CERTIFICATE:

This is to certify that Himani Dadhich of class

XI B Roll no.11 of Podar International School
CBSE has satisfactorily completed her biology
investigatory project as prescribed by the
CBSE during the academic year 2022-2023.

Dr. Sheema Khan

(Biology Teacher)

Principle
Podar International School CBSE
Navi Mumbai
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank

my biology teacher Mrs.Sheema Khan and our
lab attendant for their able guidance and
support in completing my project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the
Principal Mrs. Soma Chatterjee for providing
me with all the facility that was required.
This report is submitted as a part practical
examination included in the curriculum of
CBSE of all India Senior Secondary
Examination
the year 2022-2023.
Name: Himani Dadhich
Class: XI B
Roll no.:11
 Introduction:
Usually observed in kitchens, hotels, bakeries,
restaurants, warehouses, grocery stores, sewers, ships,
public latrines, etc., cockroaches (Periplanta
americana) prefer to live in wet, warm environments
where food is abundant. It is a nocturnal (night) species
that hide in cracks and crevices during the day and
emerges at night to feast on various items like clothing,
shoes, books, and human food. In the dark (when
they are most active), their long, slender antennas help
them locate food and navigate. As a result, its diet is
omnivorous. Although they prefer starchy or sugary
food, if more desirable food is not available, they will
try to eat nearly anything of an organic type. The
flattened bodies and heads of cockroaches are hidden
by a plate-like structure called the pronotum when
viewed from above. Their lengthy, spiny legs allow
them to move very quickly. While it can fly, it only does
it extremely infrequently. The majority of cockroach
species have wings, while others have short, ineffective
wings. It displays parental care and is both sexually
dimorphic and produces young ones through eggs.
Cockroaches can be any color, including reddish-
orange, brown, black, reddish-orange, and pale green.
Developmental stages of
cockroach:
Cockroaches have a three-stage life cycle: egg, nymph, and
adult.
1. . Eggs:
The majority of cockroaches are oviparous, meaning that the
eggs develop outside of the mother rather than inside of her.
To protect their offspring, cockroaches construct nests and
lay their eggs in small, warm, moist spaces that also offer a
safe and healthy environment. Depending on the species, it
can take anywhere between one and two months for the
eggs to hatch. Because of their desire for frequent
reproduction, cockroaches can be difficult to control. A
female can generate hundreds or even thousands of offspring
every year depending on the species by laying eggs
numerous times per year.
→Ootheca (Egg Case): The eggs are protected in a bean-
shaped capsule called Ootheca. The number of egg sacs laid
by females varies by species. Female cockroaches find
secluded areas where they carry the egg capsules or stick or
drop them on surfaces until they reach maturity. Some
females carry the eggs until just before they hatch.
2. Nymph:
The ootheca wall is broken in about 7-8 days and young
nymphs emerge out of it. During this stage, the cockroach
undergoes a molt, or stage, in which it sheds its
exoskeleton to grow and become larger. Baby cockroaches
are white at first and turn a normal brown color as they
molt and mature. Nymphs tend to stay in the dark,
sheltered crevices and crevices they often share with adult
cockroaches. It lacks wings and immature gonads. The
body is covered with chitin (NAG) which f

3. Adult:
A cockroach will become a fully developed, sexually
active adult after undergoing its final molting. It takes
about a month for termite larvae to develop into adult
termites. However, in temperate regions, this phase
may last longer. An adult cockroach's length ranges from
1-1/2 to 3 inches, and they have three sets of legs, two
pairs of wings, and a lengthy set of antennae on the
front of their heads. Most of them don't fly. To evade
predators, they will, however, move fast from one spot
to another, moving up to two or three miles per hour.
After growing into adults once again the cycle keeps
repeating itself.