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Prepositions expressing spatial relations are of two kinds: prepositions of location and prepositions of
direction. Prepositions of location appear with verbs describing states or conditions, especially be;
prepositions of direction appear with verbs of motion.
Prepositions differ according to the number of dimensions they refer to. We can group them into three
classes using concepts from geometry like: point, surface, area and volume.
Point
Prepositions in this group indicate that the noun that follows them is treated as a point in relation to
which another object is positioned.
Surface
Prepositions in this group indicate that the position of an object is defined with respect to a surface on
which it rests.
Area/Volume
Prepositions in this group indicate that an object lies within the boundaries of an area or within the
confines of a volume.
Notice that although in geometry surface and area go together because both are two-dimensional, in
grammar area and volume go together because the same prepositions are used for both.
at .... point
on .... surface
in ... area/volume
The meanings of the three prepositions can be illustrated with some sample sentences:
4) There are five rooms in the house, which has a lovely fireplace in the living room.
All of these sentences answer a question of the form, "Where is _______?" but each gives different
information.
2) treats the house as a surface upon which another object, the roof, is placed.
4) treats the house as a three-dimensional structure that can be divided into smaller volumes, namely,
rooms, inside one of which is an object, the fireplace.
At tells us that the following noun is located at a specific point or location. It shows an exact position.
I work at a bank.
It’s very hot at the centre of the earth.
He spends most of the day sitting at the window and looking outside.
The mall is located at the intersection of Main Street and Third Avenue.
Turn left at the church/ at the roundabout (Br.) = traffic circle (Am.) / at the junction.
When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception. (= at the reception desk)
There's something wrong with the car. We'd better stop at the next petrol station.
You can often use (in) or (at) with buildings. The preposition "at" shows us WHERE something is. It
doesn't tell us whether it is beside, inside, below or above. It simply shows WHERE. We use “at” if
somebody has gone to a building, and we want to describe generally and roughly where the person is.
When we use “at” in this context, it is not important if the person is currently inside the building or
outside it. We are simply describing where the person has gone. It is not specific. The preposition at is
used when attendance at the typical function of the building is implied (e.g. at the cinema in order to
see a film; at church to attend a religious service). That is, we use at + a building when we are talking
about the normal purpose of the building.
Example:
David is saying that Jane has gone to the library. It is a general statement of where Jane is. Maybe Jane is
inside the library building or maybe she is outside the library building waiting. He doesn’t know and it
isn’t important. In visualizing Jane’s location at the library, the speaker is deliberately vague about
exactly where at the library Jane is.
Other examples:
Eat at the Steak House. They make the best food in town.
We use in when we mean inside a building. But we normally use at when we are thinking not of the
building itself but of the activity that happens there.
Other examples:
It was raining, so we waited in the restaurant. (inside the building + not for main purpose)
All the rooms in the hotel have air conditioning. (not at the hotel)
It's always cold in Helen's house. The heating doesn't work well. (not at Helen's house)
If we want to be very specific about a building, then we use the preposition “in” to say that the person
has entered the building. Example:
(Mark goes to the library to look for Jane. He sees a friend of Jane’s called Sarah in front of the library.)
Conclusion: For buildings, we use “at” for a general description of where somebody has gone and we
use “in” to specifically say that the person is inside the building.
We usually use (at) when we say where an event takes place (for example: a concert, a film, a party, a
meeting):
We use (at) to imply that the location has a special purpose: it may be a stopping place, a meeting
place, an eating place, a work place, etc. seen externally.
One use of (at) is for exact addresses (addresses with a house or building number and the name of the
street).
Were there many people at the meeting/at the wedding/at the football match?
We use (at) for a stop on a journey when we think of the place as a point or station even with cities
where otherwise we use (in):
We usually say: arrive at + small places (airports, stations, bus stops, etc.) but we say arrive in + large
places (cities, countries, etc.)
We use at with the name of a city to talk about the city's university:
We say that somebody is at home or is home, stay home or stay at home (with or without at), but we
say do something at home (with at) and arrive home (without at):
In commonly tells us that the following noun is in an enclosed space or a place which is surrounded by
boundaries. Examples:
Some people are in prison/jail for crimes that they did not commit.
In is used to talk about big areas. This can be for things like:
Regions, mountain ranges, deserts, oceans, etc. (e.g., the Middle East, the Andes, the Sahara,
the Pacific, the Arabian Peninsula)
Examples:
I grew up in Melbourne.
When talking about groups of people, you can often use “in”:
But there's an exception for important high-level groups where members are often elected. In this case,
you have to use on:
She was sitting on the grass. (Surface, i.e, the grass is short.)
She was sitting in the grass. (Volume, i.e, the grass is long.)
(On) tells us that the following noun is located on a surface (whether horizontal or vertical).
If something is physically attached or joined to something else, then we use the preposition “on”.
Example:
If something is viewed as positioned or moving on a line (e.g., a river (bank), a street, the equator, a
coastline, the boundary), then we use the preposition “on”:
Here's a shopping list. Don't buy anything that’s not on the list.
I live in a very small village. You probably won't find it on your map.
Means of transport:
When we talk about means of transport, it can be tricky to choose the correct preposition. Here is a rule
that should help you. If we are talking about things like trains, buses, ships and planes, then we should
use on. However, if you want to talk about things like cars, taxis, boats, helicopters and tuk-tuks, then
the correct preposition is in. Basically if you can walk around inside, you should use on. If you can’t, you
should use in. When the vehicle is not in active use, it is conceived as a container, and in may be used:
The children were playing in the abandoned bus.
When you talk about things like websites, applications and search engines, the correct preposition to
use is on. On the other hand, with content, videos, pictures, messages and posts we usually use the
preposition in:
I read all about it in an article on the BBC website.
Examples of Usage
At In On
on the table/wall/
at home/ work in bed
mirror/floor/ceiling
in a newspaper
at school/college/university (paper) /book/ on the second floor
magazine
on a
at the bus stop in a car/ helicopter
bus/train/plane /ship
in the water/river/sea/
at 12 Colombus Street on page 10
pool
on a chair/ bench/
at Bob's (house) in an armchair
sofa/couch /settee
on a bicycle/ on a
at the top/bottom in prison/jail/hospital
motor(bike)
on a horse/ on an
at the back/front of the house in the sky
elephant
on the pavement
(Br.) / sidewalk (Am.)
on a platform/stage
Exercises:
10. People who live ___ glass houses should not throw stones. (English Proverb)
11. The grass is always greener ___ the other side of the fence. (English Proverb)
13. A fox is not taken twice ___ the same snare. (English Proverb)
16. Every cock crows ___ his own dunghill. (English Proverb)
28. She was standing all by herself ___ the bus stop.
61) Why are you calling so late? I'm already ___ bed.
71) The hotel is ___ a small island ___ the middle of a lake.
72) You'll find the sports results ___ the back page of the newspaper.
73) I wouldn't like an office job. I couldn't spend the whole day sitting ___ a computer.
74) The man the police are looking for has a scar ___ his right cheek.
75) If you come here by bus, get off ___ the stop after the traffic lights.
76) Nicola was wearing a silver ring ___ her little finger.
80) Is the town where you live ___ the coast or inland?
84) San Francisco is ___ the west coast of the United States.
85) We went to the theatre last night. We had seats ___ the front row.
86) I couldn't hear the teacher. She spoke quietly and I was sitting ___ the back of the class.
87) I don't have your address. Could you write it ___ the back of this card?
88) We normally use the front entrance to the building, but there's another one ___ the back.
90) There was a list of names, but my name wasn't ___ the list.
91) ___ the end of the street, there is a path leading to the river.
93) When I'm a passenger in a car, I prefer to sit ___ the front.
96) I don't like cities. I'd much prefer to live ___ the country.
97) My office is ___ the top floor. It’s ___ the left as you come out of the lift.
99) The bus was very full. There were too many people ___ it.
102) My train arrives at 11.30. Can you meet me ___ the station?
104) A: What does your sister do? Does she have a job?
105) A friend of mine was injured in an accident a few days ago. She's still ___ hospital .
106) Our flight was delayed. We had to wait ___ the airport for four hours.
107) I enjoyed the flight, but the food ___ the plane wasn't very nice.
109) My parents live ___ a small village about 50 miles from London.
110) I haven't seen Kate for some time. I last saw her ___ David's wedding.
113) I don't know where my umbrella is. Perhaps I left it ___ the bus.
115) There must be somebody ___ the house. The lights are on.
116) The exhibition ___ the Museum of Modern Art finishes on Saturday.
118) I didn't expect you to be ___ home. I thought you'd be ___ work.
134) He turned up early to make sure he had a seat ___ the plane.
135) I saw Judith this morning, but she was ___ her car so I couldn't say hello.
139) She's just moved from her flat ___ 38 Azalea Drive.
140) We broke down ___ the Princes Highway between Melbourne and Adelaide.
141) My uncle owns a hardware shop ___ the corner of High Street and Redland Road.
142) I first saw the ring in an antique shop ___ Kensington Road.
146) They were called to the bank ___ the High Street.
148) We visited an arts centre ___ the road between Salisbury and Winchester.
152) You can get some fresh tomatoes in the market ___ Waterfront Street.
158) Our plane refuelled ___ London ___ its way from New York to Moscow.
165) The book you are looking for is ___ the top shelf.
167) Tom spent his vacation ___ a small island off the coast of Scotland.
169) I read about the accident. There was a story ___ the front page of the newspaper.
171) We got stuck ___ a traffic jam ___ the way to the airport.
172) I’ll meet you ___ the corner of the street at 10:30.
173) When you get off the elevator, it’s the third door ___ your left.
174) If you want to get away from modern life, you should go and live ___ a small island ___ the middle
of the ocean.
176) I like the country and the fresh air. I think I’d like to work ___ a farm.
B: Don’t worry. The spider ___ your head will eat it.
179) Don’t call tomorrow evening. I won’t be ___ home. I’ll be ___ Ann’s.
180) There will be a public meeting ___ the Town Hall next week.
182) You can find the sports results ___ back page of the newspaper.
183) Last year we had a lovely skiing holiday ___ the Swiss Alps.
185) There are emergency telephones all ___ the E-5 Motorway.
186) I will be very angry with you if I see your bicycle leaning ___ the rose tree again.
187) You mustn’t smoke ___ a bus.
189) She lives ___ 3757 North 52nd Street, apartment 10.
192) He was standing ___ the corner of First Street and Maple Avenue.
194) That is the only place ___ earth where she feels safe.
200) A group of us were sitting ___ the veranda of the villa sipping tea.
202) Chris unhooked the shutters and went out ___ the balcony.
203) There was a pigeon cooing ___ the balcony outside my bedroom window.
204) I had to spend the rest of the holiday laid up ___ the balcony.
214) David didn't feel well while he was ___ the ship.
216) One of the ships left in search of gold ___ an island called 'Babeque.
217) Columbus built a fort ___ the shore and left some of his men there, because there was not room
for all the men ___ the other ship.
218) While he was ___ his way back to Spain, Columbus found the Pinto again.
219) The two ships left together, but were parted by a storm ___ the North Atlantic.
220) Both ships arrived ___ Lisbon on 15 March within a few hours of each other.
221) The uvula is a small piece of flesh that hangs down ___ the back of your throat.
222) The island of Alcatraz is ___ the middle of San Francisco Bay.
223) Write your address___ the top of the letter ___ the right-hand side.
224) It was hard to watch the match because there were several tall people standing ___ front of me.
226) Anna felt tired, so she stopped the car ___ the side of the road and got out.
227) Divers cannot work ___ the bottom of the sea for very long.
233) The house is right ___ the main road, so it's a bit noisy.
242) It's a long journey. We'd better stop for a meal ___ the way.
246) Sarah's just rung. She's ___ the petrol station getting some petrol.
247) It was so hot ___ the teatre that I didn't really enjoy the play.
248) We're quite a large group. There may not be enough room ___ the restaurant for all of us to sit
together.
249) I saw Daniel while I was ___ the station waiting for a train.
255) I was standing ___ the counter in the baker's shop, waiting to be served.
257) The woman sitting next to me left the train ___ Chesterfield.
263) Why do you wear that ring ___ your first finger?
267) It took five days to cross the Atlantic ___ the Queen Elizabeth.
273) Liverpool is not the most beautiful city ___ the world.
274) The train arrived ___ Lime Street Station early in the morning.
276) Although we hadn’t met before, my host made me feel completely ___ home.
277) I have some important information for you, but I don’t want to give it ___ the phone.
278) We’ll get something to eat ___ the way back home.
279) Go up the street and turn left ___ the traffic lights.
284) She had a wonderful diamond ring ___ her first finger.
285) The cat likes to sleep ___ the roof of the car.
290) Are there any good films ___ the cinema this week?
291) Her train was terribly late. I spent hours waiting ___ the station.
292) Will you be ___ the party ___ Mike’s house on Monday?
293) We had a really good meal ___ a Chinese restaurant ___ Park Street last night.
294) I saw my first Shakespeare play ___ a theatre in a small town in Ireland.
295) The boss doesn’t let us take personal phone calls ___ work.
298) The best fruit is always ___ the top of the tree, where you can’t get it.
Many archaeologists had searched for the tombs of Pharaohs ____ the Valley of the Kings ____ Egypt.
Only Howard Carter believed he knew where the tomb might be. He had a map of the valley and ____ it
he had marked all the excavations until he discovered a space. _____ the ground there was a pile of
stones and earth from earlier excavations. Some steps were uncovered, and ____ the bottom of the
steps was a door. ____ the door was the symbol of Tutankhamun. Carter had to wait for Lord Carnarvon,
who was ____ home____ England, to arrive. Carnarvon was paying for the work. When he arrived ____
the excavation, after digging some more, Carter and his workers broke through a door and found
themselves ____ the tomb. ____ this point, they thought they had failed, because the tomb was empty.
Then they found another door, which led to an undisturbed room. There were many beautiful things
____ this room, and wonderful paintings ____ walls. Most of the objects from the tomb are now
displayed _____ a local museum.