Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chap2 Sol
Chap2 Sol
1. From rLs = v?s /!cs and !cs = eB/ms , where s = {e, i} denotes electrons
and protons, respectively,
rLi v?i mi
= .
rLe v?e me
p
Furthermore, the condition on the kinetic energy corresponds to mi v?i =
p
me v?e . Hence,
r
rLi mi p
= ' 1837 ' 43 .
rLe me
2. (a) The particle is initially accelerated by the electric field on the positive
y-direction. Its orbit is turned by the magnetic field, so that the resulting
motion is a combination of cyclotron motion with an E ~ ⇥B ~ drift in the
positive x-direction. The E ~ ⇥B ~ drift is the outcome of the increase
of the Larmor radius with v? (the velocity in the plane perpendicular
~ in this case v? is the velocity in the x y plane), which takes
to B;
place while vy > 0. From energy conservation it is clear that when the
particle returns to y=0 it has zero velocity. Moreover, since ~v (t=0)=0,
vk = vz is always zero, as there are no forces in the z-direction. The
orbit is schematically sketched in figure 2.1.
(b) In cartesian coordinates, with B ~ = B0 ~uz and E ~ = E0 ~uy , the compo-
~ ~ ~
nents of the Lorentz force F = q(E + ~v ⇥ B) are
8
< max = qvy B0
may = qvx B0 + qE0 .
:
maz = 0
The last equation implies vz = cte. Using the initial condition vz (t=0)=0,
it comes vz (t) = 0.
58 Solutions to chapter 2. Single particle motion I
y
Larger rL
vy=0
Smaller rL
x
t=0; vy=0
vd
!c 2 ⇣¨ = ⇣
| {z }
v̈x
⇣¨ = !c2 ⇣ .
59
where
E0 E0
~vc = cos(!c t) ~ux + sin(!c t) ~uy
B0 B0
E0
~vd = ~ux
B0
~ ⇥B
to a constant drift (E ~ drift).
Taking the time average over several gyroperiods, h~v i = ~vd = cte.,
since the time average of the sinusoidal functions is zero (hcos(· · · )i =
hsin(· · · )i = 0). Therefore, h~ai = 0 and there is no average acceleration.
The average force q~vd ⇥ B ~ cancels the electric force q E.
~
(d) The drift velocity ~vd is independent of the charge and the mass. Hence,
all the particles drift with the same velocity and there is no net current
in a neutral plasma. The particle’s trajectory for q < 0 is depicted in
figure 2.2
vd
(e) In this case the drift velocity could be obtained simply by replacing
E = F/q in the previous result for ~vd , and would be
F mg
~vd = ~ux = ~ux ,
qB qB
which does depend on the charge. Accordingly, the drift velocity would
be di↵erent for particles of di↵erent mass and would have opposite direc-
tions for particles of di↵erent charge, resulting in a net electrical current.
3. The electrostatic field created by the electron beam is readily obtained from
Gauss’ law. Considering a cylinder of radius r > R and length l, as shown in
61
figure 2.3,
~ · ~n dS = Qint
‹
E
✏0
ene ⇡R2 l
E(r)2⇡rl =
✏0
~ en e R2
E(r) = ~ur
2r✏0
~ = R) = ene R ~ur
E(r
2✏0
R
Bz uθ v
~ ⇥B
The E ~ drift velocity is
~ ⇥B
E ~ E(R)B0 ene R
~vd = = ~u✓ = ~u✓ .
B 2 B02 2✏0 B0
2 2kB Te
hv? i= ⌘ vt2 .
m
Hence, the average Larmor radius is
mhv? i mvt
hrL i = = ,
eB eB
or, equivalently,
eBhrL i
vt = .
m
On the other hand,
E k B Te
vE = =
B e B
2kB Te m m
= = vt2
m 2e B 2e B
hrL ieB m vt
= vt = hrL i .
m
| {z } 2e B 2
vt
5
with B0 = 3 ⇥ 10 T and where RT ' 6370 km is the radius of the
Earth.
uz
Earth N B
uθ
~ ?= @B B0 3 3
(rB) ~ur = 3 R ~ur = B(r)~ur .
@r r4 T r
~ ⇥ rB/B
Accordingly, |B ~ 2
| = 3/r and
2
1 mv? 3
vd = .
|q| 2B r
K 2 K 50
vd = = ,
e B(r = 5RT )5RT e B 0 RT
1
it comes, vde ' 7.85 ⇥ 103 m/s for the electrons and vdi = ved 30⇥10 3 '
1
2.61 ⇥ 10 m/s for the positive ions.
(b) The gradient rB~ points in the direction ~ur , so that B ~ ⇥ rB
~ points
in the direction ~u✓ (see figure 2.4). Taking into account the charge of
the particles in the expression for ~vd , the electrons drift eastwards (i.e.,
along ~u✓ ) while the positive ions drift westwards (along ~u✓ ).
64 Solutions to chapter 2. Single particle motion I
ExB drift
Cyclotron motion
L
B
E
Re E B
2Ri Ri
Re
E
B Re
Cyclotron motion
ExB drift
ExB drift
(b) The electron and ion Larmor radii are given by, respectively,
v?e me 5
RLe = ' 1.14 ⇥ 10 m
eB
v?i mi 2
RLi = ' 2.72 ⇥ 10 m
eB
B≃0
B≠0
E
2rL
(c) This exercise is very similar to problem 2, so that just an outline is given
here. Taking the x axis along E ~ and defining the y axis along B ~ (cf.
figure 2.6), the Lorentz force equation reads
8 8 eE evz B
< mv̇x = eE + evz B < v̇x = m + m
mv̇y = 0 ! v̇y = 0 .
: : eB
mv̇z = evx B v̈z = m v̇x
~
estimated in that simple analysis, due to the ion acceleration on the E
field.
8 8 dvx qE0
< mẍ = qE0 cos(!t) < dt = m cos(!t)
ÿ = 0 ; vy (t) = vy (t = 0) = 0 .
: :
z̈ = 0 vz (t) = vz (t = 0) = 0
Hence
t
qE0 qE0
ˆ
vx (t) = cos(!⌧ ) d⌧ = sin(!t) ,
m0 m!
ˆ t
qE0 qE0 qE0 qE0
x(t) = xi + sin(!⌧ ) d⌧ = 2 2
cos(!t) + ,
0 m! |m!{z } m! m! 2
xi
qE0
x(t) = cos(!t) .
m! 2
qE0/mω2
-qE0/mω2
x = x0 + x1
dE0
E0 (x) ' E0 (x0 ) + x1 (x0 )
dx
dE0
E(x, t) ' E0 (x0 ) + x1 (x0 ) cos(!t) .
dx
qE0
x1 (t) = cos(!t) .
m! 2
68 Solutions to chapter 2. Single particle motion I
q2 d
Fp = mẍ0 = E2 ,
4m! 2 dx 0
which acts in the direction of decreasing E-field, as described
qualitatively in the beginning of the exercise.