
Allowable se c tion mo dulus :
s7p = [r.rs + 0.35 ffi] t,

s7p = [r.:s + 035
S#] rzo * rd
SfR = 1642 x lF mnf
@ Nuntber of shear coflnectors required

0.85fc'Ac
vh=- 2-
,o=U&UfQ@
7t = 1552950 N
rh-_Atf! _ 5884(250)
,,.
2 - z
Vl = 735500 N
Use Vy = 735500 N
Number of shear connectors:

735500
,v= 5oooo
N = 14.71 say 15
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Eteel lDeslgn f,]
;
ri
A composite section consists of a
having effective width of
1000 mm ani
thickness of 100 mm placed on top of a rt -
flange section having a cross-sectional a:
of 10000 mm2. Which of the follo*r
gives the number of stud connectors requi
for the composite section if the capaciri-
one stud connector is 50 kN. Use fc' =
MPa, Fy = 270tvffa.
B a) 23 connectors
b) 24 connecton
c) 40 connectors
@ 5l connector
Solution:
,,.
v n_
_0.g5fc'lt
2
,,. 0.85(27X1 000x100)

vh-_
2
vh= lru75wN
,r,
vn_ -At2
fJ
vh=l0 0002-(270)
Izlr = 1,350,000 N
UseVl= 1147500
No. of c1nnectors required
1 147500
= 50 ooo
= 22.95 say 23
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Eteel lDesl-gtrr
i999,,::
@,tHii6fifi',!,:,;
rsts of a s.": A composite section has a span length of 8
r -000 mm an: . m. and a beam spacing of 2 m. The neutral
".n top of a u ::, axis of the composite section is 139.i4 mm.
i!-sectional a::. to the top of composite section and 373.86
-: the follo*r:: mm. to the bottom fiber of the wide flarge
section. The transformed second moment of
: tlre capacitr . area of the composite soction (as equivalent
r\. Use fc' = -- steel) is 696 x 106 mm4. If the dead load of
the composite section is l0 kN/m. which of
the following gives the safe live load in
kN/m2. that the composite section can carry.
Use modular ratio n = 10. Allowable fc =
0.45 fc' and fs = 0.60 Fy. Assume fc' = 25
MPa and Fy = 250 MPa.
sa) 12"45 kN/mz.

b) 7.57 kN/m2.
c) 15.32kN/rn2.
A n.48 kN/m2.
Solution:
fsln fc *hcn/c' = 0.45 fc'
373.85= 139.14
, 1010.45)
- (25) GZ3.U!)
/s=----iflffi
/s=3C12.28>150
= 0.60 (250) = 150 (fail)
"fs
whenfs = 150 MPa
" 039.14)
/c =150
*57ru1
f c = 5.58 < A.45 fc' = 1"25 ok tr (irse)
use f5 = 150 MPa
+.MC
- I
J,l -L
*r
,5o = -QJ"l,F;
696 r l{'}ql
M = 279.25 kli.rn
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270
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Eteel IDesLgrr
+= z'te.2s
W =34.9A6kl.{./m. total load

LL = 34.N6 - l0 = 24.906 kN/m'
LL=23J6. = r2.4s kNtm2.
A composite beam system is composed

structural steel sections on which
reinforced concrete floor has been
The beams have a span of 8 m. and spacit
of 2.4 m. The steel section flange width
180 rnm and the slab thickness is 120
The effective width of the compositE secti
rccording to AISC Specifications.
*a) 2.0 m.
b) 2.1 m.
c) 2.4 m.
0 2.58 m.
Solution:
ts D = by+ l6ty
6= 180+ 16(120)
b = 2100 mm
I
e b=jof span
I
b=; (8000)
D = 2000 mm
Df180mm A b = spacing of beams

b =.2.4 m.
Use smallcsl valw:

b = 2000 mm
b=2 m.
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Eteel lDesLgtl
f! A composite beam consists of a W 920 x

223 section and a concrote slab 1800 mm
lt}/m. wide and 150 mm in thickness'is connected
hr. as shown. The dead load moment prior o
concrete attaining its strength, an applied
load induces an additional moment of 540
kN/m. and a vertical'shear of 220 kN.
lii
Assuming that the beam was not shored
W6,,'
when the slab was paired and neglecting
creep and stninkage.
b composed d
on which a O Which of the following gives the section
been attached-
modulus of the composite section.
n- and spacrrry
is 120 mrn ca) 53.41 c) 76.42

b) 65.32 O 44.11
0 Which of the following gives the
longinrdinal force at the junction of the slab
and ths steel beam due to a vertical shea of
220 kN/mm.'
a) l.028lf.l/mm
b) 0.857 kN/mm
c) 0.482 kN/mm
s q 0.224.kN/mm
Fy = 2+8 lrPa
fc' = 20lvlPa
Modular ratio = 1A
A= 285?,0 mm2
d=9l0mm
Iy = ll2 x 106 mm4
Ix=3?-60x ldmm4
S: = 8260 x ld mm4
Sy = 739 x ld mm8
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B*eel IDeslgrr
Solution:
O Before concrerc attains strength,
desd load sfress in the lower fiange
"- UI
JJ-C -M
.
J'=
680000(1000)
Eooiro5
fs = 82.32lvfPla
- 341.26
Liveload JrreJs ir the lower flange
(Composile actnn)
J I
At = 28520 mm3
I
728.74
42 = 18(150) - 27000 mm3
A=At+Az
A = 55520 mm2
Ay =A1rr+A2Y2
s552A y =285.2A$55) +27000(985)
i = 712'74 mm
I =3260x ld + 2852V251.7q2
* t%*
18tr150)3
+ (210N)(272'26)z
I =72M594670 mm4
Liveload sress in the lower flange:

t^
MC
JJ--- I
" s4o0mGa0q02J1)
7s=--12ffi9
fs = 5 j.4I
e Total stress in tlu lower flangc:
Sr=82.32+53.41
57 = 135.73 MPa
o Shear calculationinkN Per run.
VQ
y =_T
Q=AY
0 = 180(r50x272.2t)
Q = ?35I0/:A wri
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273w
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Eteel IDeelgn
I =72M594670 mm4
w--.gth, v8
r.lange ,=-r
22U7351U20\
v = iztFsglei;
v = 0.224 kNlmm
(longitudinal force between slabs
and steel beam)
re t.tnge
1
& A W 410 x 74.4 supports a slab with
thickness of 150 mm. The effective width
of the slab was computed !o be 2000 mm.
The structural seel section of the composite
system has the following properties
p-,"rr{985)
Beam dzprh, (d) = 413 mm
Flange width, (bl) = 180 mm
-r)z
F- Cross section area {Ar) = 9480 mm2
W t)72.2$)2 Moment of inertia (l) = 2't4.3 x 106 mm4
Where is the new location of the neutral axis
from the rop of the slab in mm. Use
modular ratio n = 10 to transform the area of
3'tnge: concrete to steel.
ii'-r
rf a) 142.59 mm c) 152.20 mm
b) 234.50 mm $ 562.43 mm
Solution:
A=At+Az
5rie.'
At = 200(150)
At = 30000 mm2
7 v-\1, Az= 948A mm2
A = 39480 mm2
Ay=Atyt+A2y2
39480 y = 30000(75) + 9a80$s6.5)
i = 142"59 mm
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Bteel- IDesLc=rx
A composite steel-concrete beam con

a concrete flange having a flange w
1950 mm. and thickness of 125 mm'
on top of a wide flange (steel) I
having the following ProPerties:

A=7580mm2
d = 406 mm.
Ix=216x 106 mm4
Es = 200 000 MPa
fc' = 2O ltfPa
Fy = 250 MPa

capacity of the comPosite beam.
sa) 5ll KN m.
b) 469 KN m.
c) 612 KN m.
0 368 KN m.
Solution :
T = As Fy = 7 580 (250)
r=1895000
C=T
0.85 ab = As FY
/c'
0.85 (20) (a) (1 950) = 7 580 (250)
a=57.16<125
Mp= ST (h)
Mlr = 0.90 (1 895 000) Q03 + r25'an)
Mp = o"eo (1 8esooo) (zo*tzs q*
Mp = 511kN m.
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275w
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Eteel IDeslgrcr
:rr'lr consis'J :'

:-:lge widr -r A composite section consists of a concrete
--5 mm. plr:r slab 100 mm in thickneSs with a computed
rteel) sec -..nr effective width of slab using AISC specs.
equal to 1780 mm. The neutral axis of the
composite section is 139.14 mm from the
top of the slab and .373.86 mm to the
bottom of the wide flange section. The
structural steel section has a flange width of
100 mm and a second moment of area sf
274.3 x 106 mm4. with respect to the x-axis
and a cross-sectional area of 9480 mmz
The depth of the web flange section is
p,:: *te mo!--.:i 413 mm. Which of the following gives fie
t&i--. transformed moment of inertia at the neutral
axis of the composite section using a
modular ratio of 10.
a) 583 x i06 mm4

b) 750 x 106 mm4
*'c) 696 x 106 mm4
0 746 x 106 mm4
Solution:
'\ll\ , = 129{19 + 178(1ooX8e.1a)2
+ 274.3 x 106 + (9480X167.36)2

- 125 - al}
\1 15
--J - a I= 696 x tN mm4.
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Eteel lDeelgrr
A composite section has a span length

m. and a beam sprcing of 2 m. The
axis of the co,mposile section is 139.14
to the top of composite section and 3
mm. to the bottom fiber of the wide
section. The transformed second
area of the composite section (as equi
steel) is 696 x ld
mm4. If the dead
the composite section is l0 kN/m. whi
the following gives the safe live
lN/m2.that tte composite section can
Use modular ratio n = 10. Al
fc = 0.45 fc' and fs = 0.60 F).
fc' = 25 MPa and Fy = 250 MPa.
Ba) 12.45 kN/m2 c) 15.32
b) 7.57 kN/rn2 o 23.48
Solution:
fsln fc
37336 = 139.14
when/c' - 0.45 fc'
f _ r0(0.45x25x373.80
'/r - 89.14 =302"2E> t
0.60 (250) = 150 (fail)
"fs =
when/5 = 150 MPa
-
rL
l^=a
ls0 (139.14)
10(373.86)
fc = 5.58 < 0.45 fc' = 11.25 ok (ue ,
use/, = 150 MPa
f,=af r5o=#m
M = 279.25 kN.m
Y=z.,s.zs
W ='4.906${lm. total load
LL = 34.9O6 - 10 = 24.906 kN/m.
u=Ay =12.45 kNtm2.
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Eteel llesLg=rr
r +an length o: I Design a composite interior beam section for

- m. The neu- a l0 m. span in an office building using
un is 139.14 n.:" 100 mm concrete slab and a metal deck for
r-iron and 37_1 :,: the form, with steel beams sprced 2.5 m on
centers. No depth restirictions are assumed
for the total depth of section, Assume
weight o[ steel, including reinforcing, studs
and metal decking is 3.80 kPa and use
fc' = 2l MPa, A-35 steel and the AISC
specifications. Limit dead load deflection to
38 mm and live load deflection to L/360.
Other data:f = 250 MPa-
Live load = 4.8 kPa
Partition weight = 0.96 kPa
Ceiling weight = 0.48 kPa
Capacity of connector = 36 kN/connector
a) W 460 x82,36 connectors

A = 10400 mm2 rry = 9.9 mm
b/= l9l mm d=4ffimm
Ix=37Ax 105rnm4
S.r = 1610 x ld mm4
rsn) W 530 x 82, 37 connectors
A = 10500 mm2 d = 52E mm
,w = 9.5 mm bf =209 mm
Ix=479 x ldmm4
Sr= 18l0x ldmm3
c) IY 610 x82,14 connectors
A = 10i400 mm2 d = 599 mm
bf = l78mm rw = l0 mm
Ix= 560 x ldmm4
Sr = 18?0 x ld
mm3
O W,410 x 85,40 connectors
A = 10800 mm? d= 417 mm
f = 181 mm rrv = 10.9 mm
1r = 315 x 106 mm4
,S.r = 1510 x ld mm3
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Eteel IDesl-gn
Solution:
Dead loads:
Unit weight =2400kg1m3 = 23.5 kN/m-
Combined weight of steel =
3.8 kN/ml
Concrete slab
= (0.100X23.5 kN/m3) =2.35
Total D.L. = 6.15 kli
Live l,oads:
Live load = 4.8 kN/ml
Partitions = 0.98 kN/nl
Ceiling weight = 0.48 kN/#
Total L.L. = 6.24
WDL= 6.15(2.5)
WDL= 15.375 kN/m
WLL= 6.24(2.5)
WIL= 15.6 kN/m
Dead load momenl:
MDL=i*t'
MDL =| trs.:zsxro)2
MDL= 192.2 kN/m
MDL= 192.2x td N.mm
Live load moment:
MtL=|trs.oxrolz
MIL= 195 kN.m
MIL= 195 x ldN.mm
_ (15.375 + 15.6) l0
tlYmax-
2
Vmax= 154.875 kl.l
From NSC Manual, Fb = 0.66Fy

Fy = 2s0ltrafor A 36 steel
Fb =0.6ffy
Fy = 0.66(250)
Fb = 165 MPa
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I. IDesle:n
^ Mot 192.2 x lo6 N.mm

"s- Fb - 165
hJ = 23.5 kN/rn- Ss=1164.85x103mm3
J = 3.8 tNTr: _ --Mp + My
\-
otr - Fb
fi = 2.35 kN,til (192.2 + l95Xl06)
= 6.15 k}Id " = ----G-
Jr,
Str = 2.35 x 106 mm3
= 4.8 kN/mi Str = 2350 x ld mm3
= 0.98 kN/rnl
= 0.48 kNirnl Least moment of incrtia duc to dead load
deflection:
f 624 kN/-: 5 wL4
Y=3U Fl
- 384 (200 x
I =263.4 x 106 mm4
TryW460x&2:
Ix = 370 x 106 mm4 A = 10400 mm2
S; = 1610 x ld mm3 ,w = 9.9 mm
d=460mm V=l9t
1
l o b=i of span
1
D =; (10X1000) = 2500 mm
g b=bf+2b'
o =l[<z.st tooo - lel]
L- D = 1154.5 mm
o b=bf+l6t
j = 0.66Fy whc"t b=l9l + 16(100) = 1791mm
Ar = 199(100) = 19900
Pr'
A2 = 1O100
A7 = 30300 mm2
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Eteel. IDeslgn
Cross Section in terms of steel:

Ay = At yt + Azyz
30300y = 19900(510) + 10aC0(230)
l=414
J =414 230
)=184mm
I =370 x 106 + 10400(184)2
* | OoXLroo)3 + 19900(96)2
I =922 x 106 mm4
(^_-22x106
d- 4A
S = 2227 x 103 < 235A x td mm3 6o;i
Try next lighter size: W 5iA x 82
Ix= 479 x ld mm4 A = 10500
S.r = 1810 x ld mm3 ,w = 9.5 mm
d= 528mm bf =2W mm
, =4 (l0x1m0)
D = 2500 mm
b' =,lz.s(rooo) - 2oel

D'= 1145.5 mm
b =209 + 2(l1a5.5)
D = 2500 mm
b=2@ + 16(100) = 1809 mm

Ar = 201(100) = 20100
= 10500
Ay=Atyt+Azyz ^; = 30600
3060OY = 20100(578) + 10500(26a)

I = 470.25
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Eteel IDesLg:n
,el: y=470.25-264
I = 206.25
-.i_r(230)
I= 479 x 106 + 10500(206.25)2
n
| 1zorl1roo)3 + 2oloo(lo 7.7 s12
I= 1176 x 106 mm2
^
srcP
1176 x 106
= x ld mm3
')6)" "#;it 7455
I 176 x 106
Jbot= Itt=W
= 25ffi.8xlo3nnm3 > 2350xlfmm3 (ok)
.3 mm3 6ait: From NSC:
:.
x82
= IQJQ0 6--
s,, =
[r.35
+ 0.35
#j t'
:+ = !.J P'n
;'. = 209 mm
s,, =
f r.:s + 0.35 (ffi)] rtro
Srr = 3086.23x106mm3 >2500.8x103mm (ok)
Check for final stress:

Mn
Initial: /b= S;
) - 192.2 x 106
/a = tslo, ld
,fb = 106 MPa
Final: top:
26.16 26.16 - 195 x 106
= 1809 mm Jb=745sxrG
= 201CI
,4: = 10500 fb = 26.16lvlP.a
EI;
t- fc = 0.45 fe'
= fOOffi m".:
fc = 0.45(21) = 9.45 MPa .
':11j00(264)
^
lr =-
26.t6
9
fc = 2.9 MPa < 9.45lvlPla (ok)
:'5 77.98 183.98
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Eteel IDesLgn .d o
c u -tr a c k
Boltom:
, = rr*roi$ = Mpa 77.e8
^ (195 + 192.2) x
/'=J5oos;ld- 106
fb = 154.83 MPa ( 165lvlPla (ok)

UseW530x82
vn=w!3
,r=UA24W
Yft = 1615 kN
or
As Fy
vn=*Z-
,r= 195Qri9)
Vh = 13125 kl.l (controls)
Nunber of connectors
=M vh
a, 1312500 \
/r=_m_
l{ = 36.5
Use N = 37 connectors
Checkfor deflectio.n: (live load)
5 wL4
Y=384 = -EI-
y= 15.6 x 103
384(200 x tO311t 176 x 106)
y= 8.64 mm
L
yatt=fr= looom)
-E-
lail = 27.8 mm
Deadlmd:
y=
384(200,000X1 176 x t06)
)=E.5lmm<30mm
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Eteel lDeslg=n
@iffdiud"firajfrj#Hfffi
I ltra
A W 610 x 241 stringers are spaced 1.5 m.
E on centers and have a 180 mm concrete slab
bonded to the top flange of the steel stringer
W, (ok) by means of Z-bw adapters. The top of the
concrete is 140 mm above the top of the
flange. If the stringers make 12 m. simple
span and carry the full dead load, what static
concentrated load at the center of each
stringer may the composite section carry if
the stress is not to exceed 124 lvlPa in steel
and 9 MPa in concrete?
fc=20MPa, n=10.
Properties of W 610 x 241 (w = 241.7 kslm)
d = 635 mm A = 30,800 mm2
I =215A x 106mm4
ttr a) 286.14 kN
b) 231.34 kN
c) 189.36 kN
Sclor 0 225.54 kN
Solutlon:
To have a homogeneous sleel section,
converl or transform the 1.5 m. *idth af
concrete slab into an equivalent steel
Y ioad)
billet. '1500
1500
n = l0 =l)Umm
h:,mot3 A1 = (150)(180)
I r 106) At = 27200
A2 = 30,800
A=At+Az
A =27,M + 30,800
A = 57,800 mm2
Ay=Atyt+Azy2
f trooot3 27000 (685) + 30800(317.5)
h ro6) ) =
------378m
y = 489.2 mm
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Eteel Dree!-gzr
dr = 685 - 489.2 = 195.8 mm

dz= 489.2 - 317.5 = 171.7 mm
l^
(lsoxl 80)3 ( I sox I 80X1 e5.8)2
h= i.
/t= ll08x 106rnm4
I=lt+12
I = 4,166 x ld rnn4
Iz= 2150x 106 + 30800(171"D2
/z=3058x105
Dead Load:
Weight of concrete
= (raoxiso) (#)' e4cn)

= 649 kg/m
Weight of W 610 x24l =24\.i k$m
Total dead load = 648+ 241.7 = 889.7 k8,:r
wL2
Dead ioad manunt=-g-
- GsXTX9S]XUP
(lm0)s = 157 x td
It is assuned that tla steel section carna
fuodlodrnorxnt:
f, =ry @eadlodsress)
(157 x lo6xlooo),(3,!n
rr-
f" _
2r5ox lo6 =23.2\h.
100"8 _ n/c
489.2 - 285.8
fc = 5.9 MPa ( 9 Nffa (Safe)
Tlv excess stress of stcel 124 - 23"2 = lffi."[

carries tla concentrated load P
Livc lod rnonienr ='+ ='#= 3p N:

-Mc
J- l
,*.'=3rot#)l#P
P = 286,136 N
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c u -tr a c k 28s c u -tr a c k
ClteeR EDes!.gt.a
--.,......'.._
flIfl_
(1e5.3f Calculate the allowable uniform load that the

composite beam shown below can cary over
a simple span of 7"5 m. The concrete flange
has the following properties. fc = 2l lvtra;
n =9ifs = 138 MPa. What is the maximum
'/ stress in the concrete for this load.
Propenies of W 46A x fi6

A = 13500 mm2 /x = 488 x 106 mrn4
d=469mm p = 105.8 kg.m
1-100)
*'a) 53.05 kN/m
b) 48.36 kN/m
- kg/m
c) 34.60 kN/m
-
= 989.7 kgn: 0 62.36 kN/m
Solution:
--i7 x 106 ,41 = 133(150)
Al = 19950 mm2
:bn carries t"t
42 = 13500 rnm2
.A = 33450 mrn2
Ay =At yt + Azyz
= 23"2lvIP:a 33450y = 1e950(s44) + rssoo
S
.f1 zh y=4l9mm
-125li
I
t 84.5 I
Dead load = 1.2(0.15X2400)9.81
__.t_
ll + 105.8(9.81)
" 13.2 = 16P.6 234.5 tfr Dead laad = 5?76 N,4rn
.:fid P
l^
=3PN.rn MAn.=
6,u,f,'
,1
upL.= A (52'15X7.5)4
Mst" = 37CI97 N.dt
{to be c*rried by WF'secrton only}
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Bteel- XDeaLotrr
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t
I
il
T
,^-M'
J"- I
" 370e7(1@X234O
lr=--A;;66-
/s = 17.83 MPa
Excess steel stress = 138 - 17'83

Excess steel slress = 120.17 MPa
fc = 0.45(21)
/c = 9.45 MPa
From stress diagram:
i!- - U-s.
4t9 2N
- 20fr120.17)
lc=-@-
fc = 6.37 < 9.45 (safe)
Live load is carried by both concrete d
. steel:
, lg#d+ 133(150xr25)2
+ (488 x td1+ l35m(184.r2

/ = 1300 x ld mm4
LIc
l"{ -- I
M
fI
='e
(120.17X1300 x 106)
llf =
i +rq
M =373 x ldN.mm
M = 373 kN.m
wL2
M =-T
wQ.ilz
J/J=l-
W = 5i.05 kNlm
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,l IDesl.esn
A simply supported bridge of 15 m span has

a cross-section shown. Per typical girder,
the uaffic liveload rnaybe approximated as
20 kN/m of uniform load. Determine the
:-.83 stresses of steel and concrete at midspan,
- \{Pa remembering that only the live load can be
carried by composite-action. Deck is
lightweight concrcte = 15.7 kN/m3; n = 8.

lso
A = 2Mffi mmz
l= 758 mm
w = 160.4 kdm
/r = 1860 x ld mm4
b=266mm
6a) steel = 124.8 MPa;

concrcte = 2.94 MPa
concrele ant, b) steel = 143.6 MPa ;
concrete = 1.29 MPa
c) steel = 239.3 MPa ;
concrete = 2.12 tv'Pa
$ steel = 235.4 MPa;
cmncreta = 3.92 Mh
Salwtion:
NSC Specifieoteams.'
(} .l
ba7 at spn
g b =widtk of$*mge + ?&'

b'= *he &c{ir.qweJag d bearyxs
s b*widsh of fiange +2b'
h'* 8 #russ slab thiekness
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Eteel trDesl.g=n
a=
| trsxroool
b = 3750 mm
b-2(1.., (ry)
b =3?56mm
b =266 + 16(150)
b=26f,6mm
[Jse b=2666mm
Ar = 20400 mm2
A2= (333.25) (150)
A2= 49981.5
A -- A1+ A2
A = ?0387.5 mm2
70387.5y =2M00(379) + 4998?
Y=70lmm
I = (1860 x td) + zMCo(322\2

+ 333.25(150\(Ir2\2.
Xq
I=4940x 106
D ead lo d i
= (2.556X0. I 5X I 5 :l:i
+ 160.*3
Dead load = 7852 N/rn
MDL=*
"r'
MDL=| tzaszXrslz
MDL= 220837.5 N.m
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Elteel XDecil-g*lo.
Dead laad Srress.'

-Mc
J- I
C =379
. (220,837.5)
/=*--rsA;1000 (379)
106*
f = 45lvlPla
(initial stress dtu to dead load)
Stress of steel due to live bad:
M^=t(2oX15P
M = 562.5 kN.m
M = 562.5 x 105 N.m
-Mc
IS= I
It" =- 4g40re-
s62.5x__$_1(?9D
.fs = 78.8 lvlP:a (duc to live load)

r j.2s(rso):
t2 Total stress for steel
= 45 + 79.8
= 124.8 MPa (dead + live load)
fi:j-m)
g.r 9.8l)
For concrete:
nfc _ l!_
207- 70r
-=
lc
79.8(p;07\
'-lofr8t
fc = 2.94 MPa"
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Eteel. EDeeflgx.n
ffi;n'r.,iffi"i
The cornposite beam shown has an
shear connectors. SPan of the
T- assumed to be simPle span of 8 li
l0 snaced at2.4A m. center to center. Lrr
+ ii +.gO kPa, weight of partition = 0.r5
10 cm. slab weighs 2.4kPa:, use/c'=
mf'a; fc = 9.30 MPa; n = );
I
40 F-' =
h@a and /s = 165.5 MPa.
€! Which of the following gives the
rnodulus of the composite section.
ffia) i158.85 cm3 c) 1234.23 c::
b) 1322.25 cm3 @ 1038.38 c. -'
E Which of the following gives the

concretB after it hardens due to c
action.
@a) 4.45 MFa c) 3.23 MPa
b) 2.95 MPa 0 5.55 MPa
& Wtrieh of the following gives the

steel section due to cornposite rctrcr-
6a) i44.6 MPa c) 134.4 lt{Pt
b) 122.3 MPa 0 154.6 Ler
Properties of steel sectic't

,t = 59 cm2 d=40cm
b/* 14 cm I = tr5505 ;sd
Ss = 7?5 cm3 W = 46 kg:t
Solwtion:
I*ad applied before eoncrcte
SJ6e =2.W2.4) = 5.76 L\m
bearn = 0.@5 x 9.81 = 0"45 L\n
Tatal Df- = 6'21 L\'o
fread Laad Moment
6.21(8.23)2
MDL=
I
NDt = 52.58 kN/rn
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eel IDesl-g:rr
Loads after concrele hardens

--- Partitions = 2.4(0.86) = 2.064 kN/m
-- has an adequai:
Liveload = 2.4(4.8) = I1.52 kN/m
..f the beam .i Total Load = 13.5M ki.Vm
;:an of 8.23 r: Momenl:
;enter. Liveloa:
::on = 0.86 kp. ML=r3-!g'?J)L
8 = ll5.ol kN.m
z: use fc' - 2A' Total Monunt:
r=9;Fy=2:: M = 52.58 + ll5.0l = 167.59 kN.m
{-'es the sec[c: Effective flange width (NSC)
igatlon.
_!.zJ cInJ2 , U=Y =205.75cm
ll i:.38 crn3
e b = t4 * z[+e4o) - v) = 22i cm
es the stress c,. 0 b = 14 + 2(8) (10) = tZ+ mm (governs)
to composir. h 174 .,
Transformed section,
i =f
a, = lXQ= 193.33 cm2
the stress c;
Az= 59.A ctn2
A=At+A2
A= 252.33
Ay--Atyt+42y2
252.33 Y = 193.33(5) + 59.0(30)
) = 10.85 cm
50-Y=39.15cm
Calculate I (momcnt of inertia at NA.)
/ = 15505 + 5e(1e.15)2 .+ #
+ 193.33 (5.812
I= 45369 cm4
Before concrele lwrdens

Mc
Ist) 1
- 52.58(100X20)
lsl = --lEoi*
Iil= 6.78 kN/cm2
fil (
= 67.8 MPa 165.5 MPa (safe)
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Eteel IDesf,g'rr
'-_=---- E
F!
Section nndulus of composite section

I
s=e
"^
4s369
39.15
O S = 1158.85 cm3 (section modulus)
Allowable se ctbn modulus
slp= (r.:s .o#) t'

where:
Ss = 775 cm2
Mt = il5.0l kN.m
MD = 52.58 kN.m
s7p= (r.rs. oJsf!!) zrs

Srn = 1539.56 cm3
Since S= 1158.85 <t639.56 (sde)
After concrete lardens

-Mc
nlc=T
,^ -M9
Ju-nl
- 16759fl0.85)
lr=-i@w
fc = 0.445 kN/cm2
@ fc = 4.45 MPa
(stress of concrete $ter it lardens)
-MC
ls=-7-
- 16759(39.15i
/o=-Js:log-
,fs= 14"46 kN/cm2
/s = 144.6 MFa
stress of stecl duc ta composite
PD PD
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293w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel trDeefl-g.rr
p;";e section
W
Determine the maxirnum spacing of the
stringers of a deck beam.bridge using a 610
mrn I bgam, span 12 m.,, concrete slab 175
mm thick and H-20 loading. The fraction of
w -odulus)
a wheel loado each stringer is ! where S is
f'[ the spacing of stringers in meters. Use
m-\ r,
^ inrpact allovance of 30?o and neglect weight
m-/ of haunches" Weight of concrete is 2400
90 kN kg/rn3;,fs = 124 MPa.
Properties of wide flange

trx = 872 x 106 mm4
w= lll0 N/m
#),, a)
d=510mm
2.5 m.
b) 1.8 rn"
c) 3.2 m.
F:e (sde) 0 3.0 m.
Rz
Solution:
90r = 18(4.27)
r = 0.854 m
EMnr=0
q
t?.R2= 90(5.573)
iwrdens) 5
l.t^
Rz = 8.365
M tnax = Rz (5.573)
M max = 8.36 (5.573) S
M rnax=46.6 S kN.m
rc,:site actbn
PD PD
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N
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294
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m
m
w w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel lDeslg:n
Moment dw to impact
= 0.30(46.6,S)
= 13.98 S kN.m
Dead Load
= 1110 + (0.175) S (2400) 9.El
= l1l0+4120S
Moment dw to dead load
_Wx(L-x)
-)
1110 + 41205)5.573
MDL= ,
MDL= 19878.8+73784SN,m
MDL = 19.9 + 73.85 kN.m
Total momenl = 46.65 + 13.985

+ 19.9 + -:
Total moment = 134.385 + 19.9
.Mc
c-.,,j
J- I
fI
M=V
(134.385 + l9.9Xl0)6
S=2.5 m
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
uel Design
170-a Problem:
D) 9.st
.98S
I + 73.8 .t
19.9 kN.m
WE72x t06t
305
PD PD
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O
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29+B
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m
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w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
Solution:
o Stress of stcel before concrete
r 1r8t
= 4'
b=2m
-T b =2.4m
100
Useb=2000mm
Convert all sections into equivaler:

403
i
A1=222.22Q4o)
, -- '))')))
I
I
/rt La-eP
^
_t
I
Az= 5g9o
10Q0/9=222.2
A=At+Az
I 52-69 | A=28ll2rml?
1t,--r 198.81
']'L Ay=Aryl+AzYz
l1 28ll2y = 22222(453) + 5890(20 i :

tL y = 400.31
I = l56x 106 + 5390(198.31)2
222.22\1oO)J r-).t)))t\)
,'12 _.
(t-
-L_-_\J '
I= 469 x 106 mm4

PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
ktads applied before concrete hardens:

iencrete harden.
slab = 2.4(2.4)
s/a} = -5.76 kN/m
46.2(9.81\
Beam =
lA0-
Beam= 0.45 kN/m
lYP=$.f1gg7*
equivalent:,., W^Lz
Mo=-i-
6 21(8\2
'''u
Mn=LL
g
Mo= 49.68 x 106 N.mm
.Mp
/r=S,
49.68 x 106
t-^
Jr -
113x10)
f , = &J.27 MPa < A.66Fy = 164.21 MPa at

-:390(201.5C,
@ Stress af steel after concrete hardens:
Loads applied afier concrete hardens.

:t 81)2
Partitions = 2.4(0.86)
":2.(52 6y) Partitions = 2.064 kN/m
Live load=2.4(4.8)
Live lottd = I1.52 kN/m

PD PD
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3te
Steel Design
:
t=--=
co*tPosfft8&Atts :7*'1
f
iw
:.:i:
Wt = 13.584 kN/m .
ut=-?
WrI-2
,,_ _ t3.58+(8)2
LYIL- g
Mt,= 108.43 x 106 N.mm
.l
Stress of steel after concrete harder:
- Mp M1C
Jr= s* * I
. +o oQ a !!e , 108.43 x 106(4{".

7'=
'
rr,*1g-i " 469*lo
-fs=64.27+92.55
f, = 156.82 .VPa < 0 90F1 = 223 c-
Stress of concrete after concrete
hardens:
^MC
nJt'=
,
n,'( =-l!!l1l-]_061Plq2
i69 x 1oo
.[. = 2.64 MPa < 0 451,-' = 9..1 l: ' ]

PD PD
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w 295 w
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Eteel llesflg:.r
i
I
Steel beams msybe encued in cancrete

for firepioafing pwposes. NSC srycifies
that the top of the stcel section shall be at
least 375 rnm (1"5 inches) betow the top of
the slab and 5A run (2 inches) above- thb
bottorn af the slab, the encasing.concrete
must have adeqwatc mesh or other
W, --- harden:
reinforcing far its full depth and across the
sffit of the beam" The steel sections wfich
are efic$sed in concrcte are not to be
shored tnust be able to resist the dead toad
moment and in conjanction with the slab
I- ,9614gs, :
must be able to resist to total moment duc to
-:: r 106 dead load plus live load without exceeding
the allowable sress of O.ffiFy
F,-- = ll-3 91 1,.: The critieul seetions resistance to

for
longitudinal shear in an cncaseti bearn is
shown on the figure. The nml resistance to
the longiludinal shear is eqwl to thc bond
i ',:rete
along thc top of thc steel shape line bc on
the figure plws the slrcaring resistance of
concrete along the doued lines ab and cd.
Allowsble bond used here is equal to
0^.03_ fcl and allowable shear is equal to
0.12 fc'.
Bond srress = 0.03fc' (bc)

Shearingsrreff = 0.L2fc' (ab + cA
- -\lt-
where the unit of fc' is psi
PD PD
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Steel IDesLgrr
A W shape section is encased in the

beam shown. The maximum shear
by the beam is 100 kN. Allowable
stress is 0.55 MPa, and allowable
l.l7 MPa. Area of W shape section is
mm?; I =243 x 106 mm4; n =9 and
width = 1500 mm.

stsess at the critical section.
rsa) 217.35 N/mm c) 325,46 N/mn
b) 186.96 N/mm Q 418.32 N/mn
resistance of the encased section.
!€a) 301 N/mm c)396 N/mm
b) 403 N/mm @ 296 N/mm
Solution:
O Transform the slap into its equivaler
section.
Neglect the concrete area below thc

A = Asteel + Transforrncd area of c
A=8542+ 100
ry
I tz{--
450 t
A = 25209:mm2
Ay = At yt + AZyZ
= 8s42(261).
2520ey
USA to
)=386mm
I=\+,12
11= (243 x t06) + s542(t2r2
It = 376.5 x 106 mm4
t, = i.(166.646 (1oo)3 + 16.67 (
Iz= 82.2 x 106 mm4
PD PD
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Eteel IleeLqn
I=11+lz
in the corr:u
I=(376.5 x t06)+(82.2x 106)
, Allowable I = 458.7 x 106 mrn4
""lowable sheo- g
s lii
section is
t n=9 andll.r,rr- Q = statical n oment of area above
sectian \bcd
0= 1500(1ffi) 64 - 180(62X4s)
1
gives the ,-um -
,(60)(62)(2)34.67)
; --<,46 N/mn: Q = 8.97 x 106 mm4
-.3.32 N/mn (in terms of concrete)
:ives the ::,:iu. ^ 8.97 x 106

I) =-
;ion. 9
:-5 N/mm Q = 0.997 x 105 mm4
-'-5 N/mm (in terms of steel)
VQ
",: equivalen; . "xr v=-f
V= 100000N
:eiow fia,.x the .. _ 100000 (0.997 *
v=--lffil lQ!
;.ta of con:-tu 166
v = 217.35 N/mna (s&ecr stress)
g distance AB =^[@;@
distance AB = 86.3 rnm
$!Q1+so Allowable bond= 0.55 N/mm2 (180 mm)

Allowable bond = 99 N/mm
Allowable sluar = l.l7(86.3X2)

Allowable shear = 202 N/mrn
Tatal shear resistance

-'f 67(100 i 5d - = 99 N/mm + 202 N/mm
= 301 N/mm > 217.35N|mm (safe)
PD PD
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w
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.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
Eteel IDesl.qn .d o
c u -tr a c k
172 ,
A W shape section is encased in a T

having a flange width of l5Q0 mm and
thickness of 100 mm and a total depd
274 500 mm with its web member 300
wide. The top of the W shape sectim
placed at a distance of 38 mm below the
of the slab. The section is subjected
positive dead load rnoment of 70 kN-m
live load negative moment of 90 kN-m. I
maxirnum live load shear is 145 kN. f;
2l MPa;.fs = 165 MPa; u = 0.55 MPf
l,l
MPa;/c =9.45 MPa. Area of W
section= 8542 mm2; depth of flange =
mm; / = 243 x l}F mm\ by = t79 aN n
concrete and steel afier corcrete trardens
qa) 9.35 NPa,122.7 l&a
b) 8.45 MPa, 134.4 MPa
c) 10.12 MPa,212.1 MPa
q 7.23 MPa, 112.6 MPa
stress at the critical section at the httm"
3sa) 113.8 N/mm c) 132.6 N/mm
b) 146.2 N/mm 0 126.8 N/mm
O Which of the following gives the total
resistrnce at the critical section atthe
rsa) 231.55 N/mm c) 246.70 N/mm
b) 123.39 N/mm 0 284.93 N/mm
Solution:
O Determirc rlu ncutral axis.
33.3y (r, = 8542 (2s7 - y)
y2-sBy-131849.5=o
y=l88mm
r =e43x rd)+ Bs42(6c|}2*|frt.:X
I = 357.4 x 106 mrn4
PD PD
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299w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel trDesl.g
^ =J
JS
Mc
in a T-bem
i5@ mm and s_ur M = 70 kN-m
a total deptjr u M = 70 x 106 N.mm
:ember 300 ; r: . 10 x 106 (20-5)
; shape secticr : /s = 2;l;-il-.-
:m below the clr (
,fs = 59 MPa 165 MPa
rs subjected r: r After concrete hardens:
of 70 kN-m ar,: i - Mc
NJC= I
of 90 kN-m. t:s
is 145 kN. i = M=MD+ML
. = 0.55 i{h; . = M=70 +90= 160kN.m
"{rea of W sh:.:r
- (160 x 106) (188)
of flange = : 'lc =*----
(357.4 x l0o) 9
F"l=l79andn=r
I fc = 9.35 MPa ( 9.45'lvffa (safe)
(stess of concrete)
for-,:s rhe sEess€s -xr.
Lr-lehar&ns ," _M, _ (160 x l06t (274)

L"-
Th
I - 357.4x106
iil fs (
= 122.7 MPa 165 Wa (safe)
E
h
(stress of steel)
o Shear stress at critical sectian at the bottom

fo :ives the she.ar Q = s2(33.3)(162)
h:r the bottom Q = 280519.2 mm2
I -:t.6 N/mm v
vQ
=_T
I ;.s rg/mm
145000(280519.a
;t',ts the trotal shear Y=+---
E:n atthe bono:. 357.4 x l0o
v = 113.8 N/mm
IJ-i 70 N/rnm
ii$:.93 Nlmm A Torul shear resistance the uitical
section at the bottom
Allowable bond stress = 0.55 N/mm2
m
Allowable bond = 179 (0.55) (bond stress)
ili
Allowable bond= 98.45 Nlmm
x
Allowable shear stress = l.l N/mm2
Allowable shear = 2(60.5X1.1)
)'- i (33.3Xr88 Allowable shear=l33.lNlmm( s hear stre ss )
-'
Total shear resistqnce = 98.45 + 133.1
=231.55 N/mm )
113.8 N/mm (sale)
PD PD
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Eteel lDesl-gn
73.
A W 410 x 67 is encased in a <
section shown. Maximum live load

98 kN. Allowable bond stress is 0.622
and allowable shear is 1.244 MPa.
width = 1500 mm; n = 9. Area of
flange = 8600 mm2; I =246x106
= 410; bf = 179 mm.
O Compute the actual shear stress u
critical section at the flange of the beam.
Isa) 215.1t N/mm c) 234.3 N/mm
b, 222.5 N/mm 0 346.7 N/mm
@ Which of the following gives the otal

resistance at the critical section at
the beam.
osa) 323.24 N/mm c) 345.69 N/mn
b) 232.21 N/mm 0 278.59 N/mrn
Solution:
Transform the slab into equivalcnt
section neglecting the concrele srea
the flange.
A = Asteel + Transform area of
A = 8600
A=8600+16,667
A = 25,267 mm?
Ay = At yt + A2yz
+ 1666{!!!)
r=--it*1-
8600(255)
y =r383.6 mm
dt=383.6-255
dt = 128.6 mm
d2= 450 - 383.6

d2= 66.4 mm
PD PD
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W
O
O
N
N
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y
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30r
to
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I IDeslgrr
lic
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w
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.d o .c .d o .c
1 = fZtOx 106 + 8600(128.6)2]

live load shea
is 0.622 * [# eo,.67)(roo)3
MPa.
9. Area of wi + (166.67)f r oo1oo.+iz]
116 x 106 mma
I= 475.6 x 106 mm4
stress at t: E5.21 cd;

Q = monunt of area above section abcd
of the beam. about the neutral axis
3.3 N/mm 0 = l0(1500X66.4) - 179(60X46.4)
1.6,7 N/mm
the otal
ry'(r6.4 + 2o)
at flange Q = 9395598 (in terns of sreel)

9395598 ..
^m3
.69 N/mm
Q ='T fin terms of concrete)
N/mm Q = 1M3955 mm3 (in rerms of concrete)
fi Shear stress at critical section:

vo
.-=,
cquivalent ud v--
.r
J
area
.. (e8x1000)(1043e15)
Y=-..-.-
475.6 x l0o
of concrcu v= 215.ll N/mnn
Critical section:
Allowable bond stess = 0.622\".Pa
Slwar rcsistance due to bond stress
= (0.622)(179)
Sluar resistance due to slvar srreJses
E = lll.34 N/mm
Allowable shear stress = l.2M lvlPla
Allowable shcar = ( 1.2/4)(85.2 I X2)
Allowable sluar = 212.W N/mm
Total shear resislance

= 323"34 N/mm ) 215.1I N/mrn (s4fe)
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl-grr
174.
A W shape section is encased in the
beam shown. The maxiihum shear
by the beam is 100 kN.
Allowable stress of concrete:
Bond stress = 0.55 MPa

Shear stess = 1.17 MPa
Properties ofW shape section:

64.04
A =8542 mm?
D/= 180 mm
Ix=243 x 106 mm4
n='9
d= 402mm
Effective flange width = 1500 mm
Asswne no slwring is used.

longitudinal shear per unit mm of
encased section.
*a) 217.39 N/mm

b) 329.45 N/mm
c) 186.36 N/mm
0 257.89 N/mm
I Which of the following gives the otal

resistance of the encased section.
a) 282.68 N/mm
b) 492.53 N/mm
c) 353 N/mm
!s0 301N/mm
PD PD
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O
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w
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.d o .c .d .c
Eteel_ Beel.gxr
m
b
Solution:
in the concsu
shear creauu 0 Total longitudinal shear:
Since no shoring ls used the only

longitudinal shear to be resisted by th'e
64.04 section is 402 thar produced by theioads
+ applied after the concrete hardens.
----+ I
IryiI
20llll
4s0 Neglect the area of concrete below
flange.
rhe
T'ransform the slab into its equivalent steel

Section.
a,=fftrm)
At = 16666.67
A2* 8542 mm?
A=Al+Az
A = )J)Sg.gl yy11112
gives the to:rL
:nit mm of ..,r AT=Atrr+A2y2
25208.67 y = 15666.0t(a50) + 8542(2.61)
y = 385.96 mm.
I,=:rT*
166.67fim)3
- + i66.57(l00xc-i Hl"
+ 243 x 106 + 854?(l 24.96\2
:s the aotal sh.rr
r" = 458.53 x 106 nrrn4
The total resisisnrc to the lo,tgi:udiri*l

shear-is. er;exrJ {o tke bond stress ii*ng the
tap af the st*et sltape line ,,bt,, on tke
J{gxre
pl.us tke shearing rcsistance of eonirete
along lines "ab" and "cd".
,*:f
furA
PD PD
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304
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.d o .c .d o .c
Bteet Pr6>6rlorrx
Q= Ay
0 = 1s00(100x64.04)
- 180(62X31+ l4.M) -
Wo,
[,+.0+.l.r]
Q = 8.97 x 105 mm3
(in terms of concrete)
^ =----g
Q
8.97 x 105
Q = 0.997 x 106 mm3 (in terms of
VQ
v=-T
100000(0.99D 106
'= -Js8;t; 166
v= 217.i9 N/mm
( total lon gitndinal shear )
Q ab =\C6)t+ (6'#
ab =86.3
ab= cd = 86.3 mm
Allowable bond stress = 0.55(180)

(along "bc")
Allowable bond stress = 99 N/mm
Allowable shear stess = l.l7 (86.3X2)
along"ab" ud'r
Allowable shear stress = 202 N/mm
Tolal slaar resistance

=99 +?.O2
= 301 Nlmn
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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30sw
C
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m
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w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
EteeX- ttseslgxr c u -tr a c k
t
t
*Po,
h
["
o ^
U-3ET
PL3
lr
r
[n:i;e)
L
:.\. lerms of stee.
Y e - wL4
d=im
i lF--tr
P
t
^ ML2
3:,us71 o l--
"- 2 EI
o ffi,ui,,idxi.oiF.,.-----
I,ffi * ^ wL4
l--
, *.,==.==.=.=:::::::]-...j
6
"- 30EI
IEj.180) r-L
g.g "bc")
P
F \-.rnm
tr-:- (86.3X2)
0 ^ PLJ
a--
b4 ''ab" and"cd- "-4EEI
lM )l/mm
o ^
l--
5wL4
"' 384 EI
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
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lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel" IDeslgn'
^ ziPD
o=
o 7z8Er
^ 5wL3
o o= Tri-rt
wLj
I - ---
o "- 15 EI
wL3
6= fritni
@.
PL3
o. *f*D=ffitlP "-
ffi
:ffi
I --;--' I
@.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
307
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
EteeB &eef,gra
l--E-
-
@i;PFr$,aHXi;
A W 530 x 92 beam on a simPle sPan of
12 m and a W 410 x 60 beam on a simPle
spanof6 m cross each other at their centers.
The bottom of the W 530 x 92 beam is 16
mm above the top of W 410 x 50 beam. If
a load of 100 kN is applied to the upper
beam at midspan, what load is ransntitted to
the lower beam?
I for W 530 x 92 = 552 x 106 mm4

I for W 410 x 60 = 216 x 106 mm4
E (for both) = 200 GPa
*a) 41203 N
b) 42312N
c) 54743 N
0 39450 N
Solution:
y1- y2+ 16
PrLf (ForW fiA x92)
Yt = 4BEll
PtLz3
v2=d6h (ForW410x60)
P1Q2)3 x (t0QQt'
48(200x103x552xt06)
_ P2 (6)3 (looo)3 *
-48(200 x l03x2l6 x t06) ' 16
0.000345P1 = 0.000104P2 + 16
P1+ P2= 100,000

Pt = 100,0ffi -P2
0.000345(100,000 - P,
= 0.000104P2 + 16
9.000+4$P2 = 18.5
P2=4120i N
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 30E w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel IDeelgrr I
I
;
t
wtle*'*aua.ffii*v
A two span highway I-beam shaped
girder is shown in the skerch below.
supports are assumed as simple and have
continuity with either of the abutments
the center pier. Likewise, the concrete
deck maybe considered to be acti
independently of ttrc girden. A uniform
,r=r.***lrr* of 9000 N/m is to be applied as prodri
the effects of the appropriate highr
loading in addition to the weight of
girder itself which is 4000 N/m.
O Cornpute the maximum moment in

IY=13000 girder as slpwn.
a) 668000 N.m c) 760000 N.m
6b) 520000 N.m 0 600000 N.m
I Compute the maximum moment io

girder if there were no hinge at A
continuoucfriorn A to D.
*'a) - 650000 Nrn c) - 35000 N-r
b) - 4320CI N.m 0 - 256000 N-r
*=rr*l Solution:
ELInr-il
x3l (16;= 13000(16X8)
R:l = 104CI N
ELlr = 0
Rz Q0) = 13000(ZXl2) + 104000(24)
,riooo ftz = 3120ff) N
R1= 13000(24) + 104ffi0 - 312000
I
I Rl=,1040011
r04m0
,=-fim-
.r=Bm.
20 - x= l2m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
309 w . d o c u - t r a c k . c
w
w
o
o
.d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel' EDesigrn
-pJe8,# '.ri:::E'
i
Mt = i(104000X8)
shafd corrcrm
;rch below. d Mt = 416000 N.rn
:re abutrnenb r I
$e concrete sla Mz= 4I6JAJ _
tt s0oool1rz;
to be ac!:,r i
A uniform lod M2= - 52ffi00l'{.rn
as producrng
iate high*r,
(XM000 + 156000)a
weight of rk M3 = -52000 +
2
M3 =A (morwnt @ the hinge)
moment in u1: 1
M4=-5200m+i(l56mXl2)
-50000
N.m Ma = 416000 N.rn
ir0000 N.m
Q Max ,nofrient = 520000 N.rn
Using tlwee noment equation:

- 3a5000 N.m
-156000 N.m
MtLt+2Mz@1+L)+M3L3
I7=l 3000
= -nL" - Y!t_
4
0+2M(20+20)+0
__t3ma0F_1300ry20)3
44
SAMy=-52x106
Mz= - 650{00 N.m
, ::4000(24) Mz= Rt (20) - 13CI00(20x10)
- 65ffi0=ft1(20) - l30CIq2m)
l. _1i2000
Rt = 975ffi N
R3 =Rr = 975ffi
2R1+ R2= l3m(40)
i?Z = 3250ffi N
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
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k
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lic
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310
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w w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel. EDesl.gre
97500
r = f 30oo-
W=13000 x=7.5m.
20-x=12.5m
I
u t = i(e7s00x7.s)
Mt = 365625 N.rn
Mz= 365625 -
1025)(1625A'.
Mz= - 550000 N.m
I
M3=-65mm+i(l2.5Xl
Ml = 365625 N.rn
@ &[oment Max = - 650000
Anotlvr Solution:
U sing defle ction method :
yt=y2
5wL4
Yt= EI
384
nn =
R'Lo
JL 48EI
5wL4 _ Rz L3
38481 - 48 EI
- SwL
rt2= g
n2 =
$tr:mxao)
Rz = 325ffi
2Rr+ Rz= 13M(4O)
Rt = 975ffi
Mz = 97 5Cfr(20) - I 3000(20X r:
Mz= - 650,ffi N.nn
Max. M. = - 65$,000 N.m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
311w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel DeeLgra
&$i.Pi8rffii:i
A W 410 x 54 beam cames a uniform load
of l5 kN/m includrng its own weight on a
sinnple span of 7 m. A prop is wedged under
the beam at nnidspan until the bending
flr ,- j) moment of that section is zero. What is the
net deflection of the beam at rnidspan?
t,: E = 200 x td MPa:1= 185 x 106 mm4.
I : 12.5X16250C *,a) 2.52 mm

b) 3.22 mm
l".n 1.85 rnrn
0 4.23 mm
l - . r12.5Xi625t,.
mr. Solution:
u=- 550008 N,m W=15,000 Nim I,Uf =6
m
fi1 (3.5) = 15,000 (3.5)
ry
n ucrhod: Rt = 25,250 N
r, R2 R2+2R1=15ffi(7)
7 m--_*l Rz = 15,000('l) -2(26,25A)
r?Z = 52,5ffi N
y=yt-y2
l
I 5 WL4- ..3-
Rt L3
'*3u u ABEI
y=m
.. _ s(1500X7)4 (r@)L _
ffii
5250qa1rrot1_
].rlt
ffi
t = 12.61- i0.08
t" :-iil00(20x10)
t = 2.52 mrn
Ff,:r
3:)t)0 N.m
PD PD
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W
O
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N
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312
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Steel lDesl-gn
78.
A steel beam on 8 m simPle sPan

two W 360 x 45 bearns and W 460 r
beam placed side by side' The nvo
are flush at the top and are bolted
function as a unit. A column transmi
load of 130 kN to this member at a
3.5 m. from one end. How much of
load is resisted by the W 460 x 74
Determine the deflection under this load-
Properties ofW shape sections

W 460 x74 W360x45
A = 9450 mm2 A = 5730 mm2
d=45:l mm d=352mm
I=333x106mm4 I=l22x16
E = 200 GPa E = 200 GPa
@ a) 274'10 N, 11.64 mm
b) 25830 N, 15.34 mm
c) 223X) N, 10.34 mm
0 23430 N, 13.45 mm
Solution:
Deflection of W 360 x 45 is equal *
deflcction ofW 460 x 74
ZMc=0
8R1 = P1 (45)
n1=f r1
u,fi=a+e(il aly
ot tf =32.8r25P1
u tfi=l (1fi,1) o.sr (T)

u rB7= 4.02P1
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 313
w
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.d o .c .d .c
Eteel lDesl-gn
I
l
By ratio and proportion:
h u:--ple span ccnprlrq
c
@i and W 460 r ?C ,A DB
i, mE The two se{au
m i:e bolted toge{.t< qr T= 3J
, u -olurnn transm_:l e
ML: nernber at a Stml
,U=T#I
:. i{ow much of m
h;
@
460 x 74 seclrmt*
*'rden this load
on =fflt
B
yt=DB-te
W :,,:pe sections
14.36Pt
W360x45
EI - 4"O2Pr
EI
r = 5730 nnnr2 'I-
l0!34Pt
y1 = -Ei- Ueflection of W 36t) x 451
= 122 x X06 m:. -
I = 200 GFa y2=W @cftection of w 4ffi x7,t)
yt=y2
n0I
m,
,,rr l0.l4Pt _
EIt
lO.34Pz
nnl Pt_Pz
EIZ
t22xt06-333x106
Pt=0.3ffiF2
' -: is egual tc .w,l
2P1+ P2= 130000
2(0.36f,P2) + F2= 130000
Pz = 75050 N
(load carried by W 460 x 74 section)
Pt = 0.36(75060)
Pt=27470N
Deflection under the load
yl='l0.34Pr
EI-
vl=m
-. 10.34(27470X1@P_
)t = 11.54 mm
PD PD
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W
O
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314
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Eteel Deslorrr
tv9.
For the beam below, select an
AISC wide flange beam such that
stress will not exceed 138 MPa, and
deflection will not be rnore than 3t
ll0kN Assume adequate lateral support. N
the weight of beam.
Designation Weight Secfbn
ffi a) W 760 x 161, 160.4 kg/m, 4900 x 1d
b) W 690 x 170, 169,9 kflm, 4910 x 1d
c) W 610 x 174, 174.3 kg/m, 4780 x 1d
O W 310 x 313, 313.3 kg/m, 4790 x ld
Solution:
Mmax=
PL* nO
4 g
Mmax=t:9. ot 3
Mnat :617.8 kN.rn
.M
J-t
d^ -
617.E x l06N.mm
138
S = 4476.8 x ld mm3
Use W 760 x 161 (tle lightest)

with S= 4900 x ld > 4476.8 x ld
/ = 1860 x'ld rnm4
Clwck for deflection:
5wL4 FL3
,
v
=-
3E4 EI 48 EI
)=:ai@;lffioox I
+-
ll0 x ldxls)3 (1
x l0r) (1860 x I
48(200
y =33.74 mm < 3E mm (ot)
:. UseW 760 x 161
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
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315
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel- IDeslgrn
-_--
:):ii:::r::::::::::::r r: r::i
:'P, vb$'{pvv1ili
such that be The rigid horizontal bearn AB is pin

-18 MPa, and connected at the left end and is supprted by
:cre than 38 :_m two rods tsC and tsD at the right end. Area
supBorl Ne;_.ru of red BC is 625 rnmZ while that of BD is
1250 mrn2. E for BC = 200 x td twa, f
.cec&'on ldd;,.t for BD = X00 x id nrPa. How far will
point B deflect vertically under dre 90 kN
x tN
4900 nl load placed at the center of beam AB.
a910 x tS n{ Neglect any colurnn action of BD.
1780 x 1d rn*
4790 x Id -,- sa) 2.52 mrn
b) 3"22 mm
c) 1"85 mm
0 4.23 rnm
W-:
Solution:
Let P1= load carried bY EC
F2= load carried by ED
P1+ P2= 45000
Deforrrcation of BC = Deformation BD
40,000 PtLt _ FZLZ
At Et - AZEz
J8xld rr;tu
Pr (1200) _ Pz(120{\)
* (l2s0xr00x
r,<.000 45,000
(625)(200x r03) 103)
Pr= P2
P1+ P2 = 45,ffi0
Pt=22,5ffiN'
'jrq PtLt
Yr=ATEI
225m (1200
)l= (625) (200 x l0r)
yt = 0.215 mm (verticol deflettittn t,f lli
PD PD
!
W
W
316
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
Bteel lDesLe=rr'
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A compression member is a mer.

subjected to a load that tends to squee:.
shorten a member which produce:
compressive slress.
Types of compression members;

a. Colwnn
b. Top chords of trusses
c. Bracing members
d. Compression flange of rolled beams
built up sections.
e. Sruts (short vertical mcntbers suble
to compressive loads)
Longer columns having the same c

section as the shorter columns wilt hc
tendency to buckle than the shorter co.,
w,hich is usually measured by
slenderness railo. Other factors *
affects the lendency to buckle arc
eccentriciry of the applied loads, ttu
of end connections whethcr hinged,fu
-from
free, residual stresses
manufacturer, imperfection of
section, srcel seitions not pea
straight. Loads that are exactli cc;
over a column are called axia,
concentric loads.
Eulers Formula
$-Effi
V= slenderness ralio
L = tlrc distance beween poinrs of zerr
monunt or infiection points and is a
as the fiective lengtit of colunn.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 317 w . d o
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .c
lffi.eeX- Desflgl.r
I
Wheni<IN
Eulers formula is not valid and the

.:er is a proportional limit is taken as tlre critical
met--:*,
: ,nds to squee:. ., stresses.
*'.;ch produce_ *
r (minimumradus of gyation)
1l
r'= A
'. .:lled beams o,:
*:mbers subje:t; P nZE

A=_F
IIA
i the saffu ct:::.
*nns will hale t.
'i shorter col.n-r o _ttz EI
: s ured by ; ,.r Lt
factors wh;:r
t Suckle are i,l
: loads, the n:*:
hinged,fixei:
:€s from i.t
:iion of stet
'not perfec:.t
:ractly c€nt€r?! @ When Nnged or pin-caaneued at botla ends
:;!led axial :".
,,,,,i,,.,,,1,i::,,i:,,:.'?r,4 E*.ii,:,,.:,,
iiiit.ii:*::liri. a ii:rr:rl
(effettive lenght)
and is calb;
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
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to
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lic
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318
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.d o .c .d o .c
S&ee}" ffiesfgxxe
,,,",,,*.*:.,,,
-Tf[,0
0 Whenfixed at both ends:
) )* uo*,*,
,/f / !,"knBht
Point of [t J,. D_-
n2 EI
" -/
Intlettion\
\\\l
t I LtL
Gt42
)l*-
l-]-r .'4x('EI
",',,-,: ,,:",
f; ':]]il::]:
L2, !]:::'i::|:]l]:l: ':,,
]:::
&P
,,f.
MI @ When hinged at one end and fixed c:
Ul
!la.tt other end.
I
tllteX,,ti,e n2 EI
\\i
I
D_-
Q,7D2
I"r
ii
II
rTA:i-
i..,....,.i.....,...:.4lr.1...Er':.,'::
::D:.i'j:-l:::::
IIP
: tr..:*.::::::::^
..: ir: rr: lrirr..rr.: a
!i:iirililiiiiittliiitiiiit::i
:ri :: :rl
.: \ - i -
"rr
@ When ane end is fixed and free at thc

end.
/) __
bI
,D _lco
_
QL)z
:::':.:*.:,:..,:.iltf . Ef :,.l:':l:.,:
iir-'iiili:iii:t:r:ir: rr: :!i!:
.:.: ::: : :.: :.:.:.:.:.ll'J.:iiat:::::r:::::Ji::
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
3t9w
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
eel Ees!.gr-n
- t:::::t::l::::i:::i:::t::::i::t::r:::::::*f$fi;$.p.i,iffie, $l:iiiiliii:i:tiii:i:;:i::i:::::iii;:ilili::
Values of K'(effective length factor) far

P
I TP main mcmbers only"
7X
l
il\
I {(rctdtionand
l
L \fransrationfixea) 8 Both ends are fixed (rotation fixed and

I
\\ translation ftxed)
Jl_
I Theoritical value k = 0.5
Recommenfud design ,t = 0.65
i T
P lP
ind fixed at :,,:
P TP
-f- ....,It,,.,,
EI
:
ll r
L @ One end is fued (rotation and translation

i
T 10,7,
fixed) and the other end is pin connected
IL
i
\\i
\"Lr
(ratation free and translation faed)
: II (rotatiot
(rataliof, an{l
and
I
i
II ,ranslationrt:
translation rtxed) Thearitical value k= 0.70
Recammended design value k = 0.80
i *LV
-T;
i D
:,ee D IP
at the ot.4- rt
I t
r-1
I
,ion
lrotation
r'fr
,#
a
but
faed but " ll
translarion @ One end with ragstion and trsnslatiow fisr:u
:
i
free) ",*"
ll and tke otker exC with rotation $xei hxt
translalioru !r*e.
.i
!
//
l
:
f { r,o,o,,on o* Tkeoritdcal ver'ae */& = 1.0
II ranslatianfuedl Recorvwgended design value k = t,2
l
i! l
ffir=ql
I
#d#
&
IP IP
<
PD PD
!
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W
O
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N
y
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320
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel HDesi.gn
9 Both ends are Pin-cc<
&
and translation fixcd
Theoritical value of k =
Recommended design
(rot-arion Jree and
tanslation
ili lxed)
t1t
Ai
w 6 One end (with rot'l:-:r
fixed) and the other e';
t" tanslation free)'
Theoritical value k= ---
Recomnended value t
il =
t\
JJ,-
@ One end (rotatian and :

( rolation the other end (rontion "
lixed and free)

iranslation
lree )
Theoiticalvaluek=li
Reconunended vulw = ]'J"
( rotation and
tanslationfRed)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
321
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel fDesLgn
Marimum Slenderness Ratios:

,-d (rotation f.,_t
Y! snatt not exceed 200for all compression

members
rure t = 1.0
KL
r shall not exceed'140 for secondary
members whose purpose is to brace the
structure against lateral or longitudinal
forces or to reducc thc unbraced length
of other members.
Slcnderncss ratio ilividing elastic

:td translai,:r lrom inelastic buckling "C".
'::atizn lree a,{
NSC assurnes the upper limit of c:lastic
buckling is defined by an average stress
equal to one half of the yield point Fy.
Using Eulers eqrution.
P tt2E
T= urP
I - tr2E
,nY=O"i
tnd, translatt,a
zr,2 (zm,ooo\
Cc=
lY
1987
vc-
.rtFy
-
PD PD
!
W
W
?))
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
Eteel- IDesl,gn
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Capacity of Axially Loaded Colu

(AISC Specs.)
For main members:
o whrnf < C, (shorr Colunns)
rirFiyii
( Allowable axial s tress )

f .9. = factor of safety
A = cross-sectional area of column
P=A Fa (capacity **,li:,,:m,
Wtun+ > C6(ongcolrmtt)
- nzE
t' o = @ulers formula
1Y Y rlz@ -1;1
r'J'= 23
lr
A = cross sectional area of colunn
,l,;,;.,:,li:l:;illi:,li:::,:t,2XZrtf ;,.ill,:,.';,;i:
..'o,.".i ii'
( allowable axial stress)
tD =A Fa (capaciry of axially loadcd
bng colw:n,
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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to
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k
lic
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323
C
C
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w
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.d o .c .d o .c
eel- EDee!.gn
$ Loaded Columry:
B. For bracings and secondary members when
Ur
r rza
a wnen{! <c, bnt> l2o

-::W\US)
( Allawable axial sre ss )

5 3(KLtr)-777
r'r'=5" (KLtr)3
BC"
A= cross sectional area of column
P = A Fas (capacity of bracings or
wrt columt) secondary members)
KI-
@ When;>Ccand> 120
iriiltiiiiii!i!;:l!iiiirli:ilii:r.lir.il. ri#:!:E:ill::i::ii:i:::
i:i:i:i:::i:i:::i: j:::i:i: j:::iii**ii*r+Hr+i#+:i::::::
l::::ii:!i:i:::i:i::iiliiiilri:iO$
jlifffE'if.l}E::ii!::;i
::::::::,Ei$:g:*Ilrli*dd|*ljrtjdjd:::::::::
1:11irii11::1ii:!!:*:.g.Eixxt::::!ii:
::::::::;::::::::i::iii:i:i:::ii::::iiii::;:::i::::ii_ii;:ilt (If:iiij;::;i
'!irlr1l1:lt1tri:ttr:rllilli!:tr:ti:i.:iilii::1:
( Allowable axial stress)

s:olumn
P= A Fas (capacity of bracing or
secordary members)
Note:
zi.' loaded (minimxm radius of gyration)

Yng:olun:n)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
324
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesLgrr
A column section has an effective leng:

6.29 m. and a min. radius of gyration ci
mm. lf E = 200000.MPa and Fy =
MPa, which of the following gives
required factor of safety of the cc.
section.
a) 1.39
b) t.94
c) 2.48
!s0 l.83
Solution:
L__629{)
r- 104
L = 60.48
r
Cc=
2 ,r2 (200000\
Cc=
248
Cc = 126.16
5 3 @tr)-8ZF
r'J'=5*sld; (Ltr)3
3(50.48) _ (60.48)3.
""-!^ -
''u'-3 E(125.16) 8(126.16)r
F.S. = I.63
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
ieel Design
I$l-a Problem:
reffective length
r of gyration of l(
Pa and Fy = ?t
trowing gives d
ty of the colur
t'
f0.48)3
826. I 6)r
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
32+B
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
NTAU;IXfrADEDCO$]LTNS
Member Shape r(106) L L

-
AB WBx'24 2Cr0 3600 0.-< _
BC WBxl24 2C64 3m0 0.f:-

-
DE WMx40 3660 3600 1., -
EF W8x40 3660 3000 1 :_

GH WBxM 2Cr0 3600 0 -<-_
HI WSx24 2060 3000 0 a!-
BE W18x50 20000 6000 3.:: ,
CF Wl6x36 11160 6000 1 ::

EH W18x97 41850 9000
FI W16x57 18630 9000
Multipliers For Ri grdly

Attached Members
Condition at Sidesways
far end of hevented
Mrrltin'lied trv il4ultipL. *
Pinned 1.5 0_<
Fixed against
rntation ')n 06-
Assuming thE far ends,;,oI thorgirdri

.fiXed bgainst :rotationj:::,.,..1: u 1r"
braced a ga inst sidesway.
e Determine the effertlve ,lensrt

column AB.
@ Determint the tffective, len$h

colqrrm DE.
*- -6m *L- Qg1-
\:!, Determine the effcetive ,lensrl
column EF.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
324-C
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
lteel Design
Solution:
ColumnAE:
Ga = 10 pin end column
3600 u._\ _
3000 0 5!-
- uB=
I LL.
3600 1 .tr- !0.0
9C Zl7L-
3000 1.?:. EO
ic 0.572 + 0.687
:600 0.5 -_
60 - =
GB
5C
e) 3333
0.6! -
4.0
_.000 Gr = 0.189
30
_{000 3.3: i
i000 1 .8{ Using the aiignment char for sidesway
:'100 4.6_< uninhibited on the nght side of the chart
:i100 plot GB = 0.371 and on the left side plot
G6. Joined G6 and Gs and read the
v;iiue of K.
VB
. iffi0
4.0
" 100 Effective lerugth of colurun AB = 1.75(3.6)
' 200 Effective length of column AB = 6.3 m.
@ ColumnDE:
G't= 10
1.011 + 1.220
-
r'6=
I _ 0.67 *j;.fa 45X1
Gr = 0' 140
Effective length of column DE = l.1l(3.5)

rd the gitdeis *r,r Effective length of column DE = 6.156 m.
ThC:,frame m
@ Cohmm EF:
1.220
uo=7$860
rivq,: length *2ni)
Ga = 0' 155
1.011 + 1.220
va :lgtrgth {f GB=
2(3.333 + 4.65)
Gn=o'1'4
ye length Ii 'Effective
length = 1.04(3)
Effective length = 3.12 m.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
i24-Ew . d o
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .c
teel Design
Solution:
A Effective lcngh:
Le=kJ- of columnC - 1.
SI"
Ll,
L^
Uc=----i
I.
1600 x 106
1.0
3700
8f L'c=Zng
o.1 x 106
0.6
0.J 5500
0.4
G"= l'04
0.3
0.2 sI"
LT
Gu=---;-
ti&
-L,
x 106
1600
* 1600 x ld
37oo
a,b=W 37oo
5500
Ga= 0.881
From alignment chart, k = 0.775

(sidesway inhibited)
L"= 0.775(3.7)
L"= 2.87 m,
@ Effective length:
L"=kI' of column C - 2
Ga= LO (pinied column end)
x. I"
lJL^
G"=-a=
\f lc-
oL*
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
-
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
324F
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
106
*
1600x 1600x ld
37oo
ur=ffi 37oo
55oo + isoo
G.= Q.l,lg
From alignment chart, & = 0.80

1.0
d6
0.7
0.6
L"= 0.80(3.7)
0.5
0.4
Le= 2.96 m.
0.3
o.2 o Effective length:

L"=kI- of column C - 5
sI"
lJ r-
G.=--1-
t lc-
LA
1600x 106 1600x 106
-r=ffi "*37Cm 3700
5500 5500
G"=0.440
Gl= l.o (rigidly attached to

1.0
83
o.7
From alignment chart, k= 0.725
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.1
L"= 0.725(3.7)
0.2
L"= 2.68 m.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
325
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Elteel trDeel,e=rr
' ,500 x 106

F_
3700
:rJO x l0o
- A column is unbraced about its major and
-5500 minor axis for 9 m. and 3.5 m. respectively
carries an axial load of 600 kN' Using 1992
NSCP Specs, select a W section to carry the
load. Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200000 MPa.
luu': t = 0.80
Assume t = 1.0
lill
Ba) W 250x49 A=6250mm?
rr = 106 mm ,
rr = 49.2 mm
b) W250x45 A=5720mm2
rr=lllmm r)=35.lmm
c) W200x46 A=586,0mm2
rr = 88.1 mm ry = 5l'2 mm
0 W3l0x52 A=6670mm2
rr = 133 mm r! = 39.2 mm
Solution:
im-,1 x 106
Assumc Llr = 0
5 3 Ltr "8c-
r.l.=5*
(Ltr)3
g,
{
F.S'=i=1.67
.o=[,#jf]-
s*td tofooting) Fv
ra=7!.
w. t=0.725
Fa=#= 148.50 MPa.
Try 7M t' 148.50 MPa
P
i = 0'zo (148'50)
e" =
600000
5'36iffi50)
A = 5772mm2
IryW250x49
A = 6250 rlrm?
"-=ffi=84'90
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
326
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesle:n
l=W=7t.r4
Use Llr = 84.90
.-J@-^[M
v- Y Fv - Y 248
C = 126.17
&'\--r#- s 3 (84.90) (84.90)3
''"'-3'8(126.17) 8 (126.17)3
F.S. = 1.88
#){*
,o=f,
,o=frffi]ffi
Fa = 102.05lvlPla (allowable stressi
P=AFa
P =6250 (102.05)
P = 637810 N > 600000 N (Safe)
IryW250x45
A = 5720 mm?
r"r= lll mm
r) = 35'l
L/r=@=81.08
t/r=#S =ee.72
Fn = 5 * 3(99.72) (99.72\3
r'r'
p.g.
5 frze5''
8(lr6r?F
= 1.90
ro=fi #lX
ro=lr ,r.r+r..r'%)?-
Fa = 89.76 MPa
P=AFa
P = 5720 (89.76)
P = 513417 N < 600"000 N lor-l
Use YV 250 r 49
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
327
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c . do .c
Etteel lDeel-ett'.
Two C 310 x 45 channels are laticed
^lm
\ ---148
together so they have equal moment of
inertia about the principal axis.
O Which of the following gives the minimum

[ (84"90)3
lengtlr of a colurnn for this section assuming
pinned ends, with E = 200000 MPa and a
proprtional limit of 240 MPa.
ru;i:. m a) 9.863 m. c) 10.234 m.
b) 8.234 rn. A 7394 m.
il* 1 248
-i-I-
i" - -'r 1.88 @ Which of the following gives the safe load
\u-':,*able stress
that the colurnn could carry for a length of
12 nn. with a factor of safety of 2.5?
sa) 738 kN c) 834 kN
i:0 N (Sa/e/ b) 585 kN 0 928kN
Propertics of C 310 x 45
/x=6?.3x106
/Y=2'l2xld
A = 5590 mrn2
:=17mm
E Solution:
,g9.tT3 {D / = 2(57.3)
l- - I= i34.6x ld
m :,06"1\3
A = 569fr2)
tl, - A = 11380 mrn2
F;z+s
-4il-'r 1.90
,=f
2(57.3) x 106
f=
ffi,lN lail 2(5@)
r = 108.76
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
32E
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeslgn
Based on proportional lirTtit:

P
,.u,-
D I __
A
P = 240(11380)
P =2',131200
o_EIt?
,- 72
200000 (13=4.6) 106 n2
)1a17fi{t-
Ll )tLv\t -
72
L = 9863 mm
L = 9.E6i m.
L_ 9863
r = lo8J6
11
= 90.69 < 100
r
g ,-
D
Et#
--
L2
"=ffi
P = 1&4506E
Sdetoad=ry
Sde lNd=BgA7
Safe load=7i8 kN
L. 12000
r =mm
L_
r = 110.33 > 100 o.t.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
329w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel Deslgr.r c u -tr a c k
-E---a
Design a column section using a W section

to carry an axial load of 450 kN. The
column has a length of 7 m. Use Eulers
Formula with a factor of safety of 3 and a
proportional limit of 200 MPa. E 200000
=
MPa.
O Assume that both ends are hinged.

€a) W 250 x73
A = 9280 mm2 rr = 110 mm
Iy = 38.8 x 106 mm4 r! = 64.6 mm
b) W310x97
A = 12300 mm2 ru = 134 mm
Iy = 72.9 x 106 mm4 rl = 76.9 mm
c) W250x58
A =7420 mm2 rx= 108 mm
/y = 18.8 x 106 mm4 r) = 56.4 mm
0 W360x64
A = 8140 mm2 rl = 148 mm
/y = 18.8 x 106 mm4 r) = 48.1 mm
e Assume that one end is fixed and the other is

hinged.
ea) W250x58
A = 7420 mm2 rl = 108 mm
/y = 18.8 x 106 mm4 ? = 50.4 mm
b) W3l0x97
A = 12300 mm2 rx= 134 mm
Iy = 72.9 x 106 mm4 ry ='16.9 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
330
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel IDesI-gn
0 W250x73
A =9280 mm? rx= ll0mm
Iy = 38.8 x 105 mm4 r! = 64.6 mn.
0 W360x64
A = 8140 mm2 rx = 148 mm
/y = 18'8 x 106 mm4 ry = 48.1 mr
Solution:
Note:
I
If ; < 100 the limiting stess is the
proportional limit
o Based on Eulers Formula

P = Critical Euler load
P = 450000(3)
P = 1350000N
, _El1*
,- L2
L =7 m. (both ends are Nnged)
200000 I xz E
13s0000 = 0000)Z-
1= 33.51 x 106 mm4
L-
r= t00
7@- ioo
lt
r =70
From the table select a W section wita

I > 3351xlN aA r 170ntn
TryW 250 x7j
A = 9280 mm2
rv = 64'6 <70
Iv=38'8x106
l=m =108.36>100 4.,t.

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 331
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d .c
Bteel IDesLc=rr
rr = 110 mm
Based on the proportional limit
r! = 64.6 mn. P
,,_PL
A __
r: = 148 mm . 1350000
A=-__-=--
200
r) = 48.1 mm
A = 6750 mm2
Select a W section with area greater tlan

6750ru* and r ) 70 mm
TryW 310 x97
::ess is the
A = 12300 mm2
rY = 76'9
Iv=72'9x106
L 7000
V= zr':g
L
i =91'02<tm
L
- < lffi (o.k.)
lr':nged)
r-
uH- Use the lightest section W 250 x 73
C heck for propor tional limit
D
,D,o.-
t
-'
A
_ 1350000
' k'' -
D
92go
P.L. = 145.5 < 2@ Mpa (safe)
Use W 250 x 7j (lightest section)
:ection wilh 9 For one end hinged and tlw other isfrrcd
an L * 0.7(7)
L=4.9m.
, -EJ-t-
L/.
1350m _ 2W0Ct0 (t)2 r

o.k. (4900)z
I= 16.4 x i06 mm4
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
332
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDeeI.gn
L
-r = l(X)
49ffi
r = 1oo
r=49
Select a W section with I greater than

16.4 x 1N andr less tlwn49
TryW 360 x 64
/y = l8'8 x 106 mm4
r) = 48'l mm
A = 8140 mm2
to=ffi=ror.87>looo.,t.
ro, _ 1350000
'L' - 8l4o
P.L. = 165.85 1200 o.k.
Based on tlw proportional limit:

P
n^-- P.L.
i--
. 1350000
2m
A = 6750 mm2
Select a W scction with area greater t

6750 m# atd r greater tlwn 49.
TryW 250 x58

A = 74?s mm2
ry = 50.4 mm) 49 o-k.
/r=18'8xld
',
Use
= ffi
lV
=99'59< loo o't'
250 x 5E (lightest section)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
333
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeslgrr
EE:l:riuffit
A bench with a rigid top supporrs a weighr,
W as shown. The legs of the table are four
32 x 32 x 3 mm steel angies. The material
has yield strength and ultimate strength of
480 MPa and 586 MPa respectively.
lliilu ;.eater lhan
Determine the maximum load the table can
ilXilxrr-' r9 support with a factor of safety of two.
Foreach 232x32x3
A = 183 mm2 Imin.= 7265 rnm4
[m:
*a) 4.98 kN
b) 5.29 kN
c) 3.76 kN
,r-t o.k. 0 6.89 kN
Solution:
rmin. =^[+= 7265

183 = 6.3
wu ;mit:
Assume each leg will carry equal loads and
fixzdfree end conditions, k=2
L32x32x3
f;='ff=*,
:-ea grealer trr, Cc = 90.69
KL
, > C, long column
,^- EI 12 (zoooooxzzost
"' --n2
(kDz- ------'-:-
f- Cf =---;-
=
[2ezw))2
Pu =24X)N
Pcr = 2.49 kN = ?
Mff :.t. ITcr = 996 kN
Using factor of sgery of 2 :
w :ectbn)
safew=ry =n+
W = 4.98 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
334
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel. IDesle:n
A wide flange section is used as a

having an unsupported length
Determine the safe axial load that the
could carry if it has the following
A = 8000 mm2 t = 0.70

rr = 132 mm &=2020x ld
r)=78mm bf =252mm
E = 200,000 MPa nry = 19.6 mm
Fy =250 tf = 8.2 mm
Use 1992 NSCP Speciftcation.

ssa) 998 kN c) 873 kN
b) 978kN 0 789kN
Solutiort:
r(t 0.70r(6000)
r' _ 78
KL
= 53.E5,
-r\,
2r.2 t
-6-
c = 125.6
s 3
r'r'=j*8ilz5.66i-
(53.85)
8 (12s.66)3
p.5. = 1.82
Fa=lr _fi;t,r-
KLtr\2- Fv
Fa=u
ffi*rrr?
Fa = 124;15lvlPla
P=AFA
P = 8000 (124.75)
P=99E kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
335
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d .c
Eteel- IDeslgn
,
@1:'wan t
used as a colu_-:m
Design a column having an effective length
lnd that the secar of 4.5 m. that will support an axial load of
i:,lhwing properle .
360 kN. Use AISC Specifications. Fy =
250 MPa and E = 200000 MPa. Use the
c = 0.70 lightest W shape.
:-r=2020x lN
{=252mm *a) W 200 x 36 A = 4580 mm2
:* = 19.6 mm rx = 86.7 mm r) = 40.9 mm
;= 8.2 mm b) W 250 x 39 A = 4920 mmZ
rx = 110 mm rj = 34.7 mm .
c) W 310 x 39 A = 4940 mm2

; i73 kN
rr = l3l mm r) = 38.4 mm
q W 360 x 39 A = 4980 mm2
rx = 143 mm r! = 27.4 mm
Solution:
First trial:
S 3(Lr3)- (Ltr)3
'''"*3-
f \
=-
8C 8C3
Let L
r =o
r" -
a.r.-
5
3
F"S. = 1.67
i = [, y#]f*
i,r5.66 P- .lJ-
A - r.s.
'^ = # = 149.7oMpa
Assutnc 60% of 149.VA

(Assunrc betwecn 60?o to 80%)
P
A = 0'60(149.70)
. 360000
A=
o6o(l4t-J
A = 4008 mm2
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
336
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDeslg=rr c u -tr a c k
From table select a W section laving ar,

orru nrori, to 4oo8 m*
TryW200x36
A = 4580 mm2
r = 40.9 mm
L 4500
V =4ug
L-
r = t10.02< 125.6
Q=
._nIM
u- Y z5o
C = 125.66
P__f , (Lrizl ry
A - L'' ZC2 J r.S.
5 3(Ltr) (Ltr)3
r.J.= r* gc -
8Ca
Pc =.t*
r''J' 5. 3(110.02)- (110.02)3
ill25f6i 8(lrt66)T
F.S. = 1.91
i= [,
P
ffif*,,,
EOIZ
4SgO=
P = 369708 N
P = 370 kN > 360 kN (sale)
Therefore use W 2a0 x 36

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
337 w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
flteel lDeslgr-r
',e
laving az
-:tion Find the safe axial load that aW 460 x 177
column section could carry if it has a length
of 8 m. under the following conditions.
O Both ends are hinged.
6a) 1692kN c) 1585kN
b) 1772kN 0 1847kN
O Both ends are built-in or fixed.
6a) 3853kN' c) 3585kN
b) 2472kN 0 4447kN
6 Fixed ends but braced at the mid-point
!sa) 4360kN c) 5a85kN
b) 3372 kN 0 4747 kN
&
Fy = 380 t PA Use AISC.Specs.
A = 22600 mm2 Ix=9lO x 106 mm4
rx = 2Al mm /y = 105 x 106 mm4
t' r) = 68.2 mm E = 200000 MPa
ltl -i
Solution:
flr[-:
O Both ends are hinged l* = L = 8 m.
'_).02\3
.. f =H =n7.30
' .15.65)3
c--
5:
,=^Fffi
Q= 101.93 < 117.30
P t2 rs2 E
7= nOt$
P _ 12 ft2 (200000)
MI 22ffi - 23(rt7$2
P = 169159 N
P = 1692 kN
PD PD
!
W
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O
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N
N
y
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to
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w 338 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesLgn
A For fixed ended columns
Le=LT=l= +*.
+ =ffi= 58.65< rol.e3
i= [,-%]{*
r'.s.= *
i
3(58.6s)
r,s.= *
i 8(101.93) 8(101.93)3
p.g.
= 1.95 \
P _f,
= L'-
(ss.osrzllgo
nffi i(ror.q:)21 r.ao
P = 3852874 N
P = 3853 kN
O Braced at mid-point, rhe columt

cquivalenl lo one having a length of 1
faed at otu end and hinged u the otlur
Le = 0.7L
Le = 0.7(4)
Le = 2.8 m"
Le 2800
T= 682
L9 = q.6< 10r.93
Fn 5 3(41.06)
I'r'= - (41.06p
3*8(ior-9t 8(lor-rF
F.S. = 1.81
#=tl #ofPCm
P = 4359790 N
P = 4360 kN
PD PD
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O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
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k
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339
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Elteel lDesl.g:n
I
@;ma*x1..'
Determine the maximum length of a W 360
if
x 122 section it is used as a hinged
column to support an axial load of 1200 kN.
:< 101.93 Use AISC Specifications and Fy = 450 MPa
E = 200000 MPa.
V Lrr)3
A = 15500 mm2 r = 63 mm
gc3
a) 6.93 m.
(58.65)3 rs b) z.zz m.
8(tot.e313 c) 5.45 m.
0 7.39 nn.
Solution:
(=
the columr" 2 n2 (2ooooo)
e length of t v.
C- 450
'l u the other eu-
C =93.66
Asswning a long column:

P t2n2E
A
T=-
23 (Ltr)z
1200000 _ 12 ,t2 (200000)
15500 - X @tr)z
{ 1.06)3 L
{' 101.93)3 V = lls.Y > 93.6 (ok as assume)
L
- = tt5.!4
El 380
MJ t.sr L
o3 = lls'3+
L= 72ffimm
L =7.27 m.
PD PD
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O
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N
N
y
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bu
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to
to
k
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lic
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C
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w
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m
m
w 340 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDeslgrl
A W 360 x 122 section is used to

eccentric load of 780 kN as shown. If
column has an effective length of 4
determine the maximuri stress de
this load using secant formula
E = 200000 MPa.
Properties of.W 360 x 122

A = 15500 mm2
r=63mm
d=363mm
Ix=365 x 106 mm4
*a) 165.39 MPa

b) 134.93 MPa
c) 213.46tvfP,a
0 185.86 MPa
Solution:
. -l
omax- A
f'.f *(*r[*)
Tw
18 r.50
" l-, . 5q0_0_lo
780000
3
rmax=
l5$0 [t * ?,p-
lM . /-fIffiffi-T r
* \2(63) \ 2mmo(lssoo I J
Smax = 165.i9 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
to
341
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
ffteel lDeslgrr c u -tr a c k
@,... *;u'aaidffi .irrf#'

Determine the safe load of the column
is used to ;ii.- section shown, if it has a yield strength of
N as shown. l' r,u: 250 MPa. E = 200 GPa. Use AISC
length of : ::r
formula.
-itress develotr.: :,
Properties ofC 310 x 3l
A = 3929 mmz d = 305 mm
i tf = 12.7 mm lw=7.2mm
3ffix122
lx = 53,7 x l06mm4 Iy = l.6l x l06mm4
rx = 717 mm x = 17.7 mm

r' A = 9450 mm2 d = 457 mm
bF = 190 mm IF = 14.5 mm
,rv = 9.0 mm Ix=333 x 106mm4
r.r = 188 mm Iy = 16.6:x l06mm4
ry = 41.9 mm
O When the height of column is 6 m.
3sa) 1391.4 kN s) 1423.6 kN

b) 1534.8 kN 0 2212.1 kN
e When the height of column is 10 m.

{i\tr)l Assume K = 1.0
lra) 723.8kN c) 834.4kN
b) 774.5 kN 0 679.6 kN
Solution:
tr =6m.
Ar= 3929
Az= 9450
A=At+Az
A = 13,379 mmZ
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDesl-gr:r
Ay = At yt + Azyz
3s2s(17 .7) + e450 (' .' . T)
y=
t337.9
y= 171.68 mm
d1= 171.68 - 17.7

dt = 153.98 mm
a2=lt.z.ryl- u.68
d2= 64.02 mm
6 = lt.6t x 106 + 3929(153.98)2]

+ [fff x 106 + 945q64.0\27
Ix = 466.5 x 106 mm4
Iy=53.7 x 106+ 16.6x 106

Iy = 70.3 x 106 mm4
Use ltast I
r='\I -----:*
- /zo.t to6
r = 72.488 mm
L
_=iffi
6000
L
7 = 82.77
cg=
Cc=
Cc = 125.66
f,. c, = 125.66
PD PD
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W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
to
343
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k
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
eel IDesl-grr' .d o
c u -tr a c k
Use:
c"ry) ,o=1,
where:
#lX
s 3(Ltr\ &lr\3
rs=i*iZ;-;eA
Fc s 3(82.77) (B2Jlf_
tt=3*s(Dtai 8(lrtaF
FS = 1.88
ro=fr
,Fa= 104 MPa
##1ffi
P-*FaA
153.e8)21 P = 1M(13,379)
P = 1,391,416 N
P = 1391.4 kN
whenL = l0m.
L 10000
7 = 7z.4ss
L= 138> Cc
r
L
r= 125.66
Use:
- t2nzz
'o=i3 (LE
ia=-_-riw-
F- t2 (n)2 (2oo x to9i
Fa = 54.1 MPa
-0i P=FaA
P = (54.lX13379)
P = 723,804 N
P = 723.E kN
PD PD
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O
O
N
N
y
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to
344
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C
C
w
w
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w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Bteel lDesl_grr c u -tr a c k
@f,:,lfi*'nffi!"
A truss is supported so that it can't tr
out of the plane. All members are s=*
have a square cross section 25 mr ;
mm. The modulus of elasticity for
200000 MPa. Which of tlre followini
the maximum load P that can be su:
without causing any buckling.
ssa) 1177N
b) l4s7 N
c) 3242N
0 1461N
Solution:
?
runo=
i
0 = 30.96'
tnB=j0
B = 60.95'
IFr=0
P=PtCos0+P2CosB
P = Pt Cos 30.96'+ P2 Cos 60.95"
P=0.8575P1 +0.4856P2
IFt=0
P1 Sin 30.96' = P2 Sin 60.95'
Pt = l'1Pz
P = 0.8575(1 .7P2) + 0.4856P2
P = 1.94335P2
- 1.94335P1
-r=- t.l
P= l.l43t5Pt
PD PD
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W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
to
k
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lic
lic
345w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDeslgn c u -tr a c k
AC is in tension and does not need to

be considered
-:at it can't be n:,,r
bers are steel :udl
For AB:
"e;tion 25 mm r *
::sticity for srt ,
1te following g.*
,-_25(213
,
n
can be suppair I = 32552 mm4
Crilical buckling load:

D_-
n2 EI
' cr- 12
hn='[@* $P
I = 5.38 m.
n
/.r=---*
nz (2mooox3255a
' (5380)2
Pt=22?lN
P = l.l43l5 Pt
P = 1.14315Q220)
P=2538N
For BC:
hc='[@*@
Z = 10.30 m.
'l Cos 60.95'
n2 EI
Po.LL
= -;-
12 (zooooox3zssz)
f,^, _
= ----*-----'---'-
(103612
Pz = 605.67 N
P = 1.94335 Pz
P = 1.94335(605.67)
P=1177N
[JseP=1177N
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
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C
C
w
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m
m
w 346 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDesLe=rr
A built-u1i section has a length of 10

The properties of the section are d =
mm (depth of beamh lw = 9 mm (
thickness), b1= 2N mm (flange wi
tf = 14 mm (flange thickness) and E
iOOOm MPa (modulus of elasticity). Usi
Euler's formula with a'facor of safety of
and a proportional limit of 200 MPa
O Which of the following is the safe load

the column could carry assuming both '
of the column are hinged.
3sa) 240rN c) 3l0kN

b) 160kN 0 270kN
I Which of the following is the safe load

the column could carry assuming one
hinged and the other end is fixed.
a) 510kN c) 430kN
b) 450kN rso 490 kN
O Which of the following is the safe load

the column could carry assuming both
are fixed"
a) 500kN c) 650kN
b) 700kN 60 600kN
Solution:
O A = 2fl<t4>(2)+9Q22),
A = 8998 mm2
Ix=
&= 105.E x td mm4
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
to
k
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lic
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347w .
C
C
w
w
m
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w
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o
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.d o .c do .c
tteel IDealgrr
,r=W@*ry
Iy = 36.47 x 106 mm4
a length of 10 m
rrtionared=*il For columns wilh both ends hinged,
lw=9mm(:ff t= 1.0
:m (flange wii:
.::;kness) and i = Lp=10 m Effective length of column
:: elasticity). Us::q KL = l(10000)
;.r---Cor Of safety c: .:
KL = tr0000 mm
:;200 MPa.
o _fi2E\
.
the safe load *u 'cr- 72
r*.uming both e.r:r
, - ,r2 (2ooooox36.47 x 106)
t cr _
(loooo)2
Pcr = 719889 N
; 310 kN
I 270 kN
Check for Woportional limit
, _P,,
,; 'Jre safe load
ujuming one en: r
:--"u
' cr- A
: _
k' 719889
:-xed.
' -
cr --
gglg
; 130 kN Fc, = 80 MPa < 200 ok
I .190 kN
P-.
s :ie safe load .*a
Safe axioltod=#.
.ur,rming troth e.r,g Safc axial tod =Y
Safe axial load=244 kN
: 550 kN
O If one of colutnn is hinged antl othcr end is
fixcd:
Efective length of calunu = 0.70(10000)
= 7000 mm
, 72
' cr--'&E'
q!4 ,ct _,r2
' -
(2m000x36.47) ld
(7mo)2
P"r= 1469161 N
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
to
348
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
Eteel
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
lDeslgrr .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
C he ck for proportiorul limit :

,
' cr--P"'
A
_ -I6E--
r,"r=
1469161
Fcr = 163.28 MPa < 2N Wa (ok

P",
Safe axial loo4=fr.
Safe axtul Uaa=WE
3
Safe axial load = 490 kN.
@ If hthends of columnisftxed:
Effective length of colunu = 0.5(10ffiC
= 5000 mm
D _fiz EI
' cr- 12
, cr - ,t2 (200000x36.47)
f^"=-
x 106
=0.5 (10)
' (5ooo)2
=5m Pq=28'19556N
C heck for proportional limit :

P",
,-cr_ A
- = 28795s6
r". -I99C_
Fcr = 32A MPa > 200 MPa
Proportional limit controls

Pcr = A Fcr
Icr= 8998(20)
4r = 17996ffi N
P-.
S$e axiallaod=if
Sde arial load=W
SSe axial lodd = ri *n
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
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w
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w 349 w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Etoel Del3torr:r
l,Wrir;
Two C 310 x 45 channels are latticed

together so that they have equal moment of
inertia about the principal axes. E = 20000
ffilvtra (ok) t
#
['ll
MPa. Consider flanges of channels facing
ouhmrd.
Properties of C 314 x 45
@
__+lF--r
l,,,ll
A = 5690 mm2 .r = 17 mm
I lil I:'= x 106 mm4
67.3
h-
aecl:
h
:=17 mm
O
Iy = 2.12 x ld mm4
Which of the following gives the distance

= 0.5(10000) brck !o back of channels so that thc moment
= 5000 mm of inertia about the principal axes are equal.
Er4 180.06 mm c) 213.42 mm
b) 140.23 mm O 167.34 mm
h.+zt x ro5
L: C \Yhich of the following gives the minimum
length for which Euler's formula is
applicable considering a proponional limit
ldt: of 240 MPa.
a) 10.42 m c) 7.35 m
b) 8.45 m la0 9.86 m
O Which of the following gives the safe axial

load that the column could carry if it has an
I ldPa
effective length of 12 m. and a facor of
safety of 2.5 for which Eulers formula is
ir apflicable.
a) 839 kN c) 679kN
b) 712kN eo 73E kN
Solution:
O Distance back to back of clwnncl:
Il
I Ix=
Ix=2(673) t6
Ix= 134.6 x ld rnm4
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
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k
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lic
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350
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeglo,.rr
tr=fz.tzx ld + s6soK272
Iy = 4.24 x ld + 11380 r(2
4.24 x ld + 11380 K2 = 134.6x lff

r( = 107.03 mm
b
,+17=K
f;+ n = 107.03
b = 1t0.06 mm
g Min.length of colwrn
based on proryrtiorul limit
Pcr = A Fcr
P6, = 2,(56{))(tu40)
Pcr=27317NN
o _r2 EI
' cr- 12
,t2 (zoooooxt:+.ol I'rl
27312N-
12
L = 9863 mm
L = 9.t6 n.
o Safe load that thc colurn could carr)

12 EI
tDcr--------.--:-
12
.
rrr=W n2 (2moooxl34.6) ld
Pcr = l&45068 N
Sqe toad=k
. 1845.068
Jate load=-
25
Safe lod= 73E il{
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
to
k
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350-A
C
C
w
w
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w w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Ieel Design
rfox2]2 194-a CE Board Nov. 2002

i"-' K2
Section 4.5.I.3.I of the NSCp specifies the
134"6 x ld allorvahle axial comprusJive stress of
axially loaded compression mernbers
whose ,eross'sectiohs ,111ss1 with the
proirsions ofthe code,
r. ---
wnen *r. (the largest
; effective
slendei- ness ratio of any unbraeed)
,
,:
t4il segmeniis less thsh Cc =
! +#
'ra=fil.Y#1X
,',=l*ff" #S'
-":
.- ' :'' ' '
',o=,$6;Jrp
,,
could carry: A eomp-ressioo,**-U*" is 3 m. Ione and
pinned at.both:ends. Effective l"ntif ,f
factor K = I.O.'The column is subiecied to
an axial compregsive load of 5S0 kN. The
Ir{.0 105 section is made up of 2 angles of unequal
a legs with long legs b,ack to back and
separatcd by a gusset plate tl mm thick.
lse A 36 steel, Fy = 24g Mpa and
E = 2X)000 MPa.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
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C
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
I :it : : . 1'I
NILUYINADEDCOLAMNS,I
Solution:
For2-2120x80x10
KL _ 1(3) .'
r - 0.018
&= 166.6'1
r
Cc=
znz eoow\
Cc=126.ll <166.67
- DrEz E
_l,A =----=-;
23 (KUr)L
^ Dil (2ooooo)
, tl,-
23 (166.67)L
Fa=37.O7lvIPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
3s0-c
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
5teel Design
r
tlV.c6.,the. lerF* txrA{qv,r,0.,iDw:.goLa.,._q.!qt

strrss:;
:.] l
For2-1150x90x12
-f
:: KL _ r(3)
Fives: $16so1gp* r - A.021
&= 142.86> C"
r
flves, 1[s r.-r
r,ir:r.l
-
, at-
t2n2 (2ooooo)
:: ::::.:::: :
23 (142.86)z
]]]':]]
rl.(m) I'r, i6" Fa = 50.46lvPa
-Ofi0,'., g.gr,
:]]]
0.0S2r , ,&O.l For2-1180x100x10
]]:'.
0.060, 0sit' KL _ (t)(3)
r - 0.026
I(L
=n 5.3g < cc
F \ =-
5 3Kt/r- 6UE
''''-3- gc" gc.3
Fc ! . (3)(lr5.3S) (115.38)3
F.S. = 1.91
m,
oo=l,Wl#
(115.38)2_l 24s
ro=lL-t_ 2(t26.tTt) 1.91
Fa=75.55 }lfPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
350-D
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
e The largest allowable compressive

= 75.55 MPa
@ The smallest aUowuble compressive

sfress
= 37.07 MPa
@ Most economical section
For2-l120x80xlA
P=AFa
P = 0.0056(37.07X1000)2
P =201592 N < 590 kN
For2-1150x90x12
P= AFa
P = s0.0062 (50.46)(1000)2
P=312852N<590kN
For2-I180x100x10
P=AFa
P = 0.001 9(7-5.55X 1 000)2
P=596845N>590kN
Therefore the most economical sec:..,t

2-1180x100x10
PD PD
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k
k
lic
lic
351
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDeslgn. .d o
c u -tr a c k
|*rtli:c compressive srt

Fr
A compression member 3 m. long consists
of two angles 150 x 100 x l0 mm with long
hmror/e compressive --lohlp5roG-1 legs back to back and strurring l0 mm
l
f-l*l;Effil l EFii-.-"--:i, :
gusset plates at each end.

i
iiln
r__Y', E = 200000 MPa
FY = 230 MPa
I
I
Properties oforc angb 150 x 100 x 10 nvn
Iz= 5.576x ldmm4 A = 2400 mm2
Iy =2.V26 x lN mm4 x=23.75 mm
Y = 48.75 mm
Using AISC specifications or 1992 NSCP

"-- (lmqz Specifications
r -r90 khl
O Which of the following gives the minimun
radius of gyration.
Ba) 40.88 mm c) 33.42 mm
b) 45.23 mm O 57.34 mm
I
-: rr 1000;2 (9 Which of the following gives the alhwable
llir r:J k]q axial suesa
4 13t.54 Mh !5c) 104.25 MPa
b) 1893a Mpa 0 95.23 MPa
lr
{D ll/hich of the following gives the safe axial
load caprcity of tlrc compression member.
fl r' :OoO12 ca) 500.4 tN c) 435.2 kN
$ ":: kN b) 568.3 kN 0
522.6 kN
ru:' ,' .nical sectior" Solution:

tb Min. rad.iu of
.
lllr gyration:
A=24'ffi(2)
A = 4800 mm2
Ix= 5.5't6 x td (z)

Ix= ll.l52 x ld mm4
PD PD
fF
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Steel IDeslgrl
,r=fz.ozox ro5 + 24N(28.75)2f 1
Iy=8.02x 106 mm4
r=\AIT
,='aW
r = 40.88 mm
g Allowable axial stress :
KL _ (lx30o0)
r 40.88
{L = n.zg
r
cc --
,, _^ tr#e*rt
"c- Y Bo
Cc=13l.0l>73.39
useFa=lr-#]#
5 3(KLtr)- (KL/r)3
r'r'=J* 8c. 8c"t-
5
r'r'= * 3(73.3e)
- (73.3eF
3 d5l0i, g(l3lotr
F.S. = 1.86
ro= [r #*r&]ffi
Fa = 104.25 MPa
A Safe axial compressive lod:

P=AFa
P =24ffi(2)(101.25)
P = 500400 N
P = 5(N.4 kN
PD PD
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Eteel lDeslorrr
I
,Ef-otb-l-e i,,,
-:+oo1zs.zlz] :
A secondary compression member has an
effective length of 7.2 m. with a cross
sectional area of 0.0084 m2 and a moment
of inertia along is weaker axis of 0.000024
M[I m4. If an A 36 steel is used with Fy = 250
MPa. E=200000MPa
O Which of the following gives the slendemess

ratio.
€a) i34.7 c) r76.3
b) 218.2 0 r54.2
0 Which of the following gives the allowable

compressive stress.
EL a) 58.54 MPa osc) 61.26 MPa
b) 79.34 MPa 0 45.23 MPa
iv O Which of the following gives the safe axial

load it could carry.
"- s.
6a) 514.6 kN c) 435.2 kN
- 'KLtr)3 b) 568.3 kN 522.6 kN
0
Scca
0n9\3
8(l3r.0tF Solution:
O r=
- fo"oomz-
'= \ om84-
r = 0.0534 m.
KL 7,:Z
r o.a5-34
KL
r 134.7
PD PD
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Eteel IDeglgrn
I Cs=
zr2 (zoo000)
wC-
C"=125.66<134.7
Use
l2n2 t
Fa=-7KR
23(,/
t2n2 (200000)
^
La= -u@3{
Fa = 56.76tvlPa
For secondary members:

Fa
Fas=--T
t'6 - m;
not=;H
- 56.16
Fas = 61.26 LIPa
A P=AFas
P = 8400(61.26)'
P = 514584 N
P = 514.6 kN
PD PD
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Steel IDesl-grr.
@'trliinffi;,
Which of the following gives the lightest W
shape that can be used as a column to
support an axial load of 420 kN on an
p effective length of 4 m. Use AISC
specificarions. Fy = 250 MPa.
a) Wl50x3?;A=4730mmZ
r:=68.5mm,?=38.7mm
!sb)
$:
I4l 200 x 36 ; A = 4580 mm2
rx = 85.7 rnm , r) = 40.9 mm
c) W250x33;A=4170mm2
rr=l08mmi?=33.7mm
O W3l0x33;A=4180mm2
rt = 125 mm ; ry = 21.4 mm
Solution:
tryW250x33
.P
Ia=i
-4?fm
la= 4r7o
,fa = 100.7 MPa
?-J&-^@
"c-Y Fv -Y 250
Cc'1?5,fi
kL 4m
T=m
&=llt.1<Cc = 125.6
Fa=725MPa(fail) < 100.7 MPa
ro=frWlX
F. 5.(3XllE.7) (ttg.nr
rr'=f+8(tzs.o6)-31ffi
F.S. = l.Vl
r,=[r ffi)#
Fa=72.12<10f..7 (fail)
PD PD
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Steel IDesIgn
tryW200x36
- P
ru-A-
420000
4SB0
fa =9l.7lvlPla
+ =m =97'8< cc'= 125'66

5 3(97.8)
r'r'=J* BdrtGt- 8(125.65)3
F.S. = l.g0
- r-
to= 07.8\2 I
Lt'ffiF; J
250
r.eo
Fa = 9l.73lvfP.a
P=AFa
P = 4580(91.73) = 420123 N
P = 420.12 kN > 420 kN
UscW200x36
@:ii#a$ii#*ii
A W 460 x 177 column section has a
of 8 m. Using AISC Specification:
A=2260 mm? rx = 178.6 mm
r) = 68'2 mm
O Which of the following gives the.safe
load if both ends are hinged.
a) l68lkN lf c) 1692 ki.{
b) 1554 kN 0 1476rN
I Which of the following gives the safe
load if both ends are built-in or fixed
6a) 3853 kN c) 3213 kN
b) 3364kN 0 42321d{
(D Which of tte following gives the safe
load if both ends ale,fixed but braced r
mid-point.
Fa) 4360kN c) 4475 kN
b) 4544kN 0 5432 kll
PD PD
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c u -tr a c k
.c
Eteel IDesLgr:. .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Solution:
O Both ends are hinged Le = L = 8 m
Le 8000
7= 6e2
r -; = 125.65 Le
7 = l17'30
i, i7.8)3
Ie =1(8)
ilt r. 15.65;3 2n2 E
=8m
fy
i
t"-
!t
---=
. v(-)
._^fw 380
C=101.93<117.30
:r\ P t2n2E
7- n e;f
P _ 12,12 (2ooooo)
22ffi)- 23 (tt73)2
P = 16915% N
P = 1692 kN
-;tion has a le:;:r
8 For fited ended columns Le
LR
-; = 178.6 mm =i = i =4^
-. = 68.2 mm Le 4000
7= 68-z
F\es the safe e-:-ru Le
7 =58.65<101.93
r 1692 kN
1! 476 kN i=[,w.]{k
Fies the safe ar-n Le =0.5(8)
=4m ..r.=;.H W
; -1213 kN
Fs = l* 3(58.05) - (58.6fl3
I 1232 kN ""'-3'8(101.93) B(101.93)3
r"es the safe a:_;^ F.S. = 1.86
:ut braced ir u
q75 kN
#=t'.#ffiJffi1
P = 3852874 N
_."132 kN P = JE53 tN
PD PD
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Eteel I)octgn
A Braced ar mid-point, tlu colwu is

equivalent lo orc laing a length of 1
^
facd at one end atd hinged at tlu otlur '
It = 0.7L
Le = 0.7(4\
Iz =2.8m
Le 2800
r = 682
=0.7
-=23
(4) L:
m
r = 41.06 < 101.93
u'=;.ffitB t{iffi
F.S. = 1.81
k=[r-#ffiriH
P = 4359790 N
P = 4360 *N
In thebridgetruss shown, the end cF

is composed of two C 230 x 30 ches
lau.hed ogether so that the fabricated
has equal moments of inertia about tlrc
of symmetry. If the safe load P on thc
is governed by tlre srength of member I
which of the following gives the value c
using AISC Specifications with /y =
MPa.
Propertics of C 230 x 30
ft=25.5 x 106 mm4
A = 3800 mm2
a) 200 kN
b) 180 kN
c) 220 kN
rs0 210 kN
PD PD
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359w . d
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Steel IDesIgn
Solution::
length of 4 m.
3a Ar* 2(3800)
asged ot tlu otlur aw.
Ar)7ffiomnz
Ix=ly =2Q5.5 xlff)
Ix = 5l x 106 mma
r=
f=
I r+r.ooir
r = 81.90
F- 3&l.e3F,-
Truss members are pin connected
so k=l
'1380 &r _ 10(1000)
lJ l.8l r- 81.92
KL
= 122.1
-r
C"=
cr=
^{T
the end cbord "$
30 x 30 chaneu C"= 116.67 .f;= tn.,
ne fabricated secal
mrtia about the auu
Ioad P on ttre xnlu
of mernber .{}
Use: Fa=m
FYes the value or t _ l2r2 (200 x to)3
ra=__@_
D
with /y = 1,q
Fo= AFa
P,ra = 7600(69.0t)
Pee = 525 kN
M'
IFv =0
I
l.5P = iP^t
?
l.sP = j (s2O
P=210 KN
PD PD
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Bteel lDestgp.
A steel storage tank center colunin is

built up of two staldard channels. Tho
effrcient built up sectioh consisu of two !(
12 channels 10.6 lbs. (standard) with I
rl-l
,3.81
following prqerties.
A - 2O cm? Ix = 2305.91 cd
I) = 15.9O cm4 .r = 0.683 cm.
d = 3O.48 cm. tf=0.784.8cm.
D/= 3'81 cm'
What is the allowable load that the
0.683
efficient built-up column can carry using
formula
,"=;ry
t2n2E
wlureE=199.955xtdkPa
and height (H) = 6 m.
No lacings ane allowed only welding.
*'a) 120964 N
b) 154924 N
c) 103%3 N
0 212193 N
Solution:
I Try piacing ta channels back to fucL
Ix=23015.91Q)
Lr = 46ll.E2 cm4
ry = [rs.lo + 2o(0.6E3)2] (2)
Iy = 50.46 cm4
ffi ,=.F=.ffi
r = L.lZ
| =ffi=s!4to
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
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O
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N
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y
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bu
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361
to
to
ic k
k
li c
Cl
Eteel IDeslgrr
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
For the first position:

,..-12n2E
column is rci:arlp '"-231ur12
channels. The alr -a =-------------
l2 nz 099.955 ,._l_Aq
consists of two llr I.
23(s34.2)L
standard) wirl c Fc = 3608 kPa
ir = 2305.91 cn. P=AFa
.r = 0.683 cm.
_
u_* 40
(3608m0)
:'= 0.7848 cm,
(100),
P = 14432 N
ioad that the r,;m
can carry using c Try placing the channels with the flanges
welded together
Ix=2N5.91(2)
Ix = 4611.82
r .[6 kPa ry = [rs.eo + 2o(3.127)2) 2
lr m-
Iy = 422.93 cm4
l, r-Jy welding.
,=\#:
lu.52
w wk 3.rz't 3.127 For the second position:

to back:
.-_nn20gg.g55xto6)
'o = 'Li084.52F-
Fa=3C24lkPa
ulJ, lz)
P=AFa
*
u_4 40 (30241000)
(100r
P = 120964 N
Usc tlrc 2nd position (BoxType)
Allowable load is 120964 N

PD PD
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c u -tr a c k
Bteel IDeslgn c u -tr a c k
The op chord of a roof truss is to be

of either 2 angles on a strrctural toe,
to carry a compressive dxial load of l0(,
The panel length of ttre chord is 3.5
(these to be considered points of I
support). Given the properties of
sections being considened.
O Which of the following gives the capr-r,

tln angular section.
3sa) 74.295 kN c) 85.238 kN
b) 70.948 kN 0 77.343 kN
0 Which of the following gives the capc:*
the stnrctural tee.
ed 1@.237 kN c) 125.753 Lr
b) 10r.546 kN 0113.463 L\
O Which of the section would you consi&'

a) Angular s€ction c) Both sectirx
ls b) Structural tee {rnne of t}rr
Properties of one angle

ts-21-f-214 A= E64 mm2
Ix = Iy = 0.469 x ld mm4
x=l = 2l mm
Structural Tee:
r =25 mm
A =2200 mm2
Using thcformula:
- 12n2E
no=;7Y"
whereEj199,919MPa
K=1.0
PD PD
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Steel lDeslg:rr
Solution:
Try rwo anglt,s
truss is to be mat Ix=2(0.169x106)
cructural tee, &.s.m /x = 0.938 x 106 mm4
uial load of 100 r:,,'
ne chord is 3,b m- ;.'u = [0.+69 x 106 + 8&(2\2) z
points of laeu Iy = 1.1x 106 mm4
properties of :r,d
n-
t=1a
gves the capacit., r,
0.938,x 106
f=
8&
:) 85.238 kN r = 32.9
,t 77.343 kN
tt _ 1.0(3.6x1000)
grves the caprcirr n
r 32.9
KL
;, 125.753 kN
T = fi9'q
, u3.463 kN ^ t2 12 (Dg.gqgl
fa=--
23(1W.4)z
you considerl Fa = 86 MPa
;, Both section
Safe load it could carry
I none ofthese
P=AFa
P = 864(86)
P = 74,297 N
P =74297 kN < 100 W.t (not safe)
Try structural tee,

r =25
*= rc#@= 144
(l!/g.gqg'r
- =------------r
t2 n2
ra
23(144)t
Fa = 49.65tvffa
P=AFa
P =(22ffiX49.6'
P = 109,237 N
Fa
P = 109.237 kN > 100 kN
Thcrefore use the given structural lee

PD PD
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tteel lDeslgrr
A column with both ends fixed

when subjected o a force of 16 kN. Gn
is then allowed to be free. Which c,r
following gives the buckling force in L\
ffr[", rnt"' €a) I kN

b) l2kN
Iil Iil c) l0kN
0 8kN
l[.l
ill rt1 Solution:
lil - n2EI -
Pr, =T ffor both endsfaed Le =
ut lil
.
J--l*i-
4n2 Et
_11_
l;;, f;;, r6000 =
n2 EI
,D,, _-
- {0.5712
D_-
4n2 EI
'cr - 12
IZEI _
LL^
^^
= 'tt\ -,
,rr=# for one endfree
(Le = 2L)
, _ts2 EI
' c - 12L12
o vZEI
'"-4L2
tDct-
_4m0
4
Pcr= 1000N.
Pcr=1 kN
PD PD
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365
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Eteel DesLgn
l@ir','tb'i',,',,b'6:'*;';::*:ii;::,:',:!'i'ic'i
ends fixed bu;r er O Determine the capacity of the top chord
of 16 kN. Onr mc using the AISC formula, Fy = 250 N,lPa,
:e liee. Which c,: :nr E = 200 GPa.
rurling force in k\-
!sa) 229.8 kN c) 254.7 kN
b) 321.2 kN 0 221.3 kN
O Is the section adequatc to carry the given

loads?
us a) not dequate c) maybe
b) adequale @ none of these
r-.*faed k = 0:_ Solution:
.IFv I O
90 kN 2R = 90 (3)
R=l35kN
R=PSin6
t3s=PP
15
P = 302kJt (design load)
I
.-----4 @ 3.0 A=At+A2
t A=12(138)+100(12)
p A=1656 + 1200
w lee .^1' A = 2856 mm?
t i+,
-lB Ay=Atyt+Az?z
y..= ----;Bs6
I 1656(6) + 12C0(62)
R=135 kN
Y = 29.5 mm
dt=29.5-6=23.5rnm
dZ= 62 - 29.5 - 32.5 rnm
r,= [(t3si*l?p + r6s6(23.fl2]

. [*#d+ r2rn(32.fl2]
Ix = 3.2ttT x 106 rnm4
PD PD
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Steel IDesl-e=rr
- 12(138)3 --E-
iy=--1T-* 100fl2)3
Iy = 2.@2 x 106 mm4
Use least I:
r=\arT
^fm
'= Y 2856
r = 30.4 mm
L fiF;?.5{rdoo)
; 30.4
L_
r = 110.33
Cc=
,,={4€s*'
Cc = 125.7
I
Since
i lCc,use
,o=fr,%l?*
where:
5 3 (ltr\'grt
n'=5*
(ltr)3
8 cr
"r=;.ffif-ffi=,r'
Subtituting:
,o=lrffi)#
Fa = 80.47 MPa ,
P=FaA
P = (80.47) (2856)
P =229822N
P =229.8 kN < 302 kN (not adquate)
PD PD
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Eteel- IDesl.qra,
iluI
l:
!" A hinged-end sreel column 10 m long is
fabricated from a W 200 x 46 beam andiwo
C 310 x 45 channels arranged as shown.
Determine the safe axial load using AISC
specifications with, = 250 Mpa.
Properties of W 200 x 46
A = 5860 mmd2
d=203mm
N; -,- 0t Ix ; 45.5 x 106 mm4
1)'+ 15.3 x 106 mm4
Properries of C 310 x 45
A = 5690 mm2
x=l7mm
Ix=67.3 x 106 mm4
@. Iy =2.12 x 106 mm4
,w=13mm
!sa) 1435 kN
b) 1586 kN
c) 2147 kN
0 1036kN
Solution:
A=5860+2(5690)
A = 1724A mm1
= 1.91 Ix = 45.5 x 106 + 2(45690)(91 .ilz
+ 2(2.12 x t06)
Ix = 157.92 x 106 nrm2
'{.^l
=::1 Iy =2t61.3 x 106) + 15.3 x 105
Iy = 149.9 x td srm2
rY
fi;il;;;'
= ^Y rnAa
ut adquarc)
ry * 93.24 {use)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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to
to
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36E
C
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesletrn
"= ^[r
ou
Y r7z4o
rx = 95.7
cc- {ry 2 12 (zoo x to3)

Cc=
Cc = 125'6
for hinged ended k = l.A

& _ to(tooot
r 93.24
A = t01.25. C"
Use:
r,=[r 9*l fr_ r.s.

(10?.25)1
"r=;.,#XA 8(125.66)3
Fs = 1.91
r,=[,ffi]ffi
Fa=83.22NIFa
P=AFa
P=83.22(t72/fj)
P = 14jS hN
PD PD
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I. IDesl.grr
q6'ri
A top chord member of a bridge truss is

made up of two C 380 x 74 plrced 300 mm
clear distance with flanges turned out, with
one 550 x 20 mm cover plate, and with one
side adequately latticed. The member is
supported either in a horizontal or a vertical
plate by members or brrcings at panel points
that are 7.5 m on centers and the chord
maybe considered fixed at this points. What
is thc safe axial toad applied at the center of
gravity of the cross-section that the chord
may carry, neglecting deflection, if ihe unit
stress is governed by the formula:
r,l.D
Fa = 119 - 0.0034 (Ltr)z
Properties ofC j80 x74

A = 9480 mm2 d = 381 mm2
/,r = 168 x ld mm4 x=20.3 mm
Iy = 4.6 x ld mm4
ea) 364 kN
iT b) 43s7kN
flJ. c) 2895 kN
0 3857kN
r107.2$3
fr12s.6)3 Solution:
Area ofplote = 550(20)
Area of platc = 11000 mm2
I 2so Area of clwnnels =2(9480)

J l.el Area of channels = 18960 mm2
Total arca = 11000 + 18960

Total area = 29960 mm
j
Ay=Atlt+Azyz
299f0Y = 1lm0(10)+ 18960(210.5)
Y=137m ,l
PD PD
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@6eeB @ee$ffi;e-e
o=tr%d+ i10ffi(127)2
+ z[1toa x ld) + 9a8o(73.5)2]

fx = 425.2 x tr06 mm4
,, = &P+ [a.exto6+ 9a8o(170.3;,

jy=836x106
r=\A rr
425.2 x 106
f=
N9&
r= tr19.13
i
l"_
_ 0.-5(7500)
r - 119.13
*_
r = 3i.48
p6= lls- 0"m34 (f;)2
Fo * 119 - 0.m3,4 (31.48F

FCI = 115"63
F=AFa
F * ?996&115.63)
F = 3{St}l$ 1g
F * 3464 kN
PD PD
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Eteel' IDeslgrr
;'ll2
A top chordmember of a bridge truss
consistsof two angles and a 300 mm x l8
-;180(73.r2J mm cover plate placed as shown. Bracing
supports are at panel joints only and are
sprced 5.4 m. on centers. An axial load of
890 kN is applied at the cenrer of gravity of
the member cross-section. Neglecting
" .5 + 9480(l.tO3:' deflection, determine if the section is
adequate or not. What is then the safe
capacity of;the section. Use allowable unit
stress.
,fs = 110 - 0.483 (Ltr)
Properties of one angle
A=2968.75 mm2 ) = 50 mm
Ix=6.8xldmm4 .r=25mm
Iy = 2.45 x ld mma
Erd Noradequare, 598.62 kN

b) Not adequate,469.48 kN
c) Adequate,982.3 kN
0 |@ute,913.4kN.
Solution:
At = 300(18)
A1= 5400 mm2
Az= 2(2968.75)
s'- Az= 5937.5 mm2
A=Atyt+AZy2
Ay = At yr + Azyz
+ 5937.5(68)
,..V=-_ 54oo(9)113375
) = 39.9 mm
4=39.9 -9
dt = 30.9'mm
dz=68'39.9
d2=28.1mm
PD PD
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Eteel lDesl-grr.
tx=216.8x 106 + 2968.75(28.\2)

- rr# + 5aoo(30.e)2
,l
I,I Ix = 23.59 x 105 mmd
tll
_+---l---i.
,, =
lgq$ + zfz.tsxro6 + 2e68(r
/) = 138 x 106 mm4
,="r[T
.t= ÊE;r
Y tl 337i
r = 45.6
"fs = 110 - 0.a83 (L/r)

nu,, (l) . no
!_5.4x1000
r' 45.6
t
== 118.4 < 120 (Formula is valid)
F = 110 - 0.483 (118.4)

,fs = 52.8 MPa
P=Afs
P = (11,337.5X52.S1
P = 598,620 N
P = 59E.62 kN
(sde lod if il could carry)
Thc scctidn is not adcquatc

PD PD
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Steel lDesl-grr.
7sQ8.\21
A horizontal upper chord compression
memb€r, 6.6 m. long, is made of 2 channels
(C 200 x 17) and a cover plate275 mm x l0
mm as shown in the figure. If this
structural member is to be designed so that if
it is equally strong about both axis (x - x &
106 + 2968(t2S,:- y - y), calculate the disance back to back of
channels. Determine also the safe load of
the member. Neglect the weight of the
member and useRankine Gordon Formula:
ra=1fr;f Mpa
T
'* l8ooo
It ;.60, use Fa = 103 MPa
Properties ofone channel C 20a x I7

A =21'10 mm2 rx = 78.8 mm
Ix = 13.5 x 106 mm4 ry = 15.8 mm
Iy = 0.544 x 106 mm4 .r = 14.5 mm
S.r = 133 x Id mm4 d = 203 mm
Sy = 12.8 x ld mma
nia is valid) Ea) l3l mm,640.8 kN

b) 123 mm, 560.4 kN
c) 145 mm,660.4 kN
O ?tl mm,600.5 kN
Solution:
At=275(10)=2750,mm2
A2=?J]fr1D = 4W mmz
A = At + A2=,JQgq sr^Z
Ay = At yt + A2y2
Uwry)
2750(5) + 4340 (ro.
)-.Eilalc , ?)
7W0
) = 70.2 mm
PD PD
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Bteel- IDeslga.
h=70.2-5=65.2mm
a2= (ro *ff1-n.z
dz= 4l-3 mm
,r=frufff + nsogs.\2)
+ z [(tr.s x lo6) +,ir+otnt"sP]
Ix = 46.L16 x 106 mm4
10(275)3
Iy= +2Q.*a x td;+43+0i
12
Iy=1E.4187 x 106+ $4bP
IY=Ix
l8.4lg7 x ld + 4Wx2= 46.116 x ld
x=80mm
f;=x-Ms
l=w - ro.s
b= 131 mm
f=
,=\m
r = 80.65 mm
: =ff* =8r.&4>60
Use:
-lu
ra=@
,*Im
p's=m
- 124
t+-rffi-
Fo = 90.3E MPa
P=FaA
P = (90.38X7@O) '
P = 640,794 N
P = 640.794 kN
PD PD
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flteel Desi.eI:rrB
fri nm i#ff ffi s d?B#., a&..i,.ff 6$,

'' \2
The legs of a tower eonsists of two C 200 x
l7 eaeh, one 325 x 10 mm cover plate, and
ome open side adequate latticed. These iegs
:xx6s.Dzf are continuous for a height of 30 rn., but
+ +':+Ot+t.Sf] they are fixe<l at their ends and back to both
. ways at each 5 m. interval. What is the
rnaximum cap*city eif one leg using AISC
x rd; + 434ei specificatu:ns. Use A 36 steeX wi& F'y =
250 MPa The distanee of thc ehannel back
to back is 200 nnni. with outs[anding
flanges.
= 46.116 x lC{
Froperties af, ane iliannel
A = 2l?0 mnn2
x *
14.5 rnm
d = 203 rnaTl
/x = tr3.5 x 106 rc1m4
/y'= 0.544 x 106 riln'14
ffie\ 1018.5 kN
b) 983 kN
nllm e) 1202.9 kN
@ 848 kN
S$dssgaops.'
Area af plate = 325W10)
A,rea af plate = 3?5S mnru2
Area ofZ ckonnel =2{2170}
Area of 2 channel = 4340 r'nm2
Total area = 7/590 rnrn2
Ay =,4t yt + Azyz
?s9ry = 3250(5) + 2(2170)(1 t 1.5)
) = 66 mr* {from top}
/* = 3tr#)t + 3?5(to){51}2
+ z[Ets.s x lo6] + snzs{4s.02]
J.r = 48.1 x ld mm4
PD PD
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Bteel lDesLgn
ry=ry +zle.sq4x td)

+ 2L7Wta'5P1
Iy = 86.6 x 106 mm4
Use least value of "1" in order to get
value of "r".
,=\ArT
,=\m
r=80mm
K = 0.5 $ixed supports)
t_ 0.5(6000)
r'_ 80
L-
3l.s
r=
Cc=
,. _^/zn2 (zoo.ooot
""- Y 250
Cc= l'25-6
useFa=lr-wl#
(3?'5)3-
,"
' '"'--5-
3(37.5) -
3' 8(125.66) An5.6)5
p.5. = 1.78
ro=lrffilffi
Fa = l?4.?0lvfPa
P=AFa
P = 7590(134.20)
P = 101857E N
P = 101t.6 kN
PD PD
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Steel Desl-grr
*v4 x 106) Ur:..,.iU,fd

@iiii6q.raarAif
+ 2170(tl4.5P_ The built up section is to be used as a
column. The section consists of 250 x 12
mm plate and four 150 x 100 x 12 mm
'" in order to get -!w' angle, with the long legs outstanding.
Compute the allowable axial live load on the
column if its unsupported length is 6 m.
Use AISC Specifications using A 36 steel
with tr'Y = 250 MPa.
ilr,
Properties of the angle:
A = 3065 mm2
x=24.75 mm
!ol'-Ji/ y = 49.75.mm
Ixx=7.2A x 106 rnm4
IYY = 2.62 x 106 mm4
*a) 1495 kN
b) 1983 kN
c) 1789 kN
0 1848 kN
Et Solution:
D_ { ss.zs A.=At+A?
r.s. A =4(3065) +250(12)
A = 15260 mm2
i37.r3
I 125.66)3
,r=?lW +le.ztx to6)
tl:50 + 3065(5s.7fl2] 4
E.il r-?8
Iy = 67.1x 106 mm4
n=W+fq,azx to5)
+ 3065(100'2'21 4
Ix = 149.3x 106 nnm4
PD PD
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Steel IDe>eAqn
Use least "l" to obtain least "r"

IT
t=1A
t= ^Yl6l.l15260
x 106
r = 66.3
Assunu r( = 1.0
KL _ 1(6000)
r ffi.3
KL
- 90.5
-r
,- -^tr.ilJwgJn{].
"t- Y z5o
Cc= 125.66
trseFa=fr.#!]#
Fc =
r"'r'
5.3(90.5)
* -
(90.fl3
5 d25Ei g(l25rdF
F.S. ='1.89
ro=fr
ffi1 ffi
Fa = 97.97 NIFla
P=AFa
P = t5?-@(97.97).
P = 1495022 N
P = 1495 kN
PD PD
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Eteel- IDeslgtn
w .:.ist "r"
A riveted member shown consists of a plate

500 x 12 mm and two C u[60 x 64. The
member has an unsupported length of 6 m.
Determine the allowable compressive load
that this member could carry using AISC
Specifications. Fy = 250 MPa. Use A 36
steel. AssumeK=1.0.
Propertie,i of C 460 x 64
A = 8052 mm2
Ix =228 x 106 mm4
Iy - 6.2 x 106 mm4
d=450mm
x = 22.5 mm
u *a) 2994.4 kN
b) 9983.6kN
c) 2789.8kN
4 2448.4 kN
Solution:
A=At+Az
A=500(12)+2(8052)
i,o A * 22lM mrn2
I
._,t--__
5:r l
Ay = At it + A2yz
i9
I
22104y = 500(12)6 +2(8052)237
)=l74mm
,,*L,
|".t"
l--112.5-..1
rx = LezB x 106) + sasz(ri3,2) 2
. ''P+ 500(r2)(i68)2
Ix = 689 x 1# rnrn4
PD PD
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.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Steel lDesLgn .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
,r=W +zl6.zx ro6)

+ 8052(t72.sPl
Iy = 616 x 106 mm4
,=\F
616 x 106
r= 22tM
r = 167 rnm
rr _ 6(1000)
r t67
Y =$'st
wc-
zr2 (zoo,ooot
Cc=
250
Cc= 125.66
useFa=lr.w]#
Fd 5* 3(35.93)
i''r'=
(35.93)3
J m25.6'8(lrs.;p
F.S. = 1.77
.,=[,ffiTffi
Fa = 135.47lvfPa
P=AFa
P = 22lM (135.4X'r,
P = 2994411 !.1
P = 2994.4 kN
PD PD
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.c c
.d o
c u -tr a c k 3E1. d o c u - t r a c k .
teel IDeslgrr
+ 80s2(t725fl
A built up column shown consists of a
W 360 x 463 column core secdon with two
450 x25 mm cover plates.
O Which of the following gives the value of

the slenderness ratio? Assume K = 0.80
@ a) 42.29 c) 45.44
b) 34.23 0 38.67
O Which of the following gives rhe factor of

safety of the steel section? Assume K = 0.g0
6a) 1.79 c) 1.45
b) 1.98 q 2)2
g Which of the following gives the allowable
compressive stress using AISC Specs. with
an A 36 steel. Fy = 250 MPa.
E- 6a) 131.76 MPa c) 123.36 Mpa
b) 145.49 MPa g t27.46 tv|P:a
O Which of the followrng gives the max.

capacity of the built up section?
n
lJ -fr ea) l0738kN
F.S. c) 13723kN
b) l2846kN 0 ll226kN
Properties of 360 x 463
A = 59000 mm2
ld
l# /.r = 1800 x mm4
Iy = 670 x 106 mm4
rn, = 175 mm
?) = 107 mm
d=435mm
Solution:
A=At+Az
A = 59000 +2(450)25
A = 815CI
PD PD
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c u -tr a c k
Eteel Desf.ryx"n c u -tr a c k
Iy=670x10+2
t2
/y = 1050 x ld mm
(lt is quite clear thar Iy is sntaller)
r=\aIT
t= ^Vffi50 - lor'
8l5m
r= 113.5 mm
Kr _ Q_8(6000)
r - 113.5
KI.
r = 42'29
Cc=
"c--^tfur*N)
r-
Y 2so
Cc= 125"6
useFa=fr-W]#
rd 5 3t42.29) (42.29\3
'I" '"'*
\ =-
3 - 8(125.66) 8(125.66)3
F"S. = 1"79
oo=[rW*rr]#
Fa = 131.76 MPa
F=AFs
P = 81500(131.76)
P = 10738073 N
P = 1073E kN
PD PD
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Eteel IDesl-qrr
4
FtJ50f
:l A column having a cross-section shown was
designed to carry a load of 2100 kN. If ir
l
has an unsupported span of 6 m. Use AISC
Formula using A 36 steel with E = 200
nt rs snwller)
GPa. Fy = 250 MPa.
O Which of the following gives the radius of
gyration?
€a) 117.9 mm c) 123.5 mm
b) 134.2 mm @ 138.6 mm
I Which of the following gives the allowable

axial compressive stress?
Ea) 135.6 MPa c) 145.3 MPa
b) 128.3 MPa @ 112.7 MPa
6 Is the column safe to carry the load of 2100
kN, and what is is safe capacity?
!sa) Yes,2012.3 kN c) No,2259.7 kN
b) Yes,2323.6 kN 0 No, 1934.3 kN
@ Properties ofC 310 x 37
S.r = 393 x ld mm3 A = 4720 mm?
Sy = 30.9 x ld mm3 d = 305 mm
rx= l13mm bf =77 mm
r/ = 19.8 mm tf = 12.7 mm
Ht* !2.29\3
Ix =
1y
59.9
1.85
x 106 mm4
x 106 mm4
rry = 9.8 mm
x = 17.1 mm
=
f *rrsEF
Solution:
At = 450(12) = 5400 mm2
350
AZ=2(4720) =9440 mm2
tfr A=At+A2
A=5400+9MA
A = 14840 mnr2
Ay -- At y1, + Az y2
14840y = 5400(6) + 9440(r&.5)
)=l07mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
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OW
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Steel lDesLg=rr.
lic
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.d o .c .d o .c
,*=Y+ 450(12)(t0t)2
+'[sg.q x lo6 + 472q57.r27 2
I
Ix=2M.2x ldmm4
.fit
lr 161107
,, =W+ [1r.as x to6)
_I
I
164.5
7.5
+ 4t4aQ07.ilz) 2
+ Iy = 502.8 x 106 mm4
I
(Jsel=2A6.2x106mm4
I
I
rr
t=1A
'= Y ^[m
r = 117.9 mm
H84o
tr _ (0.7)6(1000) _ 3s
r 117.9 - rJ' 6
,"=^,{+- Z nz (2OO
250
x tA3"
Cc=125.66>35.6
Use:
ro=fr%l#
- 5 3(kltr)-&61r
(kD3
'o=1* 8 c.
^ 5 sdrt*i
to=1* 3(3s.6)
-
(3s.6)3
8(lrs66)3
Fa = 1.77
.o=[,ffi]#
Fa = 135.6 MPa
Safe load tlwt ttu mlwtn could carry

P=AFa
P = 14840(135.6)
P = 2012304 N
P = 2012.i kN
PD PD
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3t'eel. IDeslgr.r
- fizqsl.r2l2 A 6.5 m. H-column is composed of four

angles 150 x 100 x 12 mm and a web plate
250 x 12 mm. The angles are set 262 mm
r t06) back to back with long legs outstanding.
Which of the following gives the allowable
load using A 36 steel and AISC
Specifications. Fy = 250 MPa- K = 1.0
Properties ofC 310 x 37

Sx = 70.5 x ld mm3 A = 30& mm2
Sy = 34.4 x |d mm3 ," = 47.50 mm
Ix =7.24 x 106 mm4 ry = 29.2 mm
Iy = 2.62 x 106 mm4 x = 24.75 mm
*a) 1372 kN
fr"; b) I 123 kN
c) 1048 kN
12 (2oo x to3 0 l52l kN
Solution:
t 47.5
,r=W++[e.ax ro6)
&- + 306a(106.25)2]
[f /x=164.5x1 06 mm4
h
F
- 250(n\3 ++f1t.ztxrc61
ry=--tr
}E
+ 306a(6 + a7.il2)
b"or:
Iy = UJ x 106 mm4
F'ool3 A=4(3064)+250(12)
A = 15256
:50
L'7 r"Î=T
", 64.1 x 106
,'=--l:,Fi-
l.tould carry:
r=65mm
[!=6Jffi= rm
PD PD
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Steel. I)esLern
2?r2 (200,000)
Cc=
250
Cc= 125.66
LlseFa=fr.#!]#
&\ 5 3(roo) (l0o)3
--- 3 - g(tzs.6o)
'''' s{125.6d)3
F.S. = 1.90'
r,=[,;##]ffi
Fa = 89.91 MPa
P=AFa
P = r5256(89.91)
F = 1371740 N
P = 1372 kN
@;i;r;uffiiii
A steel column l l mm long is fabn
from a W 200 x 46 beam and two C -1r
45 arranged as shown. Which of
following gives the safe axial load that
be carried by the section using AISC
and A 36 steel Fy=250 MPa. Assume f,'
rb Froperties ofW 2N x 46
llt Ix=45.5x106mm4 A=5860

ilt Iy = 15.3 x 106 mm4 d =2a3 mrc.
Ilr
b1_'l
Ix=67.3 x
Properties of C 3lA x45
106mm4
mm4
Iy = 2.L2 x 106
ru=13mm ."
,4 = 5690 rn
d = 305 rnm
x=17mm
3sa) 1256kN c) 1046 k\

b) 1538 kN 0 ll92 L\
PD PD
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Eteel lDeslqn
Solution:
A=5850+5690(2)
A = 17240 mm2
$,,,, 6 = (45.5x 106) + ZllZlZ x rc01
+ 5690(97.s)2]
1r = 158 x 106 mm4
Iy =2(67.3 x 106) + (15.3 x to6)
Iy = l4g.g x 106 mm4
r=\ArT
Ll t5o
pJ r.lo f=
x 106 mm4
r = 93.25 mm
,(a _ ll(1000)
r 93.25
KL
= i17.96
-r
Cc=
fabn*.;
long is zr2 (zoo,ooo)
andtwoC3-.; Cc=
250
:r. Which of :r* Cc= 125"66
ur .:..rralload that cr,.u
r
#!] fi
using AISC Sn*r
l?a. Assume K= _ I
use Fa=|,
'i)Nx46 rc = 5,* 3(117.96) (il7.96)3
r'r' J 8(*l2tAei 8(lr5r6f
A = JggQ 6y-
d=203 mm I.S. = 1"92
r - :10 x45
,4 = 5590 mri
,o=f, ffi#l#
Fa =72.84tvfPa
d=305mm
.r=17mm P=AFa
P = 17240(72.84)
c) l0a5kN P ='1255162N
0 1192kN' P = 1256 kN
PD PD
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Steel l)esLg:n
A steel column with an effective

10 m is iabricated from two C 250 r
I
channels together so that the sectb
equal moments of inertia about the pi
I
axes. Determine the safe load using

-f
i

I
I Ix=42.8x106mm4 A=5670
IY = 1.6 x 106 mm4 r= 16.3 m.m
@a) 882 kN c) 789 kN

b) 927 kN 0 896 kN
Solution:
r=
r=
r = 86.88
tr _l(10x1000)=ll5.l
rrr
r 86.88 -
Cc=
'try
,..-nt@l
""- Y 380
Cc=101.93< 115.1
Use:
t2n2E
Fo=
n &urf
t2 rc2 zooooa
Fa=
23 (trs.t)\
Fa = 77.74lu1Pa
P=AFa
P = 2(5670X77.74)
P=EE2 kN
PD PD
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Eteel Deslqrr
A column 12 m long carries a load of 2400

d
effective length
kN consists of 4 angle section each 150 x
nroC250xrS 150 x 25 mm cross section as shown.
frar the sectioa hr
Determine the value of "0" using
about the prirEif
lmd using AISC Fa = ll0 - 0.a$ (l-tr)
as its allowable stress.
250 x 45
Properries of one angle:
A = 5670 mr#
r = 16.3 mm
Ix = Iy = 14.8 x ld mma A = 7A97 mm2
x=y = 47.2mmZ
ct 789 kN
d 8%kN
6a) 541.18 mm
b) 455.33 mm
c) 656.77 mm
@ 522.55 mm
Solution:
h Ix= Iy
l
r, = [r+.4 x ro6 + 7o? (f;- n.)zl t

tr"1
rx = 5e.2x lo6 + 2$sB (f;- 47.2)2
f=
i
28388 (blz - 47.2)z
t= ^YI 6g.z x ro6) +7a97@)
lrl,!rlt,,-
,=@
Fa= 110 -0.4$L-
r
^P
ra=T
_ 2400fl000)
Fa=-idil[f,
Fa = &4.58 MPa
PD PD
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Efeel. IDeslgrr.
Fa = 110 -0.483(Llr)
5796
25.42 =
@=228.0t
2ors.3s. (l 47.2)2 = 51e88.56
f;-
* r=223.3e
b = 541.1E mm
A member of the op chord of a truss ,m

industrial building is 10 m. long
compressive stress of 3500 kN and is
up of two C 460 x 86 placed 275 mm
to back with flanges outstanding.
member has 500 mm x "r" cover plate I
top and facing at the bottom. Find
necessary thickness "r" of the cover
using AISC Specifications. Use A 36
Fy = 250 MPa Neglect moment
deflection due to its weight. Solve r,
nearest 1.5 mm. Assume K = 0.80.
Properties of C 460 x 86
A = 10900 mm2 d=450mm
Ix = 279 x 106 mm4 x = 22.4 mm
Iy = 7.t x 106 mm4
*a) 12 mm
b) 15 mm
c) 10 mm
0 13 mm
PD PD
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teel lDesl-grr
Solution:
-r_1(l Tryt=12mm
A=10900(2)+500(12)
:-(i. n.z) A = 2780O
Ay = A1 yt + AZyz
278W = 10900(2X273) + 500(12)6
- G-*.r) )=l87mm
,r=LTg +11t.'tx to6)
-- :)" = 228'ol
+ 109000(l5e.r2) 2
/) = 598 x 106 mm4
,r=8#+ s00(12)(181)2
+zfzts x 106+ 10900(s0)2]

^lx = 809 x ld mm4
r=\ArT
::-ord of a truss c: rr f=
698 x 106
.r l0 m. long h., - 21804
i-(J0 kN and is r-: rr r= 158.45
:-xed 275 mm :r,_iir ,(t _ 0.8_0(lqQ90)
cutstanding. l:,, r -"'
158.45= 50.4e
i 'i" cover plate a-: Je
rrd ]ottom. Finc -:*
" ' of
the cover ;-re
,,=11W=12s.66
Use A 36 -.'*--:
',.,eglect momenl ::;
*::ght. Solve rc :r
useFa=|, #!]#
rc 5.3(50.49) (50.49)3
''t'=t*8(rrt6 8(lriAF
F.S. = l.8l
J=450mm
t = 22A mm
,o=1rffil#
Fa = 126.91 lvtra
P=AFa
P =278N(126.97)
P = 3529766 N
P = 3530 kN > 3500 kN Sa/e
Uset=12mm
PD PD
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Steel lDecrLqrr
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The top chord member in a flat struc

steel roof truss is made up of two
100 x 75 x l0 mm shon legs rivered bd
back with 10 mm gusset plate berween.
75 mm legs lie in the vertical plar
which the chord is braced by web
at2m. intervals. Diagonal steel rods
the chord at 4 m intervals in a
plane. Determine the altowable load on
member. Use f'a = I 19 - 0.C/J3a (Ltrf .
Properties of 100 x 75 x l0 nun angh

A = 32A0 mm2 rt = 22.4 ma
12= 49.3 ma
Ba) 294.4 kN
b) 321.5 kN
c) 274.6 kN
0 178.4 kN
Solution:
h_ 20000)
17 22.4
Lt
7i=tq
12 _ 4(1000)
12 49.3
Lc
i=at
Ur"Lr =89<120
Fa = ll9 - 0.0034 (Ltr)2
Fa= ll9 - 0.0034(89)2
Fa = 92lvPa
P=AFa
P=326(92)
P = 294.4 kN
PD PD
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Eteel IDesI.gn
l0li""'*'
,=:in a flat sfuc:;i
l;.3 up of two a:-.;,r: Two C 310 x 45 is placed ar a disrance of
: legs riveted bar ,lr
. 300 mm back to bacli and a pair of bracinss
placed as shown in the figure.
: pla0e Irrbetween.
,-r vertical plan. r
,':d by web men".:,.:r O Which of the following gives rhe slenderness
r _:a.l steel rods b,=;rr ratio of the built up section?
iimr_-.als in a horizi-;" Assume K = 1.0.
. ::wable load
on _::,
. -A.0034 (Ltrl: Ea) 55.17
b) 66.45
r'-< x 10 mmangle c) 51.12
= 22.4 mr
11 a 62.26
12= 49.3 mr:'
capacriy of the section? Use A 36 steel with
Fy = 250 h,Pa"
8ea) 1412.5 kN
b) 3223.2 kN
c) 27214.4 kN
0 1784.8 kN

Ix = 67.3 x 106 mm4
A = 5690 mm2
Iy = 21.2 x 106 mm4
x = 2.12 x 106 mm4
x=17mm
d=305mm
Solution:
lx*
A=2(56%)
A = 11380
Ix=2(67.3x106)
Ix = 134.6 x 106 mm4
ty = f1z.t2x to6) + slso6rirzl 2
Iy = 2A5.55 x tN mm4
PD PD
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Steel Desl-gn
134.b x 106
f=
1 1380
r= 108.76 mm
KL 6000
r = 108J6
KL
r = 55.17
2n2 E
Cc= t,y
2n2 (2oo,oooi
vc-
250
Cc= 125.6
rrseFs=lr.#!,]#
(55.17)3-
=J*&tzs.oo)- 8(125.66)3
3(55'17)
". -5-
"'"'
F.S. = 1.82
oo=[,ffiT#
Fa= 124.12l|vfPa
P=AFa
P = ll3ffi(124.12)
P = 1412486 N
P = 1412.5 kN
PD PD
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c
Steel lDesl-gln-
A 9 m compression member is composed of

F two built up channels placed at a distance of
250 mm back to back with a cover plate on
top and lacing at the bottom. The size of
the cover plate is 500 x 16 mm while the
built up channel consists of 2 angles 150 x
100 x 16 mm at the top and 2 angles 100 x
100 x 16 mm at the bottom. The web plate
is 550 x 14 mm. Deterrnine thc safe axial
load that this member could carry. Use
Fa = ll9 - 0.A$4@lr)2. Whe, KLlr <120.
_ 73ffX)
us€fa=-----------;
.I + (KLlr)/
73ooo
Properties of 150 x lA0 x 16 nun

Ix = 8.78 x mm4
106 A = 3780 mm2
Iy = 3.12 x mm4
106 x =26.2mm
x = 2.12 x 106 mm4 y = 51.6 mm
lel 4 Properties of fiO x lN x 16 nan

plF.s Ix = 2.8 x 106 mm4 A = 2974 mm?
17)3 x= 31.2 mm Y = 31.2 mm
L_ -<5.
I l r:s.oo13 8sa) 3938 kN c) 2744 kN
b) 3223 kN 0 4784 kN
Solution:
il# A=At+A2+A3+A4
A=500(16)+2(5s0)(la)
+ 2(3780) +2(2974)
A = 36908 mm2
Ay = At yt + AZyz + A3 n + A4 y4
36908y = 500(16)8 + 2(550)(la[29])
+ 2(3780)(67.6) + 2(2974)(534.8)
y =223 mm
PD PD
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Eteel. IDeslgn
,*=&#+ 500(16)(215)2
. [,r,iy + r+(soo)(6s)2] :
+ [(z.s x to6) + 2974(3tt.8P):
+ [(s.zt x to6) + 3780(155.aP]
Ix = 1613.4 x 106 mm4
rogag . 3]
,,= [urf# .550(14)( I
+ [12.4 x to6) + 2s7a07o.2fl

+ [1:.tz x to6) + 3780(165.2i]
Iy = 825.7 x 106 mm4
r=\AIT
,=\m
r = 149.6 mm
!r _9(looo)
149.6
L = il.z. tzo
r
Fa= ll9 - 0.0034 (Ltr)z

Fa=1r9-0.mY(60.2)
Fa = 106.7 lvlPa
P = 106.7(36908)
P = 3938 kN
PD PD
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.d o .c .c
Eteel lDesign
'.5)(21$2
A W 310 x 118 section with a length of 8 m
is used as a column. Determirp the safe load
- - u(sw)r;Alr] : that the column can cany using AISC
Column Specifications when:
+ 2974(311,9121 _
.r + 3780(155.+;:- . O the column ends are fixed

rsa) 2702kN c) 3210 kN
b) 2549 kN a ?2szw:t
0 the cclumn ends are hinged
c2) l454kN c) l555kN
b) 1321 kN 0 1674 kN
- 2974(170.2;1:-_ ; Properties afW 310 x 118
.a + 3780(165.2;:-: A = 15000 mm2 ry = 77.6 mm
E = 200,000 MPa r-r = 136 mm
F) = 380 MPa
Solution:
Effective length = 0.5L
when the ends are ftxed
_8
L=r=4m.
L 4000
v= 77s
L
7 = 5l'55
C-
(= 2n2 (2oo,ooo)
380
C=101.93>51.55
Use
,o=f, %lfr
PD PD
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Eteel lDesLg=n
5 3(Ltr)- (Ltr)3
n...= j*
8C lZ3-
Fc 5.3(51.55) (51.55)3
r'r'=f*dor.6 a(rol.etF
F.S. = 1.84
- r- -rlol-ftFjI
ra=
(51.55)2 380
Lt 1s4
Fa = 180.11 MPa
P=AFa
P = 15000(180.11)
P = 2701650 N
P = 2702 kN
Effective Length
= L when the ends are hinged
L 8000
r 77.6
I
a= 103.90 > 101.93
r
Use:
t2n2 o
Fo=
n &rfi
-
tu-
L^_4
t2n2 (200.000)
B&lr)z
- 1.03 x 106
I U-
(Llr)'
-
, u-
1.03fl0)6
(103.09)z
Fa =96.92tvPa
P=AFa
P = 15000(96.92)
P = 1453800 N
P = 1454 kN
PD PD
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Steel lDesl.gn
frfifijy,tiF 'bl,in,i
,._ : ',''
.
Determine the allowable load that can be
fi
>----1-
51.55)3 canied by a W 36A x ?,41 rolled section
mi i01.93)r using Fy = 415 MPa, E = 250 GPa and the
AISC Specifications for a 6 m. column with
thc following end conditions:
ml
bl
380
Il--ll L84 O Both ends fixed
-
6a) 100037kN c) 100344 kN
b) 100879 kN 0 100087 kN
O One end irxed whiie the other is hinged

€a) 9492kN c) 9555kN
b) 8321 kN 4 7674 kN
O Both ends hinged

ma) 8527kN c) 9545 kN
g, r: hinged b) 8921 kN 0 8s75 kN
0 One end fixed, the other is ftee

ffia) 4274kN c) 3467kN
b) 5454 kN 0 4751 kN
Properries ofW 3ffi x 347

A =.M2A0 mm2 rx = 168
? = 10'1
Salution:
O Both ends fwed: ,t = 0.5
tr _ 0.05(6000)
r 104
&L
r =zs.ts
,Tdd_L
r /z,rz (zsQt lo1)

"t- ^Y 415
,--nffi
"t- Y 4ts
,-t
KL
Cc = 109.05 ,7 = 2S.AS
PD PD
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c u -tr a c k
Steel. trDesLgrr. c u -tr a c k
Use:
.o=[,y#lX
r.S.=
,
i * '(+) 8C
(a)'
gc3
5 3(28.85)
r"r'=5*dog"ot
(zg.ast3
alroe.os;r
F.S. = 1.76
o,=[,#ffi#]ffi
Fa = 227.08ivlPa
P=AFa
P =M2W(227.07)
P = 10036936 N
P = 100037 kN
One erdfaed, otlur hinged:
k=0.7
tr _ o.z(oooi
| 104
LL=qOsA.-Cc =109.05
, , (+) (+)'
r's'=i* sc. scl
5 3(40.38) (40.38)3
r"'r' =5*
8doe.o5 g(lorosF
F.S. = 1.8
o,=[,WlX
,,=f, ffi]if
Fa = 214.75lvlP:x
P=AFa
P =442W214.75)
P = 9492 kN
PD PD
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Eteel Desig:n
Both ends hinged:

t= i.0
ru _ 1.0(6000)
*)' r 104
-.-
iCJ KL
-=-)l.l<L'^
Cc = 109.05
r'r'= 5* 3(s7.7) (57.213

3 8(fre-ot 8(roqosf
E-
h,-l
:15
'..76 F.S. = 1.85
- $7l\2 --l
po=lr_ 4ls
!- 2(109.0s)2J 1.85
Fa = 19292\vffa
P=AFa
w:ed: P = 442N(r92.92)
P = 8527 kN
One endfixed the other is free: k = 2.0
" "5 kL _z(mt

tl' 3
r 104
;) KL
a.3 7=115.38>Cc
- -c
j0.38)3 Cc = 109.05
q .09.013 Use:
l2n? E
Iâ =-----;-;--':
,, (+)'
- t2n2 (250 x lo3)
I IL-
$'.l15 23 (l 15.38)z
m-T Fa = 96.7 MPa
P=AFa
P = M200(96.7)
P =4274 kN
PD PD
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Steel. Desl"Exrn
A steel column 10 m. long is comPosd

lwo C 31fr x 3'7 laced together with :
ftranges outstanding. How much shouH

channels be placed b-ack to back if i
section must be equally strong in both a

Flow much load can it carrY. Use !"
steel Fy = 250 MPa. Use AISC Specs.
Properties of one channel

A= 4720 rnm?
Ix = 59.9 x 106 mm4
.r = 17.1 mm
/Y=l.85x106
ffia) 187.6 mm,937 kN

b) 161.5 mm,798 kN
c) i91.4 mm, 916 kN
4 178.6 mm,698 kN
Solution:
/.r=2(59.9x 106)
1x = i19.8 x 106 mm4
ry = [1r.as x ro6) + zzo{nz) 2

Iy=(3.7xtr06)+gM\Kz
Ix = Iy (equal strength in both axcs)

119.8 x 196 = 13.7 x 106) + g44AK2
K = 1tr0.9 mm
b
X= 17.l
,+
h
1109 - t'7.1
;=
b = 187.6 mm
PD PD
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w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
EteeI lDesl-gn
: ]
:;;:::::::: l: : ::: ::::: i: i:
]
': I
t +ug:1tr*ffi
Safe laad it could carry
.ongls compos.: 0
: J together witi. -:r
P=AFa
--:tw much Shoul: m
::ck to back r: mr ,=\A rr
I ' stnrng in both :: r.
'. crry. Use "r. :t l19.Er fAl
- AISC Specs.
'e 2{4120)
.' .:ne channel r = 112.65 mm
!_ rrulaCI
v
r 113
I
L
*too = 88"77
_t_
zr2 (zoo,ooo.l
Cc=
250
Cc= r25.6
,seFa=lr
w]#
r 'r' = *
s 3(88.77) (88.?7)3
5 8(E Ai 8(,rtAf
F.S. = 1.89
r + 944AK2
ro=l'ffil#
Fa=99.27tvffa
P=AFa
P = 47N{2)(99.27)
P = 937109 N
P =937 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 404 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
IDee.gn E
Steel E
F
5
A storage tank of molasses in a certain

mill in Central Luzon is suPPorted
column which is built uP of two
channels. Use AISC Specification. Fy =
MPa,E=200,000MPa.
Which of the following gives the d

back to back of the two channels for a
efficient built up section?
sa) 187.6 mm c)123.8 mm
b) 283.2 mm @ 168.4 mm

efficient capacity of this section.
€a) 792tN c) 878kN
b) 6s7 kN 0 745 kN
ProPerties ofC 310 x 37

A = 4720 mm2 ru=1l3mm
d=305mm ? = 19.8 mm
Ix = 59.9 x 106 mm4 .r = 17.10 mm
Iy = 1.85 x 106 mm4 fw = 9.8 mm
Solution:
For the most efficient section of 2 c
it must be placed back to back with
outstaflding in such a waY tlat it
equally strong in both axes.
Ix= 59.9 x 106 (2)
Ix=Iy
59.9 x 106 (2) = (1.85 x 106 + 472)kt)7
.. 69.9 - 1.85) 106
^-
bL- -
4720
* = 110.90 mm
b
,+x=k
h
i+ r7.10 = 110.90
b = 187.6 mm distance back to back
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
405
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
EtEel lDesl.g=rr c u -tr a c k
,=^[*
:esmacerttun-i_ff,
- ls supported : _
59.9 x rc6 L2)
t-. rrp of two star_s: f=
: -;ification. F) = ::'
4720 (2)
r= 112.65
r,, -:: gives the dis..: _,,

L 12000
:,- : vrr@lrlvlD
;hannels lul a ::,
for d. I : r t12.65
l L
;) 123.8 mm 7 = fi6'52
0 168.4 mm
"rg gives the : - .l

C=
section.
cl 878 kN
0 745 kN znz Qoo,aao)
Q=
250
::C 310x37 C=125.66>106.52
.x=l13mm
? = 19.8 mm
r = 17.10 mm Fa=l'Y#lf*
nv = 9.8 mm
5 3(Ltr)- (Ltr)3
r'c'=Jn 8c 87t
:e:tion of 2 chan.-::
r..'r'
5 . 3f106.52) (106.52)3
n back with flar;*, *
:
t, "ay tlwt it woul,: :"
=5
&l2t6di 8(lr5 j6F
::,es,
F.S. = l.9l
: 106+ 4720k\ -
r,=fr
Fa = 83.86 MPa
f##l*
P=AFa
P =47N(2){83.86)
P = 791638 N
P =792 N
:e back to back (eapacity of the effcient section)
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
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k
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lic
lic
445 -A
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Bteel IDesl.gn
c u -tr a c k
Ir
il
h
Analyze the truss loads as shown

A 572 Grade A 36 steel: Fy = 248 \E-:-
O What is the maximum load that mer:..:t-

can carry?
ssa) 67.6 kN
b) 54.4 kN
c) 87.7 kN
0 78.3 kN
O Considering member DF what is t-h;

factor required when computing -:.
allowable ax ial stress?
@ a) 1.92
b) 2.12
c) 1.34
0 1.66
O For the welded connection using i

electrodes with Fu = 413.7 MPa, *:- :r.
required toml length in mm of 4 n::

TYPI CAI, SECTI O N O F TRU S S weld for member GH?
LIAMBER Ga) 63.71 mm
1
b) 75.34 mm
c) 56.78 mm
0
83.15 mm
O For bolted connections, assuming :ur.

bolts can be arrange in one line r
determine the required number c: t
diam. bolts for member GH is the i
tensile strength is 363 MPa :-rl
allowable shear stress is 145 MPa
Fa) 3
b)4
c)5
02
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
405-B w
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
teel l)eslgEn
*i.\'dr;Ir# o Capacity of nwtnber FH (compression)

At = 6(50)
L-f l: F) = 248 lvfp"
At = 300
' ioad that membr: A2= M(6)
t=l4.7
i
+ Az= 264
35.3
A=Al+Az
A=564
lF what is the ,i ,
computing fc: -:,rr
5& x =,41 x1 + A2x2
i.]rylry
: I ': t.t
564 x= 300(25) + 2&(3)
"t'jt'!
l}.r**
j ___J.itt _-i,{
|t ._ x = 14.70
t..i t I
I:l[,1
til L:l
-:.rion using E
:, . 50(r4.7)3 44$.7\3*6(35.3)3
,=--l--
- -_j.7 MPa, what :, ;ur
:
3 3
:" mm of 4 mm *..t I= 131257.98 mm4
for one angle only
. assuming frr: :y
:n one line of :: i ' -Yt l:tzsi.%
564.
number of 6 :,m,
GH is the allor i: *, rx= 15.26
:53 MPa and -iii
: 145 MPa.
L ="W; Q)z
L = 2.236 m.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
405-c
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
-.ll r>el lDesLgn
L 2236
r 15.26
L
-r = 146.53
c--
{=
C=126.17<146.53
l2n2 E
Fo=
zt u*
-
ro =r2n2
(200.000)
z3d4r,s:1f
Fa = 47.97 lvfPa
P=AFa
P = 56aQ)$1.97)
P = 54105 N
P = 54.1 kN
Considering member DF what is th't

factor required when computin;
allowable axial stress?
L 2236
V= 1526
L-=
r ue.sz
c = t26ji
L
->c
f
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y 5-D
y
bu
40
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
lBteel lDeslgrr
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
5kN
Use:
E=16.7'7 l2n2 E
-
o'=
CF
H u 1;
n2E
Fa= ,L,2
rs (;)
/.3
F..t =-t2
F.S = L92
@ GLI Sin 63.43' = 20

GH = 22.36 kN (tension)
?=SsAs
22360 = 0.3Fy (0.10T@)L
22360 = 0.30(4 I 3.7X0 .7 07)(4)L
L = 63.71 mm
-! what is the
,f"J. compwing
:_-,,,.-
s
T =22360N
I=SsAs
22360= t4s (f) 6)zQ)N (donbte shear)
N = 2.73 say 3 bolts

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
406
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Eteel lDesl-g=n .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
The semi-circular statically determinare

is formed .of a W 3& x 216
Allowable stresses are axial, 70 MPa
110 MPa in bending. Find the maxi
concentrated load P which may safely
applied. Assume arch is suitably
against buckling. (Write interac
expression in terms of 6, maximize
respect to 6 to find critical section)

Ix=712 x 106 mm4 A = 27600 mtr..
Iy = 283 x 106 mm4 d = 375 mm
S.r = 3790 x ldmm4
rsa) 3864000 N c) 3935000N

b) 334s000N 0 3682000N
Solution:
Considering section "A - A"
DFh=0
Fsin6=VcosO
Fsin6
cos 0
SECTION AA IFv=0
FcosO+Ysin6=0.5P
Vsin0=0.5P-FcosO
0.5P-FcosO
Y=------_:--
sln 0
Equating O and Q
Fsin6 0.5P-FcosO
cos o sin o
F sin2 0 = 0.5P co6 O - F cos? 0
F (sin2 0 + cos2 O) = 0.5P cos O
F=0.5Pcos6
M=0.5p(R-Rcosg)
M = 0.5PR (t - cos 6)
M = 0.5P (l.sxl - cos 0)
M = 0.75P 1t - cos O)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
to
k
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lic
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407
C
C
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w
m
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w w
w
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o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
eel lDesign
y determinate *-ui From interactio n equation :

* 360 x 216 fa fb
'-
fa +"-
be::r 1.0
r': axial, 70 Mpa -; rD =
:; Find the maxin_:; F
: ;hich may safel,, :e fa= a
,;: is suitably bra:r;
Write interac:.::r ^ =0.5P cos O
la
-: O, maximize,-.- ,r*n
Fa = J0 MPa
",t 360x216 ^McM=
Jb= I s'
A = 27600 mm2
0.75P (1 - cos 0) 1000
d=375mm fb= 3790 x 103
0.75P (t - cos 6)
ft- 3790
Fb = 110 MPa
0.5P cos O+-790(l1o)

0.75P (1 - cos 0)
nffi7o) =r
P cos 0 + 6.95P (l - cos 0) = 3864000
P (cos g + 6.95 - 6.95 cos O) = 33864000
_ 3864000
r=6.95-t95coso
dP _ (6.95-5.95cosg)0-3 864000(0-5.95sing)
do - 9.95 - 5.95 cos o)2
dP
,10=o
dP _
--
3864000 (5.95 sin o) _ n
do (6.95 - 5.95 cos ilz
il--
:
),- :os2 O Simplifyins:
lr,i":,, cos 0
sin6=g'
0=0
3864000
P=
6.95 - 5.95 cos 0'
P = i864000 N
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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to
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k
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lic
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408
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslg=n
A cylindrical water tank with 6.5 m

diameter is supported by four steel co
made up of two 100 x 75 x 16 mm
with long legs back to back spaced a
mm. The four points of support under
tank form a square with 4.5 m. sides
m. below the tank, thO corresponding
poins of support form a bigger square
7.5 m. sides. When empty the tank wti
45 kN. Assuming that each column
carry one fourth of the total load equall)'
that the load is concentric with the axu
the post, find the maximum height of
in the tank which the column carry
Neglect the effect of buckling. Use
Specifications. Fy = 250 MPa.
K= 1.0
Properties of two lN x75 x 16 anglct

A = 5135 mm2
rx = 31.2 mm
ry = 34.54 mm
*'a) 1.33 m.
b) 2.21m.
c) 1.72 m.
0 2.74 m.
Solution:
,={l-sP+(t-5P
x=2.12
*= (A2 + @)2
L2=36+Q.lD2
L = 6.36 m.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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to
k
k
lic
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w 409 w . d
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .c
Eteel lDeslqr-r
l(t _ 6.36(1000)
r 31.2
;---< with 6.5 m ii i,al U=2g4
:i four steel col;r,n r
: 75 x 16 mm a-.i,ll
*. back spaced .: ,r.
:,i support unde: ;r Cc=

,;";r 4.5 m. sides a:,: '
:e corresponding ,: u 212 (2oo,ooo)
a bigger square i" rfr Cc=
250
:,:pty the [ank E:'rr
Cc= r25.66
:;t each column ; ",.
:-.ul load equally .i;-
t2n2 E
cric with the ax-_i m
rum height of '..s use Fa=Vffif
:olumn carry sE-"-
f _ l2r2 (200,000)
ro=-frMp-
:uckling. Use ...il
= 150 MPa. As,-:l Fa = 24.75lvlPa
'r. P=AFa
x 75 x 16 angit: P =24.75(5135)
P = 127091 N
P=l27kN
127 6.36
:=-
t6
F = 119.8i kN
(vertical load for one column)
F = 4(119.8)
F = 479.24 kN (for 4 columds)
Total vertical loads canied
by the four columns = weight of water
and weight of tank when emPry
47s240 =[ to.s)z (9810)ft + 45ooo

h= 1.3i m. af water
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
410
to
to
k
k
li c
lic
Steel lDeslg:rr tr
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
;;
,t
A wide flange section is used as a cd

section with'both ends pinned. Comp':r
critical load it could carry if it ha
following properties.
A = 8000 mm2 /x = 100 ra::

E = 200000 MPa r) = 50 mr
L=5m.
ffia) 1579 kN
l" b) 1482 kN
l\'1
c) 1842 kN
iil I
0 1648 kN
lt
I 1t=s Solution:
lll n2E
IIL Critical stress = ::-
(Ltr)2
f.'{
L 5000
I
t; r50
I
a=100
r
o _- n2 (zoo,ooo)
dc
(100)2
Sc = 197.39 }4Pa (critical stess)
Critical load P;s:
Pc= ScA
P = 197 .39 (8000)
c
Pc= 1579137 N
Pc= 1579 tN
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
411
to
to
ic k
ic k
Cl
Cl
w
w
m
m
Eteel
w
lDesle:n w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
wxay:fEg,
/!$i:t,',c:E:nu;aia:*tati,:ii
e.:, - is used as a cc _-.. A steel column has the following properties:
r,r,:) pinned. Compu= lr Modulus of elasticity E = 200,000 MPa,
u - : carry if it ha: -:r yield strength Fy = 200 MPa, length
uufl
L = 12 m., moment of inertia I = 3': .7 x 106
v lx = 100 mr--. mm4 and area = 8000 mm2. which of the
following gives the allowable stress is
ffi'. r, = 50 mm closest t0:
a) 120 MPa
b) 67.4 MPa
6c) 33.7 MPa
0 91.1 MPa
Solution:
L = 12,000 mm.
r=\ArT
KL 1.0 (12000)
r
37.7 x 106
8000
KL
174.8
r =
Q=
r-;:- tl stress)
Q=
2n2 (2oo ooo)
200
C :140.5
Therefore: * r,
t2r?E
Use Fo=
' Zl@*
tz ,r2 (z0o o0o)
_
23 (r74.q2
= i3.7 MPa.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
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412
C
C
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w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDesl-etn
Determine the allowable column loads

the given built up section which consi
an S 150 x 26 and two channels C 380 r
having an effective length of 6 m.
section is pin-connected at both ends.
A572Grade 50 steel and AISC Specs.
Properties of One qltannel C 384 x 74

A = 9480 mm2 d=381mm
/.r = 168 x 106 mm4 rx = 133 mm
Iy=4.$x 106mm4 \=22mm
.r = 20.3 mm rrv = 18.2 mm
Properties ofS 150 x26

A =3250 mm2 d= l52mm
/x = 10.8 x 106 mm4 rx= 57.7 mm
Iy=0.952x ldmm4 rr= l7.l mm
a) 1642 kN
b) 1548 kN
,g'c) 1981 kN
0 1868 kN
Solution:
a = 9480 +3250
A = 12730 mm2
/x = 168 x 106 (2) + 0.952 x 106
Ix=336.952x ld mm4
/y=10.8xld +
+ [+.0 x ld + 9480(73.il2)z
Iy= llJ.J4 a'1g6
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
413
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
Eteel lDeslgn
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
column loaG :r
'e
:n which consisrs -r 123.5a x 106_
:hannelsC380r-" r= nTa
a;igth of 6 m. l:n r = 98.51
i at both ends, L-r Kr l(6000)
mI AISC Specs. r - 98.51
::,annelC380x7a
j=38lmm \=*.r,
For A 572 Grade 50 steel
'r = 133 mm F) = 50000 psi
'Y=22mm _
Fu=-
50000(9.81)
lrv = 18.2 mm 2.2(2s.4)(2s.4)
I) = 345.58 MPa
w 5 150 x26
j=152mm
'x= 57.7 mm Cc=
') = l7.l mm
zn2 (zoo,ooo)
Cc=
345.58
Cc = 106.88
rrseFa=|, #!]#
5 3(KLtr) (KLtr)3
"'t=r* 8% TZ;t
s 3(60.91) (60.91)3
r'r'=3+8(106^8-6
8(roostr
F.S. = 1.86
r-::l x 106
"o=[,ffi&t,i*,"
Fa = 155.62lvffa
-.r-
-2.s12)z P=AFa
P = D734055.62)
P = 1981 hN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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to
to
k
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lic
lic
414
C
C
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w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Desiglrr E
I
t
I
Determine the safe axial ioad t-h.

column shown which consists of a
of W 310 x 97 and a
section
C 310 x 45. The'column has a
supports at both ends and has a hei
8 m. Use A 572 Grade 60 steel. Use I
Specifications.
Properties ofC 310 x45

A = 5690 mm2 d = 305 mm
Ix= x
67.3 106 mm4 ff= 80 mm
Iy = 2.12 x 106 mm4 tf = 12.7 mm
r=17mm rp=13mm

A = 12300 mm2 d = 308 mm
Ix=222x mm4 ff= 305 mm
106
Iy=72.9 x 106 mm4 f = 15.4 mm
a) 2896 kN
b) 4236 kN
*c) 3637 kN
0 1936 kN
Solution:
A=5690+ 12300
A = 179%) mm2
Ay=Atn+Azn
yt990t = 5690(371) + 12300(154)
i = 222.62
Ix=222x 106 + 12300(68.63)2
+ 2.12 x 106 + 5690(148.37)2
Ix=407.3x 106 '
Iy=72.9 x 106 + 67.3 x 106
Iy = 140.2 x 105 '
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 415 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel Deslgn
Ir
!'-r-
l)
a;: axial Ioad tha: \' /1
un";- ;onsists of a bul-:
*:t t.97andac
;olumn has a l-::u 'r= ^1i-','ritA22O(X.\(Yt
11990
:,-, and has a heiE: r. r = 88.28
l--: 60 steel. Use .:*..: Kl _ 9r,$aaql
r 88.28
:_:C310x45 KI,
= 45.31
d=305mm -r
' bf-80mm I.) = 60000 psifor A 572 Grade 60 steel
tf = 12.7 mm _ 60000(9.81)
'Fvf = 2.2 (25.4)(25.4)
ny=13mm
F) = 414.70 Ir{Pa
:; ty 310 x g7
d=308mm
tr V=305 mm Cc= -
{= 15.4 mm
212 (2oo,ooo)
Cc=
414.70
Cc=97.57
rlseFa=[,-#!lX
s 3(45.31) (41!_D1
I'r'=I*frea5,
Agr;F
F.S. = 1.83
-:r300(154)
",=[,ffi1#
Fa = 202.18 MPa
P=AFa
P = 17990B42.ft)
P = 3637 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
416
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
Steel lDesl-gn
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Four 100 x 100 x 13 mm angles are

back to 'back as shown in the
Determine the safe load when they are
as a hinged-end column 4 m. long:-
AISC Specifications with Fy = 250 !
Properties of 100 x lN x 13 nun
A=2430mm? x=y=29.8
f x= f! = 30.4 mm rz = 19.5 mn
Iy = I, = 2.24 x 106 mm4
€a) 926 tN c) 896 kN

b) 836 kN 0 936kN
Solution:
t,= f2.24 x 106 + 2430(29.$214
Ix = 17.6 x 106 mm4
Ix= Iy = 17.6 x 106
A = 4(2430) = 9720 mm2
,=\Ffffi=0,,,
29.8 29.8 Y=ffi=ro
,r=llry=
,C"= 125.6U
,t'urrFo=lt-W]#
.r=;.,fl*i'ffi=,o
ro=lrffi)#
Fa =95.27tvPa
P=AFa
P =972AQ527)
P =926024N
P =926 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
417w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDerslgn
'tFffiffiui
-: mm angles are t'c:eqe A water tank with a gross weight of 400 kN
l:own in the fiErrl when empty is supported by five 100 mm x
ual when they are r:scdl 100 mm x l0 mm steel angle columns
trnn 4 m. long. Lx
rith F) = 250 MPa
f-2'"--l (battered I horizontal to 4 vertical) equally
distant from each other supported on concrete
; li)O x 13 mm angb footings on a base of 4.8 m. in diameter.
x=l=29.8mn 54000 N The tank is subjected to a wind pressure of
rz = 19.5 mm 54 kN and is acting at a vertical distance of
6 m. above the ground. Determine the
maximum height of water that the tank
could support neglecting wind pressure on
the columns and bracings, considering only
2.4 m. as the unsupported length of column.
Diameter of the tank is 2 meters and its
height is 4 m. Use AISC Specifications:
iqze.uz) 4
Fy = 450 MPa
Properties of
100 nunx lN mm x 10 mm angle
1= 1900 mm2 x=!=28.7 mm
Ix= 1.8 x 106 mm4 Iry=0.92x106
Iy= 1.8 x 106 mm4
= 42.55
@a) 3.03 m. c) 2.12 m.
b) 1.54 m 0 3.25 m.
2n2 (2oo,ooot Solution:
250 x = 2.4 Sin 18' = 0.74 m.
-4.8m ! = 2.4 Sin 54' = 1.94 m.
M = 54000(6)
M = 324000 N.m
o4\3 I ='EA&
-ad*oP = t'sg Astune area of one column as one.
I 2s0 I = t(2.4)2 + 2(0.792 + 2(1.94)2
rJ 1"89 I = 14.38
Dtu to witrd load only:
M C 324Cf[(2.4\
r-- I - 14.38
.f = 54075 N
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
41E
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
Eteel IDes grr
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
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w
m
m
w w
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o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Solvefor the least monunt of inertia
ln
using Mohrs Circle.
Imin.= t.8 x t06 - 0.92 x 106
I3y=0 92 x 106 Imin. = 0.88 x 105 mm4
\.1_ ,=\err
[-"It]
f-lr+r=r.a
* ro6--]
f=
0.88 x 106
r = 2l.52mm
1900
l=m=nt.Sz
Cc=
zr2 (zoo,ooot
Cc=
450
Cc=93.66 < lll.52
t2n2 E
use Fa=
B &trp
to=1ffi
F _ 1212 (ZOO'000)
Fa = 82.81 MPa
P=AFa
P = 1900(82.81)
P = 157339 N
By ratio and proportbn:

P 54075 + WlS
--:=-.-.---
{rz 4
*l- w#y=toort*Y
W = 493407 N
I W = wt. of water and empty tank
4s3407 =t <'zlrli(9810) + 4oo,ooo

{: '15=540"75+til15
h= 3,0i m.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
419
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
teel lDesl.g=rr
ffiwffi
\ w'-cnt of inertia, Qf,f,l,;,|tE"|':b,ii|if:i:iii'1.,Ii:itAL
:- x 106 A cylindrical water tank full of water is
sufficiently anchored at the top ofa triangular
r,: l steel tower. The tower has 75 x 15 x 12 mm
steel angle columns amply braced on concrete
footings A, B and C equally distant from each
other and 4m apart. A horizontal wind
ry pressure of 30 kN acts on the tank 5.5 rn.
above the ground. Neglecting wind pressure
on the column and bracings and taking 2.5
m as the unsupported length of the column,
for what maximum weight of the tank will
the tower sustain the load. Use'AISC
Specifications. .Fy = 250 MPa.
Properties of 75 x 75 x 12 mm angle
]l],;,1
' A = 17"14 mm2 x = 23.25 mm
Ix = 0.92 x 106 mm4 y = 23.25 mm
Iy = 0.92 x 106 mm4 lxl = 0.53 x 106
sa) 43 N c) 38N
b) 52N 0 68N
tit' *
Solution:
Position of column to obtain maximum stress
To obtain I^;n. Use Mohrs Circle:
I min = I, - Iry (refer to Mohrs Circle)
Imin= 0.92 x 106 - 0.53 x 106
Imin= 0.39 x 106 mm4
Ir
,=\l'#
,
0.39 x 106
r= 1774
llir|tr-, tank
r= 14.8 mm
i - 400,000 !_ 2.5(lm0) _ 16q
r 14.8
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
420
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl-grr
Cc=
r--^@ 250
'c- Y
Ixy=53 x t06
Cc= 125'66
\1- t2n2 E
Use Fa=i&t*
(200,000)
,,û _
12712
- n06r2
Fa = 36.06 MPa
P=AFa
P = 1774(36.06)
P = 63970 N
23.25
l_ M = 30000(5.5)
M = 165000 N.m
M = 165 x 106 N.mm
,k*\
I
Assume area of one angle as one.
I =2(1.15 x 1000)2 +
I = 7.98 x 106 mm4
-Mc
=t
Jt
1(2.31 x 1000F
3.a6-l /1=m
. (165 x 106x2.31x1000)
h= 47763 N/mm2
h= 47763 N/column
,4
4
P Wl\ + 47763
x 4
of Inad
4.n=--- 4
63970 _Wt3 + 4'1763
4.12 -
62rc7
4
=+ + 47i63
r.15 W= 43031N
ffi461=23t'
W =43 kN
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
y
y
bu
bu
421
to
to
ic k
k
l ic
Cl
C
lDeslgn
w
Steel
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
lEEi',t'B'iii'ii'"ifi:"'ii,!i|ii
Determine the allowable total load on the
J., steel column in plan with unsupported
length of 5 m. Use the allowable stress of:
t6E _
t{_
-
I
ttrrP r.rt
l2 Where E = 200 GPa
I
lfllllll ,-r t I
Properties of one angle I 50 x :00 x 20 rvn
flilt -
I
_,1 l- It-z= lO.2 x 106 mm4

I
I
Iz-z = 3.61x 106 rnm4
I
x=27.4 mm
) = 52'8 mm
A = 4478 mm2
€a) 416.3 kN
b) 446.8 kN
llllmm c) 523.6 kN
0 347.2 kN
l;r:ie as one.
u-.2.31 x1000)2 Solution:
A = 4478(2)
A = 8956 mm2
rx = zl0o.2 x 106) + 4418{27.q2)

Ix= 52.32 x 106 mm4
@r ry=zle.ot x 106)+ 4478(2't.4)2)

LlI,hi Iy = l3.g x 106 mm4
u l-' IxY = Ary

I xy = 447 8(59.7)(27 .4)2
IxY = 14'65 x 106 mm4
Ix - IY = 38.42 x 106 mm4
'# = r9.2r x i06 mm4

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
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lic
lic
422
C
C
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDesLe=n
P2 = g+.65 x t06)2 + (19.21x t06)2

R = 24.16 x 106 mm4
'+= 33'1i x lo6 mm4
Min.l =lt:! R
Min.l =33.11 x 106- 24.16x106

Min.l=8.95x106mm4
,=\F
,=\w
r = 31.6 mm
rr],=ra.6s x to6 !_ s(tooot

_i r 31.6
L= 158.23
r
r=Cfr6EL.,s
- t6ooo x 103)
t=#
' {tst'231'2.75
/= 46.48 MPa
P=Af
P = 8956(46.48)
P = 416.3 kN
(allowable load on steel colwnn)
A 150 mmx 100 rhm x 16 mm

section is used'as a column haviry
unsupported length of 3m. Using the
NSCP Specs. compute the safe axial
that it'could eany if Fy = 250 MPa
200,000 MPa.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
423
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel Desflg=rr
Prop. of 150 mm x /00 mm x 16 mm

- i06;2 idmm4
Ix=8.40x A=374A mm2
',21x Iy*3x106mm4 x=25.9mrr
)=50.9mm 0=23.46'
ssa) l5l.l kN c) 165.2 kN

b) 143.2 kN 0 i75.7 kN
106
Solution:
Using Mohr's Circle:
Cos 2o = r#r[
2f4o)6-
"p = Cos 46.92'
R = 3.95 (10)6
Imin = (5.27 - 3.95) 106

Imin= 1.32 x ld mm4
t= V ^m6 3i4a
r = 18.79 mm
t= lry
r 18.79 =
15e.66
Q=
Q=
tn" :teel colurnn)
C = 125.(fi
L>c
r
l2n2 E
Use: Fa=
:r:: x 15 rnm angJ[' X (W
u. column havinl ro ,^: 12 n2{2@Q@)
:: 3m. Using the .trrl
:r-.: the safe axial " -ur
'o =;ioFr6\2
Fa = 40.4 MPa.
i .;_r' = 250 hdPa a.-: f P=AFa
P = 3740 $A.4)
F= 151096 N
=.151.1
IcN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
424
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
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o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl.gn E
-
:
I
Ttr
BENDING IN ONEAXIS
Interaction eqwtion: (N SC Specill - tt
A. wnenfrl<ols
,,,',,,f#'
; Fi,lr.oi .,,..
:
,, ,. .. . , p: ::,:: :::::: :.j::,::,,,,,
qtreqs
',,'' fo = V axtal
Fa = altc,wable stress ,t
Tlrrr?;i,rr,.,,
Q whenY. r,
,ro=,,lrl',,ffi]#
. F.s.=i*-ac.
t\ere -^ 5 3(KLtr) {KL'r.'
8C.l
KL
@ when , >Cs
,1,.,.l.,.,',,,.l ;,l.,fl62,.,f,,,.,,,'.....
'.iioo..-..ffiffiffi.,.,..
MC
fb= t
..i.:il;:i::!.!i:...:.ri:.M:.i.tl:,:i.:.::..:i;::,i.i::tt..i...,,'...',..:i:.;:..i:i.i:i;i
,,.tfi,:;,a,,fr Dc.fiflIn$ 8frc88::ii

,'
:.i::l:lll:l::iiii:ii::i::::i
.,,;,.,,,',,,,,,,.,,:1,,.,:9,x...,,.:,,.,,,,.:.:.::::::.:::
Fb = allowable bending sness if 0,.7

bending Jrre$dJ were present
iiU,raIi#Ai*iffiffff:i
when L < L,
f
200bf
LC- -J
trFv
:.ffi1:#}rEi.0iffi
when L> Lg
L<Lt
_ 138m0
"n=-V
af
Note: If bcrding is along thc y-ams
'iifrifii.*ii0if5'f.9ii::i:,i
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
y
y
bu
bu
425
to
to
ic k
k
l ic
el lDeslgn
Cl
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
B. wnenffi> o.15
p= rY,
o, ft=#
p
fo=i
Check also:
Lb= unbraced length in the plane of bending

rb = radius of gyration in the
plarc of bending
K = effective length factor in the
plane ofbending
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
426 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl-g:ro- Er
F'
T
iiltntrisi:,l:ff:ill iXi
Cm = a coefficient whose value sh:'

ruken as follows.
0 For compression metnhers infrwnes :;

rc "ioint translation (sideswaY)
:r:r: - ! 0'g5 ,:..i,:, :::
g
not subject rc transverse loading bi:*
lhcir in the
M1lM2 is Negati,e Mlll[2 is Positite

*n u ffis the ratio of the sma'"r
larger rnomeus at the ends of that.po':ls
thi member unbraced in the Plc'c
.11
bending under consideration. 7;.-
positive whcn the member is be.nl in't
'cwvatwe,
and negative when bent in
curvature "
e For campression members inframes

against ioint translation in thc p":w
loading and subiected to trar-:
loading between their suPPor::
valw of Cm maY be deterrrurvt
rational analYsis. However in i.or
such analysis, the following
maybe used.
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
W
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
427
ic k
k
lic
Cl
Steel l)eelqrr
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
c .c
.do
c u -tr a c k. .do
c u -tr a c k
Other Values of Cm depending an its end

condition and loadings "
".rse value sha:. Loadings Values ol Cm
..l.,.I.l,.ff
infranes su ;
.,.l.,.lt.
'--rrs
;1,r1,m.;ffi
v.:: of the smalle,

t.Js of that,porti:,.
w;: !: in lhe plane
:\
-,
't";Aht"g
. M:
: ,:.ieratlon.
,-:er is bent in
ii
re,:- t
': ahen bent in s;,.tty
PIAP i,...ri...' iii, i
* .i..,t.''4{.
*
*-toii:::liilr;ids a"r
-- .; . uA'..:::::::::i::i::.ii::1"l
.:.:.:.:.:r.:,:,:.:.:...:i.:.:.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
42E
to
to
k
k
IDeslqrr
lic
lic
Steel.
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
@'.,CEmul}.M$-iuffi
A steel column is pin-connected at the
and bottom which is laterally unbracec
carries an axial load of 800 kN '-:
moment of 70 kN'm at the top ;::
moment at the bottom which is only 9'';
the moment at the top' The steel
has the foilowing ProPerues:
A = 13000 mrn2
r=94mrn
Sx = 1200 x ld mm3
K= 1.0
L=3.6m.
Yield stress FY = 248 MPa
Axial comPressive stre$s that wa*:

permitted y axial Torce alone existed
ff*. Fc = 115 MPa
Compressive bending stress that wc"t"t'

permitted if bending nonant alone el.rr
Fb = 148 MPa
Members subjected to both

4Lj**** compression and bendin^g str€sses
proportioned to satisfY the fo1":
requirements:
fa CmFb,
= 1.0
Fa
('-{),u.
,, _7
where = *rn,
For members whase ends are unre

Cm= -
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lDesLgn
lic
lic
Eteel
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Til
r3
"1' oI,.,,,J9. compressive sress if axial load only existed'
6a) 61.54 MPa c) 58.62 Mk
r" -;onnected at the -l b) 72.42NtPa $ 48.62 MPa
;: of 800 kN an: . e Which of the following gives the bending

--- at the top an: I stress if bendrng moment alone existed'
: * hich is only 90q: : s a) 58.33 MPa c) 41.82 MPa
..:. The steel ser: :r
b) 62.48 MPa 0 36.92 MPa
O Using the interaction formula which of the

bending moment interaction value.
4,3 se a) 0.9T c) 0.89
b) 0.93 0
0.88
-r3 MPa Solution:

P
-ess that woulc :,
O fa=7
rt ilone existed - 800000
r'- 13ooo
fa = 61.54 MPa
rii -':re.tJ lhat woui: :+
\: *ent alone eiste : M
A fbr=T,
: to both at :- - 70x106
lb'=
stresses sha, :rL
t2ilF
u..-: iy the follou .:, Ibx = 5t'33 MPa
12n2E
$ Fe'x*mLblr7
-i ra, tZx2E
Fe'x=;@f
, (+)' Fe'x = 702.16 MPa

fa
fi*717ffi='o
CmIb,
are unreslrairi: 61.s4 (1.0)

'(t 58.33
Cm= L.A ils _fif)va = 0'97
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
430
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
Ste€I. IDeslgrr
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
ffi
The top of the colurnn is braced
sidesway in the direction along the crar
Sidesways is not prevented in the
perpendicular to the crane rail.
Propcrry ofW section
64 kN A= ll4l9 mm2 bf = 255.91 mm
Sx=1100xld ,/= 11.35 mm
rx = \72 mm d = 260.35 mm
r) = 65.28 mm fw = 10.54 mm
Sy=379xtd
O From the figure shown, compure fr
ratio of actual and allowable
;t
compressive strGss.
!sa) 0.14E c) 0.328
600 m b) 0.463 a 0_217
_1 O Compute the ratio of the actuai

allowable bending sress.
6a) 0.24 c) 0.32
b) 0.43 0 0.17
Solution:
, (*) = *lf,*
KL
-=150
rx
f =ffi=e8'04
,=^{ry
z lr2 (zoooool
. = ---r50
C = 125.66
-
!t
ro=[r %.1 F.S.
urrf=150<c
5 3 (lso) _ (1503
n'o=t*8art&i 8 (12s.66)3
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
431
y
bu
bu
to
to
Eteel IDesl-grr
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Iil
lf-
f
F.S = 1.90
,^ _1, (l5o)2 I 250
-,.
.n is braced ago:.l
r along the crare ::-
Fa= Lt rii@J r.eo
:nted in the direc-: Fa = 37.83lvPa
:-.'e nil. . P 64000
t it' seclion
fa=A=ffi=5.60MPa
it= 255.91 mm fo__ 5.60
Fa- 3'7.83
, = 11.35 mm
: = 260.35 mm o.taa < o.l5
.-*=10.54nrn fi=
; r. compute.for _:r
0 Use:'*+'*< 1.0
ir: : allowable &r r J^_-

200 bf
LL_
!Fv
: 0.328 _ 200 (255.91)
,^_*
) 0.211
r/ zso
i the actual ::; Lc= 3237 mm.
'l
tr ?', ,
Lu-_ r372QQ
fy d
-
w
137900
L'= zfii;rr,s{
25s.9r (17.35)
Lu = 9407
I = 8,000 mm
L)Lr, LlLn
Use Fb = 0.6 F)
Fb = 0.6 (250) = 150 MPa
M; = 64000 (600)
Mx = 38,400,000
Mx = 38.4 x ld N.mm.
Mx
fb= s,
- 38.4 x 106
/D=mo^ ld
,fb = 34.91 tvtPa
*=#=0.24
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y 432
y
bu
bu
I
to
to
Steel lDesl.grr
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c I
H
I
@,Fr$r_#ffii
Using AISC Specifications and A 36
design a W section to support an axial
of 1900 kN and a moment about the
of 340 kN.m. The member is 5.4 m.
and has both ends pin-connected, and is
laterally braced (pinned) in the weak di
at the middle depth. Assume C. =
FY = 250lvfPla.
1900 kN
Ba) W 360x262
A = 33500 mm2 rx = 163 mm
M=340 kN.m S, = 4620 x 103 r) =,102 mm
d = 387 mm b/= 398 mm
f = 33.3 mm rw = 2l.l mm
b) W360x216
A =27600 mm? rx = 16l mln
Sx= 3790x ld r) = l0l mm
d = 372mm bI = 3'14 mm
tf = 26.2 mm rw = 16.4 mm
1900 kN.m c) W610x140

A = 17900 mm2 rx= 250 mm
Sx= 3630x ld r) = 50.3 mm
d=617 mm bf =230 mm
tf =22.2mm fiv = 13.1 mm
0 W760x 161
A- 20400mm2 rx = 302 mm
S1=4900x ld r) = 54.5 mm
d=758mm W=266mm
f = 19.3 mm fly = 13.8 mm
Solution:
rfi*fi r.o
=
*, *= 0.5 and h= o.t
PD PD
!
W
W
433
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
lDesl-g=n
to
to
Eteel
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Ti
E
F Assuming- = 0
KL
fn'-:-Lons and A 36 s=-:. 5 3(KLtr)-TVI

(KLtr)3
pm -
:upport an axial ..,,_ r'r'=J* 8c.
p, :.- --ent about the x-:, .
plr -.mber is 5.4 m...:; 5
r.s. =
pm:-- - nnected, and is :.
-: J
!mr;: rn the weak dire; _ .c
Fv
Fa=
t* .issume Cm=': Vg-.
-
ra= 250
513
Fa= 150
'. = 153 mm
', = i02 mm Try 80Vo of Fa = 0.8(150) = 120 MPa
:- = 398 mm
-" = 21.1 mm
ut*ra = 0.5
PIA
u'r
116-=
"; = 16l mln Trial A=
m = 3t667 mm2
-' = 101 mm
r=374mm Asswra Fb = 0.6Fy
:* = lS.{ P, Fb = 0.6(250) = 150 MPa
-: = 250 mm
h=r.t
lD = 150(0.5)
", = 50.3 mm fb=75
r" = 130 mm M
-* = 13.1 mm .fb =T-
ox
"-Mlb
"r-
':= 302 mm ^ 340 x 106
. or- 7s
= 54.5 mm
mt = 166 mm Trial Sr= 4533'x ld mm3
m = 13.8 mm
Fromtable,TryW 360x262
Sr=4620xId A=33500mm2
rr = 163 mm r, = 102 mm
d=387mm ff= 398 mm
f = 33.3 mm tyt = 21.1 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
434
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
:rt{
to
to
Bteel lDesl.gn
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
ffi
BE
^P
la=T
- =1900000
/a 3r?5oo
fa = 56.72NIPa
#='#=33.13
+=W=2'47
tlr"&=
r 33:,13
Cc=
Cc= 125.6
Fa=|,
Fd 5
%lf*
3(KLtr) (KUr)3
n't'=5* 8c" -T?;t
,"_5,363.13)
- -
(33.13)3
'''' 3 81tzs.eo1 8(125.66)3
F.S. = 1.76
oo=frffilffi
Fa = l37.ll MPa
,r+=Hh= o.4r > o.r5
Cmlb,
(lrr'4
ra * < 1.0
Q-ff\ro,
t2r.2 E
,er=E@fi
(bending aboa x-axis)
tznz 2oo0o0
"'= z3(33.r34
Fe', = !33.36 tW>u
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
43s
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
pteel- IDesI.gn
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
n
.d o .d o
l-
j
M
fb, =
s
340 x 106
fbx= 4620
lOt
^
fbx= 73"59 MPa
fa CmJb*
Fa' < 1.0
(r " *&;) ru
.
Lc =-;:-
20fJ bf
!Fv
-
t
LC- -
20{x398)
\ J
tr 250
[u,L- Lx = 5034 mm < 5400 m.
. 138000 138000
'u= Fyd =2rq3qr
bf tf 3e8(33.3)
Lu= l89M > 5400
.):..,)3 L> L,
*n-3 L<L"
33. l3)3 Use F6 = 0.60F)
i"125.66)3 Fa = 0'6(250)
Fa = 150 MPa
Ja C*Jb,
<
Fa'
('ft)ru 1.0
56.72 0.85(73.s9)
]rx:
tu?ri.fiffiro
m-_ <1.0
0.4137 + 0.4438 = 0.857 < 1.0 ok
Check also:
ut ;-rasi
o#*ff="
6trffi. ffi+ 0.86e < t.o (safe)
UseW36Ax262
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
436
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
Steel lDeslgn
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Design a W section to carry an axial

2000 kN and a clockwise moment at the
of thecolumn,equal to 270 kN.m
clockwise moment of 240 kN.m at
bottom. The column has a height of
m. There is no bracing in the plarx
loading and the column has sidesways tw
transverse load. Kx = 2.0 in the plam
loading and in the perpendicular plane
there is bracing (y = 0.80. Use A 36
fiT.,'-.'- with Fy = 250 MPa. Use 1992.N
Specifications.
jJ.;,..* € a) W 36A x237 bf = 395 mm
A = 30100 mm2 tf =30.2mm
S' = 4150 x ld rrv = 18.9 mm
S, = 1570 x ld rx = 162 mfn
d=380mm rr=l02mm
b) W 310 x 253 D/= 319 mm

A =32200 mm? rf =39.6 mm
S: = 3830 x ld rw =24.4 mm
S, = 1350 x ld rx = 146 mm
d = 355 mm r) = 81.6 mm
c) W 920 x 253 b/= 306 mm

A =32300 mm2 tf =2'1.9 mm
Sr = 9520 x ld rrv = 1?.3 mm
Sy=874xld rx=368mm
d = 919 mm r, = 64.3 mm
$ W 460 x 177 bf =286mm

A=226C0mm2 tf=26.9mm
Sx = 37!0 x ld np = 16.6 mm
Sr = 735 x l0j rr - 201 mm
d=482mm rr=68.2mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
Eteel lDesLgn
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Ir
l
Solution:
. ;arry an axial lo:_ fa fb
)e moment at the _ fr*"rn= t.O
set*= o.5o and# = 0.5
::e.ng in the plane KL
Ass.
-=0
r'J'= 5 3(KLrr)
FF (KLtr)3
icular plane u .-: -r,
..80. Use A 36 -....
J* 8 c. 8#-
Use 1992 NS _:
{
F.S.=i=1.67
Fv
-1= 395 rnm Fa=Ff
; = 30.2 mm
-* = 78.9 mm
^ 250
Fa=
*,
', = 162 mrh
Fa = 750lvPa
'",= 102 mm
of 150 =
Use 80Vo 120 MPa (approximate)
-'r= 319 mm Fa= l2ANIFa

: = 39.6 rnm fa
"ro = 0'SO
-* = 24.4 mm
-= /a=120{0.5)=60
= 146 mm
', = 81.6 mm .P
ls=tr
n=306mm , 2000000
; =27.9 mm
A= 60
r = 17.3 mm A = 33333 mm?
". = 368 mm
Ass. Fb = 0.6F)
', = 64.3 mm
Fb = 0"6(250) = 150 MPa
-= 286 mm ^M
.rD=s
: = 26"9 mm
p = 16.6 mm ^ 270 x 105
J=
'r'201 mm 15o
', = 68.2 rnm ,S= 1800x ld
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
438
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDesl.gn c u -tr a c k
f,
From table try W j60 x237

A = 30100 mm2, Sx = 4150 x ld
KL. 2(42N\
rx' 162
KL
r= 51.85
rx
Kr _ 0.80(4200)
ry - 102
A = 32.9t
rr
KL
Use = 51.85
-r
zn2 (zoo,ooo)
,, 250
Cc=125.66>51.85
5 3(KLtr) - (Kr,ri3
t'.J.=3+ gc; I C13
rs =5:* 3(51'85) - (51.85)3
3'8(125.65) s(125.66)3
F.S. = l.8l
r,=[r WIX
'r,=[r
Fa = 126|36lvPa
##]ffi
,
L2=--fi
200bf
IFy
-
Lc-
200(39s)
tr 2so
Lc = 4996 mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
439
bu
bu
to
to
Steel lDeslgtr
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
- '?7
L<L"
=:150 x ld Use Fb = 0.66 Fy
Fb = 0.66(250)
Fb = 165 MPa
" P 2000000
Ja=T= 3otoo
fa = 6.45lvIPla
"Jx=y
fb
270 x lO6
- ----------=.
'lD = 4150 x l0r
65.06 MPa
"fb =
fa _ m.qs
Fa- 126.36
]j,i fa
"ro= o'sl > o'15
l
!lx$r fa ____*_S
Use -;_ +
Cmfb
1.0
(-] r)3 fA r ta ;
[ \t _ fe;)Fb
, Y Cr3
Cm = 0.85 (with sidesway)
E_ sr.esr3
ffi t125.6r;13 fex=;w t2n2 E
nnz
f ex= ---- eoo.ooo\
23(51.85)z
Fe'x = 383.08
fa _____"
-;lf Cmfb_<
k_l 150
ra (-fr)ru- i.0
n--J r.8l
ffi.dffi=,0
0.526+ 0.405.=0.931 < 1.0 (W)
Chcckalso: .. i
fa * fb t'o
ffiry *s
otr+fr*
Use \Y
#=
i60 x 2iZ
0'837 < l.a (safe)
PD PD
!
W
W
)
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
gtrr
to
to
Steel- IDes
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
240.
Design a W section to carry an axial loa:

4500 kN and a counter clockwise momen:
200 kN.m at the top and a counter clocku
moment of 2'70 kN.m at the bottom.
column has a length of 5.5 m. and is
connected at both ends and sideswal'
prevented. Use A 36 steel and N
- Specifications.
Ea) W 360x347
A',=44200mm2 tf =43.7 mm
Sx = 6i40 x ld w =27.2 mm
Mt=200 kN'm . j=407mm rx=168mm
bf=4Mmm r)=104mm
b) W 920 x342
A = 43600 mm2 tf = 32 mm
Sx = i3700 x ld rw = 19.3 mm
5.50 rn
d = 912 mm rx= 379 mm
b/= 418 mm r) = 94.6 mm
0 W 840 x 349
A = 42h0 mm2 tf = 32.4 mm
Mz=270kN.m
Sr= 12400x lQ3 rw = 19.7 mm
d=864mm rx = 357 mm
b/= 401 mm ry = 9l'2 mm
W7CIx314
A = 40100 mm2 rf = 33.4 mm
Sx=9790xId tw = 19.7 mm
d=786mm rx=327 mm
bf =384 mm r) = 88'8 mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
uy
y
bu
b
to
to
k
k
Steel IDeslqn
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Solution:
fa fb
t"o
- -:-.ry an axial loa: i;+"165
ur ..xkwise momen: : fa
iL l Counter Clocku ., ,
Let *ra = 0.5 Fb*
* .: the bottom. l-, KL
" 5.5 rn. and is p.-
Ass: , -0
:-s and sideswar {
+ r: steel and NS!: r"S =i=1.67
Fv
Fa= p3.
:'= 43.7 mm
-
oo=
250
T.67
'* =27.2 mm Fa = 150 MP;.
'; = 168 mm
',=lMmm Try 60% af
. 4s000("
-q=---
90
:= 32 mm A = 5000
-" = 19.3 mrn Assume
'; = 379 mm
', = 94.6 mm
fb"
150"
fb=
:= 32.4 mm M
"* = 19.7 mm s
-: = 357 mm
-, = 91.2 mm
; = 33.4 mm
'. = 19.7 mm
't=327 mm
', = 88.8 mm
t PD
F -T O O L S
PD
F -T O O L S
!
-ir
W
W
w
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
442
bu
o''=a--l rDesls:n
to
to
tr.6t
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
-
n
I
2r2 (2oo,ooo)
Q= 250
c = 125.66
(sz.sst3
." _1_ 3(52.88)
''''-3'8(125.66)
_
s(rzs.66)3
F.S, = 1.82
P,= Lt
r -ffi@)
(s2.88)z 1 zso
LB,
Fa= 125.20
& _ 101.81
Fa- 125.20
ffi = o-ttz> o'ls
,g0\Ea
uufr*7ffi='o
fa Cmfb
I
2mfb
"r_-J ,[n
_ 200(404)
LC-
250
Inm, lc = 5110
',J
mm < 5500 mm
- 138000
tu=-M
bf rf
_ 138000
Lr=M
1.0+9
M(43.7)
'1^$.'s Lr=23945 > 5500
L> L"
L <L,
1#rd: Use Fb = 0.60Fy

Fb = 0.CI(250)
F' = 150 MPa
'g -.n'*
f
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
443
to
to
Steel beslgn
k
li c
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
-
t2n2 o
fex=-------.=
;:i in the irt-:. 23 (KLtr)z
- .: = 200 klJ :-; -: - r, Kr _ (1x5500)
rb
,
168
KL
"
- - :-.-,t-- _,
--'_,wlrrB ll.: rv = 32'lq
;.:.axialIca:",
D ^... l212 (200,000)
rcI= --------
23 (32.74)/
Fe'x = 960.78
cm=0.6-oo
#
cm=0.60-o.o (#o )
Cm=0.303<0.40
Use Cm = 0,40
.M
Jb="-
Jf
t;iia r,-:
- 270 x 106
"lD =-----"---
6140 x l0r
fb = 43.97 lvtr:a
fa Cmfb
fr*(_ffi=r-o
r0l.8l
____0.!w_s7) - -
nan.{,_,;5='.0 ^
0.813 + 0.131 = 0.9,14 < 1.0
Cluck also:
fa fb
ffiory+"* s l'0
tffiao .# = o.gtz < t! (safe)
UseW360x347
E
PD; PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
444
bu
bu
crt
to
to
k
k
lDeslgrr
lic
lic
Eteel
C
C
w
w
m
m
F
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
E
@t:rntptffi
A 250 WF 58 made of A 36 steel is use; n-(
a column which is pin connected at the -:m
and bottom, with sideways being preven=rL
The column height is 5.4 m, the l:'ar
applied at the toP is 535 kN on ar
eccentricity of 25 mm so as to cause ben;-:s
about the major axis. Except for the bracrry
at the top and bottom of the column, ther; ui
no lateral bracing about either the major clu
minor axis of the column.
Properties of 250 WF 58
A = 1420 mm? r-r = 108 mm
d = 252 mm r) = 50.4 mm
bf = 2A3 mm S.r = 693 x 103
f = 13.5 mm SY = 186 x 103

Ir+r = 8 mm
P=535 KN O Which of the following gives the allou"::r

axial compressive stress.
Ba) 93.83 MPa c)90.23 MPa
b) 98.32 MPa @ 87.74 MPa
I Which of the following gives :mr
amplification factor.
6a) 0.825 c) 0.975
b) 1.215 0 1.32s
Solution:
@l O r( = 1.0 (pin connected)
-
lo=
s3s 000
i
W, x fa = 72.10
Kr _ I
42o
(5400)
r 50.4
U = 107.14
r
_tffi
c=\_n
c = 725.66
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
NO
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
Steel Deslqrl
k
l ic
l ic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
;
b
KL
-<c.r (KLtr\21 Fv
-{ 36 steel is us..: .
Fa= Lr -ffi) r.s.
-: is 535 kN or. -- 5 3(KLtr) (KLtr)3

'''-3- gc, gc.3
F \
5 3 007.14) (107.14)3 _
=-
3 8 (12s.66) 8 (12s.66)3
_. eithcr the major - - F.S. = 1.696
..-. t.
-:
ffi#l #
tyF 58
-; = 108 mm po=L,
'. = 50.4 mm
;=693x103 Fa = 93.83 MPa
. = 186x 103
fa _72.10
Fa- 93.83
-:
L
_lrves the allo*.: ,
fi= o'" > o'1s
. 90.23 MPa fa Cmfb
- 37.74 MPa Lise:'i- rd+ ---*--< 1.0
rwing gives .
- Q -ft) rt
Mr
Cm = 0.60 - 0.40
: 0.97 5
M;
:1.325 cm = 0.6o ..* (#)
Cm = 0.@
(10)6
r.,, _ 1.03
(KLlrx)t
rr _ I (5400)
rx 108
KL
= -1(.!
-rx
1.03 x 106
fe =-----._^_._^_-::
()u)"
Fe' = 4l2lvPa.
f': PD
F -T O O L S
PD
F -T O O L S
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
416
bu
to
to
f,r
Steel IDesl-gn
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
G
rc
, 200 bf
LC =---=:-
!Fv
, (203)
LL-^ -200
! 2so
Lc = 2,568 mm.
.
t,u -
138000
fyd
lr
w
= 6003 mm.
L= 5,.100
L>Lc
LlLu
Use: Fb = 0.6 Fj
Fb = 0.6 (250)
,trD = 150 MPa
fa Cmfb
l.U
Fa'/
---.-a fr\
\t'Fd)Fb
^.M
J'_ SX
M = 535,000 (25)
M = 13.375 x 106 N-mm
-
/'=
13.375 x 106
693 103
"
fb = 19.3\fra.
_
72.10 0.6 (19.3)
e3-83*{,-$ru =0.86
Amplification factor = *
| - re
Amplification factor = t - 1 ? :\0
412
Ampliftcation factor = 0.825
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
447
k
lic
lic
C
C
Bteel lDesLgrr
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k. .d o
c u -tr a c k
Frq
l[-
tc
A 9m. long column is subjected to an axial

compressive load P = 2675 kN and a lateral
uniform load W = 4388 N/m that caused
bending about the columns weak axis as
shown. Use 4-36 steel, Fy = 250 MPa.
Properties of IVF section
A = 36645 rrm2 ,/= 36.58 mm
d=394mm tw = 22.61 mm
b/= 399.03 mm ry = 102.87 mm
Sx = 5080x103 mm3 Sy = 1950x103 mm3
O Which of the following gives the ratio of
actual and allowable axial compressive stress.
ca) 0.73 c) 0.87
b) 0.65 @ 0.92
the magnihcation factor.
6a) 2.19 c) t.2t2
b) 0.396 a t327
Solution:
KL _ (l) (9000)
$- r 102.87
KL
r <C
-=87.49
.=1@ns.6
:-- = 0.86
(rse: Fa= [,-Yg] ,r"
5 3 (KLtr)-l]3-
r.r.=J' (KLtr)3
8C
5
r"r' =3+ 3 (87.49) (87.49)3
-:
Tt2srei 8 (lrt6F
ro F..9. = 1.89
Iii
-'.2
ro=lt..,.',*rf#,,i
Fa = 100.21 MPa
l- PD
F -T O O L S
PD
F -T O O L S
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
148
y
bu
bu
to
to
Steel lDeslqrr
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
-
"P s
Ja=i ta
f, =# = 73 MPa
ti=i*_on
r=0.73 > o.rs
fa -------r-
Cmfb
@ Use: -;-+
fa , ,".\Fb = 1.0
(, -*,
Cm = l.A (Ends without restraints)
x 106
1.03 1.03 x 106
te-
rP =-
gLtr)2 =-
(87.4il2
Fe' = 134.56 MPa
Use: Fb = 0.75 (250)
(for bending in weak axis)
Fb = 0.75 (250)
Fb = 187.5 MPa
Mv
lb=i
w12
My= s
,uy =4SdN.r.
My'441428.5 N.m.
My = M.43 x 106 N.mm
- Mv=- 44.43 x lo6
,n=-
5y 1950 x 10'
fb = 22.78lvfPa
fa Cnlb
-<l'o
Fr* / -;\
- Fb
\t Fe')
73 | (22.78\
----------------:r.U
tvu'zL
100.21- / 1a
(, <raz.sr
"1k)
0.728 + 0.266 = 0.994 < 1.0 (safe)
Magnification factor = '^,

,-* re
Magnification factor -,
- 1
Magnification factor = 2.19

;k
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
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W
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O
N
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.c .c
Steel Design
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.d o
c u -tr a c k
i----
COMPREiiION YTTH BENDING

2,12-a Problem:
A'steel eoluln4 havinf an unsupport+d

height of:5.4 m. is pin connerted:at.troth,
endS.with sidqgryays,preventrd. It earries
en axial foad iif 530 kN &hd I moment of
13.4 kNiln af the top and a moment,of 20,
kN:m at the bottom which causcs bending
,nbout the major:aiis (Cingle curvetiire):
fr)J,!,,,,.,,^,,,
Except for bracing at the top. ahd bottom
of the column, thCre is no lateret bidcihg.
about either the major and,minor,axis of
t}re eolumn. Fr = 250 MPa, E' 2O000O,
, =
llfa; F6 = 0.60 Fy. ,,
,
:ari,:,:: :: :
i ".'"'' ' ':

,
:
: :.:.::: :
., Properties of steel section : '::: ::::::
,A ::,,7-450:,,,,,,..,. d.!.r.250:. ,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,r,,

;;;.=ii,rbs..fitlx r'j,,= 5014, 4.l,,,., ,ll
l,l,l,:,l,,,,,,,,,,
01,=,,,204,;ry 46,,4,,,1316, |$111.:,:i,i.:.:i:,ri:.:.:iii.ii:.i:iii:iii
S, = 694 x lfiF rnnd 3y = I88 x 103 mm-3
,i" - {Kl,/rrfi: ,",''.':
:m
:
,',,..h-ffi.,i',,
b;+o.oo- o,no#,', . :
,,,, ,,,,,
O Compute thC allowable co_mfiressive
4',7^
Stress of the column section; "': ::
> \ >I.L O Compute. fhe combined axial land

' bending intcraction vsluej, ':,"'. ,
e:::';.,, O Compute the ampliearion factoi.

Solution:
A Ailowable compressive s/ress..
K= 1.0 pinconnected
+=W=to.'14
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
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C
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w 448-B w
w
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Steel Design :
COMPWSS'ON W{Tfr BENDTNG ,=tff

C = 125.66
KL < (.
-r
ro=lt %")#
5 3(KL/r) \KI-/r)3
F.S.=r *-.8a- - -8f
F.S.
5* 3(107'14,t (107'14)3-
=J dt2*O-' st:ussaf
F.S = 1.70
r ttoT '1412 1 250

Fa = Ll fr?s.66il r1o
I-a= 93.61 MPa
@ Combined interactinn value:

M,
Cm=0.60-0.4oil;
cm=0.60 o.+o( \!)

Cm=0.868
^P
F=i
^
Ja=
-530000
i45o
fa =7l.l4lvPa
fL -11'14 -0.76 > 0.15

Fa 93.61
urr:4*
ra (, 'ufu
l!_)
=r.o
\, - Fb
Fe'
1.03 x 106
t,e =1KLi;
KL_ 1(5400) _ 50
rx 108
P'' =$ff = 412tvea

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
148-C
N
N
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Steel Design
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.d o .c .d o .c
.:l
COTI?XE$,STAN WTTfl SENDING r.1
-fa= 0.6 Fu
t)1
fu= 0.6(250) = l5O
.M
Jt=T
n=ffi=28.81
IL*-:-Îo-= lo
!a (t-.)r,
' r'e'
7l'14-@=0.90
e36r+(r
fif)rrso,
Interaction value = 0,96
A Amplificationfactor:
Arrtplifcatiotr facror =I -
#
Antpltfcation factor =, -
+#
Amplification factor = 0. 827
A struct:ural steCl eolumn: of a portion of

the Avala Complex is made of A - .16 steel
(F, = 250 MPa) which:is pih counected at
both top and bottom with sidcswavs
prevented. The tolug4,height is 5,4 rn.
The axi,al load is a,pplied with an
ecrentricity of -10 mm so as to (ausc
bending about the ma.jor aNih. Except for
the bracihg at the top 6nd bottom, there is
no lateral bracing about eithet maior and
minor axis of the column. Propcrtics of
the stecl calumn scction.
A =742ttmm2 r, = 108 rnm
Sr=69-!x103 d=25lmm
rr=50.{mm *= 1.0
Cn = 1.0
Allowable axial strcss that rvould be pernrittcd
if axial tbrce ahrne cxisted = 91) \l Pa.
Allorvable bcnding stress that w'ould be
permitted ii beudrrrg alonc r.riElcd = 0.6{, I }'
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
J18-I)
to
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C
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.c .c
Steel Design
.d o .d o
i- Compute the axial load.annlied lo lf1

CO M PRfrS S I ON Wff IT BEN DIN G it has an amplifrcation factor
":t:111if
of 0'825.
,, 6r"ir;* the bending stress of the
column section'
o- ;;;fit" the inttnobtion 'value due to
U.m *i.1 and be n$;noment'
Solution:
is
e Axial load if the amplificationfactor
fi.825:
.\rttPlifcorion.factor = | -
#'
1.0-3 ( 10)6
F?,=
6UryT
r'"_03(\- l0)6
1 /
F-,
" - t/l)5400\2
-
t-io*-l
Fe' = 41,2
,' - l4-- 0.825

412
fo =o r]5
412
fcL = 12.1
P
fo= i
, -'
r, - P
-1.+)o
'
P = 534982 N
P =531.98 N
@ Actual bending stress of the column:

,M
fb ='-
M=Pe
M = 531982(30)
Llt=16049160Nmm
NT
t. -. .-
,1, -
5,
r _ ib049'+60
Yt'- 693 x 1o'
f1,= 23.16 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
448-E
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
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k
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Steel Design
C
C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
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o
.d o .c .d o .c
:,)
cuwxm$ rc,N wira aavrywc ?,,,1

@ Interaction value:
-LiW;b):6&;
at&z-.- ".". ._."... I 4*=j4.
ta (,la),._- t o
\r l_-,,,/,,,
121-,, (1)(23 i6)
qo R.n,,6rrst, = 0'988
A WF section is used as a column section

having a length of 9 m. Fy = 250 ffis,
E = 200000 MFa, rv = 68.5 mfii,
Area = l02.-l mm, r* = 102.4 lnrfi,
Sx = 1428 x 103 mm3'
'r Compute the safe axial load that thc

section could carry if both ends are
hinged.
z Computc the safe axial load that the
scttion could carry if both ends are
fixed.
3 Compute the safe axial load that the
section could carry if both ends flre
fixcd but braced ut the mid point.
Solution:
It-. Iloth ends are hinged:
l.e = 9 tn.
I :)(tO *
:=- lll lg
J
r OlJ)
[= 2i!
Fi,
2il eo(i{no)
C_ 250
C = 125.66
L
-> ('
r
P IZn2 E
A=Tafi
P _ t2n2 (.20U)(\.))
23ooo - 23(131 39))
P = 1372tr02 N
I'= 1372 kn"
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
418-F
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Steel Design
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.d o .c .d o .c
COMPRESSION WITH BENDING

;
. Both ends are fixed:
zz = 0.5(9000)
I-e = 4500
L 4500
r 68.5
L=65.69<C
r
P r .-rtJFf
(KUr\21 Fr
o= Ll
Fc tr.3(KUr; (KL/r)3
8c - 8c3
r? \ =-
''"'-3-
Fc s.j(11!9) (65.69)3
t'r'=J+ 8(125 66) 8(lr566f
F.S. = 1.84
P f (65.69)2 1250
23000 - L' \125.6612t 1.94
P = 2698003
P = 2698 kN
Braced at mid point, the column is
equivalent to have a length of 4.5 m. fited at
one end and hinged at the other end:
Le = 0.7(4500)
I-e = 3150
KL 3150
r 68.5
&=45.99<C
r
P f tKUr\21 Ft,
o= LI'-rd-lrfi
5 3(KI/r\ -8Zi-
LJ.=:* KllD:
8C
,. "
r'r' _! *. Jt45.99.t
=J
(45.9913
8(125 66, 8(r2566f
F.S. = 1"80
P_f,
- L'- ZCz ) lL
(KU021
A F.5.
P _1, (45.99)2 l25o
23ooo - L'- 2(125.66)21 l.8o
P = 2980501 N
P = 2981 kN
PD PD
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Steel Design
242-d Problem:
A,:,Cfeel, colu4lR of,:tfie proposed extension

of tne Ninoy Aquino International
Airport is pfui bo' ,
at tho., top :arrd
eCted
bottom which iS laterally unbraced at a
height of 3.6 m. It carries an axial Ibad of
,800.. niN and. ..4,,.,rno-ment..o,f rlN;m abou.t
'.70.
KL/r)3 the x-axii at i[e top and a moment at the
80 bottom whihc k o;iily gOVc of the moment
(107.1q3 at .tha. . topi. .......if ne Steel, sectiOn.',
. haS the
s(12s.6q3 following:,properties.
A = 13000 mm2 rr = 82 mry
:l ,,,,,',i:';9i *',.,.' t,' ,:$*,=12p6.'XI03mm3
250
K=1.0 Cai+..1.0'
-t 1.70
Iteld bauss..+ 24{l,,p1p; . . .r. .. ', , ' ':: : :
E = 200r0fl) .i,
,
cbn value: Axial eompressive stresd, :[hat would be

i permilted if axiai forci aldne'exUea
_-l
13.4r :eompfesS :,hendirrfi,,iii*s:,ih6,rroula bi
20/ permitted if :bending 'mome-nt alone
existed
Usin g NSCP Specifications.
C, Compute the amplification fac0or.
O Compute the magnification factor.

,1-5
@ Conrpute the value of both axial and
i.0
-= ..b Solution:
4 Amplificationfactor:
P
Ja =i
-
tn =-
800000
1 3000
2 MPa ja = 61.54 MPu

PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
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y
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Steel Design w
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.d o .c .d o .c
F-
KE
l2n2 E
l.e =-
)7 (zu\2
" =;4nr'
12rr t200000)
li-.'. '
Fe' = 102.16
rf
Atttplif cot ion factor =, -
ft,
AtnpliJication.factor =, -
ffi
Antplificati on factor = 0. 192
'A Magnification factor:

M agn if c at i o n fa c to r=
?-
,-rr,
M ag nific ati on fac tor =
# a
Magnification factor = 1.096
I
@ Interaction value:
I
fa +-- Cm fu < l.u
^
L'a ^-
(, _ *) r,-
' f e x'
th
M
^ =- = --------
70x106
't" s, -
l2oo x 1o'
I
ft = 58.33MPa
Fb = 0 60(248)
Fb = 148.8 MPa
fa Cn.ft'
fr. 1,ffi='o
't
6r.s4
n
(1X58..33)
r r5 (0 rlr,(148 s)
. Interaction value = 0.96
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
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Eteel IDeslgrr
ic k
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- Wi,ffiiltt'*ui
A 9 m. long column is subjected to an axial
compressive load P = 26'75 kN and a lateral
P=2675 kN load W = 4388 N/m that caused bending
about the strong axis. Which of the
=]i88 Nim following gives the interaction value of both
axial and bendrng loads.
.--r-Fe,
r -fo
Properties of WF section
-. 61.54
102.16
lf=4388 Nlm A = 36645 mm2
y'= 36.58 mm
d=394mm tw = 22.61 mm
= 0.192 b/= 399.03 mmr) = 102.87 mm
Sx = 5080x103 mm3 Sy = 1950x1d mm3
6 a) 0.802 c) 0.739
b) 0.935 0 0.887
Solution :
Kr _ (l) (9000\
r fi2.87
Y=u'qg <c
_.1
,={*gun* =125.66
- Lt f . -in
(KLtr)z1 FY
IJse: Fa= rs
5 3 (KLtr)-lZ3-
..r.=3* (KU)3
8C
Fc 5.3(87.49) (87.49)3
"''=5*Tfi75soj'8(rrfiO3
F.S. = 1.89
ro=ltffil ffi
Fa = 100.21 MPa
,^ _P__ zoEAAq
ru- A- 3ffi5
fa = 73 lvlPa
I"E:
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
,150
y
: bu
bu
Ete
to
to
Steel lDesigrr
k
k
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ffi
w w
w
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@
u =19!
!rv
t()0 ( 199.03)
lc =:#* - 5tI7 mm.
rl zso
.
L,U -
I 3800(,)
l'v" tl
bi tf
. =
Lu
138000
= 20'150 mm.
ltA Ggif
i()9.03 (36.58)
L) Lt:
LlLu
Use: Fb = 0.6 Fy
Fb = 0.5 (250)
Fb = 150 (MPa)
Cm = 1.0
i,lr=\Mtro)u
- Mx 44.43 x 106
ru-Sx-50g0x103
ft = 8.75
fa
-- Cmfb
. -
no'+ -.-------;-
(, -*\rt = 1.i.1
\ re./
1.03 x 106
"= {*ry,
.(r _ (l) (9000)
rx 165.10
KL
= 54.51
-rx
pr'=-L'o1"JS- =346.&
(54.) l)'
fa Cmfb
\ l.U
Fa'/ fiz\
\t -FT) Fb
::-*
loo2r ---0)94--
- (, ;fu) rso =0.80)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
452
y
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Eteel lDesLgE.r-r
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ro=f'Ygl {*
5 3(KLrr)'Ta;t
t't'=3n (KLtr)3
8c.
t''r = 5*
3(77.58)- (77.68)3
3 ilrt6i 8(125.o6)
F.S. = 1.87
r'=[r m) t"'g
Fa = 108.15 MPa
fe _- 67.85
Fa 108.15
fi =o.az> 0.15
Use:
e.@)i
fa C*fb
<,0
1.03 x 106
re = ,*u12.
KL _r.2(7300\
rx 155.96
U= sa.n
rx
x 106
re =1.03
(*.w
Fe' = 326.48 MPa
,
LL-^
_200 bf
!Fv
-
t^_4 200(360)
ua. -
1 250
Lc = 4554 mm.
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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Steel lDeslg-rr
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.d o .c .d o .c
244.
A column in a building frame for 7.3 m.

- mm. storey height support a column load of
1160 kN and bending moments of 136 kN.m
and 163 kN.m. acting at the top and bottom
ends respectively as shown. The column is
braced against sidesways in the strong
bending plane. Using AISC Specs. for A 36
-- -:50 mrn. steel, compute for the interaction value of
both axial and bending loads.
Mt=136 kN'm Properties of W section

A = mm? Fy = 250 MPa.
17C'9i6
r.r = 155.96 mm d = 365 mm
ry = 93.98 mm bf = 364 mm
7.3 m Sx ld mm3
=2343 x tf = 17.75 mm
Sy = ld mm3
8t8 x rw = 1l mm.
Kx -- 1.20 Ky = 1.0
M2=1fi ftfrlo6
6a) 0.862
b) 0.763
c) 0.985
- = i.0 0 0.694
Solution:
.P
JA= A
^ 1160000
la= r7o%
fa = 67.85lvfP:a
Kr _ r.o(z:oor
rv - 93.98
KL
= 77-681C
-ry
2n2E
C_
= 0.802
C = 125.66
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
r
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
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k
tteel IDeslg=n
li c
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m
w w
w
w
o
.d o .c .d o .c
l)-
F.S.
- 138000
Lu= Fyd
-
(KLtr)3 A,f
8 C13 - 138000
Lu = -2-fi
(365'l
. (77.6$3
360 (r'7.7s)
8(125.66) Lu = 9664 mm.
L)Lc
L1 Lu
250
Use Fb = 0.6F)
1.87
Fb =0.6(250)
Fb = 150 MPa
cm =0.6 .,
(w) ^
cm=0.6 ,. (i#)
Cm=0.27 < 0.40
< 1.0 Use Cm = 0.40
-M
Jb=5,
- 163 x 106
Ib=234,3xr03
lb = 69.57 lvlPla
n.1-$;=,0
fa Cmft
67.85 0.4(69.57) 0.862

ro&H.1, - (,rr)
=u'uoz
=
#%)
Check also:
#fi*ff",.
t**fu . q# = o'er6 < t'o (sefe)
PD PD
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454
C
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SteeI lDeslgn
A W 360 x 134 section is used as a cc --r

with an ellective length of 7 m. to su::' I
one track of a traveling crane in a fa;. -
Detcrminc thc maximum Permi'-
reaction Pif the column also carries : *,
oi 400 kN from an upper floor, as s- ,:
Use AISC Specifications.
Assume F) = 250 MPa.
Pronerties ofW 350 x 131
A = 17100 mm2 r = 94 mm
Sx = 2330 x 1(F mm3
€a) 896kN c) 789 kN
b) 983 kN 0 963 kN
Solution:
Cc=
KL 7000 /4.t
r94
-:-=
(KLtr)2 Fy
w rol * r:+ Use: Fa = tl -;flFJ.
/Lc
5
t'''=3*
-c 1,- 3(KLtr) (KLtr)3
8c, gc.3
r 1* 314* - (z+'5)3-
-
s. =
3 E(126) = r,a6
8(126)r
250
Fa=ll- 1.86
lll MPa
Fa =
PM
Fa=7+ t
M=r25P-400000(75)
(P + 400000) ll25P - 4OC -.. -
ttt= tzroo * ,rro^,.
P = 896000 N
P =896 kN
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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F-P w F-P w
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O
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y
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Steel Design
o
c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k. .d o
c u -tr a c k
ci
245-a CE Board I{ov. 2003
:. is used as a cc. _ -
:'r of 7 m. to su:
A built up section is made ,up of'a
-
- c:'anc in a I*. 'welded

_,imum perrni): reqtangular plhes- to,, fofrn an
- -n also carries :
H-beam. The ovbiall depth is 400 pgn
ahd is 13 meters lohg. The'slenderne.ss
:ter flOor, as s;.
-s. ratio U4,= 200. The'mCi,Ioad in:tension
is,:,1600 fiN:and a miu.load in compression
i' 350 x 131 is 260 kII. The ilimber ii io carry a:load
r=91run P=rnaxload ii mtn:.load1,',,,,
c) 789 kN o Compute thib re4uired; .6;ea,:'j;f,,ijliu

secfion if .allowable: :stress,is,,,185
4 963 kN'
i
:, . ,:,:::::::::: j::
::::,,,, ::,::.
_
lI,lF-a;,
,.,.:::.
,'.,,,
..::::i::,
,.,, ,,,,..,.
,
:::::. ,.,,,,.... "' .,,,..,,,....,'.i,',..,..,,,,,..,. .
,@, Connpute the ,ma*r of:tha',,L[p** ;p

.... 1,,::: ::::::. . : :rr ... :::::
,.,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,
,r=fr *idthof flauge. :: ,.,.,i,,j,,,'
.,lzn2 'oomoo,
...,..,,..,, ..
"-,i:,::,,
I 250
-
:@i:ri. ornpilteritfiC,tilidkn of,.ffiC,,plate;
l!-
F,S. Solution:
A Area of section:
I
P = max. loa^d +) min. load
--
-b)-
= 1'85
P = 1600
1
+)(260)
P = 1730 kN
Fr=i
r8.5 = q1:q@
l25P - 400000(75
233o;l;t- A = 9351 mm2
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu I
bu
to
to
k
k
:
,
lic
lic
4548
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
'h-d:w @ Width offlange:
L=2oO
I r
@= 200
zbt
bf = 260 mm
@' Thickness of plate:
A = 9351
9351=26ot(2) + (400 -?r)(t)
9351=520t+4OU-2P
I zP-gzot+9351=o
t2-460t+4675.5=0
r = 10.4 mm
Uset=12mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
455
y
bu
bu
to
to
teel lDeslqn
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
d, uE ous.ra Nov.,ryyr
--r-f I ,1,n
I
I
i
inverted T-beam is made up of two
An rnverted'I'_beam
200 mm x
_.____JI
atLlW ,An
-i-
200 mm r ?O20 mm
mm steel nfarec joined
sreel plares ininart
.t 1 rogether to form an invened T-beam. The
section is subjected to a compressive force P
_f t6o i
acting at the centroid of tlre web section. If
the allowable stress is 150 MPa, which of
the following gives the value of the
compressive forceP. The neutral axis is 65
mm aboye the bottom of the section and
its momenl of inertia is 37.67 x 106 mm4
sa) 427 KN
b) 420 KN
c) 380 KN
0 340 KN
Solution :
e=120-65
e =55mm.
.P MC
J=A+ I
t50= P .P(55)(155)
8 000 37.67 x tO6
P = 4?5 9'76N
P =427 KN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 456 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl.gn 5te

ffi
d#l-!
A W 200 x 59 is subjected to an
compressive load P and a moment of
the rnajor axis of 50 kN.m. It is 6 m.
Use AISC Specifications:
Fb = 0.6Fy .F) = 350 MPa
Which of the following gives &e value :r
Properties ofW 20A x 59
A = 7560 mm? rx = 893 ml,
rrt_
Sx = 582 x 103 m,,:3 rJ = 57.9 m '::
rsa) 344kN c) 438kN
b) 285 kN 0 3s3 kN LL_ -
Solution:
*=:'lr,_-
:=ffi= r15.61
= ll9 - 0.0034(1 15.6D2 Tlt
{ry
Fa
Fa =73.561vPa t:
*=ffi= i:
t
I
Cc= 106.21< l15.6l

rr^- tDâ _ _1210!__ l2r2 (2oo,ooo
u se =
x u-t r)2= -rd5.6lP
Fa = 7l .05lvfPa
FD = 0.60(350)
Fb =2l0lvffa
rfi*fi=r.o
- M 50x106
lD=sx=5g2 * ro3
,fb = 85.91 MPa
fa 85.91
?7.0s* 116- = '
fa = 45.53lvfPla
.P
JA=T
P = 45.53(7560)
P=344207N=34CN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel l)esflgrr
t-:rected to an a1 _
i - a moment of a:._ , A W 360 x 122 section is used as a column

r-'..m.
r-'..tr). I[ is 6 m. 1c
lc- - with an effective length of l0 m. Determine
.iil the max. Ioad that can be carried at an
'.. = 350 Iv{Pa eccentricity of 300 mm.
:.,-. tives [h:: value c: :
Assume
,t 2A$ x 59 Fy =29oMPa A = 15500 mm2
r.r=89.jmlri Ix= 365 x 106 mm4 ly= 61.5 x 106 mm4
? = 51.9 rn, I €=300 nm
rx= 154 mm /y=63mm
: .138
163
d=363mm E = 200000 MPa
idrl
: 353 kN
a) 146.4 kN
b) 215.4 kN
ffic) 191"3 kn
='*-r-1,
0 163.4 kN
-- - _1
I )4
Solution:
!_ roooo
@ m r-
Llr =
63
159.73
i
_ t:n2 (200,000)
- 23(l15.6r;2
uc
ffiooooo)
= ^Y --l9o-
Cc= 11,6.68 < I-/r
Use:
ro=ffi t)n2 P
- t2n2 (200ooo)
'a =-24.fi'?3;r'
{s = 40.88 lvtPa
p n.;^
Fa =;ata'-'"-
408s=Gfto.q#ffiP
.I'* lStr30l hI
P * i91..3 k!,1
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
458
Steel lDeslg=rr
249.
A C 310 x 45 channel is used as a

end column 2.2 m. long. How far off
can a load of 50 kN be Placed on the r
Assume FY = 380 MPa and that
stress is to be limited to 140 MPa.
A = 5690 mm2 Sx = 442 x lG
1) = 19.3 mm tf = 12.7 mm
ix = 67.3 x 106 mrn4 Sy = 33.6 x 1Gl
r=l7mm Iw=13mm
Iy = 2.12 x 106 mm4 rx = 109 mm
bf= 8o mm d=305
a) 120 mm c) 150 mm
6b) 100 mm 0 140 mm
Solution:
i =#*=n3.ee
2n2E
wC- -Fy
C.=101.93<113.99
t2n2E
Use Fo=
BOtfi
- t2n2 (20004)
to= 2fr.',,
Fa ='72.26}vPa
PMc
s=;*7
72.26=#.ffi
e = 158.31
50000 50000e(63)
- l4U = s690 -rj2 *;W
e= 100 rnm
Usee=100mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslqtr
A column in a building frame for 7.3 m.

-=:.17mm. storey height support a column load of
1160 kN and bending moments of 136 kN.m
and 163 kN.m. acting at the top and bottom
ends respectively as shown. The column is
braced against sidesways in the strong
bending plane. Using AISC Specs. for A 36
= lO450 mm" steel, compute for the interaction value of
both axial and bending loads.
1160 kN
Mt=136 kN'm Properties of W secrion
A = 17096 mm? Fy = 250lvP:a
r-r = 155.96 mm d = 365 mm
r) = 93.98 mm bf = 360 mm
7.3 m Sx = 2343 x ld mm3 tf = 17 ,'75 mm
S) = 8t8 x 103 mm3 lw = li mm.
Kx = 1.20 Ky = 1.0
[i: Mz=163 kN'm
t-' sa) 0.862
b) 0.763
f c) 0.985
--=1.0 a 0.694
I
Solution:
l
f,i,,
.P
JA= A
^ = 1160000
la nog6
fa = 67 "85lvfPla
Kr _ r.o(z:oor
': _'. ^ <A
rv - 93.98
KL
I
< i.0 ,y = 77'AA<C
-.
t-
I
,l
-=-
-<
= 0.80)
._n[@
"- Y Fy
-- i]]tlitf'":/
) tso C = 125.66
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
452
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslg.rr I
I
;I
,o=1,
5
*#l D_
r'.s.
(KLtr)3
r's'=i*3(KLtr\
rJC; - 8 C13
s 307.68\ - (77.68)3
& \ --r...'
''"'-3 '8(125.65) 8(1216)
F.S. = 1.87
ro=[r
fc
ffi]#
= 108.15 MPa
fe - 67.85
Frz 108.15
fn
fr =o'ol > o'15
Use:
fr.(T;
fa C^fb
<'o
1.03 x 106
' = (KLrrrP
e
KL _1.203m)
-
rx 155.96
&= 56.rj
rx
x 106
te =1.03
*rr1z
Fe' = 326.48tvlPla
.
LL-
200 bf
{rv
_ 2m(360)
,^--
Ll-
-
{eso
Lc = 4554 mm.
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
W
O
N
N
uy
y
bu
b
.i: i
to
to
k
k
lic
ic
teel IDesI-gn
Cl
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
rr'= 13=80P
rv d
bf tf
. 138000
= l5o (3zsl
" 360 (17 .7 s)
Lu = 96& mm.
L)Lc
L1 Lu
Use Fb = 0.6Fy
Fb = 0.6(250)
Fb = 150 MPa
Cm=0.6-r^ (#)
cm=06 r. (i#)
Cm=0.27<0.40'
Use Crn = 0.40

-M
Jb=5,
- 163 x 106
"iD = ---------------;
2343 x l0)
Ib = 69.57 lvIP:a
fa
n.1-5;=,0 Cmft
gg*
roE'rs ,
o,aj9e:5J)
=0.862
(r-ffi) (r5o)
Clwck also:
&*ff=r.0.
ffih. q#= o.er6 < t.o (sefe)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
4s1
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel Desl.qrr c u -tr a c k
I
a
A W 360 x I 34 section is used as a cc -- -

with an elfective length of 7 m. to s-::,-
one rack ol a traveling crane in ? lr-.'-
Detcrmine Ihe maximum pe rfi;:: -
reaction P if the column also carries
of400 kN from an upper floor, as.'..r
" ,,
Use AISC Specilicatrons,
Assume F) = 250 MPa.
Pronerties ofW j60 x 134
A = 17100 mm2 r = 94 rnm
Sx = 2330 x ld mm3
sa) 896kN c) 789 kN

b) 983 kN 0 963 kN
Solution:
IT
..=!'5r= zn2 (zooaoc,,
250
KL
=7W = ro,.
r94
IJse: Fa=,, -(KL''t', Fl
2Cc2tF's'
5 3(KLtr) (KLtr)3
"...=5* * ;;rl
or=;.,ffi#
ffi=,,u
Fa = ll1 MPa
.PM
rka =;- +
s
M=125P-400000(75)
rrt
(P + 400000) lt25P - 400: . -
= lTloo -* ,r, -.j
P = 896000 N
P =896 kN
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
ic k
k
l ic
Cl
C
w
w
m
m
Steel Design
w w
w
o
o
.do .c .do .c
245-a CE Board l{av. 2003
Solutian:
A Area of section:
1
P = max. load + min. load

1
1
P = 1600 +)(260)
P = 1730 k:N
D_P
,r-A
lU)= r730000
.O
A=9351 mm2
PD
F -T O O L S ffiqBffi PD
F-TOOLSil[iIHitl[fr ff [ff Bt
Hffi Hfi fl tHit{iHi[ilfi fl xLnf;
!
W
W
|l-
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
45,t-B
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
rd*F*hS$r.a#,
Width offlange:
L=2oo
r
13q@
= 2oo
zbf
bf = 260 mm
@ Thickness ofplate:
A = 9351"
935r = 26ot(2) + (400 - zt)(t)
9351=520t+4Nt-2?
2P-92ot+9351=o
P-460t+4675.5=0
, = 10.4 mm
Uset=12mm
I
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
y
y
bu
bu
Steel lDeslqn
to
to
ic k
k
l ic
Cl
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
@i,ta DUsra ,"oy. tyyr
An inverted T-beam is made up of two

200
200 mm x 20 mm steel plares joined
together to form an invened T-beam. The
section is subjecred to a compressive force P
acting at the centroid of the web section. If
the allowable stress is 1-s0 MPa, which of
the following gives the value of the
compressive force P. The neutral axis is 65
mm above the bottorn of tie secrion and
its momentof inerua is37.67 x 106 mm4
-., -2t)(t) €a) 427 xN

b) 420KN
l:l c) 380 KN
0 340 KN
Solution :
e=120-65
e =55mm.
. P * MC
J=1, t
rso=#.##
P = 4?1976N
P =427 KN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
.r)o
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesl.gn
=
Et
itE
A W 200 x 59 is subjected to an ir ",J

compressive load P and a moment of a:.,,u
the rnajor axis of 50 kN"m. It is 6 m. i;r{
Use AISC Specifications:
Fb = 0.6Fy Fy = 350 MPa
Which of the following gives th* value .i r
Properties oJ'W 2A0 x 59

A = 7550 mm? r.r = 89.9 miri
Sx = 582, 193 *,',3 4 = 51.9 m
Ba) 344 tN c) 438 kN
b) 285 kN 0 353 kN
Solution:
to=ffi= 115'61
Fa = ll9 - 0.0034(1 15.6D2

Fa =73.56\vIP:a
znz Qoo,ooot
wc-
3s0
Cc= lA6.2l < l15.6l
,r^- E^ _ _t2r?_E nn2 eoo,otr
UseIa=----------;=-
-
23 (Ltr)z 23(rl5.6t1l
Fa = 77.05 lvffa
Fb = 0.60(350)
Fb =2l0lvfPla
fa fb
[r*"pt = t'o
^ M 5oxlo6
"Ia=&=5g2*ro3
,fb = 85.91 MPa
fa 85.91
I
77.05* Jio- =
fa = 45.53lvfPla
.P
ta=7
P = 45.53(7560)
P =344207 N = 344 N
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
li c
lic
Eteel lDeslgn
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
'r- .. subjected to an .
@'t.iii'iiai
L,- - -rnd a momeni ol _ A W 360 x 122 section is used as a column
. kN.m. Ir is 6 m. with an effectrve lengttr of l0 m. Detennine
. '--Jns: the max. load that can be carried at an
f'Y = 350 lv{Pa eccentriciry' ol 300 mm.
- -,5 givc: rl'.: valut . :
Assume
v' , :,f lL' 2At) x 59 F) = 290 \{Pa A = 15500 mm2
rx = 89.1 nr,..i trx= 365 x 106 mm4 'ly= 6l-5 x 106 mm4
"' I ?*51.9rn rx = 154 mm r)=63mm
d=363mm E = 200000 MPa
c) 438 kN
0 353 kN
a) 146.4 h\
b) 215.4 kN
ffic) 191.3 kn
: =300-\
0 N
lil:,- ,5.692
ll" 163.4
[= - ]7r2 (2c]o,ooo)
n] Solution:
t_
_
r63
10000
' 350 ur Llr = 159.73
i -- cc-
Dn2 ooo.om,
!ri, - 23(ll5.6Dz r-:._
rl. r _^/2n-t2000Q0)
!' "c- Y z9o
Cc= 116.68 < Llr
Use:
tzn21
r-a =::-;-:--",
/.J\Lt r )'
r- a =1ufi;1r{
12tr2 200000)
(
fs = 40.88 MPa
^ Pl;c^-"
la=-:+
A;
40.88=15ft0.q##p
P = 191301 N
F = i91.3 k!,{
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k 4s8 c u -tr a c k
Eteel Desl4lr.r
A C 310 x 45 channel is used as a

end column 2.2 m. long. How far off
can a load of 50 kN be Placed on the I
Assume Fy = 380 MPa and that
stress is to be limited to 140 MPa.
A = 5690 mm2 Sx = 442 x ltr r,"m-
/) = 19.3 mm tf = 12.7 mm
Ix = 67.3 x 106 mm4 Sy = 33.6 x t&]
r=17mm ,w=13mm
Iy = 2.12 x 106 mm4 rx = 109 mm
b.f= 80 mm d=305
a) 120 mm c) 150 mm
sb) 100 mm @ 140 mm
Solution:
i =#:=u3.ee
C"=\W
""- Ytr"(r*,
,_ _n
3g0
C.=101.93<113.99
12n2E
use Fo=
z3@tfi
- t2n2 (20oo00)
ho=-nfr335J-
Fa =72.26tvPa
PMc
s=a"T
22.26=#.ffi
e = 158.31
-140=#;l',ffi';l
e=100mm
Usee=100mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
459 w . d o c u - t r a c k . c
w
w
o
o
.d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Eteel lDeslqn
tl
h
h* @iii ,w|t
.: "-:l is used as a hin:.: A 9 m. long A 36 steel column is subjected

: : ng. How far off ce: ,: to an axial compressive load P = 2675 kN
-" .e placed on the x-u: and a lateral uniform load or that caused
" \IPa and that te:. bending about the weak axis of the column.
re; to 140 MPa. Using AJSC Specifications.
Sx=442x ld mr:l
rf = 12.7 mm w
r' Sy = 33.6 x 103 n: l
O Which of the following gives the allowable
axial stress.
$!=13mm a) 120.54 MPa c) 150.12 MPa
6b) 100.21 IlPa 0 140.57 MPa
J=305
c) 150 mm O Which of tlre following gives the allowable

Q 140 mm bending stress.
a) 123.4 MPa c) l?8.2 MPa
'€b) 1ii7.5 \'IPa 0 240.7 MPa
O Which of the following gives the allowable

uniform lateral load.
a) 3.493 kN/m c) 5.239 kli/m
Unfl', r. !sb) 4.533 lcr{/m 0 4.963 kN/m
ffi
r lr-
A = 36645 mm2 ,/= 36.58 in

d = 394 mm lry = 22.61 mm
bf = 399 mm Fy = 250 Ml'a
rr = 165.10 mm r) = tr02.8T nnnt
Sr = 1950 x ld snm3
" -:t 17)
Solution:
e.
KL _ l(9cd0)
'.2 63 ) " r 102.87
W = gl'ag
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
460
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
t5teel lDeslgrr rr
II
,:.
Ei
2n2 E
Cc= -Fr
zn2 eooooo)
Cc=
250
Cc=
3 (KLtr) (KLtr)3
F.S. =
J
5
;+ 8C,
-T7p
5 3(87.4e) (87.4q3
F.S. =
J
;+ 8(12s.66) 8(125.66)-1
F.S. = 1.71
ro=l'W) D-
F.S.
-r
(87'49)2 250
L - 2(t2s.66P)
rr= 11 r.1t
Fa = 100.21 MPa
9 Fb = 0.75 Fy
Fb = 0.75Q5A)
Fb = 187.5 MPa
p
@fa=7
^
1a= -ifr{
26750000)
fa =73tldPla
fa_- lz
Fa 100.21
* = o'tt> o'15
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
W
O
N
N
uy
y
bu
461
b
to
to
k
k
Eteel lDesl.grr
li c
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
t
5
fa Cmfb
it-se
ta
- + ------------;-
( 'ft) ra <tr.O
_t'r Cm= 1.0

I .03x 106
Ic -
(KLtr)t
k o'
1.03 x 106
-
(81 .49 t/
rl-' .(KLlr)3 Fe'= 134.56 tr1Pa
li- 8 C.3 M
fb=s,-
lill{l- -- (87.49)3
lt* -, 8(125.06;3 M=
wL2
g
w (9\2
u =_i-
l* I ,.v M = lA.l25 tY kN.m
" lFs -. 10.125 Hz x 106
J-
fh=-
x l0r
r--: I zsa
fb = 5.192 W
1950
ry "," -J l.7t
- j fa Cmfb
'#-:r
ta (-ft)ru
Use'- +---*<1.0
73 . 1.0(5.192W
loo'21 =l
(r--11-,r..rJ rs"
0.728+0.0617=l
l7 = 4.533 kN/m
Consider also
fa * fb
ffiF) -Fb'o
73 5.192 W
u(zil+ or, =r
0.487 + 0.028W= 1
W = 1832 kN/m .
.'. Safe W = 4.533 kNlm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 462 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Deslqrr 5l
t
E
@i|Fi,abi'in'i;
W-shape columns are used to support a cr-,:
rail as shown. The top of the columns --.
braced against sidesway in the direc';-,:
along the crane rail (t = 0.80) but sides;.
is not prevented in the direcr: -:
Kx=2.10
perpendicular to the crane rail (k = 2.'.
(y=o'80 Using AISC Specs.
0 Which of the following gives the allo*.: r
axial sEess.
a) 32.54MPa c) 57.12 MPa
€b) 45.77lvlPa 4 65.57 MPa
P=75 kN I Which of the follc*,irig gives the aiio*;: c
bending stress.
a) 130 MPa d 200 MPa
mb) 150 MPa @ 175 MPa
(D Which of the following gives the allo*:,: ,r
max. eccentricity the crane rails coulc :x
placed on top of the W-shaped colurn:-l ;
the max. expected reaction on the rails .i -'
kN.
a) 2182.4 mm c) 1346.8 mm
rsb) 1884.3 mm $ 2012.4 mm
A = i1419 mm2 bf = 255.9t -:,
F. = 250 MPa tf = 17.35 nr
d = 260.35 mm Sy = 10.54 m:
Sr = ll00 x ld mm3 rr = ll2 mm
Sy=379xld rv = 65'28
Solwtion:
o (*).=zJ$$QQ= tso
(*),=ryP=e8'04
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
46iw . d o c
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c k.
c
Steel Desl.gn
;
1
r,: :i
,:.1 :o Support a
the columns --.
Cr:
Use
KL
r =150>Cc= ,tw
. " rn the direc'; -
- /-_'
wC - =125.66
,,i =
-
:--:
:0) but sides. .
the direc:. - -
rail (k=2'
.-_
'u-
^/ry
12n2E
23 (KLrr)z
l2r2 (20000Q)
t.û -_
,,05142
; ':s the allo';.: Fa = 45.77 MPa
A'
2l I r=
zmbf 200(255,91)
r Fv {zso
:.
,l-
!.4 ^ - *:
JilL - :
Lc = 323'7 mm
.
tu= 137900 137900
-7-J
_ t_ \,?a = 260j5(250)
u -: \Fa .4f': 255.91(17.35)
Lu = 9409 mm
L>L,
ti, --' _-
L<L,
-.--t
.'. Fb = 0.6Fy = 0.q250)
Fb = 150 MPa
- P 75000
a Ja= A= ll4lg
fa = 6.568lvfPa
^ M 75000e
lD=s, =lloo* lo3
l!- =-6.568
Fa 45.77
f!_ 0.1435 < 0.15,
Fa =
Use
fa Ib < 1.0
Fo* Fb
75000e
6.568 1100 x
ian + --6:= 103
I
e = 16E4.3 mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
W
NO
N
y
y
464
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
l ic
Steel fDesig=rr
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A W 250 x 58 A 36 steel column is

connected at the top and bottom with
ways being prevented. The upper hin3t
eccentric by 25 mm causing bending
the major axis. The column is 5.4 m
without any lateral bracing column. L
AISC specifications.
O Which of the following gives the allo'*
ffii sb)
axial stress for the column.
a) 93.83 MPa
84.43 MPa
c) 99.12 MPa
0 67.57 MPa
ffi, O Which of the following gives the al

bending stress for the column.
a) 130 MPa c) 200 MPa
sb) 150 MPa @ 175 MPa
safe axial load P.
a) 748 kNI c) 928 kN
Eb) 618 kNr 0 842kN
A =7420 mm2 rr = 108 mrm
d=252mm r) = 50'4 mm
Sx= 693 x ld mm3 by -- 203 nn
Sy = 186 x ld mm3 tw = 13.5 mm
Fy = 250 Mpa t/= 8 mm
Solution:
K=l (pin connected)
(r _ (1x5400)
r' 50.4
u=rc1.u
r
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 465
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslgn
;
15
f
. r:eel column is p-
.-lbottom with sr:,
L. = YfT:ooomt
The upper hinge -,
;-,ring bending ak -
-..umn is 5.4 m hr.:
--r5o-
Cc = 125.66
rr::ng column. Usr::
A.c.
. il\'es the allo*:: ,
r, = [r -
- 99.12MPa
I 67.57 MPa r.s =i *
: Eives the allori'a: : r.s.=i *
:r_...tmn.
: 200 MPa F.S. = 1.696
i 175 MPa Fa=l'ffi#l#u
:rveS the maxim*- Fa =93.83MPa
928 kN Bending &ow nwjor axis.

M2 KN t^_*
2Wbf
LL-
rr ;'lJ l JS trFv
r.r= 108 mm
_
UL-
2m(203\
r) = 50'4 mm ! 2s0
bf =243 mm
Lc = 2568 mm
_ 138ffX)
fw = 13.5 mm L4-
rya
r/= 8 mm
- =
w
138m0
Lu
2w252\
203(13.5)
Ll = 6003 mrn
L> L,
L<Ln
Use Fb = 0.60Fy
Fb = 0.6OFy"
Fb = 0.60(250)
Fb = 150 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
466
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel lDeslgrr
I
'.\
E
@ Assume
frro.rt
f! cr!-ft
ro *
- t#) ro ,r.o
(t
cm = 0.60 - 0.0
ffi)
cm = o.6o- o.+o (fr) = o'60
P
fa=V
P
fa=V^lvIPa
M
Ib="ox
P (25\
"ft=atffi
P
fb = Ur^lvffa
F;.(:#;"n
fa Cmft
'* (#^)
P
14?0
(r'#)
_1
-I
93.83
P = 618000 N
P=618 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
467
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDeslgrr c u -tr a c k
:T
[E
@iti,fai'ti::lt':!:
A W 200 x 46 is used as continuous top
rNs-- < 1.0 chord member of a truss as shown. It carries
i" r- a purlin load of 44 kN and a compressive
stress of 550 kN. Use AISC Specs. F"y =
345 b{Pa.
;) O Which of the following gives the value of

the permissible axial suess if axial force
alone existed.
= 0.60 sa)
-t 170.61 MPa c) 1CI.76 MPa
b) 145.45 MPa @ 180.34 MPa
O Which of the following gives the interaction
value due to arial and bending
€a) 0.81 c) 0.93
b) 0.78 0 0.87

w = 46kglm rr = 88.1
A = 5860 mm2 rt = 51.2
d = ?.03 Sx=448xld
t/= 1l'0 Sy=l5lxld
A=203
tw = 7.2
Solution:
p
O fa=7
- =550000
-Ia 5g60
/a = 93.86 MPa
M =+ Uixed ends)
* =1tP
M = 22 kN.ni
M =22x 106 N.mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
46E
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDesl"e:rr E
E
s
M
fb=s,
-
to=448*rG
22x106
fb = 49.r1
. 200 bf
uL-
lFv
_ 1379C0
tu=-lyT
Af
.
Lt,
200(203)
-
{ g+s
Lc =2186 mm > 2 m,
_= 138000
"u
-j\NL)
I 1(203)
Lu= 44OO mm
L=2m.
Lc = 2.186 m.
Lu = 4.397
L<h <Lu
Use Fb = 0.66Fy
^ t2n2 E
"= rU1&;
Kr _ (1X4000)
rb 88.1
KL
= 45.4O
-rb
t2n2 (200.000)
I,e'=-23(
Fe' = 499.66MPa
For loadings as shown:

Cm=l-O.rh
Cm= l -O.rm
Cm=0.962
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
469
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .do .c
Eteel IDeslg=n
F
mrF
b
,KL,, (1)(2000)
\ r ./r 512
t*i^=qP=4540
KL
Use =.15 Jn < C
-
(=
C = 106.9'7
po=l (Kt'-:l jr
'"-L' l 2cl J ic
-
5 3 (Kl ', ,12 ",)

r''r'=3* gc r7j-
CC
5 1rJ5.1
--:-----:::--
i rl5 i,-1
---j---:--- I Or
=4.
3 8(1(6.91' Sr 1t16 9",-{ " -
,o=lL ##=] ffi
Fa = 170.61 MPa
t#=m=0,55>0.r5
Use:
fa Cmfb
F?------------;-:r.U
lA t ldt
\1 '77) Fb
Fb = 0.66 Fy
Fb = 0.66(3a5)
Fb = 22'1.'70lvlPa
?1;Y.49U_<r.o
170.6r' (t.$fi_)zzt.t
\ ^ 499.6/
Snu
h
0.55 + 0.26= 0.81< 7.0 (safe)
U|tr,. Cfuck also:
#.ff'rc
93.86 49.11 -^
+ t'v
lio6l m3s
0.55 + 0.22 = 0.77 < l.A (safe)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
470
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDesl.gr:r c u -tr a c k
Eiiiriia'ririiiili:
A YV 200 x 46 column is 5 m. long . u
top, the column supports a beam - r
reaction of 250 kN framing !o one flang:
"w
a beam with a reaction of 2&) kN frarnr-; u
the other. Use F6 = 138 MPa. Use . -"-
Specs. Fy = 450 MPa. Which c,: ;rur
following gives the interaction value c: :, u
El axial and bending.
101.50 Properties of W 200 x 46
__1 448 x ld
S.r = mrn3 A = 5860 :- --
I
101.50 d=203mm r! = 5l '2 :::
200 kN
I ffia) 0.792 c) 0.892
b) 0"914 0 0.864
Solution:
L_ 5(l0m) _ q1 6
r 5l-2
,,={Y={,TP=,::r
| ,,,
t2nzE
[Jse Fa- -
23 (Llr)t
ro=W@
23(e7.6)L
=lo8.tlIft
(250 + 200X1000)
r, =l_-
t"- A 5g60 = 76..?9 \h,
ta =T
lu =#
M =250W(101.5) - 20000q101.5)
M = 5.075 x td N.mm
,=#*#=,.3MPa
fa fb
Fa+ Fb= t
##*H=o,ze2
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
471
bu
bu
to
to
Steel lDesilgn
ic k
k
lic
Cl
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
F
H
E Pti'obletn:
.i:rL-iln iS 5 m. lOng a:
:-Dport,sabeam..- A steel c,-:iumn nrade up of S 25{} x 52
-r'ring to one flange :-* I-beam and t*ocovei plates 28fJ min x 16
of 2&l kN framir.: i; mm placed ar rhe top and botiom of the
-;: = 138 MPa. Use A-:, 1 flanges oi the i-bea;r is 6 n:. high" The
- \IPa. Which of .-:
r
cornpressron mernLrr is assigned ic $upport
a verdcal load P appllrd along axis 2-2 and
:ieraction value of b':nt
50 mm from a.xrs i - 1. Using ,{lSC
Specificauons compu[e the vertical eccentric
:.iW200x46
: 4=5860mr]
load P thar maybe placed on rire coiumn.
F) = 250 }l,oa. Fb = 0.60Fr. Assume
r! = 51.2 n:- K = 0.80.
c) 0.892 Properries of S 2-iA x 52 I-beam
0 0.864 A = 6660 mml d=254mm
Ix=67.6x 106mm4 bf =126mm
Iy = 3.56.x 106 mm4 f = 12.5 mm
S:r = 485 x lN mm3 rx = 96.1 mm
=-t J56--=
:r2(zoooool ^- Sy = 56.5 x id mm3 rJ=23.1 mm
Y-' :r: lw = 15.1 mm
sa) 1253 kx c) 987 kN
b) 1361 kN 0 876kN
Solution:
A=6660+280{15)(2)
= l08.ll MP" A = 15620 mm2
/t-i=61.6x106
. lru#rg + 28(16)(13g2]2
Irt=225.09x106
i' :0000q101.5) Iz-z= 3.56x 106 +
W rD
Iz-z= 62.10 x 706
rr
'= 1A
^mlo?
'= Y 15620
r = 63.A5
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
472
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Desl.gtrr Str
;ffi
Ery
*=q#P=76.13
Cc = 125.66
Urc fo=fl - (KLtr)2'l

zcT
Fy
l-nl.
ft 5 3(76.13) (76.13)3
r'r'=J*btEEi-8(rrt6
F.J. = 1.87
,o=[,ffi]#
Fa = 109.15 MPa
Fb = 0.6Fy
Fb = 0.6(250)
Fb = 150 MPa
-T-
***=r.o
rA I'D '=5(
"P
p=7 l-
p
fo = ,SA*O=
0.000064P
-MCI
Jb=
_ soP (143)
rD=riirr;tT
/b = 0.0000318P
ff*fi=rc
0.000064P 0.0000318P
lo9.l5 * t5o =t'tl
P = 1252585 i\
P = 1253 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Dee!.gn
iil
ry
il' {
The section of a built up vertical steel

column consists of four angles with unequal
- legs 150 mm x 100 mm x 16 mm and two
iI*I {- web plates 600 mm x 20 mm connected
together and arranged as shown. It has an
unbraced length of 8 m. and carries two
vertical reactions from overlying truss spans
of Pi = 1300 kN and P2. These loads are
acting at 190 mm frorn the y-axis, both
(76.13)3 along the x-axis. Compute the safe value of
.
P2 rhat the column could carry using AISC
ql2s.66)3
Specifications. Fy = 250 MPa. Allowable
bending stress is 0.6Fy.
I 2s0 Properties of one
rJ l^g7
150 mm x l(N mm x 16 mm angk
A = 3740 mm2 .r = 25.9 mm
Ix=8.4x106mm4 )=50.9mm
Iy=3 * 106 mm4 rx= 47.4 mm
Sx ld mm3
= 84.8 x ry = 28.3 mm
Sy = 40.4 x ld mm3
r=50.9
ma) 5750 kN c) 4987 kN
L-
I
b) 3364 kN 0 5876 kN
MFlP Solution:
,r-r=@W
+ [S.a x 105 + (3740)(2ss.rc)z)4
Itt= 1727.14 x 106 mnn4
,r-,= lfls+ 6oo(20)(23 t .nzj z

+ [S x iG6+ 3740(20r.oiz] +
m':18P
Iz-z= 19t4.56 x !d mm4
Ti-= 1.0
r=
A* 3'740{4) + 600(20X2)
A = 389@
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 174 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDelslgn ET
;fr c{
rH
KL 8MO {y
r - 210.55- ""
-
- -
,,=^{ry= - zr2 (zoo.oooj

250
D_
r.s.
o.=5* 3(38) -
(38)3
3 8(125.66) 8(12s.66)3
F.S. = 1.78
ro=frffi)#
Fa = 134.03 MPa
rfi*fi=t.o
Pr+Pc
fa =-= l-
- (1300 + P2) 1000
to= 3ggfi
I M =lPz(190) - 13m(190)l 1000
M = 190000 (P2- 1300)
255.r
Pr=1300i P2 C =247.5
--r-f-?--
teo; te0
- MC
lD= I =
190000 (Pz - l300X2a--<
]' l974J6x106
fb = 0.0238 (Pz - 1300)
Fb =4.6(250) = 150 MPa
rfi*ff= r.o _.1
(1300+Pd(1000)
38960 0.0238(P2-13ffii.
ry"o3 * l5o-
0.00019 (1300 + Pz)
+ 0.000159 (Pz - 1300) = 1.0
0.247 + 0.00019P2
+ 0.000159P2- 0.2067 = l.A
Pz= 2750 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
475
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeelesrr
tr
b
= 210.55
llfl'P,,obr,,i,',
The section of a steel column with
unsupported height of 7.5 m. is to be made
of two channels latuced together with their
2n2 eoo.oaoi back facing each orher and their flanges
250 turned out. This column is made to carry
two vertical loads one 356 kN acting
( ')21 Fy concentrically and anotrer load P at a distarrce
"-t -J FS 75 mm from the x-aris and along the y-axis.
Which of the followin_* gives the value of
jii:". _ (38)3 this load P using AISC Specifications.
iJ :: 8(125.66)3 F) = 450 MPa. Allo*able bending stress
stress is 0,60F,v. Assume the column to be
ys- I 250 equally strong in borh ares.
EllJ rr8 Properties of One channel C 310 x 31
WI
/.r= 53.5 x lo6 mm4 A = 3920 mm2
Sx = 351 x ld mm3 .r = 17.5 mm
6a) 683 tN c) 487 kN

b) 564 kN 0 s76 kN
-'*"ri'190)l 1000
Solution:
.100) Ix= 53.5 x td (z)
Ix= 107 x ld
Iy = 107 x 16 @qualiy srrong in *ulir attr::,)
--+--
3sq kN
-x
r=\atr
f=
x i06
107
38%q2)
r= 116.82
-.0238(Pz -1300'
- 150
_
,-,
i- 1300) 1.6
r,-.'rffi
""- Y Fy
=
r--îl
-"- V 45CI
Cc=93,ffi
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
476
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel- tDeslgn EI
-.E
I#
KL 7500
r = I 16-82
KL
r = 64'20
{rseFa=[,-WlX
(U.ZOt3_
'o,'"'-=53 +3(&.20\
' 8(93.66)_ s(s:.65)3
F.S. = 1.88
ro=lr
ffi)m
Fc = 183.13 MPa
Fb = 0.60(450)
Fb = 270lvlPa
M
fb= s
M-- P(75X1000)
.ll
75000P
fb= 351 x 103 (2)
lD = 0.1068P I
, =-_-T-
Js
(P + 356) (lm0)
" (P + 356X10@)
Ia=---@-
fa = 0.1?3 (P + s356)
fa fb
t'o
fi*"Pt=
0.128(P + 356) 0.1068P
183.13 2t0
0.0007P +0.249 +0.00O4P= I
P-683 kN
PD PD
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeslgrr
The top chord of a bridge truss is subjected

to a dead lmd moment of 40 kN.m about is
horizontal axis and an axial compression of
600 kN. Compute the stress at the top and
bottom of the section. The section consists
,":f ry of two channels C 180 x 22 placed at a
. Jff. distance of 160 mm back to back with its
_..i.20)3
flanges outstanding and a cover plate of
280 mm x 12 mm ar the top and lacings at
$ i3.oo13
the bottom.
Properties of One C l8a x 22
A = 2780 mm2 d=l78mm
L-'tro 1x= ll.3 x 106 mm4
1i-'- - E8 .t = 13.5 mm
gS a) Top = -120.83, Bonom +35.22
=
b) Top = -130.23, Bouom = +30.21
c) Top = -122.43, Bottom = +42.65
0 Top = -212.56, Botom = +26.79
Solution:
At = 28(12) = 3360 mm2
Az= 2780{2) = 5560 mm2
I A=At+A2=S))Q
llv.a.
,4Y = At Yt + A2Y2
I
8920Y = 335q60) + 5560(10l)
-_t__ y = 65.22
i
r= [11.3 x 106 + s560(35.28)2] 2
j
*?!#C* 2s0tt2)(ss.22)2
I = 48.7 x ld mm4
At the top:
"-\a.ffi#r-" PMC
rt" --A- I
f-_ 6000m 40x ld(65.22)
rt-' E92a' 48.7x105
-
h = 120.83 MPa (cornpression)
At the bouom:
t,iP PMC
^ = -A+ -T-
-.-_, -l tD
40 x ld (124.78)
J,- _ 60m00
l]i],r,rLI,P =t lD=--ggm r 48J",0"
fb = +35.22 MPa (tension)
PD PD
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478
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Steel lDesLgrr 31
tt
__7:,
-\#
E
A W 360 x 134 section is used as a col:-;

whose effective length is 6 m, The coL::n
carries an axial load of 260 kN anC Er
eccentric load of 220 kN applied on :*
minor axis. Which of the following g:.t
the maximum eccentricity e of the l:,ai
using Fy = 250 MPa.
A = 17100 mm2 Ix= 415 x 106 n-:'
rx = 156 mm /y = l5l x 106 r"*:''
ry =94 mm S, = 2330 x ld
SY=817xtd
a) 846 mm sc)956 mm
b) 936 mm @ 789 mm
WM
znwffi Solution:
^^w f =$fl= ur.t,

ffi l,-
,noior*A)'
^_^@
L-Y 250
c=125.66>Llr
rrse Fa=tr.#t#.
5 3lJr (Ltr)3
r's' = i* s" 8(,
r'r' = T5* sdrt6i
3(63.83) (63.83)3
-
(rr566f
F.S. = 1.84
ro=[r ##&f ffi=nt-*,

PM
Fa=1 +
t
118.34J?4*#@.#H+
e=956 nm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
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!
OW
W
O
N
N
479
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bu
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Eteel llesigrr
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@;,.,i';;,,iu1;i!'
rl -' A W 250 x 89 section carries an axial load
"'
-l- of 91171kg and a moment of 9117 kg.m at
.llil the top and 6883 kg.m at ttre bottom which
.:
causes bending along the strong axis.
1,,:
Assume that the column is braced at its ends
against sideways bending in both of its
bending planes.
m O Which of the follo*,ing gives the value of
Cm.
6a) 0.90 c) 0.80
b) 0.70 0 0.95

fllml
the allowable bending stress if bending
moment alone existed.
€a) 207 MPa c) 218 MPa
b) 230 MPa @ 195 MPa
O Is the column safe to carry such load, if so
P=91771 kg what is the interaction value for both axial
and bending.
Mz=9l77lk9.m
II
s a) Safe, 0.950
b) Safe,0.896
c) Not safe, 1.25
@ Not safe, l.16
Properties ofW 25A x 89

I
L=4.5 A= ll400mm2 d=260mm
S.r = 1100 x ld mm3 rx = ll2 mm
S) = 378 x ld mm3 ry = 65.1 mm
bf = 250 d: = 17.3 tw = 10.3
Solution:
P =91771(9.807)
P = 900000 N
l)*=ur* or.,n Mz= 9l'77(9.807)
M2= 90,000 N.m
Mr = 6883(9.807)
Mr 67542N.m
L 4srY)
v= 6 =69'12
PD PD
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N
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w 480 w
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Steel- IDeslgn S1
-ry
-E -
,=\W
2rr2 (2oo,ooo)
L=
345
C=106,97<69.12
r,=['#]#
s 3Ltr\
r.s- =i*l--;a (Ltr)3
r"r' =J
s* 3(69.12)" (69.n\3
8do6et 8(lo6rF
f.S. = 1.88
,
"c_-2NW
,[p,
,
Lc- _
200(256)
! 345
L"=275i7
. 138000 138000
t"=
l)4 = 345(260)
Af 256t1"1.6)
Lu= 6932
L> Lc',L <Lu
Use Fb = 0.6Fy
.,=[,ffil#
Fa = l45.2NPa
.P
la= A
- = 900000flm0)2
/, --ll4m--
fa = 78"95lvfP:a
fa _tg.gS
Fa- 145.2
ffi= a.s+> 0.15
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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F-P w F-P w
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PD
er
er
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O
N
N
y
uy
bu
481
b
to
to
Steel
k
Dersiqlr
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
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ET
1 0-1 r 105
-t
,t
\rrl
I Oi r lt-r!
Fe'=:-15111j'
( )
Fe '= 638":l\IPa
M 1 6i501
:=-=-{\ \
M 2 90000
(Negative, ben! rn sin?je ci;trvaiure )
Value o1 Cm.
\/, .
Cm = 0.6 - 0.r
[#)
Lm = U.d) - U,+(- (i ) l
Cm = 0.90
lt
cL _-
.lu - c
JX
- 900ffirt0{t0rl
"tD=--1100x 10r
ft = 81.82 lt{Pa
Fb = 0.60Fy
FD = 0.6(345)
Fb = 207 MPa (allowable bending stress)
fa Cm fb
*+ --X-
'Fil
< i.A
\t Fb
78.95 + 0.9(81.82)
0.95 < 1.0
1A\)'.
- lt .'#)
?QO<-
207
-=
Check also:
#.fi=to
#.W = olt < r.o (safe)
Therefore W 250 x 69 section is safe to
carrysuch load
PD PD
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Steel Desl-grr E
E
,-
.A'W 250 x 67 column carries a cenu: ti:

and a lateral load as shown.
Fa = ll9 - A.0034(Llr)2 and Fb = 13t l.J':
Use Crn = 1.0 for unresEained end.
1.03 x 106
r' =- (!-l'f
Is the column safe to carry the loaar ii
what is the total interaction value fi: :' ,:l
axial and bendrng

Ga) 1.12
No, c) No, 1'09
b) Yes,0.97 @ Yes, 0.857
A = 8550 mmZ d =257 mm

S-r = 806 x ld mm3 rx = 110 mm
Sy=218xldmm3 ?=51 mm
Solution:
LMp, = 0
Rz$) + 90 (0.3) =20(2)
fiz = 3'25 kN
Rt=20-3.25
fit = 16'75 kN
Max.M=33.5kN.m
Max. M=33.5 x 106 N.mm
t _ 4(1000)
r5l
I
==78.4<120
r
Fa = rt9 - 0.0034 (78.q2
Fa = 98.1 MPa
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
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F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
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!
!
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O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
487
to
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k
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li c
lic
teel DeeAgxxl"
C
w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
.P
.!,; = i
.. a-1ai;*rii-l lri,-r
tQ ^
b:--I,
7b = 53.15 ilPa
fa*e:]h
Fa' gg.t
fu
"-=().5i>l.l.1:
rQ
Llse:
fa Cn ih
_
Fa' ,
!--_------.
fi, : :.
I
I\ I - i-\
re,t Fo
r 106 1.03
,l' (L,
1.03 r 106
r e =----------------
(78.-+) -
Fe' = 167.6
Cm = I (for ends vithout restrainstsl

-M
-Jr
^ 33.5 x 106
/"-806* lo3
fb = 41.56
fa + ----..------;--
;- Cmfb
< i.0
lA t la,
\t 'i) Fb
a.64+ __-lJ;5_=1.12 > l.o

(r."jff) na
(not safe)
Therefore the member is not safe to carry

such load.
PD PD
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Bteel lfDeslg:rl E
G
A W 310 x 39 column, 4 m. high su

an arch truss of a building. It is
a direct load of P, and a moment ol g
N.m along the plane of the web. Ftrr
maximum load P that the column ,
support. Use A 36 steel, Fy = 250 ]"'flln.

Fb = A.75Fy.
Properties of the section
1.r x 106 mm4 A = 4940 mr'l

= 85.1
Iy=7.27 x 106mm4 rl= 131 mm
S.r = 549 x ld mm3 r) = 38.4 mn
S) = 88.1 x ld mm3
sa) 193 kN
b) 113 kN
c) 123 kN
0 l76kN
M=9000N.m
Solution'
I
Use least value of r:
!_ 4(1000)
r 38.4
L
IM,I'7
r
._J@
u- Y z5o
C = 125.66
PD PD
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C
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w 48s w . d
w
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.d o .c .c
I lDestgrr
,o=1, yfl {*
5 3(KL;r) (KLir)3
\ =- -
'r "'- 3 8c. gc.3
rc = 5 *. 3(ro1.l7)
(r2tA6,
(to+.tzi3
"'t' J 8(l25j6F
F.S. = l.9l
.o=[,ffi]#
Fa = 85.92 MPa
Fb = 0.75(250)
Fb = 187.5 MPa
.P
JA=T
fr=h
-McM=sy
Jb= I
-
/a
9m0(1mo)
=
88fi03
fb = lU22
fa fb |
Fa* Fb=
P +
102.20
4940(E5. gz) I 87 so- = t' u
P = 19309$ N
P=193 kN
PD PD
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486
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Eteel lDesLgn I
t
I
@i##offifil
A W 360'x 162 is used as a column to cq
eccentric load as shown. Which way sbcod
the columns be oriented? S
computations.
A = 20600 mm2 d=364 mm
Ix = 515 x 106 mm4
rx = 158 mm
/) = 186 x 106 mm4 ry = 94.8 mm
S.r = 2830 x ld
mm3 rw = 13.3 mm
Sy = 1000 x ld mm3
Solution:
For section A
.Mt= 130(232)'65(232)
Mt = 15080 kN,mm "
M1 = 15.08 x 106 N.mm
Mt_15.08x106_.""
Sx -2830x 103 -''--
SECTION A
" P
t--f-
M1
l-A' S,
^ (130 + 65)1000
i=:*5.rj
'20rf0
/= 14.8 MPa
For section B
Mz= 130(50) - 65(50)
Mz= 3250 kN.mm
Mz= 3.250 x 106 N.mm
MZ _3.25 x 106 _, n.
S) -1000 xl03-"'o"
.P +6
/=A
M2
^ (130 + 65) 1000

f=#+3.25
'20rf0
f = 1232l,r[Pa
Therefore the colwnn should be oriend
using section B cause it produces lew
stress than the first one.
SECTION B
'''''''''-' ---'e t:::.:: :::l:::i :::: :::
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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487
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Steel lDesl.g-n
k
li c
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@ cE B,-,crl .tta;- l9x3

A WF steel colun-rn cariics an axial load P
and an eccentncaLl ioad of 12,000 kg. located
at 8 cm. from its r-axis. It has an
unsupportcd lcngih ci J me lers. Determine
the maxirnum arral load it can carry. Use
BPW or AISC specs. for the allowable unit
stress in comprcssron and allowable unit
stress in be ndin.c \e glcct *'erght of coumn.
E-!.= J00.0Uo \1P,. F. = l-<0 \1Pa
Fb = 0.60Fr
ca) 523505 N cr _<tr02 k).i

I
b) 543230 N a"i i56:60 k\'
Solution:
A = 180(15rrlt + 190(10)
A = 7300
.
lY =-
180(:lo)'1 (170)(190)3
'12
tl
Lr = 62550833 mmj
,. 15(1EQI!- Iqor 10t3
/)= i2 '-ll
Iy = 1459-5833 mm4
Imin= 14595833
f=
,=am
r = M.1l mm
r_
_ 4000 = Rq 4?
r 44.71
2n2 (2oo,ooot
c- 25C
c= t2s.66 >f;
PD PD
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488
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c u -tr a c k
Steel lDeslgrr c u -tr a c k
E
t
re
..L
r,=fr
S 3 (Ltr)-BTT
(Ltr)3
#lx
r.r.=J* 8C
t,.\ =-
- 3'
5 3(89.47) (Sg.+Z)3
''"' 8(125.6d) 8(12s.66)3
F.S. = 1.89
,o=lrffil#
Fa = 98.74MPa
ti.t*=,.0
-MC
Jb= I
^ r2000(9.8rx80)(r r!)
/D=
l} -effiifr-
= 16.56 MPa
. =-A
Ja
P + 12000(9.81)
- P + 117720
Ju -
3^
-
73m
Fb = 0.60Fy
FD = 0.60(250)
Fb =- 150 MPa
rfi*ff= r.o
P+ 117720 16.56
zm(98J4) + ffi= 1'o
P = 523505 N
PD PD
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Steel lDesLgn
7llFl,,|['6;',,i6ii]i,,N,i,i;,,'i,i.ii
A 200 mm by 300 mm wide flange steel

column with an unbraced length of 5 meters,
carries an axial load of 286000 kg at irs
center and another axial eccentric load of
illllll;. -
" 245000 kg. at l00mm from the center.
Thickness of the web and tlange is 10 mm
as shown. Which of the following gives the
interaction value for both axial and bending.
[Ise AISC Specifications where the
allowable flexural stress in compression is:
tb=-Tdlbt .
12000000 .
m kglcnr.
and the allowable axial sress if
fa = 17000 - 0.485 (Ltr)2 inkglcm2.
s a) 0.9+ c) 0.67
245000 kg b) 0.23 0 0.81
100 cm
- L-_-
'1 l2a-6000 tg Solution:
150
,Jrffd. tryg +2m(ro)(r4s)2] 2
Ix= 102.4 x 106 mm4
, - (2)
1q2@)3 ' +-280(10)3
-T 'tl-.=
Iy=
t2
13.4 x
t2
106 mm4
r45 Pz=2450A0k8
r)01 rr
t=1a
&=r86od, kc-r
A = (2) 2m (10) + 280(10)
A = 6800 mm2
A=68cm2
13.4 x 106
f=
6800
r = 44.39
L 5ooo
r 44.39
L
7 = ll2'a3
PD PD
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490
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel- fesilgrn Et
m
w
fi.ff= ro
P
fa= l,
- =---6g-
Jo
245000 + 286000
fa = 7809 kglcmz
MC
fb =-T
_ 24s000(10x15)
lo= ,*f,*ff
fb =3589 kg/cm2
12000000
tb =--Itr-
bt
n'= 12000000
Iqq3g)
20(1)
FD = 16000 kglcmz
Fa = tz000- O.+SS (f z
Fa = 17000 - 0.485 (112.$)2

Fa = 10848 kg/cmz
ti.h=,.0
m. ffi= o.e4 < r.o
Therefore the'section is adequate

XDCFh-aTnOgO
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F-P w F-P w
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er
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N
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y
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491
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ic k
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Eteel lDesl.e:rr
li c
Cl
C
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@Probteli,:
A W 360 x 122 section is used as column
with an effecuve length of 10 m. Determine
the maximum load that can be carried at an
eccentricitl' of 300 mm. AISC formula:
fy = 29A N{Pa, E = 2C[.C\]0 MPa.
.TI Properies c,f \l'3fr x 122
L
#t
W,f
Il
S.r
Ix=365 x 1d
= 61.5
= 2010 x
x
Sy=+78xldmm3 .,=63mm
106
mma
1F mm3
mmi
A = i55ff) mm2
d = -163 mm
r-r = 15.1 mm
ffi I
!sa)
b)
190.312
183.343
Solution:
L
r63
10000
=
Lr
k\
I lX , 1
; 1li.65 Ii\
d 1-5 l3 L\
5 3(Lrt 'L,,]
"'t'=J* 8c
U sing conv entiona!
lzr me t ho d
,.,-
a=!'.frt=
C=116.68<158.73
-^ 1_
f=- ^ l'Lfi. t
' 23 1Lrr1z
^ t2n2 e00.000
l=-_--*
r
' 23irSS.;3;z
/= 40.88 MPa
. P MC
l=i* t
.P M
/=a *s,
40.88 =#*. ffi
40.88 = 0.0000645P + 0.000149P
P = 190312 N
P = 190.312 kN
PD PD
!
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O
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N
N
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Steel lDeslg^r.r Bt
@
-ra
@
A W 360 x 122 section is used as a col';::u

to support a traveling crane in an ice srr:.$
plant having an eccentricity of 120 mm l::m
the center line of the column section -rl
another eccentric load of 350 kN fror,n :*
upper floor of the building acting also a:
-
mrn from the center line of the colum: u
shown in the figure. Determine the safe !:ul
P that it could carry if the column ha: m
effective length of 6 m. Use AISC Spc:
fy =250 MPa, E = 200,000 MPa
Froperties ofW 360 x 122
Ix=365 x 106mm4 A= 15500mr-l

Iy = 61.5 x 106 mm4 d = 363 mm
S.r = 2010 x ld mm3 rr = 154 mm
Sy=478xldmm3 ?=63mm
*a) 670 kN
b) 550 kN
c) 730 kN
0 610 kN
Solution:
L 6000
r63
L=95.24
r
^-^@
u- Y 250
C=125.66>95.24
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 493 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslgn
Use.
f tLirt2l Fv
Li ,.rj
I I -r;
-- -
/= Fs
- -- :-:rT
5 3 (L r) -gc3
(L/r)3
F( =:+
''-3- 8c
-
F \ =-
5 3(9s.24) (s5.2q3
i-&
'. " 3' 8r il5.6d) g(125.66)3
*r *:
F.S. = 1.90
(95.]J)2 I 250
"^
'u - [,
L'
-:tt:s.0tr)zj
1.9
Fa = 93,19 \IPa
Using the conventional method:

. P TIC
J=n* t
M=P(120)-350(70)
M = P(0.12)- 350(0.07)
M = 0.12P - 2a.5 {kN.m)
- P+350+r,
/=
M
4
q? 7q _
(P + 350)1000
15500
, (o.r2P-24.rrc6
2010 x 103
93.79 = (P + 350) 0.0645

+ 0.498 (0.12P - 24.5)
93.79= 0.0645P +22.58 +0.060P -12.20

P =670 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
494
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl-grr Et,
w
s
@'ttfii.il;ffffitt
A steel ptrr.,2.5 m. long built in at its irus'
end and free at is support end, supptf,l
sign whose center of gravity is 0.6 m. ::m
the axis of the pipe. Applying the cci"cm
of effective length, determine the maxr= ium
weight of the sign. The outside diamei:r :n
the pipe is 140 mm, its area is 2800 ::ri
and its moment of inertia is 6.32 x -.ffi
mm4., = 250 MPa. E = 2oo,ooo MPi
raa) 12.137 kN
b) 10.212 kN
c) 15.657 kN
0 23.216 kN
Solution:
Effective length = 2L
L2 = 2(2.5)
Le=5m'
,=^[T
6.32 x 106
r= 2300
r = 47.51
L 5000
r 47.51
L= n5.zq
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
495 w . d
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .c
Steel Deslg.r-r
p
\5,
(=
i g built in at its lou r
'.
-:port end, supporu i
;avity is 0.6 m. fr:i: f^m
"= Y 250
ipplying the conc::
:,t-:nnine the maxin
-: C = 125.ffi> 105.24
--e outside diameter :r
,--i area is 2800 n:::l
-:rtia is 6.32 x '--'' s 3 Llr\
j = 200,000 MPa-
rs.=;*-8--
r r' = 5
(10s.201
* 3(105.24)
3 il2s"66i' 8(r2ss6F
F.S. = l,9l
r=[,y#lx
r=[,ffi]#
,f = 84.99 l'{Pa
U sing conventional method:
- P MC
J= A+ I
iI
M=P(600)N.mm
u.99
P * 600P (70)
--
2800 6-rr; rf6
P = 12137 N
P = 12.13?,kN
W = 12.1i7 kN (weight of sign)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
496
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Desl.qn
=
E':
AW 360 .x 147 is used as a colui: - ;

support a traveling crane in an ice s::,':#
plant. The height of column is : r:
Determine the safe load P that the c;. j::
could carry besides the eccentric load :: -;
kN from an upper floor of the storage :,";,ir-
Use AISC Specs. with A 36 steel.
F) = 250 MPa
Properties ofW j60 x 147
Ix= 463x 106 mm4 A = 18800 m:-

Iy = 167 x 106 mm4 d=360mm
Sx=2570 x ld mm3 rx = 157 mnt
w = 147.5 kg m ry = 94.3 m:
bf = 370 mm f = 19.8 mn".
rw -- 12.3 mm
*a) l0l0 kN
b) l23l kN
c) 1478 kN
0 2088 kN
Solution:
t__ o(toool
r 94.3
L-
r= az.o
(=
c,=^Fr€#*,
C = 125.66
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 497 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDesl-gn_ c u -tr a c k
ro=fr Yfl l)- F.S.
5 3 (KLtr) (KLtr)3
r'c'=3* gc. 8ar
r,.J.=
5+ 3(63_6) (63.6)3
3 S(86 t1tzs.u13
F.S. = l.M
(63.6P
[, _2(t2s.ffiYJ
",= L =l t.U
25o
l= 118.47 MPa
Pt= P + 440
M = l25P - 4,lO(50) (kN.nm)
" P1
/=
Mc
A - s,
1t8.47=E#@
-F
. uzsP - 440(50)l (1000)
n8.47=#.W
I18.47 = 0.053 (P + t4f1)
+ 0.0001 (125P -Z2flf)
118.47 = 0.053P + 2323+ 0.05P - 8.8
P = 1010 hN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
498
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel. IDesl-grl 3t
Design a structural steel column (W sl',+t

5 m. long to support an axial load of ili
530 kN kN and an eccentric load of 175 kN apF-r:(
on the minor (weaker axis) at a point 1"ilI
mm from the major (stronger axis). , rc
AISC Specifications. Fb = 138 \!':"
Cm = l. Use Fa = I 19 - 0.0034 (Llr):
*a) W3l0x86
A = 11000 mm2 rx = 134 mm
Sx= 1280x ld r) = 63'6 mm
d=310mm bf =254 mm
f = 16'3 mm ,w = 9.1 mm
b) W 360 x 216
200 mm
A =27600 mm2 rx = 16l mm
S'=3790xId ry = 101 mm
d=372mm bf = 374 mm
tf = 26.2 mm rw = 16.4 mm
c) W 610 x 140
A = 17900 mm2 rx = 250 mm
Sr=3630xId ry = 50'3 mm
d=617mm bf =230 mm
tf = 22.2mm n+ = 13.1 mm
W 760 x 161
A = 2MA0 mm2 rx = 302 mm
S.r=4900xId r) = 54.5"mm
d=758mm bf =266 mm
t'= 19.3 mm rw = 13.8 mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
li c
lic
Steel lDeslgn
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
I
gt
Solution:
m=l column (W sh+e L

.:" axial load of 5:".
let-=0
r
..: of 175 kN appl::,: Fa = ll9
:ris) at a point i-t"
.
-:cnger
JllEsr axis).
4^r)/' !-'i:
:'.
-
Fb = 138 \1.-i Total axial load = 175 + 530
- . :,.0034 {Ltr)i.
Total axial /ocd = 705 kN
ta
,_
l.a= 0.50
;= 134 mm
705000 (l \ll
=
= 53.6 mm A(1r9)
* = l5-1 mm TrialA= ll8-19mm2
-=;.1 mm
'tryW 310 x 86
A = 11000 mm2
= -5i mm
=--1mm S.x = 1280 x 1d mm3
* = l--1 mm r = 63.6 mm
" = -5.-1 mm
t^
JU--P-
A
' -:-l mm
= - 705(1000)
/a = -iiooo-
=:- I clil
'n = --:, i'nrn fa = 64.1
,u, = .: - mm !_ 5(looo)
r 63.6
l'
2
r = 7g.6
Fa = ll9 - 0.0034 (Llr)2
mh: -f, -- Fa=lr9-0.0034(78.6)2
Fa = 98 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
s00
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Eteel lDeslgn
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
tt-
@
Ei.is
fo_ *64.r
Fa- 98
fft= a.os > o.15
f:* c^* tt.o
t'o
u #)
x 106
r' = 1.03
gtrf
x 106
re =1.03
n*69
Fe'= 166.7
Mc
fb= t
M
lb= s
M = 175(2m)
M = 35000 kN.mm
M = 35 x 106 N.mm
M
fb= s-
-
/D= r28o
35x106
* rd
Ib = 2i.3
lo Cllb
ra. (-ff)ru .,
a ? . :I
0.65+ 91.'?\ =0.e7<1.-:-,

(r-ffi)ms
Therefore Use W 310 x 86 for the cc..tw
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
501
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
ic k
k
Steel- Deslggrr
lic
Cl
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
@Problem:
A \\' ,150 r l-:l slll1.,'n rs to Lre uscd as a
coluritn r',tll: ,l:.lln oi 9 m The colurnn

supports ln i'':". l-'iJ of 160 kN and an
ecccnuic kt:ri i'i l'lr,t k\ lJiing on )'-exls'
Determinc th: ;:'.r-.in',ur-l-i iccL'ntricity ol thc
360 kN iorJ using.r'1if $pt-cifications:
r,1) = 150 \lP
360 kN
P' '.':., ';l -it .l' /.lJ
Ix=415x mml I = 17100 mm2

iLrS
{f = 15t, tt,5I*'. d= 356mm

Sx = 233t) r 10j mm-] b = 369 mm
S.r'= 817 r lo-t mm'l rx = 156 mrn
,w=11.2mm ?=94mm
f=18mm
sa) 370 mm
b) 323 mm
c) 421 mm
4 286 mm
Solution:
Using lvtarimum Stess Method:
L 9000
r94
L
* 95.14
r=
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
502
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel. IDeslg:n c u -tr a c k
3[
E
rc*
w
, .i::::il:li;::.
zn2 (2oo,ooo'r
250
125.66 > 95.74
Use:
.o= [, yr)f*
s 3(95.t4) (95.74\3
t'''=5*sdrt6i 8(,Es6F
f.S. = 1.90
,o=lrffi) 250
1.90
Fa = 93.39lvPa
.P M
J=e*s,
q? ?q _ (260 + 360) 1000
17100
t4
360000v
'2330 * ro3
l=370 mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
W
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
T
I
BENDING IN BOTH AXES
M ember s subj ec ted to both axial
- compression and bending in both axes.
fa
A. wheniO<0.15
t..ffi.,t?4,,',,;ti',ii'i;'':'
tffi
::::::::::::::f:ut Il: Ilxr4,
=::it
:::::::::::::i::::::::::::::
.$r€ss,
:.::.:].,::: :::j r ::, .:
:::::::: :
KL
. J, When , <C6
95.74\3
:125.6$3
I 2s0
I r-eo
ffif:rdi=i0ffi,
wlenL <L"
wlwnL> Ls
L<Lt
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
504
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel
.i
IDeslgn El'
tiioi
E#
,nrnffi, o.ts
Check also: L
:iit/$eiifA;,=i:Hffiii
i,
wlun L < L,
i
ii 200bf
I
i
"'-
I
-J
^[Ty
I
,iltlrciiir#iixri:offii
i
t whenL> L,
r L <Lt
t
& _ 138000
n
l
f
l
"u= r/
Atf
II ::ij#&;H::Ui75E$ii
f
;
lt
I
I
f.
E
E
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
50s
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeelgn
An eccentric load of 230 kN is placed at a

cerlain distance of 180 mm from the x-axis
and at a distance "e" from the y-axis.
<ti Determine this value using the AISC code
::
li with Fy = 345 MPa and E = 200,000 MPa.
The length of column is 4.5 m.
F
ofW 250 x89

Properries
Ix = 112 mm A = 11400 mm2
Sx=ll00xldmm3 d=260mm
Sy = 378 x 103 mm3 ? = 65.1 mm
€a) 289 mm c) 215 mm

b) 322 mm @ 178 mm
Solution:
L 4500
r 65.1
L
-r = 69.12
L
C_
zn2 (zoo,ooot
C- 345
C=106.97>69.12
#)ft
!
ro=1, '{
53 (Ltr) (Ltr)3
r..r.=5*-8C -8Z3
5 3(69.12) (69.12)3
r'r'=5+ 8(mer-dlo6rF
F.S. = 1.88 MPa
"o=[,ffi#]ffi
l45.2lvtra
Fa =
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w s06 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design Et
d1
E
P
fa=i
- 230
/a =riloo;lo6
fa = 20115 kPa
fa = 20.175lvfPa
fe _20.175
Fa- 145.2
ff;= o''o < o'15
f!. fr, . fbr -,n
Fa- Fbx- Fby'''u
Mx
ft*= s,
4- =-,
230 x 103 (180)
7or *oll[3-
fbx= 37.64MPa
Fbx = 0.6Fy
Fbx = A.6(345)
Fbx=207lvlPa
Mv
uL _-----L
tu, - Sy
230AOOe .,//
yt-37Bxlo3
tL _-
fby = A'6085 e
Fbt = 9.75P,
Fbr=9.7517451
Fb, = 258.75 lvlPla
i+.P**ffi=ro
20.175 37.64 0.6085e
rlann* 207 + r3EJ5-= r'u
e=289 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 507 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
eel IDeslqrr
A W 250 x 58 column shown carries an

eccentric load of 220 kN located as shown.
Which of rle following gives the inreraction
value for both axial and bending. Use AISC
Specs, F) = +00 NiPa, Fb, = 0.60F),
Fb, = g.15pt. Assume K = 1.0. Cm = 0.85.
Unsupported length is 6 m.
Properties of250 x 58
Ix = 87.3 x i06 mm4 A = 1420 mm2
Iy = 18.8 x 106 mm4 rx = 108 mm
S.r = 693 x ld mm3 n = 50.4 mm
Sy = 186 x 1d mm3
6a) 0.72 c) 0.92

b) 0.8s 0 i.20
Solution:
^ = jU-P 220{ 1000)
la=T
,;rr?y" fa = 29.65 ivPa
,(I _ (1X6000)
r 50,4
KL
r = I l9'0S
ZspP=220
.i50
kN Cc=
vc -
'w
^[m
Y--A-- =99.35
KL
r cc
l2tt29
-a=-'---------'=
Use _1,
23 (KLlr)t
- =_U,
ra t2n2 (20oooo)
Fa =72.54tvlPla
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w s0E w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl,g:n E
$
B
fs _29.65
Fa- 72.54
fi= o'o' > o'15

Therefore use:
F;.iH;-
fa Cmxlbx
l_tur,,),w
CmYIbY
1.03 x
r e=-f,1rj- 105 I
r'r, =@ =333.-tZ
(ro8/
.'r, =ffifi* =72.68
(sor/
fU, =#
a=ffi=15.87
Fbr=g.6gP,
Fb, = Q.66446661
Ffu=/!$
M
fb, = s,
,r='#ffi=88.?l
Fbr=9.75P,
rA) = 0.75(400)
Fbr=3gX MPa
fa Cmrftx
fr-fr!+f,r*.W, CmYftY
29.6s 0.8s(15.E7)
"*iffit,ffiF
0.85(t8.71)
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
W
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
Eteel lDeslEr-r
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Pioblem:,
Find the safe eccentric ioad p as shown ftat

90000 N could be carried by a column having an
eccentricity of 80 mm frorn the x_axiiand
Cmy fbt 60 mm from the 1'-axis of a W 36A x t2Z
section" The column has an unsupported
r
" ', . - fa1
hxr 7; )F:.
length of 7 merers and has concentric load of
90,000 N. Assume Fy = 250 Mpa, 0 =
200,000 MPa, K = t.O. Fbx= 0.60Fy, Fbl =
0.7 5Fy.
u, ll . --
Properries olW 360 x 122
Ix=365 x 1d mm4 A = 15500 mrn2

Iy = 61.5 x 106 mm4 d = 363 mm
S-r = 2010 x lCF mm3 rx
= 154 mm
S)=478xlNmm3 ry=63mn
Ba) 148 kN c) 223 kN
b) 13,1kN d 175kN
Solution:
L _7an
r- 63
L
i= llt'tt
Q=
Q=
C = 125.66
:-"_
=fi1;
rrse: Fa=[,
#!]#
.lI rt
,,,. "lfl|
rr=i.il+*B #*#
F.S. = l.9l
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
510
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl-gn E
p
.l
I
(lll.1l)2 I
- l-.,
250
/o_ L' 2025.6)zJ 1.9r
f = 79.72ll.ffa
t-_- P + 90000
Ju- A
P + 90000
-f' =- t55oo
Fb, = g.6gP,
Fb, = 0.66i259;
FD: = 150 MPa
Fbr--o.75Fy
Fbr=a"751291
Fb, = 137.5 P1P.
M-
frr=i
lbx=
/bx = 0.0000398P
M,,
fbv=i
'"y
,,.- 0P
r")-61.5 * l03
lby=0'004976P
'#.H*ffrr.o
P+90000 0.0000398P
l55oo(?9JA*
- 150
+0.000976P
,t;- = l'o
P190000.<rr_rn-6
t,os$n+5.47x10-oP=1.0
P+9000 +6.76P=1235660
P = 147637 N
P=14E kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 511 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel DeeLgn
E
v
-
ll$;-
,. ,\l]
*-- -91 Wl,rffifitnir

The column section is made up of W 250 x
73. It carries an axial load of 350 kN and
eccentric loads of 65 kN and 40 kN acting as
65 kN shown on the figure. It has an unsupported
length of 4.5 m. Use AISC Specs. Fy =
250 MPa, Fbr= g.6gPr, Fby= 0.75Fy.
I
I
65 kNg---r
.t
O Which of the following gives the total
__ combined axial and bending sress.
.;^ I]m
2-t(,
XT- Ba) 76.87 MPa

b) 83.54 MPa
c) 69.39 MPa
40 k\:.:---l 4 70,28 MPa
l-) rm
I Which of the following gives the allowable

compressive stress of the steel section.
sa) 114.37 MPa

b) 183.69 MPa
c) 172.39 ttfPa
Q 166.89 MPa
mllH:aP Properties ofW 250 x 73
W5:'o - , n Ix= ll3 x ld mm4 A = 9280 mm2

rl- r /t = 38.8 x 105 mm4 d=253 mm
S.r = 891 x ld mm3 rr = ll0 mm
1,; ' : = 1.0 Sy = 306 x ld mm3 r! = &.6 mm
r', :-'-<650 bf = 254 mm rf = 14.2 mm
rw = 8.6 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
512
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Stee} IDesl-gm.
c u -tr a c k
St,
F
Solution:
0 Total combined stress:
P=65+350+40
P=455kN
Mx= 65{250) - 4q150)

Mx* lff)54 kN.rnm
btx= 7A'250 x 106 N.mm
Mr=4\125)
My = 50(A kN'mm
Mr=5x1NN'mm
- P M, My
J=7+s,.6
r-
r-
455(1000)
. (10.250x106\
9280 - g9l*lo3
--)x1_'
306x."-
f = 76.E7 MPa
Q Allowable compressive stress:
!_ 4.s(lmo)
r &.6
L
-r = 69.(6
r-_^tw
"t- Y zfl
Cc=125.6
nc = 5.3(69.6)
r"r' + -
(69.0013
J 8dZ566i 8(Dt66),
F.S" = 1.85
r=[,ffil#
f = 114.37 MPa
::::: : :: :: ::::: : :: ::i:::!::
PD PD
'*qE ::,:,:,:
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
513
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesflg:.r.r
t
il
When compression rnembers are built up

from more than one section it is necessary
for them to be connected to each other by
lacing together ocross their open sides in
order lo hold the cornponent parts of the
laced column in position so os to maintain
-[ the shape of the overqll column cross'
sectian and provides slso lateral support
for the companent colwnn segmenls at each
connecting point. lt also acl as a web
replecement to resist shear. In addttion to
iacing it is necessary ta have tie plates (also
called stayplates or batten plates) at the
lacinB
ends of the member and at intermediate
points if the iacing is interrupted.
* 5xl0{ IISC Specific*tions

106 * 1r::
o Thickness of the tie plates shall be at least
equal to ll|a the distance between the
t}"i I slress: cannection lines on rivets, bohs or welds.
e Tie plates should a length parallel to the
axis af the mnin member at least equal to the
distance berween the connection lines.
(9 Lacing is assumed to be subjected to a
shearing sffess n$rffutl to the member equal
rc 0.42 of the rotal compression of the
Jl .n u'
member.
Y
L
o ; < 140 for single hcing
I
rh 69.66)3 ": . Zm for double iacing
ffi- ilEr6F
L
rrshould be less ,nonL of the column
h -lu 6 Double lacing must he used d the distance
qr*- .85 between the tonnection is mare than 15"
(380 nun).
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 514 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDeslgn Ste<
276.
Two chanirels having the given proptnxtr

shown is placed at a distance of 300 :lw
back to back and is properly connecrcd ry r
pair of lacings as shown'
t- u
05 O Determine the safe allowable axial load l-
the column section couldcarry. Unsupputu I
I
height of column = 6 m. -L
1_
6a) 14125 N I
b) 16496N
c) 12458 N
L
0 11396N
t=
tt g Design atso the riveted lacing for the :: ;mmr
II
II \!t
section. Fy =250 MPa, Fv = 152 rulr'
ti
-rr-- rivets.
il
llII a) 260x6x300mm
t,'--l\ b) 250x5x250mm
51 s0*l c) 300 x l0 x 350 mm
0 330x7x275mm
I
Properties of one channel
A = 5690 mm2
d=305mm
.r=17mm
Ix=67.3x 106mm4
Iy = 2.12 x 106 mm4
?=l09mm
rr = 19.3 mm
Assume ,t = 1,0
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
515
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
teel lDeslgr-r
Solrttiort:
o A = l)559t-) i
,1 = 1 1-1ll,l
/t=-(O, -', i'l
1x = 13i.5 .r 1il:
/) = [:.1] r lL ^ - :^ .,, l ll,:l l
. .,4
/r=-9;.1-r111t
,,=
^/* ..,4
1)+.h x lir'
1 13E0
r = 108.76 mm
L 6000
; = 10g.76
L
-r = 55.17
(=
^ ^Y[n'
t= ,:0,]!oo,
r5o
C=125.66>55.17
KL
r
-<c
Use:
- f . .-Tcf
6ur\21 Fy
Fa = Lr ) rT
5 3(KLtr)-Ta-
r.J.=J* (KLtr)3
8C
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
s16
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel- IDesi-gn c u -tr a c k
St
ffi
t)H
@
r-'r =
5 . 3(s5.1ZL (5s.17)3
J* sd25.6i 8(rrsZtr
p.5. = l.E2
- f, (5s.1?)2
"o= L''z{tzs.61zl t.sz
I 2so L=
Fa = 124.12 l,ttra
P=AFa
P = 11380(124.12)
P = 141248 N
(s$e load carricd bY the column)
Design of lacings:
Shear to be resisted by the lacing bars
V =A.ALP (NSC Specs.)

V = 0.A2 (14124 86)
V =28250 N /or two lacings

V
14125 N /or one lacing bar
,=
Since the distance between rive; .'-t t=8

lessthan 380 mtn, use single lacing.
C Cos 30' = 14125
C= 16310 N
260=LCos30'
L = 3ffi.22
L
-=
r
tr40
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
uy
y
bu
517
b
to
to
k
k
Steel Desiesn
lic
l ic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
L
55.17
(it should be less than Llr

of the column section)
,=\O rr
l^
I=
Obtr
A=bt
bt3
f=
12(bt)
r = 0.2881
L 3A0.22
r 19.3
L
15.56 < 55.17 o.k.
V=
L
;=.lN
300.22
t+u
o)ggr =
t = 7.45 say 8 mm
L 3W.22
; = 0.288(8)
-rr@ffi L
;= l3o.3o < t+o
L
I=130.10>C=125.66
12*E
fâ='---------'=
23 (Ltr\t
ra=-u?;r.ff
- t2t!2 (200.000)
Fa = 60.66lvlPla
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
s18
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDesl.gn .d o
c u -tr a c k
C=AFa
16310 = 8(bX60.65)
D = 33.61 mm
Min. edge distance if l6 mm rivets are u:.t:

=30mm
.'. Use & = 60 rnm
Check far shearing stress of rivets

V
Fv=7
ii(
v
Fu=-_
Tl .o
id'
^
a rr
-
t4125
T <rui,
-
Fv = ?A.29 < 152 (safe)
End tie plates:
Min. length = distance between

the rivet line :
Min.length = 260 mm
Min. thickness
I
=Sdistance between rivet lincs
1
= 6G6o)
= 5.2 mm say 6 mm
Use 260 mm x 6 mm x 3N) ilm n fltry-,

XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
519
y
bu
bu
to
to
Steel. IDeslgn
k
l ic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.do .c .do .c
COLUh[N BASE PLATES

WITH COA:CENTRTC LOAD
Steel columns generally transfer the
column loads to rhe foundation bed by
means of concrete foundations. Since the
allowable compressive strength of concrete
is considerqbiy less than the acluai uilit
stresses in the steel colu--n, it i.t necessary
to provide a steel column base plate to
distribute the load al! over the required
area of the foundation.
In the design of column base plates, it is

assumcd that the column load is uniformly
distributed within a rectangle whose
dimensions are 957o of the depth and 80Vo
ofthe flange width of the column section
and that the base plate to haye a uniform
bearing presswe on the foundation.
P = column load
A = B x C (area of base plate)
P
A =-=-
fp
Fp = allowqble bearing valw af
conrele in MPa
NSC Specificatiotts:
F p = 0.25fc' when the entire area of

concrete supporl is covered.
Fp = 0.375 fc'when only one third of

the concrete srea is eovered.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
s20
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Bteel lDesl-glr 31
G
[E
,Asswningm> n
Consider one trun. stip af the base pla;:
P = actual bearing pressure ofi the

foundation
Fb= allowable bearing stress in the
base plate
Fu = 0.75Fy
Fr= yield stress af steel plate
t = thickness of plate
M=bd (\)
y=p m2
2
il,
f^MC
b=-l-
^r-u
tft-
c : t5
_ 0)p
,--
t- n
L=it -!
rt G)3 (2)
* = ---12, -
pt--ru,2
2- 6
3om2
,-^
iL-L
Fb
wlann> m:
1E-*
F6
wlanm> n:
lPrP
F6
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel IDesLgn
277.
:'the base plale A W 360 x 110 is
used as a column to
of 1,650 KN on a base
support an axial load
plate 414 mm x 550 mm. which in turn is
resting on concrete footing. lf fy = 259
MPa, compute the thickness of the base
plate. Let bf = 256 mm., d = 360 mm.
t:,t. ,'iAl€ Ga) 36 mm.

b) 42 mm.
c) 30 mm.
@ 50 mm,
Solution :
414 = 2n + 0.8 (256)

n= lM.6
550 = 2m. + 0.8 (256)
m= lM
Use n = lM.6
,- vfr
Fb
P
fo=o,
. =il4
JP
0 650 000)
(ssoi
fP = 7.25lvPla
Fb * A.75 Fy
FD = 0.75 (250)
F& = 167"5
--. YEtiljr-'"to+ol
,
187.5
*
f 35"6 say 36 mm,
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
<)7
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel. IDeslql.r E
E
g
A base plate for a steel column suppons r
axial load of 1230 kN if the allowa&
bearing srength of the concrete foundaticn e
7.24 MPa. fy = 250 MPa, /s = 138 Mh.
b = 250 rnm, d = 306 mm.
O Which of the following gives the dimensir

of the base plate.
a) 300 x 400 c) 350 x 500
6b) 375 x 460 @ 400 x 450
O Which of the following gives the thiclncr
of the base plate.
a) 25 mm c) 40 mm
€b) 30 mm 0 35 mm
Solution:
O Triat Areo =E$W=
7.24
169890 mm2
Try B = 375 mm
m] BxC=169890
C = 453.04 say 460 mm
JHli-
El--H:i
87.5
Actual bearing pressure :
r =ffiff =7'r3 MPa < 7'24 (safe,' r
Dti
rI
81 .s Llse 375 x 460
I
Q 2n + 0.80(250) = 375 I
n = 87.5 1.95a
2m+0.95(3M)=460 I
m=84.65 = 84.65 < 87.5

I
Use n=87.5
Analyzing one unit (rrun) strip: IlI
I
I
l_
M = 7.r3(87.5t'P= 27295 N.mm
Fb=0.7SFy=0.75(250)
Fb = 187.5 MPa
7.13 MPa t -6M
t-m2
1g7.5 =6(2729-s)
(r) t'
t=29.55 say 30 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel DesLgrr
*dffiffii:ii
" :olumn supports an Design a steel base plate for an H-column
*-\ if the allowable (depth 250 mm and flange width 250 mm)
ii rcrete foundation r-s with a concentric load of 930 kN and to rest
'Pa, ,ft = 138 MPa. od a concrete foundation with an allowable
:ji]. bearing pressure of 4.5 MPa using ASTM A
35 plate material with an allowable bending
[ ,itves the dimension stress of 186 MPa. Assume the column
load to be uniformly distributed within a
: 350 x 500 rectangle whose dimensions are 95Vo of the
j 400 x 450 depth and 80% of the flange width of the
column section, and the base plate to have a
l Eives the thickness uniform bearing pressure on the foundation.
; 40mm m a) 520 x 400 x 40 mm base plate

i 35mm b) 500 x 450 x 50 mm base plate
c) 450 x 350 x 30 mm base plate
0 540 x42A x 45 mm base plate
= 169890 mm2
Solution:
,
Area requtred=
930(1000)
-
;:;,',;;;.;;,=2*:
!'i <7.24 (safe)
Try B =40C0
2Affi1
L=_m_
C = 516.66 scy 520 rnm
Actual
, srreJ.r
. =
930(lQ0Q)
;q5r0)
Actual.srrerJ = 4.47 MPa < 4.5 MPa
=:1295 N.mm 2m+A.95ti*5?.0
2m= 52tt " 0"95(250)
n = i41"25 rnnt
2n+0.80b-400
2n=4L$-CI.80(250)
n = 100 nnsn
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w s24 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel- XEesf-gn tte

c u -tr a c k
ffi
Usem=141.25mm
@
141.25
M = 4.41(141.25X1) T
M = 44592N.mm
,-6M
r - bd2
:ae=wry
l(t)"
t = 37.9 mm say 40 mm
Use 520 x 400 x 40 mm base Plate
:::PioblOm);t::::
Design a base plate for a W 360 x ",

column to carry an axial load of 1650 r'
Allowable compressive stress of coni-lri
foundation is 7'3 MPa' F) = 250 l=:r
/c' = 20.86 MPa. Prop. of W 360 x .
b =256 mm, d = 360 mm
*a) 550 x 414 x 36 mm base plate

b) 560 x 430 x 33 mm base Plate
c) 570 x 4M x 30 mm base plate
0 555 x 422 x 39 mm base plate
Solution:
1650000
trLat area = --i 3
Trial area = 226027 mm2
BC =2?6027
B =2n + 0.800
B =2n + 0.80(256)
B =2n + 204.8
C =2m + 0.95d
C =2m + 0.95(360)
C =2m + 342
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
525
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel fDesLgra.
Lelm=n
(2m + 204.8)(2m + 342) = 226A27
m2+273.4m-38996=0
n=lMmm
B =2m + 2M.8
B =Z(rM) + 2M.8
B = 412.8 say 414
C=2m+342
r----r+ C=2(lM)+342
W=rtl C=550
Actual compressive stress
1650000
'= 414(550)
w =7.25 <7.3 (safe)
Consider I mm strip of plate

M = 7.25(1M)(52)
M = 39208 N.mm
-6M
l-btZ
f = 0.75 Fy
f = 0.75(250)
f = 187.5
187.5=%P
t = 35.42 say 36 mm
Use 550 x 414 x i6 mm base plate
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c s26 .d o .c
Steel- fDesl-qn 3te

ffi
@
The column base plate is to resist an a:-ifrri
load of 1670 kN and a moment of 265 L\:r
for a the column section. which is made :rE
of W 360 x I10. Allowable bearing smm
of concrete foundation is 7.245 MPa i.ru
FY = 250 MPa.
Properties of W 360 x fiO

A = 14060 mm2' rw = ll.4 mm
d=360mm f=l9.9mm
b =256mm rl = 62.7 mm
Ix = 332 x 106 mm4 r: = 154 mm
Iy = 55.4 x 106 mm4
O Which of the following gives the dimersm

2r9.95
of the base plate.
a) 700 x 600 c) 800 x 700
!sb) 780 x 670 0 750 x 650
(9 Which of the following gives the thickms

of the base plate.
a) 65 mm c) 80 mm
rsb) 72
Solwtion:
mm
@ Try C=780mm
M 265000
S 75 mm
J
e =V' = Gzoooo
e = 0.16 m.
e=160mm
x '780
-'3
c+- = 2
-
IJ =:go - reo
x=590mm
-t )a\ _
.!:a:! 1,
590 - 219.9s
y = 2.31
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
<'ta
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesig:lr
? ll5--
P =:. (8)(690)
*:: . :- ::
- ll
:. I -":: r-'. n 1670000 = -:---=' r8,,690.1

I il:li -I B = 668.13 mm 670 mm
-rc-r
. ;-.
-!
P=1670 kN fc
Bx=P
i
,^ -2P
Jt-Bx
tf " =
2(16700{Dt
670(690)
fc = 7.225 lUPa < 7.245 \Pa (safe)
Use 670 x 780 mm base plate
-
7.225
- )
690 2t9.95
| = 2.30
Considering l mm strip of base plate:
.[!u ImmmrES M = 4.925t219.95t'e,

'''2.91)
mllllm
+ n sT,,,, (3) es4s)
M = 156221 N.mm
^6M
' bdl
r-
- 6(15622r\
(l)12
- tsts6z::n
J= \ --j-
f = 0.75Fy
/= 187.5 MPa
6i1542r\
l= 187.5
t = 70.7 say 72 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
528
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel- f,Deslgm c u -tr a c k
E
H
U,i
E
A base plare for a W 250 x l3l colrrro

subjected to a direct load of 890 kN and r
moment of 136 kN.m. Allowable concffi
stress is 5.2 MPa. Use 175 x 100 x 12 m
angles with 100 mm leg outstanding.

d=275mm tf = 25.1 rnm
t = 138 MPa
{} Which of the following gives the dimenr,r:m

of the base plate.
a) 300 x 700
sb) 600x 780
c) 500 x 650
0 400 x 450
@ Wtrich of the following gives the thickr,:u

of the base plate.
a) 75 mrn
6b) 60 mrn
c) 50 rnm
$ 35mm
Sohttion:
I TryH=600mm
M 136 x 105
- r =..,...,...,'....:
9=-
890xl0r
e=l53mm
e 153
fJ = 600
e111
H=ara.'
x 600
e+ 1= 2
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
529w .
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c do .c
Steel IDeel_gm
x=44 lmm
fr
illlur!@ P=*z tiln
itlu(' t
2P
mMN6m | 890kN D-
Jcx
I mnr
-
*^
f(=-
2(890)(i0C0r
5.2 (411)
B =776 mm -rs) 780 mm
1P
Jt- Bx
m I f ilill .il,l,ll irllll "
f f =
2(890x 1Oin)
780 (++1)
fc = 5.17 lr,fPa < 5.2 \Pa (safe)
Use 600 r 780 x 6a mm base plate
-
dti
@ r*2- 2
U=-
215- 2-5
12l -
..v 11/
tLa_)Oi)
--
h 5.17
441 -18?5=4,11
h= 2.9i
lt = 2.91(181.55)(1)
q- . (3) (r875s)
M = 78030 N.mm
._^@
'- Y 138
t = 58"2 rnm rd) 60 mm
r:::ii:ii:i::
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
529-A
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design S
?!a,. i;;;;x i it:;:,.::,,.::..:.
CE,'Board MaY 2004

,'
Colwrur
Fiom the given figure shows t base ph:t

.c,On-nactibn *hich camies a moment rd
78 kN.m. Neglecting the axial l(,*r
Nominal tensile strength of the fillet *crr
angle filLet weld is 480l\IPa.
section
base plate
e \{hich of the following gives the ttruim
capacity ofthe bolt.
.@ Which of the fcllowing 'gires ri*

morncnt capacity carried bY' the fu
welds.
C
anr:hor bolt
tJl \Yhich of the following givt= rtr
thickness of the weld.
M=78 kN.m
Solution:
o Tensile capacity of the bolt:
r(450)=78xi06
fillet weld I= 173333 N
T = 173.3i kN
angle
secti0t @ Moment capacily carried bY thefiila
base
plate welds:
M = T(50)
M = 113333(50)
M =8666650 N.mm
M = 8.667 kN.m
@ Thickness of the weld:

Moment of capacity of weld = 8.661 :*';
Fu = 480 MPa
. 6Mi
tY-,
Dn'
-
/*=
6(8.667) 106
lToroPct
-f*= 288.89 N/mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
y
y
bu
529-B
bu
to
to
k
k
li c
l ic
C
C
w
w
m
m
teel Design
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
.t orce per weld

.= I 73333
1
For per weld =aOOO;.S N

- 86666.5
Jv 300
.fy= 288.89 N/mm
n= rftr;e+ q;
n =.,[zaasg)2 * (288 sgl
rR = 408.56 N.mm
33 kN
R= O.l0l t (1) 0.30 Fu
408.56 = 0.701 I (1X0.30X480)
356 kN
t = 4.01 mm
M=l8l kN.m
ungle The base plate for the 436 Sf tZ:x iA

rê(tion
iolumn shown is 600 nrrn x:500 mm, ,It
carries an arial load of 356 kN and a
plate
mom€nt of l8l k\.m tlsing NSCP Specs.
firi base platcs subjectei'to u""unt"la
loads w'ith fc' = 29.7 IlPa, Fy = 246.6?
I!IPa, Fu = 48J.8 \IPa for fillet welds.
tr,tk rete ft,otirtg )
\C-
unr:hor bolt C lYhich of the following gives the
iiLLet weld diameter of the anchor bolt.
? \Yhich of the following gives the slze of

the fillet reld.
gl Vt'hich of the following gives the
thirkne:;s of the llase plate.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
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s29-C
C
C
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w
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m
w w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
BASE PTilE
(WTTH ECCENTNC TnAD)
Solution:
356 kN
3) {,}iameter of bolts:
Sunrnation of moments at the. line oj
M=181 kN.
action of T.
1.245ta)(500) g\
(,---
szs j/ _= -."""",__
--r56000rt_:
2
+ 181 x 106
Q50906.2-5rz - 603.1 5a2 = 261. 10 x 1'-'
* - 1575a + 432463.'/'/ = 0
1,575 + 866.41
"' ?,
a'- 354.2]
' ,; .',,,.,1.i
a-<
rl
i L
IF,-0
<ac
r
t' '" ,- + 356ooo =1J!)@ ooo,
E I
---------Q=354"2'l* 7-= 28-5572 N

_{Lt_t+ 0.351"c' 7 = Ar-f,
t1
\t =0.35r20.7)
=7.2,15 &fPr ,t = 0.6 F1'
I is = A 5(246.67)
li = 148 hIPa * .t)
)-856'1:=Lari48l
4
= 49.-57 sa1 50 inm @
,7
Use 5{} nwn dia. anchor bolts
la. Sdze aj'Jitlet weld:

,
I .'lt't' l)er llClO =
285612
2
i: nrce Sser weld = 142836
Ji,".r.tp.! ott t)ll( */lt::

., _ _u2r.E
:'/ 100
.ii'= 4la 12 i"l/n-rnt
,,,.. __ {,4!
b,i)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
529-D w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel Design
BASE PI,TTE
(WITE ECCENTf.IC I,OAD)
M = 7 t4t8(50)
M =3510900 N.mm
.
r"-
- .trtt o-f
fY=-
6(3570900)
(1X300)i
ll: fx=238.06 N/mm

= .:i000t
._ ^,t,
R= ! (476. t2)2 + 1238.06)2
=-:-10x1[': R = -532.3 N
R= 0.l0lt
(1) (0.30) Fy
532.3 = 0.101r (1)(0.30)(483.8)
Colwrur , = 5.19 mm sa1, 6 mm
l:']\
U.te 6 mm f Uet weld
_
@ Thickness of base plate:
-(500) ang lr )
_ 1.245
,\'( c lion
229.21- 354.21
y = 4-69
Consider I
mtn width of pate:
M= Pt,6l.5)+ P2 (83.33)
Pr= 4.69(12-5Xl) = 586.25
(-' Pt==i' 7 555
(12-5)(l) = 159.69
unchor boLt
' bolts
u= ssZ.zs(s2.5) + t59.69(s3.33)
M = 49948 N.mm
. l:^-l _6M
"a L._-
'b- hd2
Fb = 0.15Fy
-_ ji6
Fb = 0.15(246.61)
Fb = 185 MPa
6M
t- b=
ttr?
6(49948\
I6)=Y (t) r
t = 40.25 rnrn say 40 mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
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k
k
lic
lic
530
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Steel lDeslgn
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
E
ffi
H
It is necessary to distribute lhe be:*.

reaclions over the masonry by means :'
beam beqring plates when the ends of :'":
beams are supported by direct bearing . -
concrete or other musonry construct;:'
The reaction is nol teated as :
concentrated load but it is spread unifur*-
through the bearing plate with the nroso'.-'
and the masonry is ussumed to push -:
against thc plate with a unifurm presswe
is asswned that the bearing plate will ::t-t
the entire bending tnomenl produced ;':
that the critical seclion for moment :'-
assumed s distance K from the center ..'.:
of the beam.
=
Considering 1 mm strip of bearing plate
t flt
u =fpn li)
n2
y =fnT
.MC
J= t
, -6M
r-bP
,=^lv
,=^[q
,=^[ry
f = 0.75 Fy
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
W
O
N
N
531
y
bu
bu
to
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k
ic k
Bteel trDesl-p=re.
lic
Cl
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A W section is to be supported at the end by

a masonry wall which has an allowable
bearing strength of 1.73 MPa. A bearing
:.:tribute the bean' plate for the beam using A 36 steel
--:.,nrY bY means " (Fy = 250 MPa) and AISC Specifications.
*'.en-lhe ends of r''' The end reaction is 178 kN and the
- -, direct bearing maximum length of bearing available is
*;:anrJ constructtar'"
.
300 mm.
'.; t treated as '
- sPread unifurr*.'
-- '; ls wilh Properties of W sectian:
-:e thc trtason-'-' b/= 190.88 rnm
' .;:sumed to Push ': K = 37.5 rnm
w = 12.375 mm
b=l
llxlL- 'o*eit Produced a": WJ O Which of the following gives tlre dimension
.::ion for moment .:t of the bearing plate.
7 i :;1roi the center lt'':
a) 350 x 400 c)250 x 300
@b) 300 x 350 @ 400 x 450
*".* ' ':P of bearing Plate

of the bearing plate.
a) 20 mrn c) 30 mm
€b) 25 mm $ 35mm
Solwtion:
ril @ Min. length of bearing for web crippii,ng :
Hir
R
,"(î -11; =o'75FY
l1l1 . "- 178000
12.375 (N + 3?.5) =0'75(250)
l. i- If + 37.5 =76.71
N =39.21mrd < 300 mm (ok)
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
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k
k
lic
lic
5i2
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
s
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDeslgn
ffi
EE
178000
Area required = ,V-
Area required = 102890 mm2
BC = 102890
B(3m).= 102890
B -- 342.97 say 350 mm
n=', - r
n=175-37.5
n = 137.5 mm
Actual bearing Jrre.rs.'

- 178000
/P = 3m(350)
fp = nA MPa < L.73lvPa (ok)
Use 300 x 35A r 25 bearing
a Consider I mm stiP:
/ 137.5\
M = t'to (137.5) (r) (-:/
M = 16070 N.rnm
b=l
Wffid,t r, --6M
oP
f = 0.75FY
0.75(250)=qffi
t =22.68
t=25mm
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
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s33
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDesl.grr .d o
c u -tr a c k
'"-.-
The bearing plate of a beam supported at its
rm2 end by a masonry wall has a dimension of
400 mm x 300 mm. The max. bearing
length of the wall is 300 mm, to be safe
from web crippling. The beam is made up
of a wide flange section having a flange
p width of 260 mm and a web thickness of 12
mm. If the distance megsured from the outer
3l
flange face to the top of the fillet toe k is
mm., which of the following gives the
thickness of the bearing plate. Use A-36
steel with Fy = 250 MPa. Allowable
bending stress of the bearing plate is 0.75
Fy.
@ril a) 39 mm
b) 17 mm
c) l0 mm
t * '?a (ok) @ 28mm
Solution:
k -i bearing
400
2 =n+k
-#) n
n
=200 - 3l
= 169 mm.
l= W
ft
- 200 000
/P = :oo (+oo)
I-:"
fp = 7.67 lvPa
l= 3r10a(1698
187.5
t=27.6 wy 2E mm"
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
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k
k
lic
lic
s34
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel IDesIgn
The purpose of a grillage is to distrtr*:

column loads over the required area o.i :'':
foundation bed. For heavy column,l:::'
grillage beams are often lighter and r''-',
economical than column base Plate: :'
concrete. Grillage beams consists of o.re :'
mare tiers of steel beams. Ample spact- '
provided between the flanges for ple-.';
and rodding lhe concrele. The con:': t
the spaces between beams anc ""t
fills all
entire systems of beams is enclosed i'. :
least I0 cm. of concrete. The con:': '-
t: 't
helps the beam to distribute the load
wtz i foundation bed and serves als': :
protection of steel from corrosion.
W = load supported bY one beam in N

a = length of the base Plate in mm
L = length of the beam in nvn
d = depth of fuam in mm
t = thickness of web of the beam in mm
K = distance from the outer face :'.' -'e
beamflange to the r+)eb toe of the .=*-*
in trvn
Maximum moment occurs aI lhe cen::' i'

the beam.
M =Y(b Y(i)
w
M=i(L-a)N.mm
Maximum shear occurs on the beam ; -tw

edge af the base plate:
w
lJpward pressure =f N/mm
v =y (#lN (max. shear)

XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
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eLV
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F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
W
O
N
N
535
y
y
bu
bu
Steel
to
to
DesLgrr
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A W 250 x l0l column supports an axial

-_-,-.L..-
load of 1330kN. The foundation bed has an
,':Lt i' /..
allowable bearing capacity of 380 kN/m.
-' t ;'96 9f :': The column is supported by a base plate 700
I ---
- '-. qtts
--A --.-- x 750 x 50 mm; four W 25A x 33 on rhe
tt-
upper tier and twelve S 150 x 19 on the
-
.- ^l^t.. --
- : ytutc) -
lower tier placed forming a square foundat"ion
'. ::is of one - - whose dimension is 1850 x 1850 mm as
:.-:le s7aces
w :-.lp tnace\ :-
shown in the figure. Allowable bending
:
i,;" ;:s for Placit; stress is 0.75 Fy for the base plare and 165
t The concre;i MPa for the grillage beams. Shearing stress
*t :eams and tt,: is limited to 100 MPa. Investigate the
in ;:
in
w. -: enclosed
.-"ln.o,l ,'"
adequacy of this foundation. Fy = 250 MPa
7!,. ! The concre:,
for A 36 steel.
'-;: :he load to :';
, :irves also i-- Properties of Steel Sections
r .."osion. W 250 x 101
b=251mm d =264 mm
' ;-.: beam in N
f = 19.6 mm frv = ll.9 mm
: :-t in mm
Properties of Steel Sections
W250x33
, u beam in nun
,:
d=258mm nry=6.lmm
"s ouler face of tt-t b=146mm
: ,a *eb toe of the fi!ie:" t=17mm
Sx = 379 x ld mm3 f = 9.1 mm3
:::$s at the center :.' Properties of Steel Sections

5150x19
d=l52mm rw = 5.8 mm
-l k =20mm f=9.lmm
Sx = 119 x ld mm3 b=84mm
-f;: W 250 x|01
4W 250 x 33
Colum
Base Plate
ea) 859125N
.:,::uf s on the beam at t;-t upp?r lier 7Nx750x50 b) 758483 N
c) 889456N
w
=; N/mm 0 837580 N
125150x19
IDwer tier^
41AX. Shear)
""
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
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k
k
lic
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536
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Sfeel lDesign
c u -tr a c k
st
H
I,"(d
&E
Solution:
Bose plate:
A = 700 x 750 = 525000 mm2
2m+A.95d=750
2m+0.95(264) = 750
m = 249.6 mm Point olm
shear
2n+0.80b=700
2n+0.80(257)=700
t =24'1 .2 mm:
Actual pressure exerted by the column i,'w

plate on the grillage beam.
- -sriooo-
r'=
1330fl000)
P =2.53 N/mm2
Fb = 0.75Fy
Fb = 0.75QSO)
Fb = 187.5 MPa
,-nl3Pm'
._..Y Fb
,-lE
It r
lr !
3(2.s3\(24s.6\2 t, '
l=
187.5
,=50mm (safe) lff*
JKL-
Upper tier:
Since there are four beams in thc
tier, each bcam must resist a load of
ry=332500N
w
U=
f(L-a)
L=575+7C0+575
I= 1850 mm
a=700mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
537
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
Steel lDesl-qn
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.do .c .do .c
Bending:
a
: t*- -..u ITlIll'
ml
* ='2#(r8so - 7oo)
M =47.8 x 106 N.mm

M
s=r
"\^=- 165
47.8 x 106
S = 289697 mm3 < 379 x ld mm3 (safe)

utl by the columi ba:.t
Shear:
,={l+)
,=t#r t"+,*l
7= 103345N
lsi:
=F,. Web Crippling:
Maximum allowable load on this portion
the beam:
of
ffi
A=,.
' JrL
R=0.75 Fyxno(N+219
fi = 0.?5(250X6.1)[700 +2(rT]
R = 839512.5 > 332500N (safe)
rcsist a load of
Inner tier:
l.oad reisted by each beam:
1330fl000)
,, 12
l7= 110833 N
PD PD
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W
O
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N
y
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C
C
538
w
w
m
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w w
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steetr- IDeslgn E.
Bending:
a=750mm
w
U = ,(L-a)
M= trffiI
ry13(l8so-T5o)
M = 15.2 x 105 N.mm
r-M
o- 1G5
S = 92 x ld < 119 x ld mm3 (safet
Shear:
v=Y(;)
,=lH#(ui=ll5
V = 32950 N
V
fv = twd
r'-_ 32959
^. 5.8(t52)
fv = 3'7.37 MPa < l00lvtra (safe)
Web Crippling:
I
fi=0"75Fyxt(N+21() I
-l
I
R = 0.75(250Xs.8) [750 + 2(20)]
v..
fi = 859125N > 110833 N (sde) -t
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
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C
w
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m
m
w s39 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel lDesLgrr
_
A1 Fr= A2P,
Atr=Az
Mp = At f, 0r) + A2 F, (12)
rfy
Mp * Fy (Ar yr + Azyz)
lvlp = Pr7
Z=Atyt+Azyz
( plastic section modulus)
Mp = (At+ A)y F,
Mp=AyFy
where A=Al+Az
Z=Ay
lN
Let w consider a trun x 150 mm beam
Z=Atyt+42y2
Z = 100(75X37.5) + 100(75X37.5)
Z = 5625N mm3 o,
Z=Ay
Z = 100(150X37.5)
Z = 5625ffi mm3 lplastic section radulus)

F -T O O L S ..::::::::.::.::::.:::.:.:..:::l:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::l::.::::l;::...l.:ll..lilillillltliiilillieru+emffiW
O
D F -T O L S
PD P
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W
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540
C
C
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w w
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel. IDesl-g:n
By plastic Design:
Mp = Fyz
By Elastic Design:
M=FyS
MP = Fyz
Mo Z
ni = S =sluPeJactor
Z = 5625A0 mm3
(plastic section nodulus)
bd2
.l = -;-
b
_ l0o(15QP
o-
" 6
S = 375000 mm3
(elastic section modulus)
z s625N
s = 3?5ooo
7
f =,.s (shape factor for rectangle1
For W shape section = l.l2 (shape fo:;:"
ultimate load
Loadfactor = Defrnload
For W slwpe section = 1.7 (load facta,

XDCFh-aTnOgO
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PD
er
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!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
541
to
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k
k
li c
li c
Steel lDesir=lr
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
.d o .c .d o .c
285-a
What is the section modulus Sr, plastic

modulus Z and the shape factor for the
rectangular shape shown.
a) 6.33 x 103 mm3,

7 x 106 mm4, 0.50
rs'b) 5.33 x 103 mm3,
8 x t06 mm4, t.50
c) 4.33 x 103 mm3,

9 x 106 m*4, 2.50
A 73 x l03mm3,
6 x 106 mm4, 3.50
Solution:
Sr=[
-T
.
r'=
bh3
I
t21t 12y
I
h=4N ^ bh2
Jf = --=-
b
- 2mGU)\2
Jr=-_?-
S.r = 5.33 x 106 mm3
The plastic section modulus is obtained by

taking statical moment of area about NA.
Abh
22
y=ih
_=rut
L
A.
+ yZ)
PD PD
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O
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N
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y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
542
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesigrr
bh ,h h,
Z= z (+*+)
bh2
Z=-T
+
-,-*200(400)2 t+
Z=SxlNmma
The shape factor f:

- Z=t^
/=s
8x106
lod
f = 1.50
285-b
Compute the plastic section modul*, -

shape factor of the section W 610 ' --
rolled shape S = 6780 cm3.
a) 2.12
!s'b) 1.13
c) r"76
0 0.56
O Calculate the plastic moment capact:' " ' ,:u

same section if fy = 249 MPa, cori.: --. ' ;r
elastic moment capacity,/s = 0.6C1.'
a) 1559.35 kN.m, 2.88

!sb) 1899.35 kN.m, 1.88
c) 1899.35 kN.m, 3.88
0 1579.35 kN.m,0.88
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
543w
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslgn
Solution:
,=ff'eso
) = 24.80 cm.
A
Z =10t + |z)
,=19y e4.Be + 24.8e)
Z = 7658.653 cnt3
^ 7658.653
I ' 6780
63. f= 1.13 (shape factor)
I
- rn modulus ar.:
I Elastic moment:
Me = S (0.60),
:,W610x21.-
Mo=a
670(0.6)(24.8)
100
Me = 1008.864 kN.m
Plastic moment:
Mp=zfy
76s8.6s3(21.8)
capacity o[ r..
Mp = --Td-
\.?a, compare u'r--
Mp = 1899.35 kN.m
..
= 0.60D.
Basic safety factor:

1899.35
= 1oo8f64
= I.86
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 544 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesigrr
oO!"'rr0r,,,,,,',
The rectangular section of width D and deptl.

d has a plastic section modulus Z equal to I
d dl4. Which of the following gives the
shape factor ZIS in the plastic design'
a) 1.0
0s'b) 1.5
c) 2.5
0 't.0
Solution:
b(12
.$ = ---;-
6
Shape factor =21
bd2t4
Shape factor =;-i;
oa-!o
Shape factor = 1.5
A BW 775 x 287 steel I beam ha. -:*

H 755 mm total beam dep'th

b 360 mm flange width
Which of the following gives the ;-=tc

section modulus about the principal ar:i
*a) 10,597 cm3

b) 10,961 mm3
c) 10,795 mm3
0 10,957 cm3
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
545
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslqn
;.1992',,:11 Solution :
.. x rdth b and depth 7 = [36 (3.2) (36.15)

* ..iulus Z equal to b
'-.lowing gives the + 34.55 (1.9) (r7.27s)) (2)
-.,stic design.
Z = 10,597 cm3
The yield stress of the steel beam is 250

N/mm2. The beam must be designed for a
plastic moment, capacity of 288 KN.m.
Which of the following gives he required
plastic section modulus.
a) 2300 cm3
!s= b) I152 cm3
c) 4600 cm3
n t99,3,,;l
@ 3450 cm3
ril,:" i beam has th:
Solution:
;, :eam deptjt MP=FYz
t: tickness
"
288 x 106
:-r;: width
l;;e thickness
-/- =- 250
:: ;ives the plasu; Z = 1152000 mm3
;e :nncipal axis.
Z = 1152 cm3
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
546
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
s
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel. IDeslqrr
EF
t.l
LJL
Ei
@1r blirmt,i;,,',
A hollow circular section has an outside

diameter of 300 mm and an inside diameter
of 208 mm. This section is used as a
cantilever beam 2 m.long to carry :
concentrated load at the unsupported enc
Which of the following gives the plastr;
section modulus of the hollow section.
a) 5 x 105 mm3.
b) 7 x 106 mm3.
*'c) 3 x 106 mm3.
0 10 x i06 mm3
Solution:
Z=Ay
, =rJJy63.6)(2)
*y$4:4)(2)
Z=3x106mm3.
D13 - Do3
7 _-L-----L
L-
6
,_(3oo)3-(208)3
L-
6
r+l3n-44.14 Z=3r106mmj.
r-T
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
547
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel IDesign c u -tr a c k
The plastic section modulus of a wide flange

section is 3'x 106 mm3 with a shape factor
of 1.126. lf Fy = 250 MPa, which of the
following gives the yield moment capacity
of the wide flange section.
6a) 666 kN.m

b) 577 kN.m
c) 555 kN.m
0 777 kN.m
Solution:
Z
shape Jactor = ,
1.126 =+u
S = 26&298 mm3
MY=FYS
My = 250 (26&298)
My = 66 x 106 N.mm
My = 666 kN.m yield moment
@|P1t'ii|rrffi xiiiii
The yield momenl capacity of a steel section

is 2.868 x 106Fy (N.mm) with a shape
factor of 1.126, Which of rhe following
gives the value of plastic section modulus of
the section.
a) 4:334x td mm3
b) 2334 x 102 mm3
*,c) 3229 x ld mm3
0 4555 x ld mm3
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
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y
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to
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k
lic
lic
548
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDeslgrr
Solution :
MY=FYs
2.868 x 106 r'Y = FY S
S=2.868x106
Z
shape factor = g
Z = t.126 (2.868) 106
Z = i229 x lF mm3
'ni*i1',t
@i1r'
The shape factor of a compact wide t-l:-;,
section is 1.12, which of the follo* -;
gives the load factor.
qa) 1.70 c) 2.10

b) 1.30 0 2.s0
Solution :
Loadfactor =-
ShaPe factor *
FY
0.66 Fy
olastic
Inadfactor = rlort,
l.l2 Fv
Load factor =
0.66 F y
Inadfactor = 1.70
Which of the following gives the r*r;tq

moment capacity of a T-section madt - m
two 3oo mm x 2o mm if FY = 250 I?:-
a) 180 kN.m
b) 220 kN.m
c) 290 kN.m
!s0 240 kN.m
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
549
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
Steel Desigrr
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Solution:
Z = 300(20)(10) + 300 (20X150)
Z = 960000 mm3
MP= FY z
Mp = 250 (960 000)
Mp=240 kN-m
A T-beam is made up of 150 mm x 50 mm

used as its flange and a 200 mm a 50 mm
web section. lf Fy = 400 MPa. Which of
the following gives the ultimate moment
capacity of the beam.
6a) 462.5 kN.m

b) 542.5 kN.m
c) 484.5 kN.m
0 588.5 kN.m
Solution:
locate the plastic neutral axis
150 (50) + 50r = (200-.r) 50
x =25
Z = 150 (50) (50) + 50 (25) (12.5)
+ 175 (50) (87.5)
Z= I 156250
Mp = ZFy
Mp = | 156 250 (400)
Mp = 462.5 kN.m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
550
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
s
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel D)esign
ffi
t ):
W
6i;'tiiui'ifi::;1:;1""
A diamond shape section having a total "a
and a width "b". Which of the followin,i
gives the shape factor of the diamon:
section.
*a) 1 T
1L
b) 1.5
c) 2.5
L
r60
0 1.8
I
.L
Solution:
,=ffi (t) r,,
7=-bd2
"12 f
Mp=Fyz
up=$ ny
MY=FY S
I
r-c
c_-
. b (dtD3 Q)=-bd3
'1248
t=-
bd3
^r =
J=e 48
d
,
- bdz
"- 24
bd2
My=Fy *
bd2
Mp_l2Fy
Mv- oaz
trFv
z ghape factor)
ffi=
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
551
to
to
k
k
Steel
li c
lDesign
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A built up section is made up of three 300

mm x 20 mm steel plates to form an a wide
flange section. Which of the following gives
the ratio of the limit moment to the yield
l+_300-.-; moment of this section.
a) 1.95
b) 2.10
sc) l.l4
0 0.3e
Solution :
, _ 300(340)3
,=___lr _ 280(300)3
lz
I=352.6x106
"^\ =- 170
356.6 x 106
S=2074xld
Z = l3C[ (20) (160) + 150 120) (15)) 2
Z = 23lO x 103 mm3.
Yp-\rt
My - FIS
!!2_zzto
My- 2074
Mn
6 = t.r4
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
552
bu
bu
to
to
ic k
k
Steel lDesigrr
l ic
Cl
C
w
w
m
m
w w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
An I-section has flanges of 150 mm x 1l

mm and a web thickness of 8 mm. Tota;
depth of I-section is 300 mm. Which of th:
following gives the shape lactor of th;
I-section.
,ri a) 2.21
rsb) 1.13
131 8l c) 3.2r
0 r.43
-1 300 I
13
Solution:
'l
7= {1tsoqtz1(laa)t + 138(8)(6e)} 2
Z = 670752 mm3
c_- I
o-c
- ls0(300)3
,- (150 - 8X276)3
n
,-..g
t2
1-tso-l / = 88709184 mm4
o-l
o-c
t^= 88709184
136'-
S = 591394.56 mm3
Z
Slwpe factor =q
Shape
-
Jactor =
670752
591394.56
Slape factor = 1,Ii
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
NO
y
y
bu
bu
5;?
to
to
k
k
lic
l ic
Steel lDeslq.rr
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A T-section consists of a flange of 150 mm

q-
x 10 mm and a vertical web of 190 mm x 7
f_-ls0-------------.--* mm. forming a rotal depth of T-section of
[ ---E-- rrr-,
rT 200 mm. Which of the following gives the
shape factor of the T-secrion.
I
a) 2.43
190
I
8sb) 1.79
c) 3.1I
0 t.zt
Solution:
-x
Locate the plastic centroid
150.r = 150(10 - x) + 190(7)
300r=1500+1330
x = 9.43 mm
z= t5o (s.$ (ry) + rso(o.s7, (ryZ)

+ 190(7)(95.57)
Z = 133802 mm3
Locate the elastic centroid:

Ar = 150(10)
At = 1500
Az = 190(7)
Az = 1330
A=At+Az
A=1500+1330
A = 2830
Ai = At yt + AZyz
2830 t= 1500(5) + 1330(105)
y=52mm
PD PD
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N
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k
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554
C
C
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w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel DesiEEn e
ffi
H
'-- lt"ljn" + l5u1l{)rirr l
- qr'! + 71te0t153.rl
/ = ii.06 x 106 mm4
s=1L
11.06x 106
"^\ =- 148
S = 74750 mm3
Z
Shape factor =
t
Jhape Jactor
- =
133802
74150
Shape factor = L79
Which of the following the ultimate loa: " ,r

a simply supported rectangular section bc--
breadth "b", depth "d", having a span I ;:
subjected to a uniformly distributed lo:, .
intensity "w".
q- ----:i-
3FY baz
b) _7_
5F,t b&
*-c) Ny bd2
--E-
o -p- F'v bd2
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
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to
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k
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lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 555w . d o c
w
w
o
o
.d o .c k.
c
Steel lDesign
Solution:
Wu L2
Mp= g
Mo=FrZ
m z=y (ilo,
dt4
_t_
-i
il
I 7__ m2
4
u Wu LZ
--=8 ,r+
*o=ufft
Which of the following gives the plastic

moment and shape factor of a beam of solid
circular cross section having a radius r and a
yreld stress of Fy.
a) 2.43 Fy 13
sb) 1.33 Fy 13
c) 3.11 Fy 13
g l.2l Fy 13
Solution:
, -ft '2 4' ,n,
L- z 3n\")
7_- 413
J
t-, -fr'4
4
C=r
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
550
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel l)esl-gn
c u -tr a c k
s
E
ttil
EK
I
s=a
n14
"q _-4(r)
s= n13
4
Z
Shape factor =
t
413
Shape factor = ---- l
TC TJ
)n
+
Shape factor = 1.69
Mp=FYZ
Mp = Fv (i) ,,
Mp = l.fi FY f
Which of the following gives the sha:=

factor of a hollow circular section with o
outside diameter of 400 mm and a thickne,,
of 50 mm.
a) 2.492
0e-b) 1.437
c) 1.212
0 3.636
Solution:
Plastic section modulus
.a_* D13 - D.r3
L*
6
Z=6.1'7 x106
PD PD
!
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O
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N
N
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to
557
k
k
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lic
Steel IDeslgn
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
r =ft[<+oo)4 - (3004]
/=8.59x106
S=,
"^ 8.59
200
x 106
S=4.295x106
7
Shape factor =i
et-- -"tacnr
Jnaoe
6.1 7x 106
4.295 x tO6
Shape factor = 1.437
@,:ffirim:i::,:
A W 350 x92haa a span of 6 m. and carries
a load of 73 kN/m including irs own weight.
Determine the load factor for the same beam
if it has a shape factor of l. I 5
Fy =250MPa
Sx = 2071x ld mm3
a) 2.12
!€'b) l.8l
c) 3.2s
0 l.l5
r
PD PD
!
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W
O
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N
N
y
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to
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C
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w s58 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel- IDeslgn f,
E
l..l
B
Solution:
Mo
Uu = t.l5 t.\hdfe factor)
MY=FYS
My =250 (2071 x 103)
My = 5t7.75 x 106 mm4
Mp = 1.l5My
Mp = 1.75 (517.75 x t06)
MP=595-4x106
t{p=WogL2
595.4x
.â wp (6)2 (1000)
l0o=----g
Wp = t323ll Nlm (ultinnte load)
Ultimate Ltad
Load factor =
Design Load
1323tr
laad Jactor = 73000
Load factor = l.8l

PD PD
!
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O
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s59
C
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.d o .c .d .c
Steel IDeslgr.r
A beam having a cross section shown is

fabricated from mild steel which has a yield
stress of 300 N/mm2. Which of rhe
following gives the plastic moment of the
section.
a) 321 kN.m
35'b) 256 kN.m
c) ll2 kN.m
15 0 497 kN.m
Solution:
75(r5)+ (15)(210-x)
= t5(;) + 250(15)
I125 + 4050 - l5r = 15.r + 3750
--lrs 30x = 1425
---l x = 47.50
2'70-x
_at1 <
25r Z = 7 5(15)(230) + 15Q22.50X I I 1.25)
4. i
\rs-T- + 47.5(t5)(23.75) + 2s0(15X55)
x=47.50
Z = 853218.75 mm3
Mp=FYz
Mp = 300(853218;15)
Mp=256 kN.m
PD PD
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C
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w 560 w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDesflg-rr
c u -tr a c k
S
Th
A sttttically detenninate beom u',.

fail if one pln-stic linged deuelops. If -
sinrp/e besm is loaded utith .
concentrated load at irs midspant ar'-

'.
if fr rs irweased w$il a plastic hinge
deueloped at the poirt of applicotic-
of the load where ntaximum ntome-:
accurs, rhis u-ri// coltss an unstat...
structure wherebt further incren,se :-
lasd will cause collapse. For -
stoticclly indeterninate structure ;
fail it rs necesscry for rnore than c-..
PLastic hinge
p/cstic hinged to form. The plos:..
hinges utry front structure by
ustnlly not less than huo.
J)
t
*F.|s
The arrangement of plastic hinc.,
real hinges which permit collapse t: -
T
structure is called mechanism.
L
Ps=(flS.).F The follawing are rnechanisnt< -' -
t
ucrious beams" i
I
r
L,
Pu=@.5.)P
Plastic hinge
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
NO
O
N
561
y
bu
bu
to
to
Steel lDesa€r-r
k
l ic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
The Collapse Mechanisrn
Fired suTtport RoLLer support
l
Rlrl hinse
L-+ 0.414
yry.A.l4La=4.i4{1"
_y=0.58i6Le=5.868
0,41.1t1= 4.14
_y=-1. 14 0
!=10 0
:'0.4t4LF4.14
'Lrl}-|' t=4.14Q
y=5.86 o
e+a,
Ptilh. / ^ ..
ntnSe
J=5.86 6
l=4.14 ct
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
562
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
s
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesLgn
@
I::l t
ffi
A fixcd ended structural steel beam is used to

carry a unilorm ultimate load distributed
unilormly throughout its span. The beam
has a span of 6 m. and has a plastic momen'l
capacity Mp = 500 kN.m. Whrch of the
following gives the uniforrn load it can carrr
at collapse load.
itt-i
E
a) 111.3 kN/rn. -a-
€b) 222.2 kN/m.
c) 323.4 kNlm.
0 290.2 kN/m. t\
Solution:
Plutic hinge
3-___t-- Mp(0+29+g)=WuL ()
---r--0
\:y; wu(6) (3) (o)
500 (49) =
Plastic hinge Wu= 222.2 kNlm.
@up;' ffi
A simply supported steel beam has a spar -
1"8 rn. and a rectangular cross section cf -l

mm x 50 mm deep. if the beam
uniformly loaded over the full span, *:".:-
of the following gives the intensity of l:".-
"W" N/m will induce a plastic hinge ai --.:
midpoint.
FY = 250 MPa.
*a) 9.65 kNlm

b) 5.39 kN/m
c) 15.98 kN/m
0 12.49 kN/m
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
563
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Steel. IDesl,gn
C
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w
om
m
w w
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o
.do .c .do .c
Solution:
v
Mp(20)=WL;
w (1.8) (0.9)o
uo Qo) =----;-
MP= FYZ
Real hinge
17H.9-i.--0.9- - bh2
- t+
- 2s (50l)2
L-
Plastic hinge 4
Z =15625
r-25a
Mp=254(15625)
ffi+ Mp = 3906250'N.mm
Mp = 3906'25 N'm
3946.25 = 0.405 i7
!7 = 9645 N/m
W= 9.65 kN/m.
PD PD
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Steel lDesign f,
E
E
A hollow box beam has an outsid:

drnrcnsion of 400 mm x 600 mm and insic;
dimension ol 300 mm x 500 mm (uniforr
thickness of 50 mm) has a fixed ended sp-
of 6 m. Which of the following gives r"-
sale uniform load distributed horizonta)i-.
that the beam could carry before collapse ::
FY = 250 MPa'
gs a) 1917 kN/m.
b) 18a0 kN/m.
c) 2536 kN/m.
@ 1730 kN/m.
Solution :
z= 400 (s0) (21s) (2)
+ 250 (50) (12s) (4)
Z =1725Aa00
MP=FYz
Mp = 250 (17250000)
Mp = 4312.5 Kl-{.m
J=30
Mr(20+o+o)=wuLi
Mp(40) =!*9
43t2.5 (4s) =WuQg)
ttt 4312.5 (4\
PLastic hinge tru-_ 9
o
t'
I
Wu= 1917 kNlm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
OW
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Steel
li c
lDesig:rl
lic
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A hollow box beam has an outside

dimension of 400 mm x 600 mm and inside
dimension of 300 mm.x 500 mm (uniform
thickness of 50 mm) has one end fixed and
the other end simply supported. Which of
the following gives the safe uniform load
distributed horizontally that the beam could
carry before collapse if it has a span ol 6 rn.
Fy = 250 MPa.
*a) 1398.3 kN/m.

b) 1246.2kJflm.
c) 1460.5 kN/m.
0 1035.8 kN/m.
Solution:
Z = 440 60) (27s) (2)
+ 250 (50) (125) (4)
Z =17 250 AAO
Mp= FY z
Mp = 250 (17250000)
Mp = 43t2.5 KN.m
Mp (o +s + o) =wuLi
y = 3.516 o
Y=2,4M a
3.5150=2.4U a
a=1.42 0
wu6)o.sr@)
Mp(0+9+1.420\=-=-Z-
43t2.5 (3.42) = Wu $) (3.s 16)
Wu=139E.3 KNlm.
PD PD
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c u -tr a c k
Steel lDesl-gn c u -tr a c k
s'
m
$6
A hollow box beam has an outside

dimension of 400 mm x 600 mm and inside
dimension of 300 mm x 500 mm (uniform
thickness of 50 mm) has a fixed ended ends
with a span of 6 m. Which of the following
gives the concentrated load that the beam
could carry at its midspan before collapse.
FY = 250 MPa.
€ a) 5750 kN.
b) 4379 kN. ,H
c) 6038 kN. :l
0 5133 kN.
Solution : kt
Z = 400 (s0) (215) (2)
I
+ 250 (5c) (12s) (4) L

Z =1125@00
MP= FY z
Mp= 250 (17 250 000)
Mp = 4312.5 KN.m
)=30
M, (20+o+o) = Pu y
4312.5 (4s) = Pu (30)
Pu=5750 kN.
fifi..fi*rfiiaffir
A hollow box beam has an oulsr:: -,'H
dimension of 400 mm x 600 mm and insrc
t,f*
dimension of 300 mm x 500 mm (unifc= t-
thickness of 50 mm) has one end fixed a-,:
the other end simply supported ort 3 span :,
6 m. Which of the following gives rhe
concentrated lmd
is
tiat
-::
:;
the beam could car:",
Fy = 250 \=
r
t,,
I
midspan before collapse.
usa) 4312.5 kN. c) 3329.6 kN.

b) 2548.1 kN. 0 5395"3 kN.
PD PD
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Steel Deslqn
Solution:
Z = 440 (50) (27s) (2)
+ 250 (50) (tzs) (4)
z =t 7254 000
MP=FYz
Mp = 250 (17 250 000)
Mp = 4312.5 Kt'l.m
l=30
Mp(WzO)= PuJ
4312.5 (3s) = Pu (30)
Pu = 4312.5 kN.
@:*ii:b{imi,:,,
The propped cantilever beam is 10 m. long
and is required to carry a load of 100 kN at
midspan. If the yield stress of mild steel is
300 MPa, which of the following gives the
plastic section modulus if a load factor
against failure is 1.5.
*a) 83333 mm3

b) 87433 mm3
c) 78327 mm3
0 92832 mm3
100 kN
Solution:
Mp(0+20)=Put
)=50
MpQq = 150(5) 0
Mp = 250 kN.m
Mp=FYz
250 x 106
L=-T-.
Z = 83333 mm3'
PD PD
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Steel lDeslgrr I
Elitr:1:$u:6:,
Compute the plastic moment of a propped
beam having fixed support at the left end and
a roller support on the right end with a span
of 8 m. It carries a plastic uniform load of
Itln = 200 kN/m.
a) 1837 kN.m c) 3705 kN.m

b) 2483 kN.m e'd) 1098 kN.m '
Solution:
y=(8-.r)0
l=xa.
161=(g-r)0
(8-x)
a==l-o
Mr(0+0+o) =WuLl
Mp (20+ o,) =
T (8 -.r) o
uofze. E#e] = sooo (8-,r)
uofze. T- r] = 8oo(8 -r)o

,olr,. T] = 8oo (8-r) o
", €#)=
8oo (8 -,,)
M pa?= 8oo (8 -,r)
t, _ 800 (8 - r).r
trtP- x+ 8
MP=
x +8
dM ,(x+8X8-2.r) - (8.r - r2Xt)
dx
-=
8oo I (x+8)2 ]=,
(.r+8) (8-2.;)=8x-*
8.r+64 -2xz -l6x=8x-x2
PD PD
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S&eeE Epesigqt
x2+l6x-64=0
.r = 3.31 m.
Note:
x = 0.414 L
from the simple support
A, _ 800 (8x - .r2)
trtP-
.r + 8
8oo [8(3.31) - (3.31)2]
Mp=
3.31+ 8
Mp=109E kN,m
The working load P on the propped

cantilever shown are each 150 kN and its
span is 6 m. If the yield stress of mild steel
is 300 MPa, which of the following gives
the plastic section modulus using a load
factor of 1.75 against collapse.
a) 2182Jx ld mm3
ffi,b) 1312.5 x ld mm3
d 1432.4 x ld mm3
4 1847.7 x ld mm3
Solution:
Pu= 1.75P
Pu = 1'?5(150)
Ftd = 262.5 kN
Using a collapse nuchanism at A and C.

!2=20
)t=40
Jl=2a
4A=2a
a=20
Mu(0+ 0+o) =PulZ+Pu!r
M u (Q + 0 + 20) = 262.5(29) + 262.5@6)
PD PD
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Steel lDeslgn {
F
E
4bt p = 1515
,r1, = 39,1.75 kN.m
'vP= lY z
-.
/ =-391.75
.- x 106
300
Z = 1312.5 x lN mm3
A lixed ended beam having a span of 6 r,

and carries a uniform load Wu tlroughout r.
span. Compute the ultimate strent:-
capacity of the beam in terms o[ its plasl:
moment capacity.
. 2Mn
a)
l-
* ^, 9
4MP
^. MP
v)g
- 8Mp
q-9-
Solution:
)=30
L
v =ig
lL)(Y)
Plastic hinged
Mp (o +20 + o) -wu
Mp (a{,=vrP(+)
Wu L2
Mp@O)= 4
g
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Steel IDesl-grr
*, =Xff
16M p
wu =-------;-
(6)"
wu=4Mp
g-
A steel propped beam having a span of 4 m.

is fixed at one end and simply supported at
the other end. It carries a concentrated load
of 200 kN at is midspan. Which of the
following gives the plasric moment capacity
using a load factor of 1.5.
a) 400 kN.m
rs'b) 200 kN.m
c) 300 kN.m
0 250 kN.m
Solution:
Mp(0+24)=P1rY
Pu = 200(1.5)
Pu =3AA
Mp $$ = 300(2) 0
Mp=ry
Mp -- 200 kN,m
PD PD
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Steel Desl.gtn E
FT
B&
Find the value of ultimate Wu lhat the Tee-

IMo section could carry if Fy = 250 MPa using: rl
m ,o Using equilibrium method.
E5
t_
wuLl2 g Using virtual work method.
a) 160 kN , 160 kN
0€'b) 230 kN ,230 kN
c) 150 kN ,200 kN
-Mp 0 100 kN ,230 kN
Solution:
O Equilibrium method:
Using the equilibrium method, sum u;

nwments at the center of the bean.
Mp=-Mp* Z \r)
WUL /L\ *,i (?)
2Mp-wuLz
4
WuL2
s
tr
Wu LZ
MP= t6 q
I
To compute the plastic section modulus tkt t
areas in compression and lension shauld iv &
equal.
250 (20) + 25 (350 - x) =25 (x)
13750 = 50x
x=275 mm,
350-x=75mm
Z= 950(20)(85) + 25(75X37.5)
+ 275(25)(13'7.5fr)
Z = 1M0625 mm2
Mp=Fyz
Mp = 250(lMO625)
Mp = 364156250 N.mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
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eLV
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F-P w F-P w
PD
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Eteel- IDesLgn
C
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Another way of computing Mp:

/rt=137.5+85
ht = 222.5
h2-- 137.5 + 37.5
hz= 175
Cl=SrressxArea
Ct=250Q50)(20)
Cl = 1250000
Cz= 25A{25)(75)
C2= 468750
Mp=Cth1+C2h2
Mp = 1250000(222.5) + a68750(175)
Mp = 360156250 N.mm (same as before)
MP=Wu16L2
360.156250 =*#
l7l = 160 kN/m
@ Virtual Work Method:

Using the collapse mechanism
Mp(s+o+20)=wuLlt
Mp (4s) = wu (6) (|) r:rl
Mp =e#
MP=FYZ
Mp = 254$44A625)
Mp = 360156250 N.mm
MP = 360 kN.m
Mp =e+
3ffi=ry
Wu = 160 kN.m
PD PD
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Steel lDesign S
t
ffi
Find the plastic load Pu acting on lhe bear:

shown if Fy = 250 MPa.
O tJsing equilibrium method.

I Using virtual method.
a) 160 kN , 160.7 kN
!s b) 269 kN , 269.3 kN
c) 150 kli ,200.2 kN
0 100 kN ,230.8 kN
Solution:
Locate the centroid at plastic stage, thai ..

area in compression must be eqqal to a,,::
in tension.
W
L
350(25) + x(25) = 25(400 - r) + 200(25)
5 x=125
5v
tzs
4A0 - x=275
Z = 35aQ1037.5) + 125(25)(62.5)
+ 275(25)(137.5) + 25Q40X287.5)
Z = 14375A0
0 Equilibrium method:
Sum up moments at the center using r;;--

side only.
Pyl2+Myl8 Put?-Mut8 ,r=(+"ry)^

Mo
Up = Zpu --:
3MP = 4P,
PD PD
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Steel lDeslglr
4
Mp =
1Pu
Mp=Fyz
Mp = 250(1437500)
Mp = 3593375000 N.mm
Mp = 359.315 kN.m
A
359.375 =;J Pu
Pu = 269.53 kN
Using virtual work method:

Mp(g+20)=Puy
Mp (s + fu) = Pu (40)
Mp (30) = Pu (4s)
'J =; Pu
Mp
MP=Fyz
Mp = 250(1437500)
Mp = 359.375000 N.mm
Mp = 359.375 kN.m
A
'3=: Pu
Mo
L
359.375 =
ipu
Pu = 269.53 kN
PD PD
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c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c k I
S'&eeE ffiew$.mxa
E
F
I
L:
s
Find the uhimate load Pru that the bear:,

shcwn eoulti carry using:
o The cqui lrhriurn nicthod

@ Viriuai work meihod.
a) 2192"3 kN , 1291.4 klll

ssb) i003"5 kN , i003"5 kN
e) i3-s0"6 kl\i , 2020.2'kN
4 i043.,5 kN ,2330.8 kN
Solution:
Locate the centroid Gt plxstic conditions
6ffiii20) + 20x (2) = (350 - "rX20X2)
120[i0 + 40"r = 14400 - 40x
80x = 2+00
Rr2l3(Fa)
x=iu
Z = 5ffi(20X40) + 30(20X15X2)
+ 20(330X1rr5X2)
1= )6'l6t)00
& Usrng equilibritun mctkod:

6R 1 = 4!'u
)
R1 =lFu
Sum up irwnlents at the center.
luIP='MP+R1Q)
)
--) i FuQ\
2tuio =
rq,"7=? Pu
&fP=Pr7
Mp = 25fi (2675m0)
MP=669x106
--z7r
,r,^
lvtP o,,u
I
669 =i., Fu
Pu * 1883"5 kN
PD PD
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c u -tr a c k
G&eeI- klesig:re c u -tr a c k
@ Using virtusi wsrk method:

? =2a
!=40
2u= 40
a=29
Mp{a+O+a.+fi)=Puy
tufp {29 + o + 2s + 6) = Pu (4) g
Mp {6a) = 40 Pu
1FY Plastic hingel )
r"-z-F-+--\ Mp ='1Pu
l\E ---'i; g=?" Mp=Fyz

/
LPlastic hinge: --.- Mp = 250 (2676000)
MP=ffi9x106
&/P = 659 kN.m
)
Mp =
\Pu
2Pu
*, =T
Pu = 1003"5 kN
A continuous beam have two spans of 4rn

each. The first span earries as ultimate
concentrated load of 50 kN and on the second
span it carries an uldrnate unifornn load of
4G kN/rn" If .Fy = 250 tuIPa, whictr of the
following gives the required bearn strength
&fp to support these uitimate Xoads.
a) 48"51 kN"m
re" b) 54"91 klq{"ni
c) 58.?4 kN.r'n
0 39"65 kN.na
PD PD
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Steel lDesl"g:n I
;
I
Solution :
Considering AB:
Mp(20+b)=Puy
Mp (30) = 50 (20)
,o=Y= 33.33 kN.m
x = 0.414 (4)
x = 1.656
Y = 7.656 a
y = 2.344 o
1.656a=2.344b
a = 1.415 O
Considering BC:
Mr(o+o+a)=wu@)(l)Ol
Mp (3.415 6; = 40 (2) (2.344 o)
Mp (3.415 0) = 187.52 g
Mp = 54.91 tN'm'
Use M, = 54,91 kN.m.
A two continuous beam is to be desigr,r,:

using the plastic method of Analysis ua
first span is 6 m. long and adjacent Spsn u .r
m. long. Both spans utt 166ds( \r.J
uniform load of 30 KN/m. The shorter $:m
carries a concentrated load of 60 iL\ u
its center. Using a load factor of 1.70, r-:ru
is the plastic moment capacily?
Ba) 157 KN.m c) 153 KN.m

b) 176 KN.m 0 165 KN.m
PD PD
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Steel IDesl.gn
Solution:
x = 0.414 (6)
x =2.4M
Y=2.4M0
) = 3.516 o
2.484A=3.516cr
a=0.710
30k Mp=(g+u+cr)
Mp =vY (L)i
Mr=(6+a.7b+0.716)
*o='!P {z"4s4a)
tlo = Q.42 6)
Mp = 223'56 g
Mp = 92'38
Mp=92'38{l.i)
,f1, = 157 6E.*
J=20
Mo @+2o)=ry+Wtl
.v
o ed = 6o {2s). XfA trri
Mp Qo) = 2400
fillilr
Mp = 80 KN.m
Mp = 8o (1.7)
illll&
Mp = 136 KN.m
I
Plastic noment capacity
Mp = t57.xN,m
PD PD
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Steel- IDesLgn-
;
E
Determine the plastic moment Mp for'which

the members shall be proportioned.
5l
a) 100 kN.m
rsU) tZO tN.m
c) 220 kN.m
0 150 kN.m
Solution:
Mp(g+29+0\-Puy
Mp (4s) = 50(6) 0
, =try
MP = 75 kN'm
5l
Mp(0+g)=Puy
MP (Zil = 30 (60)
ue=Y
Mp = 9o kN.m
5k
Mp (20 + o + o) = 50 (60) + 30 (60)

Mp g0 = 3000 + 1800
Mp=ry
Mp = 120
Mp = 120 kN.m
Use Mp = 120 kN.m
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c u -tr a c k
Steel lDesl-grr c u -tr a c k
321.
Determine the plastic moment for which the
members shall be proportioned.
a) 33.23 kN.m
Gb) 36'67 kN'm
c) 46.74 kN.m
A 42.11 kN.m
Solution:
Mp(g+g+20)=30y
MP $0) = -10 (4s)
r)n
!-::
Mp =
Mp = :it lc\.m
MP1a,a+o+O)=5(f')
Mp(ao)=5(40)
MP = 5l<'\'m
Mp (s + 2s + s + 26) = 5$s) + 50(46)

Mp (6s) = 20s + 2400
220
Mn=-
6
Mp = 36.67 kN.m
Use Mp = 36.67 kN.m

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.d o
c u -tr a c k
Steel lDeslg=n .d o
c u -tr a c k
f
E
E
A series of frames is added to a heavy steel

building to support a mono vail crane. The
Me
layout of one frame is shown here. A 36 t:
steel was used (FY = 250 MPa0' The !
original design was based on elastic
principles for a total design load of 89 kN
that included the crane rail, tolleys and
liveload. Use AISC Specs.
o If lateral support, joint rotation and impact

present no problems, what total load would
be imposed under plastic design criteria
using a load factor that is equivalent to the
factor of safety that exists under elasric
design principles.
@ It is desired to strengthen the horizonu,

member by adding top and bottom cover
plates in the vicinity of the crane load, sc
that this load may be increased to 178 L\
under plastic design criteria. What width ard
thickness must these plates have?
17 300 x 16.4
Prooertv of W section
S = 717 x 103 mm3
Z = 803i td mm3
bf = 164 mm
d=306mm
a) 285.3 kN , 250 x 15 mm
rs'b) 391.6 kN ,20-0 x 12 mm
c) 220.4 kN , 200 x 20 mm
0 150.2 kN , 150 x l0 mm
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
s83
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
Steel lDeslgn
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Solution:
?EI
Kan =
i 3r,
EI
KAB= n o
r.()
EI
Koc=
6
EI
4S
DIAB- EI Er
4.8 6
DF4s = Q.J56
PL
Mac=+ g
B
8916)
).556 0.444 Mpr = + -----
56.75 -66.7: tt
-29.63',
148 165
MBC = +66.15
PL
uca=_T
McB = - 66.75
O Design moment = 81.5685 x 106

Actual bending, stress
,_M
"-Fb
81.5685 x 106
Fb=
7.7x103
t -!gr-
-6
T --j 3m, Fb = 113.76MPa
Load factor
' =*fD
220
t oad tactor =
1 13.76
Load factor = 2.2
Mp=Fyz
Mp = 250(803) 106
Mp = Zqo.ls x lo6 N.mm
Mp(g+o+20)=Pvy
2m.75 (4il = Pu (3s)
Pu = 267.67 kN
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
sB4
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesLl=n
7 = bodfo'to'
267.67
_D
2.2 -t
P = 121.67 kN
P=178 kN Pu= P x Loadfactor
Pu = 178(2.2)
Pu = 391.6 kN
w = 16.4kglm
w = 0.160 kN/m
Me-1ey.ty -zw:ts
Pu=391.6 kN
Ilp = 387.37 kN-m
IY=16.4 kN/m
MP
Required Z = p,
- 387.37 x 106
t= zfi-
Z=1549.5x103
(z - z)
t-- 1.05bd
Tryb=bf+32
b = 196 say 200 mm
,=W 1.0s(1549.5 - 803) 103
t = 12.8 mrn sc) 12 mm
{lse 200 x 12 mm (steel plate)

z = 803000 + 2ffi\r2)(159)(2)
z=7566200 > 1549500 o.&.
XDCFh-aTnOgO
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Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
585
y
bu
bu
to
to
Steel. IDesl"g:n
k
k
li c
lic
C
C
w
w
om
m
w w
w
o
.d o .c .d o .c
A W section has an elastic section modulus

of 1438 x ld
mm3. It carries a uniform
load throughout its span of 6 m. with both
ends fixed. Allowable bending stress is
0.66Fy. If the same beam will have a
plastic section modulus of 1655 x 103
mm3, corpute the plastic safety factor of
the W section. Use A 35-steel with Fy =
250 lvIPa.
*a) 2.32
b) 3.21
c) i.65
0 2.87
Solution:
Using elastic theory
M=wL2t2
.M
JI =T
0.66(2so) =
14# 103
M =237.3 x 106 N.mm
M = 237.3 kN.m
M=i
wL2
ws=vff
I{ = 79.1 kN/m
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
s86
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesl.gn
Using plastic theory
)=30
Mp@+0+20) =wuLl
lyll (6x30)
Mp @0)=--';-
Mp-9Wu ^
MP=FYz
Mp =250(1655 x td)
Mp = 413.75 x 106 N.mm
Mp = 413.75 kN.m
413.7s =ry
Wr = 183.89 kN/m
f _
lastlc salery lactor =
183.89
79.l
Plastic safety factor = 2.32
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
587 w . d o c u - t r a c k . c
w
w
o
o
.d o .c
c u -tr a c k
Steel. IDesl.gxr
@ittffi,bitifiit,,,,
A fixed ended beam carries a uniform load of
80 kN/* including its own weight.
Assuming full lateral support and using
A 36 steel and AISC Specs design the beam.
Fy = 250 MPa, Fy = 0.66Fy.
O Using elastic design

€a) W 360 x 134, Sx= 2330 x 1Cp
b) W 3CI x 101, Sx= 1690 x 1d

c) W 360 x 196, Sx= 3420 x ld
@ W 360 x 179, S.r = 3i20 x ld
O Using plasric design with a load factor of
1.70
€a) w 360xt22, Z=2275 x 103
b) W 360 x 196, Z =2953 x 1d
c) W3CIx101, Z=1923x 1d
$ W3CIx179, Z=2640x ld
0 Determine the weight save by using plastic

design in percent
s a) 8.96V0
b) 7.86V0
c) 9.267o
s t9.r2vo
Solution:
O Elustic design:
Morunt of supports:
ue=_wL2 n
go(g)2
t,. _
tfrA - - 12
MA= - 426.67 kN.m
MB= - 426.67 kN.m
PD
F -T O O L S
#ii". PD
F -T O O L S
: r'tinilffi
!
W
i
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w s8B w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesigrr f,
E
I,.t
H
Moment of midspan:
wL.2
y =+-f
80(8)2
M=+-if-
L+
M = 213.33 kN.m
U sing AISC Specifications :
For Negative nnment for design multiply b.

0.90.
-M=0.90(-426.67)
-M=384.003kN.m
For Positive ntotunt for design

+ M = Computed positive montenl
+ l07o for average of the manvni:
at both ends
,U2
+ M = +213.33 + 0.ln @'A-+nSf-
+M=+255.997kN.m
UseM=384.003kN.m
^M
tx=6
^ 384.003 x 106
r, =--6ôo(2so) -
Sx=2327.29 x lG
IJse W 360 x 134 Sx = 2330 x i:

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
s89
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c . do .c
Eteel DesLgtrr
A Using Plastic Design:
Wu = 1.7 (80)
Wu = 136 kN/m
'8m
!=40
wu L (y)
Mp (0 + 20 + 0) =-=r*
Mp @o) =
$@ fol ,
MP = 5M k.].l.m
MP=FYz
- Mp
rr
rc6
-, -Sqq250
^
Z=21'76xlG
UseW360x122 Z=2275 rtF
Percentage of weight save
=fiffi^rco
= E.96%
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w 590 w
w
w
s
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel lDesLg:rr
q
3rr
A fixed ended beam carries a concentrated

load of 300 kN at a point 4 m. from one of
its end. The beam has a sPan of l0 m.
Assuming full lateral supports and that the
given load takes into account the weight of M;-
the beam. Use A 36. steel and AISC
spccifications with Fy = 250 MPa. @
Fb = 0.66Fy.
t
R1
O Design the beam using elastic theory.
*a) W 610 x 101, ,x = 2530 x ld
b) W 610 x 125, S, = 3220 x ld w
c) W 610 x92, Sx = 2140 x ld
0 W 530 x l0l, Sx = 2300 x ld
O Design the beam using plastic design with a
load factor of 1.70
€a) W610x92, Z=2498xLG
b) W610x10l, Z=2836x103
c) W610xl25, Z=3240x1A3
0 W530x101, Z=2390xLG
0 Compute the weight save in percent by

using plastic design.
@ a) 8.97o c) 9.27o
b) 7.67o 0 t}.t?o
300 kN
Solution:
Pa b2
ua= - 7z
Pa2 b
M6=- 72
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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lic
591w
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C
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w
m
m
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o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Steel. IDesl.grr
Mt=-300(+)lot2
(l0x
MA= - 432 kN.m
300(4)2 (6)
Ma-__---------=-
(l0x
MB=-288kN.m
l0Ri+288=300(6)+432
Rt = 194.4
fz=300-194.4
Rz = 105.6
Using AISC Specs:

-105.6
For Neg. tnoment use 90Vo of the,biggest
negAtive motnent
M = _ 0.90(432)
M=-388.8kN.m
'-7432 kN.m For Positive moment:

+M for design use positive moment plus
10Vo of tlu average of end naments
+M=+345.6*O.rOEzf@
*M=+381.6kN.m
UseM=388.8kN.m
"-M
ux_Fb
.,- =-d66(Eo)-
388.8 x 106
Sx=2356xId
Use W 610 x 101, Sx = 2530 x lF

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c 592 .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
Steetr XlesfleE;r:l-
@ Using Plastic Design:
Fu = 1.7(300)
Pu = 510 kN
!=40
J=6a
40=6o
A
0,=;0
o
)
cr=i0
J
Mp(0+ 0+cr+ a)=PuY

Mp(0+0+2o)=Pu(40)
up lze. ,(?)r] = Pu (4e)
(f), = 5ro(4) o
",
MP = 612 kN.m
MP=FYz
.7 _J Mo
"- Fy
- 612 x 106
L=--K-
Z =2448 x lG
Use ril 610 x 92, Z = 2498 x lF
Percentage of weight save
=
Il$;24 , roo
= 8.97o
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
s93
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Eteel" Desl.grr
Which of the following gives the torsional

constant of a flange section having a flange
width and thickness of 260 mm and 20 mm
respectively. Depth of beam is 340 mm
with a web thickness of l8 mm.
I20 *a) 1969867
I b) 1894248
c)
0
1718186
1622146
I
300
I
Solution:
Torsional constlnt:
_l
20
-T
^ bd3
J=L z
, 260(20\3 (2\. 3000_EE

-33
,=+
t = 1969867 mm4
O Which of the following gives the torsional

shearing stress of flange section due to an
eccentric load of 20 kN at an eccentricity of
300 mm as shown. Use Fv =Til where T
= l.orsion,,l = thickness of element under
consideration and J = torsional constant.
O Which of the following gives rhe torsional

shearing stress in the web.
Ea) 60.92 MPa',54.83 MPa
b) 74.82 MPa,55.23 MPa
c) 86.84 MPa,78.2l MPa
q 9A.24 MPa, 194.2 MPa
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
594
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
E
Steel lDesLg.r.r
EI
t'l
E
Solution: T
O T=20000(300)
20 kN T = 6 x 106 N.mm (torsiiin)
I=20mm
, -. bd3
u-o 3
,=zly(r).r-rylf
,I = 1969867 mm4
(torsional constont)
Torsional shearing stress offlange section:
Tt
F, =T
r,..Y _6x106(20)
- l-969867
Fv = 60.92 MPa
e Torsional shearing stress in the web.
JV
".. _
-Tt
J
-
rv'
4it_.-
6x106(18)
969867
fv = 54.8j MPa
Find the safe load P that the section sho+r

could carry at an eccentdcily e = 300 m
that will not exceed the torsional sheariq
sress of 60 MPa
*a) 15.35 kN
b) 17.27 kN
c) 18.42 kN
0 14.36 kN
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
595
y
bu
bu
to
to
Steel Deslgrl
ic k
k
lic
Cl
C
w
w
om
m
w w
o
.d o .c .d o .c
Solution:
Torsional constant:
_l , - tbd2
18
_T
"_o 3
250(lg)3 ,", . 300(16)3

I
,, _=--(z)+
i
300 "/ = l38l 600 mm4 =
I
Torsional shearing stress offlange section:
l
I f-Tt
u=
J
18
-T
6{t
r(l8)
- 1381600
T= 46A5 x ld N.mm
T=Pe
4605 x 103 =P(300)
P = 15351 N
P = 15.35 kN
Torsianal shearing stress in the web:

*, -T'
J'- J
6{)=-
rl6)
1381600
I = 5l8l x ld N.mm
T=Pe
5l8l x ld =P(300)
P = 17270 N
P = 17"27 kN
Usc safc P = 15.35 tN

PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
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lic
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w
m
m
w s96 w
w
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o
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.d o .c .d o .c
PhSf iE iidinSU'ni txnmlnnTlons In

STRUCTURfl L STEEL DESIGN
tnlsc sPEclFICRTl0ns) ' : rl: :: :::::::::l
Ans. slenderness ratia In the general column formula, the term llr
is known as:
a) poisson's ratio
b) slendemess ratio
c) rigidity factor
0 stiffness ratio
Eilleau,a'#a'm.,=u
Ans" ductilitY The property of building materials ar':
structures that exhibits large energ)
absorption capacity in the inelastic range'
a) ductility
b) elasticity
c) densily
0 flexibility
Ans. Porta I Methotl The approximate method of anallzr:':

indeterminate modular building frames :"
assuming hinges at the center of tream s;**-':
and column height"
a) Plastic design
b) Portal Method
c) Column AnalogY
0 Area-mornent method
XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie XDCFh-aTnOgO
eLV
Sie
F-P w F-P w
PD
PD
er
er
!
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
597
uy
y
bu
b
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
PRST CE LICENSURT TXRMINRTIONS IN
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
STRUCTURRL STEEL DESICN
Ans. d uc tility The property of building materials and

structures that exhibits large energy
absorption capacity in the inelastic range.
a) ductility
b) elasticity
c) density
@ flexibility
Ef ii.eE,'niffilil$,|f ii-2,',',,',,'
Ans. compatibility The tlrird requirement [o guaftntee the conect.

solution to a structural analysis problem; the
other two being equilibrium and srress -
strain relationship. Somerhing to do with
consistent delormadons.
a) plastic condition
b) discretizatino
c) uncracked section
$ compatibility
\ns. proportional to the The stress in an elastic material is:

dis p lac e me nt
a) inversely proponional to ttre materials
yield srength,
b) inversely proportional to the force acting
c) proportional to ttre displacement
@ inversely proportional to the strain
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
s9E
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
PRST CE UCENSURE EfiRMINRilONS IN I
(
STRUCTURRL STEET DESIGN
-
Ans. uttsupporled lengfl'. The "SLENDERMSS RATIO" of a column

to ils minirnunt is generally defined as the ratio of its:
radius of gyratian
a) length to its minirnum width,
b) unsupported length uc its maximum
radius of gyration,
c) length to its moment of inertra,
0 unsupported lcngth to its n,inimum
radius of gyration
rx$
A,ns. where the shearing Principal stresses occur on those planes:
stress is zero
a) where the shearing stress is zero,
b) which are 45' apart,
c) where the shearing stress is minimum
0 which are subjected to pure tension.
Ans. inversely proportional The deflection of a beam is:

to thc modulus of
clasticity and a) directly proportional o the modulus of
moment of inertia elasticily and momentlof inertia
b) inversely proportional o the moduhs d

elasticity and length of the beam cuvcd
inversely proportional o the modulps d

elasticity-and moment of inertia
directly proportional o the load irnpcEd

an&inversely m the leng0r sqrured
PD PD
!
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W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
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to
to
k
k
599
lic
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C
C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
PRST CE LICENSURE EilRMINRN()IS IN
STRUCTURRL STETL DESIGN
An s. unit laleral Poisson's Ratio is the ratio of the:

deformation to the
unit longitudinal a) unit lateral deformalion to the unit
def o rmatio n long itudinal deformation
b) unit sress to unit suain
c) elastic limit to compressive strain
@ elastic strain to proportional limit
Ans. elastic range The linear portion of the stress - strain

diagram ol steel is known as the:
a) modulus of elongation
b) locus of yield points
c) plastic range
@ elastic range
Ans. is the ratio of The stress concentration factjorl

maximum srress
produced in a a) is a ratio of average stress on a section to
section to the the allowable sress
average srresJ
oyer the section b) cannot be evaluated for brittle materials
c) is the ratio of areas involved in a sudden

changeofcross section
Q is the ratio of maximum stress produced

in a section to the average sEess over the
section.
PD PD
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O
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y
y
bu
bu
to
to
600
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
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w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
PRST CT UCENSURE TXRMINRTI()NS IN P
STRUCTURRT STEEL DESIGN
:
A,ns. defined as the unit Modulus of rigidity of a steel member is:

shear srrsss ilivideil
by the unit shear a) function of the length and depth
def o rmatio n
(shear strain) b) defined as the unit shear stress divided by
the unit shear deformation (shear srain)
c) equal to the..modulus of elasticity divided
by one plus Poisson's ratio
d1 defined as the length divided by the
moment of inertia
Ans. FD = 0.66Fy In general, tension and compression on

extreme fibers of compact hot rolled or built
up members, symmetrical about and loaded
in the plane of their minor axis is:
a) Fb = 0.66 Fy c) Fb = 0.60 Fy
b) Fb = 0.40 Fy 0 Fb = 0.75 Fy
Eri iifffiffi$ii# til

Ans.200 The slenderness ratio, Kl/r of compressio
members shall not exceed:
a) 200 c) 300
b) 240 o 250 {s,
Aas. fillct and butt The two main types of welds uscd i
fabrication ue:
a) fillet and buu c) bevel and gwre
b) splice and butr 0 plug and lap
PD PD
!
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O
O
N
N
y
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bu
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w
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m
w 601 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
PnsT cE uffnsuRE rilRmtnRn0ns tn

STRUCTURRT STTET DESIGN
Ans. larzination The following are weld defects excep[
a) urdercut ' c) lamination

b) porosity @ lrck of fusion
Ans. /.J3 Ntmm2 A thin walled cylindrical shell has an

internal diameter of 2 m. and is fabricated
from plates 20 mm thick. Calculate the safe
pressure in the shell if the tensile strength of
the plate is 400 kN/mm2. and the factor of
safety is 6.
a) 1.33 N/mm2.
b) 133.3 N/mm2.
c) 13.3 N/mm2.
0 0.13 N/mm2.
Ans, 1570000 lbs. A steel cylinder 12 inches outside and a w*ll

thickness of I in. is filled with concrete and
used as a pier to support an axial load in
compression. If the allowable stresses ar€
40000 psi for sreel urd 3500 psi for concrere
and the youngs modulus for steel is 30 x
106 psi and for concrete is 28 x ld psi,
what is the allowable lmd on the pier?
a) 200 tons c) 400 kips

b) s00kN 0 1570000 lbs.
PD PD
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N
N
y
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C
C
w
w
m
m
w 602 w
w
w
o
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.d o .c .d o .c
PRST CE TICENSURE EXRMINRTIONS IN Pff

STRUCTU RRL STEET DESIGN ST
@,;!'ti:''E;,,i;iti,:N'oi:;'',i9rr,
Ans. F = tr The relationship between the extension of a
spring and the force required to produce the
extension is:
a) F=mtt
D _-
*r)
b) t-R
c) F=kx
d) F=uII
lfi ;,:'ff'fj:,fi o.Ala,:fi o,;iiil.iD'
Ans. length of column In a long column (slenderness ratio > 160r

which of the following has the greatcst
influence on its tendency to buckle under a
compressive load?
a) modulus of elasticity
b) length of column
c) compressive strength of the material
@ radius of gyration of the column
Ans. FD = 0.60F In general, tension and compression o:.

extreme fibers of non-compact hot rolled or
built-up members, symmetrical about anc
loaded in the plane of their minor axis is:
a) Fb = 0.66 Fy
b) Fb = 0.60 F
c) Fb = 0.40 Fy
0 Fb = 0.75 Fy
PD PD
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PNST CE UCENSURE TflRMINRil()NS IN

STRUCTURNL STTTT DESIGN
ffi |
Lns.200 The slenderness ratio, KLlr of compression

a) 2A0 c) 300
b) 240 O 200 {Fy
none of these
the value of this ratio not [o exceed a certain
value, e.g., 76 {Fy where fy is ksi:
a)T
b I
c);
b)l @ none of the above
all of these The following are types welding

inspection:
a) magnetic particle inspection

c) penetrant inspection
b) ultrasonic inspection
@ all of these
7ll,',#,#iMt:tNiaiilffi
Ans. all of thl- above The basic typrc.s of welds are:
a) fillet c) plug
b) grmve 0 all of tho above
PD PD
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PRST CT UCENSURE EXNMIIRNONS IN

Ans. all of the above The following ile groups of structural steel
that are available for use in buildings and
bridges:
a) Carbon steel,9.g., ASTM A36

b) High strength low alloy steel,
e"g., A242, AMl, A572 or A558
c) Heat treated constructiori alloy steel,
e.g., A514
@ all of the above
In built up sections, intermediate stiffeners

are required when the value of this ratio is
exceeded, e.g., ratio greater than 260 for the
unstiffened webs:
q
a)7
h .d
c)T
An s.
t
b)7
b
0iI
Ans. aII of the above The primary reason for using pinnec
connection is:
a) to allow relative free end rotation of

conrrcction rnembers
b) to make the analysis simpler
c) to allow for better load distribution
0 all of the above
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PRST CE LICENSURE EfiRMINRTIONS IN
w w
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.d o .c .d o .c
STRUCTURRT STTEL DTSIGN
Ans. 1.5 The rectangular section of width b and depth

d has a plasric section modulus Z equal to b
d dl4. The shape facror ZtS in the plasric
design is equal to:
a) 1.0 c) 2.5
b) l.s 0 7.0
Etriiiffi rinil!ilt:iijiieffi,
A short sructural member of length L, area
A and modulus of elasticity E, is subjected
to a compression load of P. The member
will:
PL .PL
Ans. shorten bY
AE a) erongate by
AF
b) shortenbyft
c) buckle at Pi*Pi*E*I/(L*L)
@ noneoffieabove
Ans. all of the above Warping tonion:
a) Is significant for open sections.

b) Produces normal and shear stresses for
non circular sections.
c) For I beams can be approximated by
converting the torsional moment into an
equivalent force couple acting on the
flanges.
0 AII of the above
PD PD
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Pn$ cE ucEnsunE EilnmlnnTl()fls ln

STRUCTURRT STEET DE$GN
,ttt
Ans. aII oJ the above Shear center of a cross section:
a) Is located st the centroid for lUF and

doubly symmetric shaPas
b) Can be located b,y equilibrium of internal
torsional shear slresses with external
torsional forces.
c) For singly symmetry cross sections.such
as C shapes, is located at the axis of
symmetry but not at the centroid.
0 All of the above
The hole diameter is normally larger by

of the size of the bolt or rivet:
I d# o#
Ans. v .l
0# a)
4"
Eilii$ ffigllif,#;:f,f#$
Ana.0.6CIfy The allowable stress in structural steel rn
tension is:
a) 0.40 fy c\ 0.601y
b) 0.66 fy 0 0.70 fy
Ans. 0.66fi The allowable stress in structural steel ia

bending of compact sectln is
a) 0.40 fy c\ 4.66 fy
b) 0.60 fy 0 0.70 fy
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PNST CT UCENSURE TsflMINRTI(}NS IN
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.d o
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STRUCTURRL STTTT DTSIG]I
Ans. 0.60f y The allowable stress in structural steel in

bending of non-compact section is:
a) 0.40 fy c) 0.70 fy
b) 0.66 fy 0 0.60 fy
Ans. 0.60fy of the The allowable stress on welds in shear

base metal parallel to the axis of the axis of the weld
and tension normal o the effective areir is:
a) 0.30 fy of the weld metal

b) 0.40 fy of tlre weld metal
c) O.CI fy of the base metal
0 0.90 fy of the base metal
Eiil ff-diij''$'9:i;
Ans.300 In structural steel, the maximum slenderness
ratio Kllr for lateral bracing and secondary
a) 200 c) 360
b) 240 0 300
Ans. e/asfic range The linear portion of the stress-strain

diagram of steel is known as the:
a) modulus of elongation
b) plastic range
c) srain hardening
@ elastic range
PD PD
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PRST CE LICENSURE EHRMINNil(}NS IN

STRUCTURRL STEEL DESIGN
W CE Boord May 1993
Ans. proportional to the The stress in an elastic material is:

displace me nt
a) inversely proportional to the materials
yield strength
b) inversely proportional to the force acting
c) proportional to the displacement
@ inversely proportional to the strain
Jil|;''CE';iB6aVfi::"[rt1:7gtgtl,:
Ans. unsupported length The "SLENDERNESS RATIO" of a column

to its minimum is generally defined as the ratio of its
radius of gyration
a) length to its minimum width
b) unsupported length to its maximum
radius of gyration
c) length to its moment of inertia
0 unsupported length to its minimum
radius of gyration
Ans. where the shearing Principal stress occur on those planes

is zero
a) where the shearing is zero
b) which are 45 degrees apart
c) where the shearing stress is o maximum
@ which are subjected to purc tensign
Ans. /.5 The rectangular section width b and depth d

has a plastic section modulus equal a Z
b*d*d/4. The shape frcnr ZS in the plastie
design is equal to:
a) 1.0 c) 1.5
b) 2.s 0 7.0
PD PD
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PRST CE LICENSURE ENRMINRTIONS IN I
STRUCTURRL STEEL DESIGN j

@li1;,,.,,'Eiiiiii:rt'i:1n;i,,i,iib,
Ans. none in the list A Tee section is made up of a 30 mm x 150
mm flange and a 30 mm x 160 mm web.
The neutral axis above the lowest fibers of
the section is:
a) mm
155 c)160 mm
b) 35 mm @ none in the list
@...,9411ri'iia;fi-6:.;;;iY93;,
Ans. 0.66fy The allowable sress in structural steel in
bending of compact section is:
a) 0.70 fy c) 0.60 fy
b) 0.a0 fy 0 0.66 fy
Iadrai#b,u.i. rei.iiiii
An s. 1.95 mm A mild steel column is hollow and circular
in cross section with an external diameter of
350 mm and internal diameter of 300 mm.
It. carries a compressive load of 2000 kli.
The shortening of the column if its initiai
height is 5 m. and E = 200,000 N/mm2:
a) 78.4 N/mm2. c) - 0.00039

b) 1.95 mm @ none in the list
A,ns. 0.601y of the base The allowable stress on welds in shear

me tal parallel to the axis of the weld and tension
normal to effective area is:
a) 0.40 fy of the weld metal

c) 0.30 fy of the weld metal
b) 0.90 fy of the base metal
0 0.60 fy.of the base metal
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PRST CE LICENSURE TilRMINRTIONS IN
C
w
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Ans.0.6Ofy The allowable stress in..structural steel in

- !:- tension is:
a) 0.66 fy c) O.CI fy
b) 0.70 fy 0 0.40 fy
Ans. a// of the above The basic types of welds are:
a) groove c) fillet
b) plug and slot @ all of the above
Ans. 9680 cm3

E
A BW 775 x 287 steel I beam has the
H 755 mm total beam depth
B 360 mm flange width
The minimum section modulus Sx is:
a) 9680 cm3 c) 9680 mma

b) 9680 mm3. Q none in the llst
Ans. plcstic hinge The region where the ultimate moment

1 ; I ; t" :.: strength of a member may be developed and
1;111'*:.-r-;i:-- maintained with the conesponding inelastic
rotation;
$ p\asuc sectron c) Plas$c modu\us

b) plastic hinge $ all of the above
PD PD
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PRST CT LICENSURE EfiRMINRTIONS IN I

(
STRUCTURRL STETL DE$GN
Ans. 10,961 cm3 A BW 775 x 287 steel I beam has the

H 755 mm total beam depth
B 360 mm flange width
The plastic section modulus about the
principal axis is:
a) 10,961 cm3 c) 10,961 mma

b) 10,961 mm3. d) none in the list
Ans. none in the list A non-symmetrical structural rnember has

moment of inertia /-r about the centroidal, x-
axis,ly about the centroidal y-axis and a
product moment of inertia /.ry about the
centoid. The principal moment of inertia
about the principal z-axis is:
a) Ix cosz o - Iy cos2 o + Ixy sin 20

b) none in the list
c) Ix sin2 O + Iy sin2 O + Ixy sin 26
g Ix sin2 6 + Iy cos2 O + Ixy cos}o
A long slender column of constant cross

section is fixed at each end and subject o
axial compression, The load Pcr that will
cause buckling is:
Ans.t*,2nt - 2n2El
a)-T - n2El
c)ffi
a# - 7o7n2El
q--T
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PflST CE LICENSURT ENffMINRilONS I]I
C
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Ans.681816 ll A T-beam made up of a flange and a web,

from 2 plates 20 x 200 mm joined roget}ler
to forrn a T, is subjected to a tensile force P
whose line of action passes through the
centoid of the flange of the T section. The
centroid is 65 mm from'the tip, the moment
of inertia is 37.7 x 106 mm. The maximum
allowable value of P if the maximum
normal stress is limited ro 150 N/mm2 is:
lj 'lrtt'- "'
ill] l'l I a) 5,000,000 N c) 1,485,148 N

b) none in rhe list 0 681816 N
Ans. none in the list A bar of metal2 mm in diameter is tested on

a length of 250 mm. In tension the
following results were recorded:
load ftN) 10.4 31.2

extension (mm) 0.036 0.089
*.]l The Young Modulus E is nearly:
-ti a) 80,700 N/mm2 c) 148,500 N/mm2

b) 210,000 N/mm2 @ none in the lisr
Ans. none in the list A mild steel column is hollow and circular
in cross section with an external diameter of
350 mm and internal diameter of 300 mm.
It carries a compressive load of 2000 kN.
Thc shortening of the column if its initial
height is 5 m. and E = 200,000 N/mm2 is:
a) 19.60 cm. c) none in the list

b) 19.60 in. 0 19.60 mm
PD PD
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PRST CE LICENSURE EXRMINRTI(}NS IN

STRUCTURRL STTEL DESIGTI
Ans. all oI the list LRFD or load resistance factor design:
a) is a method of designing structures so

that no applicable limit state is exceeded
when the structure is subjected to all
appropriate combination of factored loads.
b) uses a different factor for each type of
load and another factor for the strength or
resistance.
c) makes uniform reliability possible
because the different factors reflect the
degree of unceruinty o[ the various loads
and the resistance.
S all of the list
Ans. unsu pported length The "Slenderness Ratio" of a column is

to its minimum radius ol generally defined as the ratio of its:
gyrstio n
a) unsupported length to its rnaximum
radius of gyration
b) unsupported length to lts mlnlmum
radius ofgyration
c) length to its minimum width
$ length to its moment of inertia
Aris. 0.60fy The allowable stress in structural steel in

bending of non-compact section is:
a) 0.60 fy c) 0.40 fy
b) 0.70 fy @ 0.66 fy
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615
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PRST CE LICENSURE TXRMINRilONS IN
do
c u -tr a c k
do
c u -tr a c k
STRUCTURRL STETL DESIGN
-
Ans. full sinewave If a member is not restrained against sway,
and has hinged ends, and the crirical load is
reached, this member will buckle laterally
turning into the shape of:
,&; a) s-curve c) not in the list

b) halfsinewave d) full sinewave
."
..:
Ans. Divided by the To determine the required section modulus S,

maximum allowable the minimum moment Mrnax should be:
bending srress
a) Multiplied by the maximum allowable
bending slress
b) Divided by the maximum allowable
bending stress
I
c) None of tlre list

0 Divided by the modulus of elasticiry E
and moment of inertia
lll ill,-.l - .,'-:-
Ans. all of the above The basic types of the welds are:
a) plug and slot c) fillet

b) alloftheabove @ groove
U@flr
MWtr.
Lns. 200 The slenderness ratio, Kllr of compression

members shall not exceed
d 200 {fy c) 200

b) 300 a 240
PD PD
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616
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.d o .c .d o .c
PRST CE UCENSURE EilRMINRTIONS IN

ttr,9.9tr,,i
Ans. length of the In a long column (slenderness ratio > 160)

column which of the following has the greatest
influence on its tendency to buckle under a
compresive loadi
a) modulus of elasticity
b) length of the column
c) radius of gyration of the column
@ compressive strength of the material
Ans. lrD = 0.66Fy In general, tension and compression on

extreme fiben of compact hot rolled or built
up members, symmetrical about and loaded
in the plane of their minor axis is:
a) Fb = 0.75 Fy
b) Fb = 0.66 Fy
c) Fb = 0.60 Fy
0 Fb = 0.40 Fy
Ans. all of the above The following are types af welding

inspection:
a) radiographic and ulrasound inspection

b) penetrantinspoction '
c) magnetic particle
0 all of tlv above
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617
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PRST CT UCENSURE EXRMIIRN()NS IN
w w
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.d o .c .d o .c
STRUCTURRL STEEL DTSIGN
Ans. 2280a0 N The allowable load in shear for an 8.5 mm

run weld having an allowable shearing strengrh
ruru of 124 MPa for a rotal lengrh of 306 mm is
about:
a) 1054 N c) 228000 N
b) 745 N 0 none of he above
To prevent local buckling, AISC specifies

that value of this ratio not to be exceed a
rm
cerhin value, e.g., 76.{ty where fy is in
ksi:
L .d
a)i
A ns.
I c) 2
l
Dl 0 .tr
Effi$,ffiiffaiiliiiilUrXi
- The value of the Euler buckling tJrO of .
U:Uroq column fixed at the top and bottom and r>f
length L with modulus of elasticity E and
moment of inertia I subjected to a cenfra!
axial compressive load is:
EI , 4*2 Et . 0.5r2 Pt
Ans.
4x2
-;r- q-T c)-r
.-
o)
o.25r2gl
-Tr-- q#
PD PD
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618
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PRST CE LICENSURE EXRMINRTI()NS IN

Ans. 33.7 MPa A steel column has the following properties:

Modulus of elasticity E = 200,000 MPa,
yield strength Fy = 200 MPa, length L = 12
m., moment of inertia I = 37.7 x 106 mm4
and area = 8000 mm2. The allowable stress
is closest to:
a) 120 MPa c) 33.7 MPa

b) 67.4 MPa 0 9l.l MPa
In built up sections, intermediate stiffeners

are required when the value of this ratio is
exceed e.g., ratio greater than 260 for the
unstiffened webs:
h ,h
qT .l
c)-
An s" 'r
T
b
brf 07
Lns.' 165 MPa A l0 m. steel wide flange beam is laterally

supported. The width of the web if the beam
is 700 mm and web thickness is l0 mm. If
Fy is equal to 250 MPa, the allowable
bending stress is:
a) 180 MPa c) 2m MPa

b) 150 MPa 0 165 MPa
l'.
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PNST CE TICENSURE EilRMIIRTIONS IN
C
w
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.d o .c .d o .c
STRUCTURRT STETT DESIGN
Ans. I.J3 Ntmm2 A thin walled iylindrical shell has an

internal diameter of 2 m. and is fabricated
from plates 20 mm thick. The tensile
strength of the plates. is 400 N/mm2. The
factor of safety is 6, Young's modulus is
200,000 N/mm2, and Poisson's rar.io p =
0.3. Calculate the safe pressure in the shell?
a) 1.33 N/mm2 c) none in the list

b) 3.33 N/mm2 o 0.33 N/mm2
Ans. lr* (6r b*$+h*tw)16 The section modulus Sx of a channel with a

web depth of h and thickness [w, and flange
width b and thickness tf is:
$ h216*5*6* + h*tw)/12
b) h* (6*br'tf + h*tw)/6
c) 2*b*tf+ h*tw
0 (2*b*tf + h*tw*tw*tw)/3
Ans. FD = 0.60Fy . In general, tension and compression on

extreme fibers of non-compact hot rollecl cr
U
built up members, symmetrical about amd

a) Fb = 0.75 Fy c) Fb = 0.70 Fy
b) Fb = 0.60 Fy 4 Fb=0.66ry
PD PD
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620
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PRST CE UCENSURT EXRMINNTIONS IN PRS

STRUCTURRT STEEI. DESIGN STRI
il,riil.,..i,err:
Ar
Ans. 157 kN-m. A two continuous beam is to be designed
using the Plastic lvlethod of Analysis. The
first span is 6.0 m. long, and the adjacent
span is 4.0 m. long. Both spans are loaded
with a uniform load of 30 kN/m including
its own weight, The shorter section span
carries a concentrated load of 60 kN at is
center. Using a load factor of 1.70, what is
the Plastic Moment capacity in kN/m? An
a) 157 kN-m. c) lB0 kN-m

b) 320 kN-m 0 300 kN-m
E...CE:.f/lffi ,;N6|1;i"|ssi',
Ans. FD = 0.60Fy In general, tension and compression on
extreme hbers of non-compact hot rolled or
built up members, symmetrical about and An
a) Fb = 0.75 Fy
b) Fb = O.CI Fy
c) Fb = 0.70 Fy
0 Fb = 0.66 Fy
iAard,NOvil1994'
Ans
Ans. 100 MPa A strip of steel 1 mm thick is bent into an
area of a circle radius 1.0 m. E is equal o
200 GPa The maximum bending stress is:
a) 100 MPa 0 200 MPa

b) 50 MPa 0 none in the list
PD PD
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PRST CE UCENSURE THRMINRTI()RS IN

STRUCTURRL STEET DTSIGN
A,ns. 432 kN The shear capacity V if a.steel wide flange

section, 600 mm deep whose web is 9 mm
,*]1,
thick, is closest to: (Assume fy = 200 MPa)
a) 486 kN c) 432 kN
b) 864 kN 0684 kN
Ans. ciro mium This element is added to rhe steel to make

the steel corrosion resistant. When this
element is more than 167o, the material is
called stainless steel.
a) aluminum c) chromium
b) zinc 0 brass
Ans. 5 times According to the provisions of NSCP on

timber connections and fastenings, the end
distance in terms of bolt diameter for bolts
of timber in tension is:
a) 5 times c) 4 times
b) 6 times 0 3 times
Ans, 3.70 m. A flat bar 50 mm by 6 mm in cross section

is bent by a couple such that the maximum
stress in the section is 162 Mpa. If the
modulus of elasticity of rhe material is 200
000 N/mm2, the radius of curvature of the
bar is:
a) 370 m c) 3.70 m
b) 37 nn 0 3700m
PD PD
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PI
PRST CE UCENSURE ffiRMINRTI(}NS IN
S1
STRUCTURRL STEEL DESION
lll J
ra}:::I99J:
Ans.35.4/ MPa A structural steel I-beam is subjected to a

shear of 90 kN. The top and bottom flanges
are 12 mm. by 150 mm, while the web is 9
mm by 300 mm. The avgrage shearing
strcss
.v(rri-)
is or 33.33 MPa. The
moment of inertia I of the section is 108 x

106 mm4 and the first momcnt. of the area Q
above the neutral axis is 382 050 mm3.
However, the maximum shearing stress is:
a) 35.41 MPa c) 33.33 MPa

b) 7.77 MPa 0 14.29 MPa
An s. 3.0 n, The structural I-beam supporting a floor

carries a floor load of 4.6 kN/m2.
The beams span 6.0 m and are simPlY
supported at their ends. Determine the center
line spacing if the allowable stress in the
beam is 120 MPa and the section modulus is
534 x ld
mm3.
a) 3.75 m c) 4.0 m
b) 3.45 m 0 3.0 m
Ans. 202.5 N,m A flat steel bar is 75 mm wide, 9 mm thick,

and 1.2 m. long. It is bent by two e4ruJ
couples applied at the ends such that tle
midpoint deflection is 40 mm. Determine
the magnitude of the couples.
A,ssume E = 200 000 MPa
a) 2 001 N-m c) 707.61tl-m

b) l4l4 N-m d) 202.5 N-m
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PffST CE UCENSURT EXRMINNilONS IN

STRUCTURR L STTTT DESIGN
Ans.5 times According to the provisions of NSCP on

timber connections and fastenings, the end
r:l -! -
!''
.
- :
distance in terms of bolt diameter for bolts
of timber member in tension is:
a) 5 times c) 4 times
b) 6 times 0 3 times
'. Ans.6l.10 mm A structural steel section has the following

properties:
Ix = 50 x 106 mm4
Iy = 120 x 106 mm4
lxY = 75 x 106 mm4
A = 600 mm2
,J The minimum radius of gyration of the
section is:
a) 81.40 mm c) 61.10 mm
b) 72.30 mm d) 90.50 mm
jfi|iE"a,,waaidlm
Ans. 2.5 x 106 mm3 A proposed cantilever is l0 m. long and is
required to carry a load of 100 kN at
midspan. If the yield stress of mild steel is
300 N/mm2, determine the plastic section
'lllilil iln'l *llll5q{
modulus using a load factor failure of 1.5.
,riuuMr &E !!fB
lltiurrmrffi a) 2.5 x 106 mm3
b) 388 300 mm3
c) 833 300 mm4
Ul{i-E @ none ofthe list
{lr-M
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PRST CE UCENSURT EilRMINRTI()NS IN

l
I
STNUCTURRL STEEL DESIGN
Ans. 375.086 cm4 A W 775 x 28'l steel I beam has the

H=775 mm (total beam depth)
tw = 19 mm (web thickness)
b = 360 mm (flange width)
tf = 32 mm (flange lnickness)
The moment of inertia Ix about the principal
axis is:
a) 375.086 cma c) 375.086 mm6

b) 375.086 mma @ None in the list
:iii:::::::::::ij:::::::
l99Stt
Ans. all of the three This subject involves analytical methods for
determinrng strength, sriffness (deformation
characteristics) and stability of the various
members in a structural system :
l. Mechanics of materials
2. Strength of materials
3. Mechanics of deformable bodies
a) one of the three

b) none of the three
c) two of the three
0 all of the three
Ans. 202.5 N.m Calculate the moment applied at the end of a

flat steel bar 1.2 m. long that will produce a
midpoint deflection of 40 mm. The flat bu
is 75 mm wide and 9 mm thick. uso E =
200000 MPa.
a) 202.5 N.m c) 303.5 N.m

b) 404.5 N.m 0 505.5 N.m
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PRST CE UCENSURT TXRMINRil()NS IN

STRUCTURR L STETL DTSIGN
limmm msg -:E

Ans. tt52 cm3 The yield stress of the steel beam is 250
N/mm2. The beam must be designed for a
plastic moment capacity of 288 KN.m. The
uutitilli.
required plastic section modulus is :
a) 2300 cm3 c) 4600 cm3

b) I 152 cm3 0 3450 cm3
I , l;ttl lti .l'r'l li
Ans. 33.33 mm A shear center of an H-section with unequal

flanges is located nearer to thebigger flange.
If the smaller flange is 16 mm x 100 mm
the larger flange is 16 mm by 200 mm, and
.r,.,. .r
- -, the web is 9 mm by 28a mm. the dismnce
,"@ --i x-!i
of the shear center from the center of the
bigger flange is :
U[ W4I,!MI
@luulnt a) 284 mm c) 142 mm
tlEullllllltrll b) 33.33 mm 0 252.44 mm
Ans. all of the three Pin connected rnembers shall be designed to

satisfy the limit states of :
l. Tension of the effective net area

2. shear of ttre effective net area
3. bearing on the project net area
ao!:n[ct
\mnh
r
@L *'il$,:mruEs
--g D oll oJ the three
,, * ,L Urr- ]fg - b) two of the three
u m ,!mcr [83 3 a
c) none of the three
0 oneof helfuw
*'r
.,,i,1'. -:r -Jil
i,.: i \.
PD PD
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PRST CE LICENSURE EilRMINRNONS IN

.. -"-"'--
@,;,:|C.itt*itii,i'lf/:D,1i.i't.7".i.iisi|1
Ans. use of electrode In shield Metal Arc Welding designation, E

70 xx, the E denotes the electrode. The next
two indicates the strength in Ksi. and the
two "x" represent the number indicating :
a) use of electrode
b) angle of welding
c) angle of welding
@ method of welding
'balilr;;N;ot;i.1,,,I9u95
lns. il.zs x 1o'6 The coefficient. of expansion of structural

steel per degree centigrade.
a) 4.25
b) 0.000M73
c) 11.25 x 10-6
0 0.3
@i.iidEi,biuii.d,Ni.i:..lt,Pti:l.
Unstiffened structural steel elements subject
to axial compression due to bending shall be
considered as fully effective when the ratio of
the width to thickness is not greater than
for compression flanges of beams and
stiffrpss on plate girders.
-
Ans. _:
250 . --
a)
200 . --7
c)
333
{rv .,/Fy .'/Fy
b\ry
.,/Fy
a+
lrv
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PflST Ce UCfllsuRE tfiRmlnnTl0ns tn

STIUCTURRT STETT DESIGN
Ans. 1.60 In computing the net area for a plate with a

bolt hole, widrh of a rivet or bolt hole shall
be taken as __ mm greater than the
!,, -r nominal dimension of the hole normal to the
direction of rle applied srress :
a) 2.40 c) 1.60
b) 1.80 0 2.00
@"c8":ifi;a:a'tiiiirffi
Ans. 2.0 m. A composite beam system is composed of
structural steel sections on which a
reinforced concrete floor has been attached.
The beams have a span of 8.0 m. and
spacings of 2.4 m. The steel section flange
width is 180 mm and r,he slab thickness ls
120 mm. The effecrive flange width of the
composite section according to AISC
spccification is:
a) 2.1 m. c) 2.4 m.
b) 2.0 m. 0 2.58 m.
:-- [-- According to the NSCP, stiffened str.uctural

steel elemen$ subject to axial compression
mr al -i
or lo uniform compression due O bending as
grrE$]5 -:fi
.u in the case of the flange of a flexiral
member, shall be considered as fully
effective when the ratio of width to thickhesi
is not greater than for flanges of
square and rectangular box sections of
uniform thickness:
q. ---
620 832 -ffi
Ans. c) -:
@ {rv {rv
b)ry o49
lFv {Pv
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PRST CE LICffiSURT EfiRMINNilOilS IR I
STRUCTURfl L STETL DESIGN I
ib'i'M,iJ',i,;.i
@;,u; i'96,,,'
Ans. two of faur Steel section for construction are available in

a variety of sizes and shapes. The general
procedures by which the steel shape is
formed are:
i. hot-rolled
ii. mld-forrned
iii. welded
iv. laminated
a) two of four c) three of four

b) one of four @ four of four
Ans.44.92 compression A structural steel angle 203 x 152 x 25.4

has a moment of 10 kN-m. The longer leg
is parallel to the y-axis and the shorter to the
x-axis. The inertial properties of the angle
are as follows:
Moment of inertia about the x-axis,

Ix = 33.6 x 106 mm4
Moment of inertia about the y-axis,
Iy = 16.1 x 106 mm4
Polar mornent of inertia, Ixy
= -13,4 x 105 mm4
The stress at point A in MPa which is at x-
distance of 41.9 mm and y-distance + 135.7
mm from ttre cenroid.
a) 44.9?compression
b) 17.31 tension
0 a4.92 tension
0 17.31 compression
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PRST CE UCilSURE EIIRIIINRilONS IN

STRUCTURRT STETT DISIGN
Ans. 3 i 7o In structural steel design, for structures

carrying live loads which induce impact, the
assumed live load shall be inireased
sufficiently to provide for it. If noi
otherwise specified, lhe increase for haneeis
supporting floors and baiconies shall be:
a) 337o d 75Vo
b) tWo A 50%
Ans. deg re e- of-frc e do m The number of independent displacement

componenB describing the motion of a
structural system.
a) degeeof-foedorn
b) all of rhe lisr
c) onhogonal coordinates
@ polar coordinates
l
@,afi,r"$firliffiuri,fffi
Ans. C harac teristic In dynamic analysis, an equation whose
e q uatio n
roots are the natural frequencies is
called the:
a) Characterisic equaion
b) coupled equadon
c) I-agrange equadon
$ Iaplace equation
Ans. Characterisric An equadon of a dynamic syslem whose

, equation roots are the natural frequencies of the
system.
a) Characteristic equation
b) uncoupledequation
c) Hamilon's equation
@ Duhamel equadon
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PRST CE UCENSURE TXRMINRTI()NS IN
:::;:::::::::::::::i:::::l:::::::::l
i;:t:t[,99,6,.t:l
Webs of beams and welded plate girders shall

be so proportioned that the compressive
stress at fte web toe of the fillets, resulLing
from concentrated loads not supported by
bearing stiffeners, shall not exceed 0.75 Fy.
If R is the concentrated load or reaction in
Newton, t is rhe thickness of the web in
mm, N is the length o[ bearing (not less
than k for end reaclions) in mm, and k is the
disrance from the outer face of the flange o
web toe of tillet in mm, the governing
fomula for tre interior load is:
fi R
Ans' , (N+2t) s 0.75 Fy d ;NTTE <0.75 Fy
R
b) s 0.75 Fy
.l.Ratffi s 0.75 Fy
.R
o t(N . k)
< o'75 FY
Ans. web neutral axis The location of the maximum shear stress in
a structural steel rolled section is at:
a) web neutml axis

b) the flange at the junction of the web ard
the flange
c) at the web at the junction of the web rd
the flange
$ uniform rcnrss section
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PflST CE UCENSURE TfiRMINRilONS IN

STRUCTURRT STETL DE$GN
According to the AISC Specification, the

minimum gross area must be greater than or
T
equal to where FY is the Yield
,- ,,
of the steel and T is the load.'
strength
Given the specified minimum tensile
strength Fu, 0re same specifications requires
a net area greater than or equal to:
Ans. 0.50Fu q#r; ^rT

'/ 0.65 Fu
D#* o*k
@i,.',,r'd.[ i$grit,7;g-g'$.1t
Ans. 11.25 x 10'6 The coefircient of expansion of steel

degree Centigrade is:
a) t 1.25 x tt6 c) 0.00125

b) o.oozs 0 0.000005
A simple beam with elastic constans EI and

length L supports a machine foundation at
midspan. Neglecting the weight of the
t beam, the stiffness coefficient of the beam
in a dynamic analysis is equal to:
I 48EI 46 EI .96EI
ans. --fJ- a) -F c) -F
-. 12 EI
b) -L3- oH
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PRST CT UCMSURE EXRMINRilONS IN PR
STRUCTURRL STEEL DESIGN STr
@l,lc:i,,,iitii;ai:1,";';,:,'.li'iii,li',,,
{ns. L'rtiii't,t !i*th The connected chain or chains of critical
activitics or zero float activities, extending
lrom the beginning of the project to the end
ol thc project, whose summed activity
duration give the minirnum projcct duration.
a) Critical path
b) Ganu Chan
c) Network diagram
O PERT/CPM
lll]::|l:]:] ll:]::: : r]i:ji
|Mdi:',,t;1997,
Ans.0.45 The AISC allowable tension stresscs ol

members except pin-connected members are
0.60/y for gros5 section area or 0.50 Fl for
nct section area. On the scction area across
the pin hole of an eyebar, the allowable
AISC stress in terms of Fy is:
a) 0.50 c) 0.63
b) 0.56 0 0.45
An
Ans, 1.35 m. A steel beam 7.2 m long carries a uniformly
disributed load of 36 kN/m throughout the
span. It is simply supported at its end and at
its center (a two 3.6 m span continuous
beam). If the shear (reaction) at the end
support is 48.6 kN, the maximum posirive
momenl is developed at this distance from
the end supporl
a) 1.35 m c) 3.54 m
b) 5.45 m 0 2.59 m
PD PD
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PRST CE UCENSURE EilRMINRTI()NS IN

STRUCTURRL STTTL DESIGN
W:lc;Eirif;art4iffi,
- Ans. 860 Nlmm The allowable capacity of a l0 mm thick
fillet weld, ECI electrode (Fu;415 MPa) is:
a) 900 N/mm c) 885 N/mm
,, b) 880 N/mm O 740 N/mm
Ans. 142.59 A W 410 x 74.4 supports a slab with a

thickness of 150 mm. The effecrive width
of the slab was compured ro be 2000 mm.
The structural steel section of the composite
system has the following properties:
beam depth, d 413 mm

flange width, D/ 180 mm
cross secLional area, As 9480 mm^2
moment of inertia 274.3 x l0^5 mm^4
Where is the new location of the neutral axis
from the top of the slab in rnm. Use n=10
to transform $e area of concrete to steel.
a) 142.59 c) r52.2A
b) 234.50 a562"43
E,1.A#irUat#:$i#y:i#sUa,ii1,;
Ans. ultimate tensile American Welding $ociery and the. Annerican
l. ,I-
strsngth of the weld society for Testing and Materials is of th*
,,lil'r' - :I:-:'*r::jl;t' -lI form: Exrxbc E is rhe eleetrode, arrd ,rxr
& Ig flll; .uut; gt indicates the:
: T fif- ' l--+-'-' a) ultimate tensile strength of the rryek1.
lil]ffiilllmli lit 5E 3rr': b) current iype, either ac, de sraighr
il Mr :!r6-rrl;l;[i:l 3:!:;-' t polar{qr, tlr a'c reverse d polarity"
u mr fllqmmE -m c) ultinnate tensile strength of the,plaee
metal,
,lI l:*m
$ of welding positiern wkich
suitabrliry
tnay be flat, horizantal" vetri;-"*. sr
1 '-1L :. overtrcad.
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PRST CE UCENSURE EXRMINRTIONS I[

@l,,',watr,!i7a;i,ajniatliffi;:,,
Ans. 55 mm Based on the AISC' Specifications, The
effective net uuea A" at the root of the thread
of a threaded tension member is A" = 0'7854
(o oUllT'. Where D is the nominal
of the threads and n is the
outside diam.
If the load
number of threads per 25.4 mm.
is 250 KN and the number of threads per
inch of the threaded tension member is 4, Fy
= 250 MPa the diameter sufficient rc carry
ttre load is:
a) 66 mm c) 70 mm
b) 60 mm 0 55 nun
Ans. 5625 mtn2 A steel plate is 360 mm wide and 20 mm

thick with four bolt holes cut into the plate
as shown in the figure s-3. The general
expression for the specification method for
cornputing the net area is :
ls2 offr
An= T [a - srnmation on H + s.nrnalion
where : I = thickness of plate
B = width
H = diameter of holes
5i= pitch
g = gage

the critical net area (An) of the section in
rccondarrce with the IW2NSCP.
a) 4125 mmZ c) 5 125 mm2

b) 5 625 mm? 0 4 625 mmZ
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PRST CT LIffNSURT ENRMINRTIOIIS IlI

STRUCTURRL STETL DTSIGN
---
Ans. 12.73 kN A simply supporred beam has a span of

4.5 m. The beam is subjected to an axial
tensile force of 250 kN. and a vertical
concentrated load P acting at its midspan.
The member is fully larerally supported for
its entire length. The effecr of any bols can
be neglected. The beam consists of
2 - 150 x 90 x 12 mm angles with long legs
bagk to back spaced at l0 mm apart. For
this problem the properties of ons 150 x 90
x 12 mm angles are:
Area (A) = 2751 mm?

Section modulus (S/ = 0.0001063 m3
Steel is A36 wilh yield strengrh (Fy)
=248MPa
Allowable tensile.rrrers = 0.60Fy
Allowable flexural stress = 0.66Fy
Neglecting the weight of the beam, which r.:rf

the
-following most nearly gives .rhe
maximum value of the load p that-the
member can support.
@'a) 12.73 kN
b) 10.46 kN
c) 17.32 kN
0 21.26 kll
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PRST CE LICENSURE EfiRMINRilOIS IN

STRUCTU Rfl L STTEL DESIGN
Eiliu',".a8t,.radrarild:il:':,19,;g,/.
Ans. W12x19, A floor is made up of 150 mm thick

beam wt, = 278 Nlm, concrete slab and 50 mm thick floor finish
depth = 309 mm, both of which has a unit weight of 24
Webthickness=6mm kN/m3. The floor also carrics ceiling whose
weight is 720 Pa and a live load of 2400 Pa.
The floor is supported by simply supported
steel beams with a span of l0 m spaced at
4.6 m on centers with compression flange
rigidly attached to the concrete floor. The
steel is A36 with yield strength (Fy) = 249
MPa. The allowable shear stress specified in
the1992 NSCP is 0.40 Fy. Considering the
weight of the beam, which of the following
sections is the most economical (lightesQ
section for the given load assuming that
shear stress govems the design.
a) Wl2x19,
beam wt. = 278 N/m,
depth = 309 mm,
Webthickness=6mm
b) !V l0 x 33,
beam wt. = 484 N/m,
depth = 300 mm,
Webthickness=7mm
c) BW 300 x 41,
beam wt. = 400 N/m,
depth = 300 mm,
Webthickness=6mm
O Bw 300 x 47,
beam wt. = 460 N/m,
- dePth = 300 mm,
Webthickness-6mm
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PRST CE UCENSURT TflRMINNilONS IN

@iii,e#..rffi ffi u;.,,r iiii
Ans. W18x76, A simply supported steel beam has a span of

weight = 1108 N/m, 6 m. and is subjected to a vertical
tt= 75 mm, concentrated load of 150 kN acting at
S.r= 0.00239 midspan. An allowance of lW?o for impact
is made lor the concentrated load only. The
beam is laterally supported only at the
supports. The 1992 National Strucrural
Code ol the Philippines States that the
allowable tensile stress for laterally
unsupported members subject to bending is
0.60 Fy while the allowable compressive
stress for laterally unsupported members
subject to bending is given by the equation.
fz Fy (Ltrt)2 I
^ro=Li
ffiJ.,
where C6 maybe taken as 1.0 since the
maximunl. moment does not occur at the
supports, r1 is the radius of the compression
web area, taken about. the axis in the plane
of the web.
Steel is A 36 sreel with yield srrengrh

Fy = 248 MPa. Which of the follorying
mosl nearly gives the most. economical
(lightest) section that will limit rhe flexural
stress to the allowable value.
sa) W 18 x 76; weight = ll08 N/m;

rt = 75 mm; S, = 0.00239 m3
b) W 21 x 62; weight = 9l I N/m ;
rt = 53 mm; S, ; 0.0023 m3
c) W 24 x68;weight = 1000 N/m;
rt = 57 mm; Sr = 0.00253 m3
A W 27 x8/;weight = 1234 N/m;
rr = 83 mm; S, = 0.0035 m3
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PRST CE LICENSURT EXRMINRil()NS IN PI

STRUCTURRL STEEL DESIGN SI
:t::tt1::::t:.:::t:.:t::;i:t:tt::.::::
;::l:,1,.99,7t:,:::
A4s. 5.f .6 "C A rod with cross-sectional area of 100

sq.mm is stretched between two fixed points
such that the initial tensile load is l0 kN.
The rod has an initial modulus of elasticity
(0) equal to 180 GPa. and a coefficient of
lincar expansion (alpha) equal to 0.00001
mm/dcgree centigradc. The initial tension is
dcsigned such that the rod will have a zero
stress when there is a certain chairge in
temperature of the rod. Which of the
iollowing most nearly gives the value of
this temperature change I:
a) 5s.6C
b) - 66.6'.C
c) - 5s.6'C
0 - 76.6',C
A simply supportcd beam with span of 8

meters is subjected to a uniform vertical
downwarri load equal to 50 kilo
Newtons/meter, acting on the plane of the
minor axis of the beam section, which
includes the beam weight. The beam is
restrained against lateral buckling of the op A
and botom flanges for the entire span. The
material is A36 steel with fy = 2r{E
fiegahscals and modulus of elasticity = 200
gigaPercalo. The allowable flexural stress
for latemlly braced compact sections is 0.66
fy. Ttn allowable deflection is U360 of rhe
span. Three compact sections are being
considerBd, as follows, with their respective
properties relevant !o this problem (lengrh
units are in meters):
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PRST CE UCENSURE EilRMINRTI(INS IN

Section Moment of Inertia

Beam Depth
l. W 24 x 55 0.000558 ma
0.598 m.
2. W 2t x 62 0.000554 ma
0.533 m.
3. W 21 x 68 0.000616 ma
0.537 m.
Ans. 0.0024 0 Determine the minimum section modulus

S*, in m3, such thar lhe maximum flexural
stress will not be exceeded.
a) 0.0015 c) 0.0024
b) 0.0018 a 0.0027
Ans. 0.00060 O Determine the minimum moment of inenia

I^, in m4, such that the maximum deflection
will not be exceeded.
a) 0.00050 c) 0.00055
b) 0.00060 0 0.00065
Ans. NONE g Assuming thar shear stress is not critical,

which of the sections being considered is the
most economical section adequate for the
given load.
a) W 2l x62
b) W2l x68
c) W24x55
0 NoNE
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PRST CE UCENSURE EXRMINflilONS IN

@ii.:cEiiru:siAruiir:iilrri j;lli:i
A plate with width of 300 mm and thickness

of 20 mm is to be connected to two plates
of the same material with half the
i
il thickness, by 25 mm diameter rivets, as
shown in he figure. The rivet holes have a
diameter 2 mm largcr than the rivet diameter.
The plate is A36 steel with yield strength Fy
= 248 megaPascals, allqwable tensile slress
of 0.60 Fy and allowable bearing stress of
1.35 Fy. The rivets are A502, Grade 2, hot-
driven rivets with allowable shear stress of
150 megaPascals.
Ans. 590 0 Which of the following most nearly gives

fie max. load in kN that can be applied to
the connection without exeeeding the
allowable shear stress in rivets.
a) 700 c) 6a0
b) 5e0 0 550
Ans.670 @ Which of the fsllowing most nearly gives

the max. load in kN that can be applied to
allowable bearing stress between the plates
and the rivets.
a)620 c) 650
b)?m 0 670
Ans. 732 CI Which of the following most nearly gives

thc max. load in kN that can be applied to
the connection without excecding the
allowable tensile srength oJ the plates.
d 732 c) 620
b) 6s0 0 590
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PRST CE LICilSURE TilRMIIRTIONS IN

A compression member is 3 m. long and

pinned at both ends. @ffective length of
factor t = l). The column is subjected o an
axial compression load of 590 kN. Steel is
A 36, Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200 GPa. The
section is composed of two unequal leg
angles with long legs back to back and
separated by a gusset plate l l mm thick.
Use: -
, -_
tl - 0.5 xzl py 1
5 3 I',
,* 8^^ - T
where L =V
SectionWArrry
2 Z1fix120x11 40 0.0254 0.049 0.041
2 2180x 100x 10 43 0.0251 0.058 0.039
2 2150x9o x13 50 0.0258 0.049 0.036
Ans. 23.51 kPa o Which of the following most nearly gives

the largest compressive stress.
a) 23.51 kPa c) 18.24 kPa

b) 36.84 kPa 0 30.75 kPa
Ans. 103.28 MPa O Which of the following most nearly gives

the smallest allowable compressive stress.
a) 103.28 MPa c) 145.79 MPa

b) 217.37 MPa 0 173.21 MPa
Ans.2ZIEOx100xIO O Which of the following most nearly gives

the most economical section.
a)2Zl50xl20xll
b)2Zl80xl00xl0
c) 22. l50x90x13
@ noneoftheabove
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PRST CE UCENSURE EilRMINRTI()NS IN

ffi ',Cu' ii'iii ;iiitf ilr;;::i't9'; 6,;
A W 16 x 5t] is conncctcd to W 18 x 3l'

tise A-36 stcel f-r' - 2-ttl MPa. Allowable
2Zs 90x90x10
strcss 55 = 0.40 f). A 502 gradc hot drivcn
rivcts with an allowablc shcaring sucss o[
120 MPa and allowable bearing srress of l '5
Fr (AISC). Thc support is to bc designed
using thc lull sucngth ol W i6 x 58 beam
bascd on thc gross sccuon.
ProPerties of sections
W16x58
d=403mm
Web thickness = 10 mm
Wl8x31
Flange thickness = ll mm
Fu = 305 MPa
Ans. 23 mmO O Which of the following most nearly gives

the minimum diameter of rivets not the
exceed allowable shear stress.
a) 23 mnto c) 25 mmO
b) 20 mmO @ 33 mmO
Ans. 22 mm0 Which of the following most nearly gives

the minimum diameter of rivets not to
exceed allowable bearing stress, ,
a\ 25 mmO c) 30 mmO
b) 22 mm0 Q 38 mmO
Ans. 23 mm9 Which of the following most nearly gives

ilre minimum diameter of rivets.
a) 23 mmd c) 28 mmo
b) 30 mmO $ 32mm0
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PRST CE LICENSURE EsflMINRilONS IN

STRUCTURR L STEET DTSIGN
Ans. 1579 kN A wide flange section is used as a column

section with borh ends pinned. Compute the
critical load it could carry if it has the
following properries.
A = 8000 mm2 r-x= 100 mm
E = 200000 MPa r) = 50 mm
L=5m.
!sa) 1579 kN c) 1842 kN
b) 1482 kN 0 1648 kN
ELdr*_U,alai#r$Uerff
Which of rhe following the ultimate load for
a simply supported rectangular section beam,
breadth "0", depth "d", having a span and I
subjected to a uniformly distributed load of
@
intensity "w".
re 2Fv bdZ
Ans. -;T- q -v-
3Fv bd2 2Fv b&
c)
-rb&
,ry o-T Fv
@ @,,,i\,8;,:tfiEi6,tmw,::i';ii'i:tt:::
4Mo
Ans. --Z-- A fixed ended beam having a span of 6 m.
and carries a uniform loadWu throughodr is
span. Compute the ultimate strength
capacity of the beam in terms of its plastic
moment capacity.
.
a) -T
2Mo
c) &9
D{P o
8Mp
9
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PRST CE UCENSURE EXflMINRilONS IN

@;,ti''ci|ilii#Mii",,liiitl
Ans.23 connectors A composite section consists of a slab
having effective width of 1000 mm and a
thickness of 100 mm placed on top of a wide
flange section having a cross-sectional area
of 10000 mm2. Which of the following
gives the number of stud connectors requked
for the composite section if the capacity of
one stud connector is 50 kN. Use fc' = 27
MPa, Fy = 270 MPa.
a) 23 connectors
b) 24 connectors
c) 40 connectors
0 5l connector
@ .ll.de..tb6arr,iff ar, i,i"ie'e.;s',"','
From the given frame shown:
Ans. 62.5 IrN {} Which of the following gives the reaction of

BD using cantilever method.
a) 82.5 kN c) 80.6 kN
b) 70.25 kN 0 68.25 kN
Ans. 240 kN.m @ Which of the following gives the maximum

moment at member CD.
a) Z0 kN.m c) 220 kN.m

b) 260 kN.m 0 180 kN.m
Ans. .150 til.zt o Which of the following gives the moment at

the support B.
a) 150 kN.m c) 140 ki.I.m

b) 120 kN.m 0 160 kN.m
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PRST CE UCENSURE EfiRMINRil()NS I]I

STRUCTURRL STTTT DESIGN
A steel column is pin-cohnected at the top

and bottom which is laterally unbraced. It
carries an axial load of 800 kN and a
moment of 70 kN.m at the top and a
moment at the bottom which is only 907o of
the moment at the top. The steel section
has the following properties:
A = 13000 mm2
r=94mm
Sx= 1200 x ld mm3
K=1.0
L=3.6m.
Yield stress Fy = 248 MPa
Axial compressive stress that would be

permitted if axial force alone existed
Fa = 115 MPa
Compressive bending stress that would be

permitted if bending ntoment alone eisted
FD = 148 MPa
Members subjected to both axial

compression and bending stresses shall be
pioportioned to satisfy the follo#ing
requirements:
Cm F6,
fi = 1.0
Fa
(,-ff) ro,
t2n2 E -
where Fer' =
For members whose " (ry)'
ends are unrestrained
Cm= 1.0
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PRST CE UCENSURE E}IRMINRilONS IN t

STRUCTURRT STEEL DESIGN j
Ans. 61.54 MPa O Which ot the following gives the axial
compressive stress if axial load only existed.
a) 61.54 MPa c) 58.62 MPa

b) 72.42 MPa 0 48.62MPa
Ans.58.33 MPa o Which of the following gives the bending

strcss if bending moment alone existed.
a) 58.33 MPa c) 41.82 MPa

b) 62.48 MPa 4 36.92MPa
Ans. 0.97 o Using the interaction formula which of the

a) 0.97 c) 0.89
b) 0.93 0 0.88
@:tgu1rffiffffiBrE
53 m-1-3 m1 A flooring system consists of parallel I-
beam sections spaced at 3 m. o.c. and with
simple spans of 6 m. The beams support a
200 mm thick slab 120 mm of which lies
above the top of compression flanges. The
flooring system is designed for a liveload of
2400 N/m2 as well as ceiling load of 750
N/m2. The properties of ttre I-beam sections
{ro.* are:
d=352mm w=440N/m
and /x = 0.0012 m4
Consider Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200000 MPa
and wt of concrete of Va WltrQ
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PRST CT LICENSURE EilflMIIRil()NS IN

Ans.7.2 kNlm2 O Which of the following gives the uniform

pressure acting on the slab.
a) 7.2 kN/m2
b) 8.4 kNlm2
c) 6.7 kl.i/m2
@ n9 kN/m2
{ns.24.29 kNlm O Which of the following gives the toral

uniform load on the beam in kN/m.
a) 24.29 kN/m
b) 32.19 kN/m
c) 20.34 kN/m
0 22.96 kN/m
Ans. /1.28 MPa O Which of the following gives the srress on

the beam due to deadload only. Assume
unshored construction.
6a) 11.28 MPa

b) 10.48 MPa
c) 23.t2MPa
0 18.39 MPa
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PRST LICilSURE fllnmlnnTlons lil (
STRUCTURNL STTEL DE$GN
A simply supported steel beam is to be

supported over an 8 m. span. It is to carry
a iotat uniformly distributed load of 40
kN/m on the beam. Assume the
compression flange is laterally supported
throughout the whole span and the section
is a compact section' Fy = 248 MPa'
lb = O.66Fy. Allowable deflection tt *
of span.
Section /, (ma) d(m)

W 24 x 55 0.0005619 0.599
W 2l x 57 0.0004810 0.535
w 21x62 0.0005536 0.533
W 18 x 71 0.00M870 0.469 6fl
d
O Which of the following gives the required
section modulus?
*'a) 0.001955 m3 c) 0.001768 m3

b) 0.001843 m3 0 0.001548 m3
(9 Which of the following gives the required

moment of inertia
*a) 0.00048 ma c) 0.00052 ma

b) 0.00062 ma d 0.00038 ma

economical section?
*a) W 2l x62 c) W24x55

b) W21 x57 0 W18x71
L
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PRST UCENSUREEIIRMINRTIOIS IN
STRUCTURflT STEET DE$GN
142.
A_qteel beam having a simple span of g m.

which is laterally unsupported throughout its
span carries a uniform load of 10 kN/m and
an axial tensile load of 600 kN acting at its
centroid. Section 4.5.1.4.5 of the NSCP
specs. which is as follows:
On extreme fibers of flexural members.the

allowable stresses are as follows:
1. Tension. . . . . Ft=0.6OFy
2. Compression:
For members meeting the requirements cf

section 4.9.1,2 having an axis d
symmetry and loaded in the plane of their
web, and compression on extreme fibers
of channels bent about their major axis:
The larger value computed by formula
(4.5-tu) or (4.5-6b) and (4.5.7) as
applicable (unless a higher yalue can be
justified on the basis of a more precise
analysis) but nor more than 0.60&.
*n", 1ffi.1.\P
"=l? i#hfrv*s-",>
*n", L;,r\ry
_ 1170 x lG C.
rt=-- @.5-6b)
ei,y -
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PRST LICENSURE EXRMINRTI()NS IN

Or when the compression flange is solid

and approximately rectangular in cross
section and its area is not less than of the
tension flange:
- 83x103C6
,.b- Ld
In the foregoing:
4
tr = distance between cross sections braced
against twist or lateral displacement of
the compression flange in mm. For
cantilevers braced against twist only at
the support, L may conservatively be
taken as the actual length.
rr= radius of gyration of a section
comprising the compression flange plus
1/3 of the compression web area, taken
about an axis in the plane of the web in
mm.
AI= ueaof compression flange in mm2.
i5= 1.75 + 1.05(MtlM2) + 0.30(M{M)2
but not more than 2.3, where M1 is the
smaller and M 2 the larger bending-
moment at the ends of the unbraced
length, taken about the srong axis of the
member and where MrtMz the ratio of
end moments, is positive when M1 and
M 2 have the same sign, (reverse
curvature bending) and negative when
they are of opposite signs (single
curvature bending). When the bending
moment at any point within an unbraced
length is larger than that at both ends of
this length, the value of C5 shall be
taken as unity. Use the interaction
famula:
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PffST UCENSURE EfiRMINNH{}NS Iil

STRUCTURRL STEEL DT$GN
fa +;5
Fb
s 1.0
0.60ry
The steel section has the following

properties:
A = 0.012 mz
S,= Q.QQ/Q$ 6l
' tt= 0.053 m.
d = 0.210 m.
o'o16 m'
'r=
FY Vl}lvtra
=

tensile sress if axial load only existed.
*.a) 50lvlPa c) 90 MPa
b) 60 MPa O 120 MPa
@ Which of the foliowing gives the bending

stress if bending alone existed.
,gra) 38.5 MPa c) 102.3 MPa

b) 46.2 tvlP:a 0 59.6 MPa
@ Using the interaction formula wtrieh of the

following gives the vaiue of both axial nr i
bending moment inaelmtion vahle.
nsra) 0.9'u cJ LrA

b) 0.891 0 1.025
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PNST LICffiSIIMT ENNMINRil(}NS IN

A 150 x 90 x 12 mm. angular section is

welded to a gusset plate as shown.
Area of angular section is 2736 mmz.

Fu = 550 MPa, Fy = 250 MPa
Allowable shear Fv = 0.30 Fu
Allowable tensile stress F, = 0.60 Fy
Which of the follorving gives the design

force P.
,s'a) 410400 N
b) 360400
c) 510500N
0 610300 N
@ Which of the following gives the total

length of weld using l2 mm. fillet rveld
a) 312.4 mm.
b) 268.-l mm.
c) 321.3 mm.
Bg=O 293.2 mm.
@ Which of the following gives the value of

ubu
a) 184.5 mm.
rs'b) 193.5 mm.
c) 164.5 mm.
0 156.6 mm.
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PNST LICENSURE EXNMIilNflONS IN
STRUCTURil STEEL DE$GN
A composite beam is made up of a wide

360 kN/m flange with two cover plates of 320 mm x
12 mm placed at the top and at the bottom.
The beam has a simple span of 6m. and
carries a total load of 360 kN/m.
Allowable bending stress FD = 150 MPa

Allowable shear stress Fv = 100 MPa
L
Allorvable deflection i
'= 360
Prop. of the wide flange section.

A = 0.02 m2 /w = 0.018 m.
d = O.56 m. 1= 0.fi)1568 ma.
E ='200,000 MPa.
O Which of the following gives the section

modules of the section.
*'a) 0.0A752 m3 c) 0.00492 m3

b) 0.00683 m3 0 0.00842 m2
@ Which of the following gives the deflection

of the beam.
a) 14.42 mm. c) 11.42 mm.

b) 12.62 mm. rs@ 13.83 mm.
@ Is the beam
*"a) Adequate
b) In adequate forflexure and shear
c) In adequate for flexure and deflection
@ In adequate for flexure, shearand
deflection.
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PRST LICENSURE EilRMINRTI(INS IN I

(!
STRUCTURRL STEEL DE$GN
o
se
Section 4.5.1.4.5 of the National Structural code of the Philippines states that for
extreme fibers of flexural members not covered in sections 4.5.1.4.1,4.5.1.4.2,
4.5.1.4.3 or 4.5.1.4.4, the allowable stresses are as follows.
in
O Tension:
F6 = 0.60Fy 1_
l-
@ Compression:
rtt
For members meeting the requirements of Sect. 4.g.l.z,having an axis of symmetry
in, and loaded in, tlie plane of their web, and compression on extreme fibers of A1
channels bent about their major axis:
C5
The larger value computed by Formula (4.5-6a)or (4.5-6b) and (4.5-7), asapplicable
(unless"a higher value can be justified on the basis of a more precise analysis), but
not more than 0.60FY.
\ry=h=\ry
F6-
[* #{+L1 ,, (4.5-6a)
As
of,
3520000Cu
wh"rl
,11 >
Fy
ll70xl03C5
to=-(lI-
* (45-6b) o'
1
'2\
or
t
LL
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
655
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
PRST LICEnSURI tfiflmlnnTlons ilt

STRUCTURRT STEEL DE$GN
Or, when the compression flange is solid and approximately rectangular ie cross
section and its area is not iess than that of the tension flange:
83 x I03 C6
,-b= td (4.s-7)
br,t
In the foregoing:
1 = distance between cross sections braced against twist or lateral displacement of the
compression flange, mm. For cantilevers braced against twist only at the
support, I may conservatively be taken as the actual length.
rr = radius of gyratron of a section comprising the compression flange plus 1/3 of the
compression web are4 taken about an axis in the plarie of the web, mm
Af = area of the compression flange, mm3
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M) + 0.30(M1 /M2)Z but nor more thur 2.3, where M1 is rhe
smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced length,
taken about the strong axis of the members, and where M1lM2 the ratio of end
moments, is positive when M1 andM2 have the same sign (relerse curvature
bending) and negative when they are of opposite signs (single curvature bending).
When the bendrng moment at aay point within an unbraced length is larger than
that at both ends of tlus length, the value of C6 shall be taken as unity. C6
may be computed by the formula given above for frames subject to joint
translation, and it shail be taken as unity for frames braced against joint
translation. C6 may conservatively be taken as unity for cantilever beams.
A simply supported beam having a span of 8 m. is laterally unsupported is made up

of A36 steel with Fy = 248 MPa with the following properties:
bf = 0.2i0 m. rt = 0.073 m.
Sx = 0.002077 m3 tf = 0.016 m.
d = 0.533 m.
e Which of the foilowing gives the slenderness ratio above which the beam would
hc considered long.
_
@ Which of the following gives the allowable bending stress.
@ which of the following gives the maximum uniform load that can be carried by
the beam.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
656
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
PflST LICENSURE EilNMINNTI(INS IN

STRUCTU Rfl L STTEL DESIG]I
t tt
146. ii*{riiiifi
A stagerred riveted connection has rivets
arranged as shown. Diameter of rivets is 34
mm. Diameter of holes is assumed to be 2
mm bigger than that of the rivet.
Fy = 248 MPa,
O Which of the followirrg gives the distance

"b" so that the net area in chain 1-2-3-4 is
equal to the net area of chaln l-2-4.
@ Using the computed value of "b", solve for
l50mm the net area.
maximum tensile force P that the riveted
connection could carry if the allowable
tensile stress is 0.6Fy.
I47. kfui:J.trffi:1ffiffid:
,d plate is connected to a column by four
bolts and carries an eccentric load as shown
in figure. For this problem, the load P =
P=32,5 kN 32.5 kN with an eccentricity e = 250 mm,
The dimension a = 150 mm spd ! = !00
mm. The diameter of the bolts is 20 mm,
o For this problem, assume that the load P
acts through the centroid of the bolts.
the stress on lhe bolts, in MPa.
6\ For this problern, assume that the only load
acting on the connection is a moment equal
a=l 50 to the load P multiplied by its eccentricity
e. Which of the lollowing most nearly
gives the distance from the centroid of the
bolts in mm where if a bolt is placed, the
stress wili be equal and oppitsite to the
stress obtained in the first problem above.
t"
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
6s8
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c .d o .c
PRST LICilSURT EilRMINRTI()NS IN

t
Where Cu = 1.75 + 1.05 (ffi) * o.ro

(r&r)'but not more than z.:, Jtrere tvtl is
the smaller and M2 is the larger bending
moment at the ends of the unbraced length,
taken about the strong axis of the member,
M'
and where the ratio of end moments is
ffi
positive when M1 and M2 have the same
sign (reverse curvature bending) and
negative when they are of opposite signs
(single curvature bending). When the
bending moment at any point within an
unbraced length is larger than that at both
ends of this length, the value of C6 shall be
taken as unity. C6 may conservatively be
taken as unity for cantilever beams and R1
is the radius of gyration of a section
comprising the compression flange plus 1i3
of the compiession web area, taken about
an axis in the plarie of the web, and
d = BeamDepth
h= FlangeWidth
k = Flange thickness
A steel beam having a simple span of E m.

is subjected to a moment M at theleft end
M o.rt * ard257o of M at the right end. The steel
section has the following properties.
\ffi/
(-ru
E+
onr-
..-,f:II Fy = 248 MPa rt = 0.0-53 m.
d = 0.533 m. br= 0.210 m.
tr= 0.016 m. S*= 0.00206 m3
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
659
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c . do .c
PRST TICE]ISURT EilRMINRilONS IN

STRUCTURR L STEET DESIGR
o Which of the followirig gives the max.

slenderness ratio above which is
considered long bearn

allowable bending stress in the
compression flange.

moment at the left end.
149. i:{fffi ffiffi

A built up section is made uP of 3
rectangular plates welded to form an H-
beam. The overall depth is 400 mm and is
13 meters long. The slendemess ralio Ur
= 200. The max. load in tension is 1600
kN and a min. load in compression is 260
kN. The member is to carrY a load
I
P = max load +
Z
i
min. load.
O Compute the requrred area of the section

if allowable stress is 185 MPa.
@ Compute the width of the flange if

1
r = width of flange.
i
@ Compute the thickness of the plate.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
660 .d o
c u -tr a c k
.c
PRST UCEnSURE [ilRmlnffTl0ns ln

Section4.5.l.4.5ofthelgg2NationalstructuralCodeofthePhllippinesgivesthe
allowablestresses,inMegaPascals,forbeamsnotrestrainedagainstiateralbuckling
as follows:
1. Tension:
F6 - 0.60 F,
2. ComPression
(4'5-6a) or (4 5-6b) and (4 5-7) as
The larger value computed by Formula
appiicable, but not more than 0'60Fv'
When
use F6 =L? --**?A l n, {+ s-o')
L 3520000 cb
\tohen
rt- Fu
1170000 Cr' (4.5-6b)

Use F6 =- GrrJ,
approximately rectangular in cross-

Or, when the compression flange is solid.and
of the tension flange:
,."tio., and its arei is not less than that
(
83000 Cr.
F,
rb-=3 (1.5-1)
ki (
br,,
(
[.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
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o
o
.c .c
.d o
c u -tr a c k 661
.d o
c u -tr a c k
PffST UCffiSURE EilflMINRilO]IS IN

STRUCTU RNT STTET DTSIG]I
where Cr = 1.75 + r.os (Sr) + 0.30 (H)'but nor more than 2.3,whercM1 is the
smaller and M2 is the larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced length,
taken about the strong axis of the member, and where *. ratio of
ffi
end moments is positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign (reverse curvature
be_nding) and negative when they are of opposite sigas (single curvature bending).
Whenrhe bending moment at any point wittrin an unbraced length is larger ttran tliat
at both ends of this length, the value of c5 shall be taken as unity. C6 ma]
conservatively be taken as unity for cantilever beams and q is the radius of gyration
of a section comprising the compression flange plus l/3 of the compression web
are4 taken about em axis in the plane of the web, and
d= BeamDepth
br= Flange Widttr
tr= Flange thickness
A simple beam having a span of 8 m. is subjected to a counterclockwise moment M

at the left end and a counter clockwise rnoment (0.25NO at the right end.
Fy=248MPa
d = 0.533 m
bf= o.2lo m.
,/= 0.016 rn
rr = 0.053 m. Reverse Curvalurc
S, = 0.002077 m3
o which of the following gives the slenderness ratio which is considered a short
beam.
o whigh of the following gives the allowable bending stress in the compressicn
force.
@ Which of the following gives the moment at the left end.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
662. c
C
C
w
w
m
m
w w
w
w
o
o
.d o .d o .c
PRST LICENSURT EilRMINRTI(INS IN

STRUCTURRL STEET DE$GN
M=78 kN'm
I5r. iai;i"i;:i;,i
From the given figure shows a base plate

connection which carries a moment of 78
kN.m Neglecting the axial load. Nominal
tensile strength of the fillet weld is 480
MPa.
rn Which of the following gives the tensile

capacity of the bolt.
moment capacity camed by the fillet
welds.
thickness of the weld.
Table 4.5.3 0f the 1992 National stuctural

Code of ttre Phihppines gives the allowable
shear on the effective area of fillet welds as
0.30 times the nominal tensile strength of
the weld metal.
Section 4.14.6.2 of the NSCP gives the

following provisions for fillet welds:
1. The effective area of fillet welds shall be

considered as the effective length tines
the effective throat thickness.
2. The effective length of fillet welds,
except fillet welds in holes and slots,
shall be the overall length of full-size
fillet, including returns.
PD PD
!
W
W
O
O
N
N
y
y
bu
bu
to
to
k
k
lic
lic
663w .
C
C
w
w
m
m
w
w
w
o
o
.d o .c do .c
PRST LICENSURE E}IRMINRTI()NS IN

STR['gruRff L STETL DTSIGN
3. The effective throat thickness of a fillet

weld shall be the shortest distance from the
root to the face of the diagrarnmatic weld.
Section 4.17.3 of the NSCP gives the

maxrmum size ol lillet weld that may be
rued along edges of connected parts as:
l. Along edges of material less than 6 mm

tilck, not greater than the thickness of
the materials.
2. Along edges of material less than 6 mm
thick, not greater the thickness of the
matenal minus 1.5 mrq unless the weld
rs especially desigrated on the drawings
to be built out to obtain full throat
F thuckness.
I
I
Sectron 4.17.6 of the NSCP gives the
mrnimum amount of lap on lap joints shall
be -5 trmes the thickness of the thinner part
-rorned. but not less than 25 mrn
A double frllet welded lap.loint rs shown.

The thrckiess oi the plate rs 12 mn The
r
rc:::rnal tensLle strength cl .he *-eld meta.l
rs i5Cr \{Pa.
illlxtu.............
t@
*E-
TT
tr0
mfl,

Structural Steel Design - Besavilla

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Structural Steel Design - Besavilla

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F -T O O L S F -T O O L S

ISBN 971- Es10.06-0

CEBU DAVAO CAGAYAN DE ORO MANII.A

EAGUIO tLo tLo TACLOBAN GENERAL SANTOS

I structural Engineering for Professional Engineer's Examination

8. Laterally Supported Beams 118 - 141

$i1,t1.l,,rllff l i,,f 1t,r,6 o

O Which of the following gives the maximum

O Which of the following gives the efffciency

Maximum load carried by the joint

Efficiency of joint = 82.969o

O Which of the following gives the maximum

sa) 623 kPa

O Which of the following gives the efficiency

100440 +t= l'

Shearing of4 rivets: (Single Shear)

[r-.**ilr Leastvalue ofP =74795N

Which of the following gives the capacity of

Which of the following gives the efficiency

The width of the plates is 130 mm.

. | =f, 1zo1z6o1 (single shear of one rivet)

r =\4'Qol2 2(6U tdouble shear)

Bearing of cover plate:

Tearing of main plate at row A

Tearing of main plate at row B

Tearing of cover plate at row B

e Fuil Srrength = 130(12X76)

Find the capacity of the riveted connection

Ga) 308317 N,77.68V0

Capacity of one rivet in bearing againsr

Capaciry of one rivet in bearing against the

Tonl srrength by double shear of ri.vets:

Tearing strength of rnain Plate:

7 = [180 - 3(23)] r0(r47) ,.,0 (*)

Compute the maximum allowable fluid

*a) 643.4lfla ,62.26 7o

76,880 =' -t=1'

*1e fluid r =f, aa)z (4)(e3) = 77208 N

The hanger is spliced with nine 20 mm'

,&uq, Due toTensile Force:

fi?,. Tearing at Section a-a:

Tearing at Section c-c:

A truss joint shown consists of a bot0om

O Which of the following gives the required

Bearing ofrivets on the gusset plate:

Use 3 rivets for section A.

Beaing of rivets on the gusset plate:

o For section C (Bouom chord)

2247 AA = (2)(nXl 20)

Determine the capacity of rhe butt. joint

A plate with width of 300 mm and thickness

O Which of the following most nearly gives

e Which of the following most nearly gives

0 Which of the following most nearly gives

The two plates are joined by four ?-j r-irr,,

Allawable working $tresses qre:

O Which nf *r* l,+Ui:wing gives the mnax. li:a*{

g Which of the following gives the max. load

O Which of the following gives the max. load

Tearing of 14 ntrn plate:

(E Capacily due to bearing of rivets

tsearing on the 10 run plate

The eapacity of the longitudinal lapr loini

A lap joint for a cylindrical tank 1.8 m. in

O Which nf r l,+Ui:wing gives the mnax. li:a*{

a.sume,,rivut iii;i..,m" A...,iii .'z, iii'

o #hicri or:, mu ioiili,;E,,si++t..1,,dr,