Toefl Preparation Course

Toefl Preparation Course 1
TOEFL PREPARATION
COURSE
Compiled by:
RIVERSIDE LANGUAGE CENTER

(RLC)
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
The following language skills will help you to implement these strategies and
procedures with the sort dialogues on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer
TOEFL test.
STRATEGIES ____________________________________________________
SKILL 1 : FOCUS ON THE LAST LINE
The short dialogues involve conversations between two people, each followed by ques-
tion. It is important to understand that the answer to this type of question is most often
(but not always!) found in the last line of the conversation.

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Test

On the recording, you hear:
(man) Billy really made a big mistake this time.
(woman) Yes, he forgot to turn in his research paper.
(narator) What does the woman say about Billy?

In your test book or on the computer screen, you read:
(A) It was the first time he made a mistake.

(B) He forgot to write his paper.
(C) He turned in the paper in the wrong place.
(D) He didn’t remember to submit his assignment.
The last line of this dialogue indicates that Billy forgot to turn in his research paper, and this
means that he didn’t remember to submit it. The best answer is therefore answer (D).
The following chart outlines the most important strategy for the short dialogues:

STRATEGY #1: FOCUS ON THE LAST LINE
1. The last line of the dialogue probably contains the answer to the question.
2. Listen to the first line of the dialogue. If you understand it, that’s good. If you don’t understand it, don’t
worry because it probably does not contain the answer.
3. Be ready to focus on the last line of the dialogue because it probably contains the answer. Repeat the
last line in your mind as you read through the answer in the text.
EXERCISE 1 : In this exercise, you should focus on the last line of the dialogue, read the question,
and then choose the best answer to that question. Remember that you can probably answer the
question easily with only the last line.
1. (man) can you tell me if today’s (A) She has strong ideas about movies.
matinee is a comedy, romance, (B) She prefers comedies over western and
or western? romances.
(woman) i have no idea (C) She doesn’t like today’s matinee.
(narrator) What does the woman mean? (D) She does not know.

2. (woman) Was anyone at home at Barb’s (A) Barb answer the bell.
house when you went there to (B) The house was probably empty
deliver the package? (C) The bell wasn’t in the house
(man) I rang the bell, but no one (D) The house doesn’t have a bell.
answered.
(narrator) What does the man imply?

3. (woman) You just got back from (A) It’s unlikely that he’ll go to the interview
interview for the internship. (B) He thinks he’ll be recomended for a high-
How do you think it went. level job.
(man) I think it’s highly unlikely that I (C) The interview was apparently quite
got the job. unsuccesful.
(narrator) What does the man suggest? (D) He had an excellent interview.

TOEFL EXERCISE 1: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on
the recording and then choose the best answer to the question. You should focus carefully on
the last line.

Now begin the recording at toefl exercise 1.

1. (A) He is leaving now. (C) He’s sorry he can’t ever help her.
(B) He has to go out this way. (D) He’ll help her with her physics.
(C) He will not be leaving soon. 5. (A) Her eyes hurt.
(D) He will do it his own way. (B) She thought the lecture was great.
(C) The class was boring.
2. (A) He locked the door. (D) She didn’t want to watch Professor
(B) He tried unsuccesfully to get into Martin.
the house.
(C) He wasable to open the door. 6. (A) Not all the bills have been paid.
(D) He left the house without locking (B) They don’t have enough credit to
the door. pay the bills.
(C) What she said on the phone was
3. (A) She doesn’t like to listen to not credible.
turkeys. (D) He used a credit card to pay some
(B) She thinks the dinner sounds of the bills.
special.
(C) She especially likes the roast 7. (A) She’ll call back quickly.
turkey (B) She’ll definetely be back by 4:00
(D) She’d prefer a different dinner. (C) She’ll give it back by 4:00
(D) She’ll try to return fast.
4. (A) He’ll be busy with her homework
tonight. 8. (A) She hasn’t seen Tim
(B) He can’t help her tonight. (B) Tim was there only for a moment.
(C) Tim was around a short time ago.

(D) Tim will return in a minute.
9. (A) She doesn’t like the place he close. 10. (A) There’s plenty to eat.
(B) She doesn’t want to get into the car. (B) The refrigator’s broken.
(C) She’s glad the spot is reserved. (C) The food isn’t in the refrigator.
(D) They can’t park the car there. (D) He’s not sure if there’s enough.

Skill 2: CHOOSE ANSWER WITH SYNONYMS

Often the correct answer ina short dialogue is an answer that contains synonyms
(words with similiar meanings but different sounds) for key words in the conversation.

Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL Test

(woman) Why is Barbara feelings so happy?
(man) She just started working in a real estate agency.
(narator) What does the man say about Barbara?

(A) She always liked her work in real estate.

(B) She began a new job.
(C) She just bought some real estate.
(D) She bought a real estate agency.

In this dialogue, the key word started means began, and the key word working refers to
job. The best answer to this question is therefore answer (B).
The following chart outlines a very important strategy for short dialogues:

STRATEGY #2: CHOOSE ANSWER WITH SYNONYMS
1. As you listen to the last line of the dialogue, focus on key words in that line.
2. If you see any synonyms for key words in a particular answer, then you have probably found the
correct answer.

EXERCISE 2: In this exercise, underline key words in the last line of each short dialogue.
Then underline synonyms for these key words in the answer, and choose the best
answer to each question. Remember that the best answer is probably the answer that
contains synonyms for key words in the last line of the dialogue.

1. (woman) Did you see the manager (A) He got a job as bookstore manager.
about the job in the (B) The bookstore was not accepting
bookstore? applications.
(man) Yes, and I also had to fill out (C) He saw a book about how to apply for
an application. jobs.
(narrator) What does the man means? (D) It was necessary to complete a form.

2. (man) We’re planning to leave for (A) If they could leave at noon
the trip at about 2:00. (B) If it is possible to go by 12:00
(woman) Couldn’t we leave before (C) Why they can’t leave at noon
noon? (D) If they could leave the room
(narrator) What does the woman ask?

3. (man) Was the concert well (A) The performance went on for a long time.
received? (B) There was applause throughout the
(woman) The audience applauded for a performance.
long time after the (C) The people clapped on and on after the
performance. concert.
(narrator) What does the woman say (D) The audience waited for a long time for
about the concert? the concert to begin

TOEFL EXERCISE 2: In this exercise,listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on the
recording, and then choose the best answer to the question. You should look for synonyms for
key words in the last line.

Now begin the recording at toefl exercise 2.

1. (A) The final exam was harder than the 6. (A) The firefighters saved the homes for
others. last.
(B) There were two exams rather than (B) A firefighter saved the hillside last
one. night.
(C) He thought the exam would be (C) The homes on the hillside were
easier. burned.
(D) The exam was not very difficult. (D) The houses weren’t destroyed.

2. (A) He’s not feeling very well. 7. (A) There’s enough soup.
(B) He’s rather sick of working. (B) The spices are adequate.
(C) He’s feeling better today than (C) She thinks the soup’s too salty.
yesterday. (D) The man should add more salt and
(D) He’d really rather not answer the pepper.
question.
8. (A) He was lucky to receive a grant for
3. (A) The company was founded about a his studies.
year ago. (B) He used his fortune to pay his fees.
(B) It was just established that he could (C) He is a scholar at a collage with
go into business. low fees.
(C) The family is well-established. (D) He paid to get a scholarship.
(D) The business only lasted a year.
9. (A) It profited from previous mistakes.
4. (A) He did not look at the right schedule. (B) It errned a lot of money.
(B) The plane landed in the right place. (C) This was the last year that it
(C) The plane arrived on time. would make a profit.
(D) He had to wait for the plane to land. (D) It was not so succesful.

5. (A) She’d rather go running. 10. (A) Chuck’s bank account has too
(B) She doesn’t want to go into the pool. much money in it.
(C) She’ll change clothes quickly and go (B) He thinks Chuck has the wrong
swimming. kind of bank account.
(D) She needs a sweatsuit to go running. (C) He thinks that Chuck is on his way
home from the bank.
(D) There isn’t enough money in
Chuck’s account.
Skill 3: AVOID SIMILIAR SOUNDS

Often the incoreect answers in the short dialogues are answer that contain words with
similiar sounds but very different meanings from what you hear on the recording. You
should definitely avoid these answer.


(man) Why couldn’t Mark come with us?
(woman) He was searching for a new apartment.
(narator) What does the woman say about Mark?

(A) He was in the department office.

(B) He was looking for a place to live.
(C) He was working on his research project.
(D) He had an appointment at church.

The key words in the last line of the dialogue are searching and apartment. In answer
(C) and (D), the words research and church sound like search, so these answers are
incorrect. In answers (A) and (D), the words department and appointment sound like
appartment, so these answers are incorrect. The best answer is therefore answer (B).
The following chart outlines a very important strategy for the short dialogues:

STRATEGY #3: AVOID SIMILIAR SOUNDS
1. Identify key words in the last line of the dialogue.
2. Identify words in the answers that contain similiar sounds, and do not choose these answers.

NOTE : In Appendix A there are drills to practice distinguishing similiar sounds. You may want to
complete these practise drills before trying the following exercises.

EXERCISE 3: In this exercise, underline key words in the last line of each short dialogue.
Then underline words with sounds similiar to these key words in the answers, and
choose the best answer to each question. Remember that the best answer is probably
the answer that does not contain words with sounds that similiar to the sounds of the
key words in the last line of the dialogue.

1. (woman) I heard that Sally just (A) Sally has no sense of responsibility.
moved into a new, big house (B) Sally sent her friend to the house.
near the beach. (C) Sally has no money.
(man) But Sally doesn’t have a
(D) Sally is on the set with her.
cent!
(narrator) What does the man mean?


2. (woman) Did they get the near car (A) They locked the map in a car.
they wanted? (B) They looked many times in the car.
(man) No, they lacked the money. (C) It cost a lot of money when the car leaked
(narrator) What does the man mean? oil.
(D) They didn’t have enough money to buy
another car.

3. (man) Have you finished packing (A) It’s important to pack the suitcases.
yet? (B) They need help carrying their bags.
(woman) You should call the porter (C) The man should pack his suit in case he
to get the suitcases. needs it.
(narrator) What does the woman (D) The suitcases are quite portable.
mean?

TOEFL EXERCISE 3: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on
the recording, and then choose the best answer to the question. You should be careful to avoid
answer with similiar sounds.

Now begin the recording at Toefl Exercise 3.

1. (A) She has to wait for some cash. (C) The shoes cost twenty dollars.
(B) The waiter is bringing a glass of (D) The shoes could be repaired for
water. twenty dollars.
(C) The lawn is too dry.
(D) She needs to wach out for a crash. 7. (A) Tom tended to dislike biology lab.
(B) Attendance wasn’t necessary at
2. (A) The sweater’s the wrong size. biology lab.
(B) The man’s feet aren’t sweating. (C) Tom went to biology lab.
(C) The answer makes the man seem fat. (D) There was a tendency to require
(D) The sweet girl doesn’t feel right. biology lab.

3. (A) He has been regularly using a 8. (A) The meal will be served at noon.
computer. (B) The males should be drivn there by
(B) He communicates with a Boston noon.
company. (C) He’s expencting the ice to melt
(C) He regularly goes to communities before noon.
around Boston. (D) The letters ought to be delivered at
(D) He has been traveling back and forth 12:00.
to Boston.
9. (A) The weather will probably get worse
4. (A) He thought the lesson didn’t matter. later.
(B) He couldn’t learn the lesson. (B) The newspaper headlines descriped
(C) He didn’t like most of the lesson. a bad storm.
(D) He didn’t like most of the lesson. (C) There was news about a headstrong
man.
5. (A) Some animals started the first fire. (D) He had a new bed.
(B) Animals are killed by forest fires. 10. (A) If she could do the grocery shopping.
(C) In the first frost, animals die. (B) If she prefers cooked vegetables or
(D) Frost can kill animals. salad
(C) If she could help prepare the salad.
6. (A) Twenty pairs of shoes are on sale. (D) If she minds shopping for
(B) The shoe salesclerk spent twenty vegetables.
dollars on pears.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-3): In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and
question on the recording, and then choose the best answer to the question.
Now begin the recording at toefl exercise (skills 1-3)

1. (A) He would like some iced coffee. (C) The stamp collector is conducting
(B) He wants to stop drinking coffee. his business.
(C) A drink seems like a good idea. (D) The riders are paying for the train
(D) He needs to drink something to trip.
stop his coughing.
7. (A) The managers will take the train to
2. (A) She would prefer a sunny day. the program.
(B) The park is too crowded. (B) A program to develop new
(C) She would like a place that is not managers will commence soon.
so loud. (C) The new management program is
(D) She cannot walk because she’s too very weak.
old. (D) The program will be maintained to
the letter.
3. (A) He should open an account.
(B) He should take a ride on a ship. 8. (A) The fire started to attack the
(C) He should try to keep the cost building.
cheap. (B) The firefighter stared at the
(D) He should try something attacker.
monotonous to get to sleep. (C) The fire probably began at the top
of the building.
4. (A) The deparment is not changing the (D) The firefighter started to attack the
requirements. fire.
(B) He hasn’t heard anything about the
change. 9. (A) He assured the woman that he
(C) The changes are believable. knew the truth.
(D) What has happened is incredible to (B) He is sure that it isn’t new.
him. (C) He thought that the woman was
aware of what happened.
5. (A) The wait has taken close to an (D) He soon will know the truth.
hour.
(B) They were stranded in their car. 10. (A) The art professor is not one of his
(C) Most of the people have been in fans.
line for hours. (B) His drawings were amazing.
(D) They made a line in the sand. (C) The catches that he made were
fantastic.
6. (A) The instructur is selecting several (D) His sketches showerd a fantasy
passages. world.
(B) The conductor is fair to the
passengers.
The following skills will help you to implement these procedures in the long conversations on
the paper TOFL test.

BEFORE LISTENING______________________________________________________________

SKILL 4: ANTICIPATE THE TOPICS

It is very helpful to you for overall comprehension if you know what topics to expect in the long
conversations. You should therefore try to anticipate the topics you will be hearing. For
examples, are the conversations about some aspect of school life, or some type of social issue, or
a trip someone is planning? A helpful strategy is therefore to look briefly at the answers in the
test book, before you actually hear the conversations on the recording, and try to determine the
topics of the conversations that you will hear.

EXERCISE 4: Look at the answers to the five quetions together, and try to anticipate the topic
of the conversation for those five questions. (Of course, you cannot always determine exactly
what the topics is, but you often can get a general idea.) questions I through 5 have been
answered for you.

1. (A) Find work on campus 4. (A) Every morning
(B) Work in the employment office (B) Afternoons and weekends
(C) Help students find jobs (C) When he’s in class
(D) Ask the woman questions (D) Weekdays

2. (A) In the library 5. (A) Fill out a form
(B) In a classroom (B) Give her some additional
(C) In a campus office information
(D) In an apartment (C) Tell her some news
(D) Phone her
3. (A) No more than ten
(B) At least twenty
(C) Not more than twenty
(D) Up to ten

What is the topic of the conversation for questions 1 through 5?

Looking for a a job on campus

You can guess this because of the following clues:
• Work on campus
• Employment office
• Students
• Jobs

6. (A) Just before a vacation (C) A trip the man has already taken
(B) Just after the end of a school (D) A camping trip the man and
semester woman took
(C) At the end of the summer
(D) Jut after a break from school 8. (A) Three hours
(B) Three complete days
7. (A) A trip to visit the Eskimos (C) Three classes
(B) A trip the woman is planning to (D) Three weeks
take
9. (A) Sleeping outside on the ground 10. (A) She’d be scared, but she’d like to
(B) Spending time in a sauna or hot try
tub (B) She can’t wait
(C) Relaxing at the lodge (C) It would be quite exciting for her
(D) Enjoying excellent food (D) She’d prefer not to try


11. (A) All kinds of pollution 14. (A) Only in North America
(B) How acid rain has harmed the (B) At the North and Sourth Poles
earth (C) In parts of several northern
(C) Pollution form cars and factories continents
(D) the causes and possible effects of (D) In equatorial areas
acid rain
15. (A) She should protect herself from the
12. (A) Nuclear power rain
(B) Electricity (B) She should clean up the water
(C) Burning coal and oil supply
(D) Solar power (C) She should read a novel
(D) She should get more information
13. (A) From sulfur dioxide and water about acid rain
vapor
(B) From sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxide
(C) From nitric acid and sulfur dioxide
(D) From water vapor and nitric acid


Skill 5: LISTEN FOR ANSWER IN ORDER

There are two possible methods to use while you listen to a long conversation:

• You can just listen to the conversation (and ignore the answer).
• You can follow along with the answer while you listen.

Some students prefer to just listen to the conversation while it is being spoken, and if that
method works well for you, then that is what you should do. Other students find that they can
answer more questions correctly if they read along with the answers while the conversation is
being spoken. Because the detail questions are answered in order, it is possible to read along
while you listen to the conversation on the recording.


On the recording, you hear: In your test book, you read (same time):
(man) Can I help you? 1. (A) A checking account
(woman) I’m interested in opening an (B) A savings account
account. (C) A money market account
(man) Well, we have several different (D) A time deposit account
types of acounts: checking
accounts, savings accounts, time
deposit accounts.
(woman) It’s a checking account that I am
interested in 2. (A) A form
(man) I can help you with that. First, (B) An account
you have to fill out a form, and (C) A piece of identification
then I need to see some (D) A check
identfication.
(woman) That sounds easy enough.
Thanks for your help.

(narrator) 1. What type of account does
the woman want?
2. What does the man need
for her to show him?

When you read the answer to the first question, you can anticipate that the first question is:
What type of account? As you listen, you determine that the woman wants a checking
account. Therefore, you can anticipate that the best answer to the first question is (A).
When you read the answers to the second quesions, you can anticipate that the question
is going to ask What thing . . .? In the conversation, the man asks her to fill out a form and
show identification, so as you are listening you can anticipate that the correct answer to the
second question is either (A) or (C). When you hear the question, you can determine that the
best answer is answer (C).


TOEFL EXERCISE 5: Listen to each complete and answer the questions that follow.

1. (A) Find work on campus 9. (A) Sleeping outside on the ground
(B) Work in the employment office (B) Spending time in a hot tub
(C) Help students find jobs (C) Relaxing at the lodge
(D) Ask the woman quetions (D) Enjoying excellent food

2. (A) In the library 10. (A) She’d be scared, but she’d like to try
(B) In a classroom (B) She can’t wait
(C) In a campus office (C) it would be quite exciting for her
(D) In a apartment (D) She’d prefer not to try

3. (A) No more than ten 11. (A) All kinds of pollution
(B) At least twenty (B) How acid rain has harmed the earth
(C) Not more than twenty (C) Pollution from cars and factories
(D) Up to ten (D) The causes and possible effects of
acid rain
4. (A) Every morning
(B) Afternoons and weekends 12. (A) Nuclear power
(C) When he’s in class (B) Electricity
(D) Weekdays (C) Burning coal and oil
(D) Solar power
5. (A) Fill out a form
(B) Give her some additional 13. (A) From sulfur dioxide and water vapor
information (B) From sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
(C) Tell her some news oxide
(D) Phone her (C) From nitric acid and sulfur dioxide
(D) From water vapor and nitric acid
6. (A) Just before a vacation
(B) Just after the end of a school 14. (A) Only in North America
semester (B) At the North and South Poles
(C) At the end of the summer (C) In parts of several northern
(D) Just after a break from school continents
(D) In equatorial areas
7. (A) A trip to visit the Eskimos
(B) A trip the woman is planning to take 15. (A) She should protect herselffrom the
(C) A trip the man has already taken rain
(D) A camping trip the man and woman (B) She should clean up the water
took supply
(C) She should read a novel
8. (A) Three hours (D) She should get more information
(B) Three complete days about acid rain
(C) Three classes
(D) Three weeks


The following skills will help you to implement these procedures in the long talks on the paper
TOEFL test.

Skill 6: ANTICIPATE THE TOPICS

It is very helpful to you understand overall comprehension if you know what topics to expect in
the long talks. You should therefore try to anticipate the topics you will be hearing (as you did
with the long conversations). For examples, are the talks about American history, or literature,
or some aspect of school life. A helpful strategy is therefore to look briefly at the answers in the
test book, before you actually hear the talks on the recording, and try to determine the topics of
the talks that you will hear.

EXERCISE 6: Look at the answers to the five quetions together, and try to anticipate the topic
of the talk for those five questions. (Of course, you cannot always determine exactly what the
topics is, but you often can get a general idea.) questions I through 5 have been answered for
you.

1. (A) During a biology laboratory 4. (A) Room assignments
session (B) Exam topics
(B) In a biology study group (C) Reading assignment
(C) On the first day of class (D) The first lecture
(D) Just before the final exam
5. (A) Exams and lab work
2. (A) Once a week (B) Reading and writing assignments
(B) Two times a week (C) Class participantion and grades on
(C) Three times a week examinations
(D) For fifteen hours (D) Lecture and laboratory attendance

3. (A) To do the first laboratory
assignment
(B) To take the first exam
(C) To study the laboratory manual
(D) TO read one chapter of the text

What is the topic of the talk for questions 1 through 5?
The requirements of a biology class

You can guess this because of the following clues:
• biology
• first day of class
• reading assignments
• exam(s)
• lab work

6. (A) What caused the Ring of Fire 9. (A) They are not so violent
(B) The volcanoes of the Ring of Fire (B) They are locates along the Ring
(C) Hawaiian volcanoes Fire
(D) Different types of volcanoes (C) They contain a llot of gas
(D) They contain thick lava
7. (A) The Ring of Fire
(B) The characteristics of volcanoes in 10. (A) A volcano on the Ring of Fire
the Ring of Fire (B) An island in Hawaii
(C) The volcanoes if Hawaii (C) A long, low volcanic mountain
(D) Mauna Loa (D) An explosive volcano

8. (A) In Hawaii
(B) In the United States
(C) Along the Ring of Fire
(D) Within the Ring of Fire


11. (A) An artist 14. (A) The American History Museum
(B) A tour guide (B) The Smithsonian Arts and
(C) An Indian Indrusties Building
(D) Orville Wright (C) The Washington Musuem
(D) The National Air and Space
12. (A) Several Museum
(B) Sixty thousand
(C) Sixteen million 15. (A) To the White House
(D) Millions and millions (B) To the Smithsonian
(C) To the mall
13. (A) The National Air and Space (D) To various other museums
Museum
(B) The Museum of Natural History
(C) The American History Museum
(D) The Smithsonian Arts and
Industries Building


Skill 7: LISTEN FOR ANSWER IN ORDER

These are two possible methods to use while you listen to the talks.
• You can just listen to the talk (and ignore the answer)
• You can follow along with the answers while you listen

Some students prefer to just listen to the talk while it is being spoken, and if that method
works well for you, then that is what you should do. Other students find that they can answer
more questions correctly if they read along with the answer while the talk is being given.
Because the detail questions are answered in order, it is possible to read along while you listen
to the talk on the recording.


On the recording, you hear: In your test book, you read (same time):
(woman) The Great Chicago Fire began 1. (A) In a barn
on October 8, 1871, and (B) In Mrs. O’Leary’s home
according to legend began when (C) In a cow pasture
a cow knocked over a lantern in (D) In a lantern factory
Mrs. O’Leary’s barn. No mather
how it began, it was a disastrous
fire. The preceding summer had
been exceedingly dry in the
Chicago area, and the eztreme 2. (A) The dry weather prior to the
dryness winds created an fire made it worse.
inferno that destroyed 18.000 (B) It happened during the
buildings and killed more that summer.
300 people before it was (C) Chicago’s winds made it worse.
extinguished the following day. (D) It killed many people.

(narrator) 1. According to legend, where
did the Great Chicago Fire
begin?
2. Which of the following is
not true about the Great
Chicago Fire?

When you read the answers to the question, you can anticipate that the first question is: where
did something happen? As you listen, you determine that the fire began in Mrs. O’Leary’s barn.
Therefore, you can anticipate that the best answer to the first question is (A).
If you read the answers to the second question while you listen to the talk, you can
determine that answers (A), (C), and (D) are true. Answer (B) is not true: the fire did not begin
in summer, it began in October, which is in autumn. Therefore, answer (B) is the best answer to
the question Which of the following is not true about the Great Chicago Fire?


TOEFL EXERCISE 7: Listen to each complete talk and answer the questions that follow.

1. (A) During a biology laboratory 9. (A) They are not so violent.
session (B) They are located along the Ring of
(B) In biology study group Fire.
(C) On the first day of class (C) They contain a lot of gas.
(D) Just before the final exam (D) They contain thick lava.

2. (A) Once a week 10. (A) A volcano on the Ring of Fire
(B) Two times a week (B) An island in Hawaii
(C) Three times a week (C) A long, low volcanic mountain
(D) For fifteen hours (D) An explosive volcano

3. (A) To do the first laboratory 11. (A) An artist
assignment (B) A tour guide
(B) To take the fisrt exam (C) An Indian
(C) TO study the laboratory manual (D) Orville Wright
(D) To read one chapter of the text
12. (A) Several
4. (A) Room assignment (B) Sixty thousand
(B) Exam topics (C) Sixteen million
(C) Reading assignment (D) Millions and millions
(D) The first lecture
13. (A) The National Air and Space
5. (A) Exams and lab work Museum
(B) Reading and writing assignments (B) The Museum of Natural History
(C) Class participation and grades on (C) The American History Museum
examinations (D) The Smithsonian Arts and
(D) Lecture and laboratory attendance Industries Building

6. (A) What caused the Ring of Fire 14. (A) The American History Museum
(B) The volcanoes of the Ring of Fire (B) The Smithsonian Arts and
(C) Hawaiian volcanoes Industries Building
(D) Different types of volcanoes (C) The Washington Museum
(D) The National Air and Space
7. (A) The Ring of Fire Museum
(B) The characteristics of volcanoes on
the Ring of Fire 15. (A) To the White House
(C) The volcanoes of Hawaii (B) To the Smithsonian
(D) Mauna Loa (C) To the mall
(D) To various other museums
8. (A) In Hawaii
(B) In the United States
(C) Along the Ring of Fire
(D) Within the Ring of Fire

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
I. PAIR OF WORDS
1. EITHER.....OR.....
NEITHER.....NOR.....
Either the taxi or the truck passes through the Madison street.
He is not a student and neither is she.
Either the bank or the supermarket opens daily in the city.

He didn’t see it and neither did she.
Neither Indonesia nor Malaysia requires skilled manpower.
He works hard, and so does she.

Neither the man nor the woman is permitted to enter the area. He is excited, and so is she.
2. From....to.....
Between ..... and .....
From 1977 to 1800, the population of the US continued to rise in the cities.
Between 1963 and 1949 Fred Allen was the most poppular comedian.
Chemical bond between atoms of oxygen and those of gold is weak.
3. BOTH ....... AND ....... / BOTH OF + PL. NOUN
Amphibians living on both land and water have developed special apparatus.
The villagers in he rural areas develop both clothing and meat for survival.
Natural gas may be used for both homes and automobile.
Both of them flew to New York through the airport in Surabaya.
Both parents send their son to the overseas univesity.
4. THE SAME AS >< BE DIFFERENT FROM

This coat is the same as that one. This house is different from mine.
My briefcase is exactly the same as yours. Your book differs from this one.
That car is almost the same as mine. This picture is the same as the one on your desk.
5. SUCH AS
The projects develop engines that minimize harmful emission such as CO2 and NO.
Sources of air pollution such as motor vehicles seem relatively mobile.
A catalytic agent such as platinum may be used in the chemical reaction.
The construction of such public facilities as hospital and library building is immediately required.
The economic recovery covers the development of such small-scale economy as home industry.
6. NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO .../NOT ONLY ... BUT ....... AS WELL
Not only is fermentation useful in dairy product but also it is used for agricultural one.
Not only was she a professional politician, but she was also a scientist.
Not only did he work on the gonverment office, but he took graduate course as well.
7. PREPOSITION + GERUND
Sustainable development calls for improving quality of life among the people.
PREPOSITIONS
Like the art of photography, Drawing is an art of reproducing a picture on paper.
ON,IN,AT,BY,FOR,OF
A stronomers gather data by carefully observing and analyzing the heavens.
FROM, WITH, WITHOUT

Modern architects insist on using the building materials native to local areas.
8. TO + VERB I
IBM works with government agencies in the world to implement Linux system.
Motorola failed to anticipate the worldwide shift to digital call phones.
General Motors had also found other ways to select the representative dealers.
Voice over internet Protocol has the capacity to expand the wordwide services.
9. USED TO & BE USED TO

You used to visit Bandung last year. He is used to having lunch at the campus cafetaria.
You used to read the newspaper before going to campus. He is used to eating a bowl of cereal for health.
10. HAD BETTER & WOULD RATHER

You had better reserveyour seats today if you wont to go by rain.
You had better start getting up early so that go to get top clean on line.
You would rather live with your husband again next year.
You would rather not cook for the family together before going out.
11. Noun + of + Noun

It was the invention of the electronic calculator providing smell computer-generation.
Each of the four typesof human teeth are suited for a specific purpose.
Several different varieties of these may grow in a single acre.
Nokia has develop a suite of mobile devices to support enterprise communication.
12. COMPARATIVE + THAN / THE + SUPERERLATIVE /DOUBLE COMPARATIVE /

MULTIPLE + AS MANY/MUCH + AS
Calligraphy is a greater art form than painting in Arabic countries and China.
Springs with higher temperature than their surroundings are called thermal springs.
The brains is the largest mass of nerve tissue in the human body.
The decimal system is the world’s most useful ways of expressing numbers.
He Africa and Arabic countries are the world’s driest desert areas.
The United State is the world’s biggest democratic country.
The larger the water source, the greater the electric water-based power.
The bigger the market you build, the more shoppers you may hope.
The citizens in the densely populated bities consume meat twice as much as they did in 1950.
The research result shows that the number of vehicles are three times as many as those in the cities.
13. THERE + IS/ARE
There are really more beneficial insects than pest insects in many Asian and African countries.
There are no important pieces of American fiction published in America before 1819.
On the moon there is no air because the moon’s gravitational field is too weak to retain an atmosphere.
During the early period of ocean navigation, there was hardly any need for sophisticated instrument.
14. NEGATIVE EMPHASIS
Not only
Never before was the bridge completely finished last year.
Never again did the project manager cancel the work.
Seldom are the animals reglected to leave home.
Only rarely does the man drive the car himself.
Only after has he visited his home town for the last ten years.
Not once did she smoke cigarettes.
II. ADJECTIVE WORDS + PLURAL NOUN
1. Other + Plural Noun

Other population densities are relatively concentrated in the cities.
Other important export items were agricultural based products.
2. Any Other + Plural Noun

The cabdriver didn’t take any other passengers due to the floods.
The pilot would rather not to fly any other renewable Aircrafts.
3. All + Plural Noun

All scientific books are available in this book store.
All developing countries propose the sustainable development.
4. Some of + Plural Noun

Some of stroke victims are hospitalized in the emergency room.
Some of Asian countries extend network information technology.
5. One of + Plural Noun

One of the densely populated cities is Surabaya.
One of the seriously damaged areas is located in the forest.
6. Various + Plural Noun

Various non-gonvermental organizations criticize the projects.
Various monetary policies have been proposed recently.
7. A number of + Plural Noun

A number of food prices have already risen since last June.
A number of Pasific Island countries have industrial sectors.
8. A swarm of + Plural Noun

A swarm of bees attacked the farmers working in the garden.
She observed a swarm of wild, blue whales in the Atlantic Ocean.
9. Many + Plural Noun

There are too many advertisement during TV shows.
Many developed countries provided technical aids.
10. Among + Plural Noun

Among the winners are such profit machines as General Electric.
Among the essential export products are textile items.
11. Half of all + Plural Noun

Half of all items in the supermarkets are sold out.
Half of all tax holiday have already been paid.
12. Almost all + Plural Noun

Almost all agricultural products are cultivated in rural areas.
Almost all medical programs are well implemented in this city.
13. Lost of + Plural Noun

Lost of Chinese relaxants are available in cities.
Lost of government universities offer scholarships.
III. ADJECTIVE + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
1. A little + Uncountable Noun

He just drank a little water before going out.
He put a little sugar in the cup of tea.
2. Much + Uncountable Noun

He doesn’t have much money.
He drinks much milk every morning.
3. Amount + Uncountable Noun

He must access a great amount of information.
He finds a small amount of water on the ground.
IV. PREPOSITION AND CONJUNCTION

1. In spite of/despite
Despite his handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
In spite of his handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
2. Because/Because of
He couldn’t attend the meeting last night because he was sick.
He couldn’t attend the meeting last night because of his sickness.
3. Beside/Besides
Besides English language, I also learn French and Korean.
Besides Singapore, we visited some other ASEAN countries.
The man sits beside the woman wearing a yellow dress.
4. But/Except
All students but the seniors took a trip to Jakarta.
All students except the seniors took a trip to Jakarta.
5. Instead of/Instead
He purchased a computer instead of a TV set.
He purchased a computer instead.
V. VERB
1. S + Verb* + to infinitive
The team failed to reach its third tear goal of scoring point last year.
The man with grey hair wants to deliver the package based on the address.
* expect hope mean prepare persue want
fail intend need pretend tend continue
forget learn offer promise threaten prefer
hesitate manage plan refuse wait agree
appear arrange ask claim decide consent
2. S + Verb* + Gerund
He enjoys speaking English on campus.
He finished reading a newspaper at home.
* finish postpone recommend suggest

keep practice regret tolerate
mention quit finish understand
miss recall stop mind
admit consider deny discuss
appreciateenjoy
3. Verb sense + Adjective

It sounds different to repeat. He feels cold in the AC-room.
It tastes delicious for me The room smells fresh.
4. Modal + Adj.ly + Verb I

You shoud see a doctor when you feel unwell.
You can drive your own car to arrivw at the hotel on time.
The students could attentively listen the lecture.
You should unavoidably see a doctor when ou feel unwell.
You might immediately suggest that all student study hard before the test.
You could directly call her from here after dinner.
5. SUBJUNCTIVE VERB + that + Verb word
a. We ask that she arrive on time.

demond stop
smoking.
desire be called
insist be informend soon.
prefer*) be selected on the ceiling.
as the best actress.
*) propose, recommend, require, suggest, urge.
important work
b. It is imperative that he attend in the management.
essential be placed the next meeting.
necessary be invited in the front desk.
the opening ceremony.
VI. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
The flight which is scheduled for Wednesday is suddenly canceled.
The woman who works in the company looks beautiful.
2. ACTIVE/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE PHRASE

The woman working in the ceremony looks beautiful.
The students studying English in the library feel excited.

The flight scheduled for Wednesday is suddenly canceled.
The books commonly published by Gramedia are expensive.
VII. SENTENCE
1. SVO/C/A
The Alaskan highway, (that is) the main artery between Alaska and the Continental US,
runs more than 400 miles along the west coast of North America.
Architecture is the oldest art form, combining beauty and functionality into one.
2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

For the last ten years solar power has become important in satisfying the energy needs.
Recently the researchers have concluded that air pollution is a serious problem.
3. SVO/C, Verb-Ing
Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials, differing in degree.
They expanded their travel advisory, improving the strategy of marketing.
4. CONDITIONAL
IF you study hard, you will pass the English language test.
IF you studied hard, you would pass the English language test.
IF you had studied hard you would have passed the English language test.
5. PASSIVE
The blue whale in the sea the largest creature in the sea.
Many issues in mass media by the organizing commite.
Some aspirin for the baby’s health recovery.
A child in urban area to see the rural country.
6. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The doctor spent a great amount of money researching the tropical diseases in the developing
countries.
Three years ago the health workers in India tried to assess the effects on cognition of radiotheraphy.
VIII. ADJECTIVE
1. SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT + SOV/C

SUCH + A + ADJ. + N + THAT + SVO/C
The house is so small that it needs enlarging.
This plant is so big that it should be moved outside.
This is such a tall plant that it should be cut down.
These are such comfortable houses that they are expensive.
2. ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH
The weather in this country is comfortable enough for a tour.
The house near the river bank is large enough to dwell in.
3. Adverb-ly + Adjective + (noun)

It is a refreshingly unconventional point of view on the developed country.
Katharine left behind a remarkably diverse network of friends worldwide.
4. Adjective, Adjective + Noun

Surabaya is an industrial, business city.
Airlangga University is a smart, comfortable campus.
5. THE + ADV.LY + VERB III + NOUN

The densely populated cities in Indonesia have faced the clean water shortage.
The illegally deforested areas have caused soil degradation.
IX. PARALELLISM AND REDUNDANCY

1. PARALELLISM
Demand for raw materials caused soil degradation, water shortage, and deforestation.
Air travel which is safe, fast, and convenient is comfortable required for world business.
2. COMPOUND SENTENCE
The man wearing a blue tie went shopping yesterday and purchased a pair of shoes.
The marketing manager introduced a new product and advertised it on a local newspaper.
3. REDUNDANCY
Insulin it is commonly used to treat diabetes.
The factory it was built on the new industrial area outside the city in 1999.
X. PRONOUN
1. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN + NOUN
The cat under the table has injured its own foot.
The girl taking a rest under the tree forgot her homework this morning.
2. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
The woman herself drove the car in the rain last night.
He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.
3. SUBSTITUTE “THAT / THOSE”
The rainfall in the north is less than that in the south.
The houses in the west is larger than those in the east.
XI. NOUN
1. WORD FORMATION
Chemical bond between atoms of oxygen and those of gold is weak.
Organization is the key to efficiency.
2. GERUND AS SUBJECT
Smoking cigarettes in public areas is also dangerous for public health.
Reading newspaper every morning is advantageous for daily activities.
3. MOST + PLURAL NOU AS SUBJECT

Most university students in Indonesia understand English as a second language.
Most books available in university libraries are written in English language.
XII. PHRASAL VERBS

It depends on the gonverment policy on economy.
Teachers are more concerned with bilingualism today.
*) composed of capable of depend on responsible for
1. PAIRS OF WORDS
The students raise the TOEFL scores gradually. Indonesia lies between Asia and Australia.
The food price rises more than 3 percent this month. The man lays the book on the library shelf.
2. ADVERB CLAUSE
He went to the drug stone because he purchased some aspirin.
He left for the campus although he was somewhat sick.
3. NOUN CLAUSE
That you get score 550 in th TOEFL test is completely amazing.
That you stop smoking cigars makes your body healthy and fresh.
4. MODIFIER
a. MODIFIER, SOV/CA
After graduating from the collage, he wants to work in the city.
When treating a patient, the doctor finds the lung cancer caused by the air contamination.
To prepare the English proficiency test, he studies five hours every day for two months.
b. SUBJECT, APPOSITIVE, VO/C

The Toyota Prius, a second generation hybrid car, has an electric motor.
Omron, a manufacturer of a wide range of high-tech equipment, is focused on value added.
Lenovo, China’s leading computer maker, agreed to purchase IBM for end users.
c. SUBJECT + TO INFINITIVE PHRASE + PREDICATE

The preparation to take the TOEFL test has been done for a week.
The journey to survey the location needs more than three hours.
The diverse architecture to be found in ASEAN areas is living window into the region’s history.
d. SUBJECT + PREPOSITION + WHICH + ADJ. CLAUSE + VO/C

The library from which you borrow the book look new.
The house with which you are concerned is repaired.
5. IT CLAUSE
It was recommended that the people’s middle-scale economy was supported by the soft loan.
It was promptly after the natural disaster in Aceh thata international aids were seriously sent.
6. AGREEMENT
The facilities at the research center of university are among the best.
The guest, along with his have and two sons, is seated at the front.
7. CONJUNCTION
a. CONJUNCTION + ADVERB-LY + VERB III
As observed in Surabaya in 1999, atherosderosis was the most common complication.
When appointed as president, he was recognized for his diplomacy.
If academically viewed from the business aspect, it is profitable.
While slightly interviewed, the pilot said that the order to fly was issued.
b. CONJUNCTION + VERB-ING
When treating a patient, the doctor examines the throat to eradicate.
While interviewing the applicants, the employer offer the salary expected.
c. CONJUNCTION + ADJ. PHRASE, SVO/C

When necessary to investigate, the case can be reported to the police.
If essential to investigate, the police will do it soon.


COMPLETE PRACTICE TEST

SECTION 1
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Time—approximately 35 minutes
(including the reading of the directions for each part)
In this section of the test, you will have an opportunity to demonstrate your ability to understand
conversations and talks in English. There are three parts to this section, with special directions for
each part. Answer all the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers you
hear. Do not take notes or write in your test book at any time. Do not turn the pages until you are
told to do so.
Part A
Directions: In Part A you will hear short conversations between two people. After each
conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversations and questions will
not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and
choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the
space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Listen to an example.
On the recording, you will hear :

(man) That exam was just awful.
(woman) Oh, it could have been worse.
(narrator) What does the woman mean?
In your test book, you will read: (A) The exam was really awful.
(B) It was the worst exam she had ever seen.
(C) It couldn’t have been more difficult.
(D) It wasn’t that hard.
You learn from conversation that the man thought the exam was very difficult and that the woman
disagreed with the man. The best answer to the question, “What does the woman mean?” is (D), “It
wasn’t that hard.” Therefore, the correct choice is (D).
1. A. Carla does not live very far away. 9. A. It’s her birthday today.
B. What Carla said was unjust. B. She;s looking for a birthday gift.
C. He does not fear what anyone says. C. She wants to go shopping with her dad.
D. Carla is fairly rude to others. D. She wants a new wallet for herself.
2. A. She thinks it’s an improvement. 10. A. He took a quick trip.

B. The fir trees in it are better. B. The big boat was towed through the water.
C. It resembles the last one. C. There was coal in the water.
D. It is the best the man has ever done. D. He didn’t go for a swim.
3. A. He graduated last in his class. 11. A. She just left her sister’s house.
B. He is the last person in his family to graduate. B. Her sister left the sweater behind.
C. He doesn’t believe he can improve gradually. C. She believes her sweater was left at her
D. He has finally finished his studies. sister’s house.
D. She doesn’t know where her sister lives.
4. A. He thought the dress was so chic.
B. He was surprised the dress was not expensive. 12. A. She doesn’t have time tocomplete additional
C. He would like to know what color dress it was. reports.
D. The dress was not cheap. B. She cannot finish the reports that she is
already working on.
5. A. Leave the car somewhere else. C. She is scared of having responsibility for the
B. Ignore the parking tickets. reports.
C. Add more money to the meter. D. It is not time for the accounting reports to
D. Pay the parking attendant. be compiled.
6. A. He does not like to hold too many books at 13. A. He’s had enough exercise.
one time. B. He’s going to give himself a reward for the
B. There is no bookstore in his neighborhood. hard work.
C. It’s not possible to obtain the book yet. C. He’s going to stay on for quite some time.
D.He needs to talk to someone at the bookstore. D. He would like to give the woman an exercise
machine as a gift.
7. A. It was incomplete.
B. It finished on time. 14. A. He cannot see the huge waves.
C. It was about honor. B. The waves are not coming in.
D. It was too long. C. He would like the woman to repeat what she
said.
8. A. She needs to use the man’s notes. D. He agrees with the woman.
B. Yesterday’s physics class was quite boring.
C. She took some very good notes in physics 15. A. The exam was postponed.
class. B. The man should have studied harder.
D. She would like to lend the man her notes. C. Night is the best time to study for exams.
D. She is completely prepared for the exam.
16. A. Students who want to change schedules D. In a bank.

should form a line. 18. A. A visit to the woman’s family.
B. It is only possible to make four changes in B. The telephone bill.
the schedule. C. The cost of a new trelephone.
C. Its is necessary to submit the form quickly. D. How far away the woman’s family lives
D. Problems occur when people don’t wait their
turn. 19. A. She hasn’t met her new boss yet.
B. She has a good opinion of her boss.
17. A. In a mine. C. Her boss has asked her about her
B. In a jewerly store. impressions of the company.
C. In a clothing store. D. Her boss has been putting a lot of pressure
on her. report.
26. A. Management will offer pay raises on Friday.
20. A. The racital starts in three hours. B. The policy has not yet been decided.
B. He intends to recite three different poems. C. The manager is full of hot air.
C. He received a citation on the third of the D. The plane has not yet landed.
month.
D. He thinks the performance begins at three. 27. A. He doesn’t believe that it is really snowing.
B. The snow had been predicted.
21. A. Choose a new dentist. C. The exact amount of snow is unclear.
B. Cure the pain himself. D. He expected the woman to go out in the
C. Make an appointment with his dentist. snow.
D. Ask his dentist about the right way to brush.
28. A. She’s going to take the test over again.
22. A. It is almost five o’clock. B. She thinks she did a good job on the exam.
B. The man doesn’t really need the stamps. C. She has not yet taken the literature exam.
C. It is a long way to the post office. D. She’sunhappywith how she did.
D. It would be better to go after five o’clock.
29. A. The door was unlocked.
23. A. The article was placed on reserve. B. It was better to wait outside.
B. The woman must ask the professor for a C. He could notopen the door.
copy. D. He needed to take a walk.
C. The woman should look through a number
journals in the library. 30. A. He nailed the doorshut.
D. He has reservations about the information in B. He is heading home.
the article. C. He hit himselfin the head.
D. He is absolutely correct.
24. A. He needs to take a nap.
B. He hopes the woman will help him to calm
down.
C. The woman just woke him up.
D. He is extremely relaxed.
25. A. She doesn’t think the news report is false.

B. She has never before reported on the news.
C. She never watches the news on television.
D. She shares the man’sopinion about the

Part B
DIRECTIONS: In this part of the test, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will hear
several questions. The conversations ad questions will not be repeated.
After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and select the best answer.
Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter
for the answer you have chosen. Remember, you are not allowed to take notes or write in your test book.
31. A. The haircut is unusually short. B. The hairstylist.

B. This is Bob’s first haircut. C. The scissors usedtoc ut his hair.
C. Bob doesn’t knowwho gave him thehaircut. D. Piles of his hair.
D. After the haircut. Bob’s hair still touches the
floor. 34. A. “You should become a hairstylist.”
B. “Please put it back on.”
32. A. It is just what he wanted. C. “It’ll grow back.”
B. He enjoys having the latest style. D. “It won’t grow fast enough.”
C. He dislikes it immensely.
D. he thinks it will be cool in the summer. 35. A. Every evening.
B. Every week.
33. A. A broken mirror. C. Every Sunday.
D. Every month.
38. A. Callhis great-grandmother less often.
36. A. That she was eighty-five years old. B. Watch the weather forecasts with his great-
B. That a storm was coming. grandmother.
C. That she was under a great deal of pressure. C. Help his great-grandmother relieve some of
D. That she wanted to become a weather her pressures.
forecaster. D. Believe his great-grandmother’s predictions
about the weather.
37. A. In her bones.
B. In her ears.
C. In her legs.
D. In her head.
Part C
DIRECTIONS: In this part of the test, you will hear several talks. After each talk, you will hear some questions.
The talks and questions will not be repeated.
After you hear a question, you will read the four possible answers in your test book and choose the best answer.
Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter
of the answer you have chosen.
Here is an example.
On the recording, you will hear:
(narrator) Listen to an instructor talk to his class about painting.

(man) Artist Grant Wood was a gilding force in the school of painting known as American regionalist, a style reflecting
the distinctive characteristics of art from rural areas of the United States. Wood began drawing animals on the
family farm at the age of three, and when he was thirty-eight one of his paintings received a remarkable amount of
public notice and acclaim. This painting, called “American Gothic,” is a starkly simple depiction of serious
couple staring directly out at the viewer.
Now listen to a sample question.
(narrator) What style of painting is known as American regionalist?
In your test book, you will read:

A. Art from America’s inner cities.
B. Art from the central region of the United States.
C. Art from various urban areas in the United States.
D. Art from rural section of America.
The best answer to the question “What style of painting is known as American regionalist?” is (D), “Art from
rural section of America.” Therefore, the correct choice is (D).
Now listen to another sample question.

(narrator) What is the name of Wood’s most successful painting?
In your test book, you will read:

A. American Regionalist.
B. The Family Farm in Iowa.
C. American Gothic.
D. A serious Couple.
The best answer to the question “What is the name of Wood’s most successful painting?” is (C), “American
Gothic.” Therefore, the correct choice is (C).
Remember, you arenot allowed to take notes or write in your test book.
39. A. In a car. 45. A. To bring tea from China.

B. On a hike. B. To transport gold to California.
C. On a tram. C. To trade with the British.
D. In a lecture hall. D. To sail the American river system.
40. A. It means they have big tears. 46. A. A reading assignment.

B. It means they like swim. B. A quiz on Friday.
C. It means they look like crocodiles. C. A research paper for the end of the semester.
D. It means they are pretending to be sad. D. Some written homework.
41. A. They are sad. 47. A. Writers.

B. They are warming themselves. B. Actors.
C. They are getting rid of salt. C. Athletes.
D. They regret their actions. D. Musicians.
42. A. Taking photographs. 48. A. He or she would see butterflies.

B. Getting closer to the crocodiles. B. He or she would break a leg.
C. Exploring the water’s edge. C. He or she would have shaky knees.
D. getting off the tram. D. He or she would stop breathing.
43. A. Water Sports. 49. A. By staring at the audience.

B. Physics. B. By breathing shallowly.
C. American History. C. By thinking about possible negative outcomes.
D. Psychology. D. By focusing on what needs to be done.
44. A. To cut. 50. A. At two o’clock.

B. To move fast. B. At four o’clock.
C. To steer a boat. C. At six o’clock.
D. To build a ship. D.At eight o’clock.
► STOP ◄
This is the end of Section 1.
Read the directions for Section 2.

Do not read or work on any other section of the test.
Look at the time now before you begin work on Section 2.
Use exactly 25 minutes to work on Section 2.

SECTION 2
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
PART A
Directions: Questions 1-10 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best
completes the sentence.
1. _____ range in color from pale yellow (A) However

to bright orange. (B) Because of
(A) Canaries (C) Although
(B) Canaries which (D) That
(C) That canaries
(D) Canaries that are 7. The Caldecott Medal, _____ for the
best children’s picture book, is awarded
2. Carnivorous plants _____ insects to each January.
obtain nitrogen. (A) is a prize which
(A) are generally trapped (B) which prize
(B) trap generally (C) which is a prize
(C) are trapped generally (D) is a prize
(D) generally trap
8. Sports medicine is a medical specialty
3. A federal type of government result in that deals with the identification and
______. treatment of injuries to persons ____.
(A) a vertical distribution of power (A) sports are involved
(B) power is distributed vertically (B) involved in sports
(C) vertically ditributed (C) they are involved in sports
(D) the distribution of power is vertical (D) sports involve them
4. February normally has twenty-eight days, 9. The Wilmington Oil Field, in Long
but every fourth year, _____ has twenty- Beach California, is one of _____ oil
nine. fields in the continental United States.
(A) there (A) productive
(B) its (B) the most productive
(C) is a leap year (C) most are productive
(D) a leap year, it (D) productivity
5. Evidence suggests that one-quarter of 10. Thunder occurs as ____ through air,
operations ____ bypass surgery may be causing the heated air to expand and
unnecessary. collide with layers of cooler air.
(A) they involve (A) an electrical charge
(B) involve (B) passes an electrical charge
(C) involving (C) the passing of an electrical charge
(D) which they involve (D) an electrical charge passes
6. _____ a tornado spins in a 11. The population of Houston wass

counterclockwise direction in the ravaged by yellow fever in 1839 ____ in
northern hemisphere, it spins in the 1867.
opposite direction in the southern (A) it happened again
hemisphere. (B) and again
(C) was ravaged again

(D) again once more 14. The flight instructor, ____ at the air
base, said that orders not to fight had
12. Researchers have long debated ____ been issued.
Saturn’s moon Titan contains (A) when interviewed
hydrocarbon oceans and lakes. (B) when he interviewed
(A) over it (C) when to interview
(B) whether the (D) when interviewing
(C) whether over
(D) whether 15. In the northern and central parts of the
state of Idaho _____ and churning
13. According to Bernoulli’s principle, the rivers.
higher the speed of a fluid gas, ____ the (A) majestic mountains are found
pressure. (B) are majestic mountains found
(A) it will be lower (C) are found majestic mountains
(B) lower than the (D) finding majestic mountains
(C) the lower
(D) lower it is
16. Light can travels from the Sun to the Earth in eight minutes and twenty seconds.
A B C D
17. Every human typically have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes in most cells.
A B C D
18. In the sport of fencing, three type of swords are used: the foil, the epee, and the sabre.
A B C D
19. The Internal Revenue Service uses computers to check tax return computations, to determine the
A B
reasonableness of deductions, and for verifying the accuracy of reported income.
C D
20. There was four group of twenty rats each involved in the test.
A B C D
21. The type of jazz known as “swing” was introduced by Duke Ellington when he wrote and records
A B C D
“It Don’t Mean a Thing Iof It Ain’t Got That Swing.”
22. The bones of mammals, not alike those of other vertebrates, show a high degree of differentiation.
A B C D
23. The United States receives a large amount of revenue from taxation of a tobacco products.
A B C D
24. Much fats are composed of one moleculeof glycerin combined with three molecules of fatty acids.
A B C D
25. The capital of the Confederacy was originally in Mobile, but they were moved to Richmond.
A B C D
26. A pearls develops when a tiny grain of sand or some another irritant accidentally enters into the shell
A B C D
of a pearl oyster.
27. The English horn is an alto oboe with a pitch one fifth lower as that of the soprano oboe.
A B C D
28. In the Milky Way galaxy, the most recent observed supernova appeared in 1604.
A B C D
29. Although the name suggests otherwise, the ship known as Old Ironsides was built of oak and cedar
A B C
rather than it was built of iron.

D
30. Never in the history of humanity there have been more people living on this relatively small planet.
A B C D
31. Because of the mobile of Americans today, it is difficult for them to put down real roots
A B C D
32. For five years after the Civil War, Robert E. Lee served to president of Washington College, which
A B D
later was called Washington and Lee.
D
33. Doctors successfully used hypnosis during World War II to treat fatigue battle.
A B C D
34. The lobster, like many crustaceans, can cast off a damaging appendage and regenerate a new appendage
A B C
to nearly normal size.
D
35. The main cause of the oceans’tides is the gravitation pull of the Moon.
A B C D
36. The curricula of American public schools are set in individual states; they do not determine by the
A B C D
federal government.
37. The fact that the sophisticated technology has become part of revolution in travel delivery systems has
A B C
not made travel schedules less hectic.
D
38. Balanchine’s plotless ballets, such Jewels and The Four Temperaments, present dance purely as a
A B C D
celebration of the movement of the human body.
39. In a solar battery, a photosensitive semiconducting substance such as silicon crystal is the source of
A B C
electrician.
D
40. In early days hydrochloric acid was done by heating a mixture of sodium chloride with iron sulfate.
A B C D
► STOP ◄
This is the end of Section 2.
Read the directions for Section 3.

Do not read or work on any other section of the test.
Look at the time now before you begin work on Section 3.
Use exactly 55 minutes to work on Section 3.

SECTION 3
READING COMPREHENSION
50 QUESTIONS 55 MINUTES
Directions : In this section you will read several passages. Eachone is followed by a number of questions
bout it. For question 1-50, you are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), and (D), to each question.
Then on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the
letter of the answer you have chosen.
Question 1-10
Precipitation, commonly referred to as rainfall, is a measure of the quantity of water in the
form of either rain, hail, or snow which reaches the ground. The average annual precipitation over
the whole of the United States is thirty-six inches. It should be understood however, that a foot of
snow is not equal to a foot of precipitation. A general formula for computing the precipitation of
snowfall is that ten inches of snow is equal to one inch of precipitation. In New York States, for
(5) example, twenty inches of snow in one year would be recorded as only two inches of precipitation.
Forty inches of rain would be recorded as forty inches of precipitation. The total annual
precipitation would be recorded as forty-two inches.
The amount of precipitation is a combined result of several factors, including location,
altitude, proximity to the sea, and the direction of prevailinng winds. Most of the precipitation in
(10) the United States is brought originally by prevailing winds from the Pasific Ocean, the Gulf of
Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Great Lakes. Because these prevailing winds generally come
from the west, the pasific coast receives more annual precipitation than the Atlantic Coast. Along
the Pasific Coat itself, however, altitude causes some diversity in rainfall. The mountain ranges of
(15) the United States, especially the Rocky Mountains Range and the Appalachian Mountain Range,
influence the amount ofprecipitation in their areas. East of the Rocky Mountains, the annual
precipitation decreases substantially from that west of the Rocky Mountains. The precipitation
north of the Appalachian Mountains is about 40 percent less than that south of the Appalachian
Mountains.
(20)
1. What does this passage mainly discuss? 3. The term precipitation includes
(A) Precipitation (A) Only rainfall
(B) Snowfall (B) Rain, hail and snow
(C) New York State (C) Rain, snow and humidity
(D) A general formula (D) Rain, hail and humidity.
2. Which of the following is another word 4. What is the average annual rainfall in
that is often used in place of inches in the United States?
precipitation? (A) Thirty-six inches
(A) Humidity (B) Thirty-eight inches
(B) Wetness (C) Forty inches
(C) Rainfall (D) Forty-two inches
(D) Rain-snow
5. If a state has 40 inches of snow in a year, (B) Dependence on

by how much does this increase the (C) Nearness to
annual precipitation? (D) Similarly to
(A) By two feet
(B) By four inches 7. Where is the annual precipitation highest?
(C) By four feet (A) The Atlantic Ocean
(D) By 40 inches (B) The Great Lakes
(C) The Gulf of Mexico
6. The phrase “proximity to” in line 11 is (D) The Pasific Ocean
closest in meaning to?
(A) Communication with
8. Which of the following was NOT (A) Fundamentally

mentioned as a factor in determining the (B) Slightly
amount of precipitation that an area will (C) Completely
receive? (D) Apparently
(A) Mountains
(B) Latitude 10. The word “that” in line 21 refers to
(C) The sea (A) Decreases
(D) Wind (B) Precipitation
(C) Areas
9. The word “substantially” in line 19 could (D) Mountain range
best be replaced by
Question 11-20
Course numbers are an indication of which courses are open to various categories of
students at the university. Undergraduate courses with the number 100 or 200 are generally
introductory courses appropriate for freshmen or sophomores, whereas courses with the number
300 or 400 often have prerequisites and are open tojuniors and seniors only. Courses with the
(5) numbers 800 above are open only to graduate students. Certain graduate courses, generally those
devoted to introductory material, are numbered 400 for undergraduates students who qualify to
take them and 600 for graduate students. Courses designed for students seeking a professional
degree carry a 500 number for undergraduare students and a 700 number for graduate students.
Courses numbered 99 or below are special interest courses that do not carry academic credit. If
(10) students elect to take a special interest course, it will not count toward the number ofhours needed
tocomplete graduation requirements.
A full-time undergraduates student is expected to take courses that total twelve to eighteen
credit hours. A full time graduate student is expected to take courses that total ten to sixteen
credit hours. Students holding assisyantships are expected to enroll for proportionately fewer hours,
(15) a part time graduate student may register for a minimum of three credit hours. An overload, this is,
more than maximum number of hours, may be taken with the approval of an academic advisor.
To register for an overload, student must submit the appropriate approval form when registering.
Overloads above 24 hours willnot be approved underany circumstances.
11. Where would this passage most likely be

found? 14. The word “those” in line 6 refers to
(A) In a syllabus (A) Graduate students
(B) In a college catalog (B) Graduate courses
(C) In an undergraduate course (C) Introductory courses
(D) In an graduate course (D) Courses numbers
12. What is the purpose of the passage? 15. Which classification of students would be
(A) To inform eligible to enroll in mechanical
(B) To persuade Engineering 850?
(C) To criticize (A) A graduate student
(D) To apologize (B) A part time student
(C) A full time student
13. The word “prerequisites” in line 4 is (D) An undergraduate student
closest in meaning to
(A) Courses required before enrolling 16. If an undergraduate student uses the
(B) Course needed for graduation number 520 to register for an accounting
(C) Courses that include additional course, what number would a graduate
charges student probably use to register for the
(D) Courses that do not carry academic same course?
credit (A) Accounting 520
(B) Accounting 620

(C) Accounting 720 19. A graduate students may NOT
(D) Accounting 820 (A) Enroll in a course numbered 610
(B) Register for only one one-hour
17. How is a student who resgiters for eight course
credit hours classified? (C) Register for courses if he has an
(A) Full time student assistanship
(B) Graduate student (D) Enroll in’an introductory course
(C) Part time student
(D) Non degree student 20. The phrase “under any circumtances” in
line 20 is closest in meaning to
18. Which of the following courses would (A) Without cause
not be included in the list of courses for (B) Without permission
graduation? (C) Without exception
(A) English 90 (D) Without a good reason
(B) English 100
(C) English 300
(D) English 400
Question 21-30
The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degree fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to
perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The sun is so much hotter than the earth that
matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great
against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no
(5) one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.
Solar astronomers doknowthat the Sun is divided into five layers orzones. Starting at the
outside and goinng down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, chromospheres,
photosphere,convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun’s
Atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends
(10) and the main body of the Sun begins.
The Sun’s outermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes
ouward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse
such as the one in February 1979. At any other time,the corona can be seen only when special
instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun’s rays.
(15) The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full moon. Its
beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona’s rays flash out in a brilliant fan
that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun’s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the
Sun’s equator.
The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching
(20) a temperature of more than 2 million degree Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the
spacearound the planets. By the time the Suns’s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and
invisible.
21. The word “great” in line 4 is closest in 22. With what topic is the second paragraph
meaninng to mainly concerned?
(A) Dangerous (A) How the Sun evolved
(B) Unknown (B) The structure of the Sun
(C) Variable (C) Why scientists study the Sun
(D) Strong (D) The distance of the Sun from the
planets
23. All of following are parts of the Sun’s (A) Magnify the image of the Sun
atmosphere EXCEPT the (B) Block out the Sun’s intense light
(A) Corona (C) Measure the amount of energy
(B) Chromospheres emitted by the Sun
(C) Photosphere (D) Photograph the Sun
(D) Core
26. It can be inferred from the passage that a
24. The word “one” in line 14 refers to clear view of the Sun’s outer layer is
(A) The Sun usually prevented by
(B) The corona (A) The Sun’s rays
(C) An eclipse (B) An eclipse
(D) The surface (C) Lack of light
(D) The great distance
25. The purpose of the special instruments
mentioned in line 15 is to
27. The word “sensational” in lina 18 is 29. The paragraph following the passage
closest in meaning to most likely discuss which of the
(A) Spectacular following?
(B) Predictable (A) The remaining layers of the Sun
(C) Bizarre (B) The evolution of the Sun to its
(D) Constant presents form
(C) The eclipse of February 1979
28. According to the passage as the corona (D) The scientists who study astronomy
rays reach the planets, they become
(A) Hotter 30. Where in the passage does the author
(B) Clearer compare the light of the Sun’s outermost
(C) Thinner layer to that of another astronomical
(D) Stronger body?
(A) Lines 2 – 3
(B) Lines 9 – 10
(C) Line 17 – 18
(D) Lines 22 - 23
Question 31-40
The acacia is a genus of trees and shrubs of the Mimosa family. Although nearly five
hundred species of Acacia have been identified, only about a dozen of the three hundred
Australian varieties grow well in the southern United States, and these, only three are flowering.
The Bailey Acacia has fernlike silver leaves and small, fragrant flowers arranged in rounded clusters.
(5) The Silver Wattle, although very similar to the Bailey Acacia, grows twice as high. The Sydney Golden
Wattle is squat and bushy with broad, flat leaves and sharp spine twigs. Named for its bright,
yellow flowers, the Golden Wattle is the most showy and fragrant of the Acacia. Another variety, the
Black Acacia or Blackwood, has dark green leaves and obtrusive blossoms. Besides being a popular
tree for ornamental purposes, the Black Acacia is valuable for its dark wood, which is used in
(10) making cabinets and furniture, including highly prized pianos.
The Acacia’s unusual custom of blossoming in February has been commonly attributed to
its Australian origins. In the Southern Hemisphere, of course, the seasons are reversed, and
February, which is wintertime in the United States, is summertoomei Australia. Actually, however,
the pale, yellow blossoms appear in August in Australia. Wheather growing in the Northern or
(15) Southern Hemisphere, the Acacia will bloom in n winter.
31. With which of the following topics is the (D) The use of acacia wood in
passage primarily concerned? ornamental furniture
(A) The Black Acacia
(B) Characteristics and varieties of the 32. How many Ausralian varieties of Acacia
acacia grow well in the southern United States?
(C) Australian varieties of the acacia (A) Five hundred
(B) Three hundred (D) Fragile

(C) Twelve
(D) Three 37. Which of the following Acacia has the
least colorful blossoms?
33. The word “these” in line 3 refers to (A) Bailey Acacia
(A) United States (B) Sydney Golden Wattle
(B) Australian varieties (C) Silver Wattle
(C) Acacia species (D) Black Acacia
(D) Trees and shrubs
38. Which of the following would most
34. According to this passage, the Silver probaly be made from a Black Acacia
Wattle tree?
(A) Is squat and bushy (A) A flower arrangement
(B) Has unobtrusive blossoms (B) A table
(C) Is taller than the Bailey Acacia (C) A pie
(D) Is used for making furniture (D) Paper
35. In line 7, the word “flat” the most nearly 39. The phrase “highly prized” in lines 11 is
means closest meaning to
(A) Smooth (A) Valuable
(B) Pretty (B) Unique
(C) Pointed (C) Stylish
(D) Short (D) Attractive
36. The word “showy” in line 8 could best be 40. When do Acacia trees bloom in Australia?
replaced by (A) February
(A) Strange (B) Winter
(B) Elaborate (C) Before August
(C) Huge (D) Spring
Question 41-50
In 1626, Peter Minuit. Governor of dutch settlements in North America known as New
Amsterdam, negotiated with Canaries Indian chiefs for the purchase of Manhattan Island for
merchandise valued at sixty guilders or about $24.12. He purchased the island for the Dutch West
India Company.
(5) The next year, Fort Amsterdam was built by the company at the extreme southern tip of the
island. Because attempts to encourage Dutch immigration were not immediately successful, offers,
generous by the standars of the area, were extended throughout Europe. Consequently, the
settlement became the most heterogeneous of the North American colonies. By 1637, the fort had
expanded into the village of New Amsterdam, and other small communities had grown up around
(10) it, including New Harlem and Stuyvesant’s Bourwery, and New Amsterdam began to prosper,
developing characteristics of religious and linguistic tolerance unusual for the times. By 1643, it
was reported that eighteen different language were heard in New Amsterdam alone.
Among the multilingual settlers was a large group of English colonies from Connecticut and
Massachusetts who supported the English King’s claim to all of New Netherlands set out charter
(15) that gave territory to his brother James, the Duke of York. In 1664, when the English sent a
formidable fleet of warship into the New Amsterdam harbor, Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant
surrended without resistance.
When the English acquired the island, the village of New Amsterdam was renamed New
York in honor of Duke. By the onset of the revolution, New York City was already a bustling
(20) commercial center. After the war, it was selected as the first capital of the United states. Although
the government was eventually moved, first to Philadelphia and then to Washington D.C., New
Yorl City has remained the unofficial commercial capital.
During the 1690’s, New Yorl became a heaven for pirates who conspired with leading
merchants to exchange many agricultural products for English manufactured goods. In addition,
trade with the West Indies prospered. Three centuries afterhis initial trade with the indians,
Minuit’s tiny investment was worth more than than seven billion dollars.
41. Which of following would be the best Company purchase spoke many
title for this passage? language
(A) A history of New York City
(B) An account of Dutch Colonies 46. The word “formidable” in line 18 is
(C) A biography of Peter Minuit closest in meaning to
(D) The first Capital of the United States (A) Powerful
(B) Modern
42. What did the Indians receive in exchange (C) Expensive
for their island? (D) Unexpected
(A) Sixty Dutch guilders
(B) $ 24.12 U.S. 47. The name of New Amsterdam was
(C) Goods and supplies changed?
(D) Land in New Amsterdam (A) To avoid a war with England
(B) To honor the Duke of York
43. Where was New Amsterdam located? (C) To attract more English colonies
(A) In Holland from Connecticut and Massachusetts
(B) In North America (D) To encourage trade during the 1690s
(C) On the island of Manhattan
(D) In India 48. The word “it” in line 22 refers to
(A) Revolution
44. The word “heterogeneous” in line 8 could (B) New York City
best be replaced by (C) The island
(A) Liberal (D) The first capital
(B) Renowned
(C) Diverse 49. Which city was the first capital of the new
(D) Prosperous United States?
(A) New Amsterdam
45. Why were so many languages spoken in (B) New York
New Amsterdam? (C) Philadelphia
(A) Because the Dutch West India (D) Washington
Company was owned by England
(B) Because the Dutch West India 50. On what date was Manhattan valued at $7
Company allowed freedom of billion?
speech (A) 1626
(C) Because the Dutch West India (B) 1726
Company recruited settlers from (C) 1656
many different countries in Europe (D) 1926
(D) Because the Indians who lived there
before the Dutch West India

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Toefl Preparation Course 1

RIVERSIDE LANGUAGE CENTER

(A) It was the first time he made a mistake.

(C) Tim was around a short time ago.

(A) She always liked her work in real estate.

Skill 3: AVOID SIMILIAR SOUNDS

(A) He was in the department office.

Skill 5: LISTEN FOR ANSWER IN ORDER

Skill 7: LISTEN FOR ANSWER IN ORDER

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Either the bank or the supermarket opens daily in the city.

Neither Indonesia nor Malaysia requires skilled manpower.

He works hard, and so does she.

3. BOTH ....... AND ....... / BOTH OF + PL. NOUN

4. THE SAME AS >< BE DIFFERENT FROM

FROM, WITH, WITHOUT

9. USED TO & BE USED TO

10. HAD BETTER & WOULD RATHER

11. Noun + of + Noun

12. COMPARATIVE + THAN / THE + SUPERERLATIVE /DOUBLE COMPARATIVE /

13. THERE + IS/ARE

14. NEGATIVE EMPHASIS

II. ADJECTIVE WORDS + PLURAL NOUN

1. Other + Plural Noun

2. Any Other + Plural Noun

3. All + Plural Noun

4. Some of + Plural Noun

5. One of + Plural Noun

6. Various + Plural Noun

7. A number of + Plural Noun

8. A swarm of + Plural Noun

9. Many + Plural Noun

10. Among + Plural Noun

11. Half of all + Plural Noun

12. Almost all + Plural Noun

13. Lost of + Plural Noun

III. ADJECTIVE + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

1. A little + Uncountable Noun

2. Much + Uncountable Noun

3. Amount + Uncountable Noun

IV. PREPOSITION AND CONJUNCTION

* finish postpone recommend suggest

3. Verb sense + Adjective

4. Modal + Adj.ly + Verb I

5. SUBJUNCTIVE VERB + that + Verb word

a. We ask that she arrive on time.

*) propose, recommend, require, suggest, urge.

VI. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

2. ACTIVE/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE PHRASE

The students studying English in the library feel excited.

2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

6. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT + SOV/C

3. Adverb-ly + Adjective + (noun)

4. Adjective, Adjective + Noun

5. THE + ADV.LY + VERB III + NOUN

IX. PARALELLISM AND REDUNDANCY

3. MOST + PLURAL NOU AS SUBJECT

XII. PHRASAL VERBS

*) composed of capable of depend on responsible for

b. SUBJECT, APPOSITIVE, VO/C

c. SUBJECT + TO INFINITIVE PHRASE + PREDICATE

d. SUBJECT + PREPOSITION + WHICH + ADJ. CLAUSE + VO/C