SECTION B Experiment No.1 CONVEX LENS To determine the focal length of the given convex lens by drawing u-v graph. Apparatus required: convex lens, light source, scale, lens stand, screen Theory: A convex lens produces real image of objects kept in front of it when the object is at a distance is greater than the focal length of the lens. When the object distance is increased the image distance gets decreased and vice versa. Focal length of a convex lens is positive. By using lens formula 2 = ‘One model graphione ray pow diagramiobservation tabular EXPANSION OF SYMBOLS, ‘graph sheet ‘Symbol | Expansion Slunit u_— | Object distance [Negative] m v__| Image distance [_m f__ | Focal length m PROCEDURE: ‘© Place the given convex lens over a lens stand, a screen behind it. © Focus the lens towards a distant object and adjust its position such that a clear image is formed on a screen. The distance between the position of the lens and the screen gives the approximate focal length{f].© Now place an illuminated object in front of the lens at distances u > 2f &u < 2f. Each time after getting a clearcut image on the screen, measure the distance between the lens and the screen as ‘. © Tabulate the readings. ‘ tia ia By using lens formula + + = — and further using sign conventions, the focal length [f] of the convex lens can be calculated using the modified lens formulaf = ‘© Drawa graph between ‘u’ and ‘v’ taking same scale and same origin. The point of intersection of a line segment drawn at 45‘from the origin and the graph would give the value of 2f from which the focal length of the lens can be calculated. RESULT: The focal length of the given convex lens using a. Distant object method: b. u-verap c._ calculatio Precautions: a. The lens surface should be clean. b. The object, lens and the screen should be kept in straight line. c. Take readings without parallax error. Observation tabular columi To be made on the left hand side of your record note book. Smo }ufx 107m | v[x 107°m] | x 10m] ] == [x 107m] Average f = Experiment No.2 PRISM i-d CURVE To determine the angle of minimum deviation and hence the refractive index of the material of the prism by drawing i-d graph Apparatus required: Glass prism, drawing board, paper, scale, pencil, protractor and drawing pins Theory: A glass prism deviates a ray of light incident on it. The angle of deviation for a given prism and a given colour of light depend on the angle of the prism and the refractive index of the material of the prism, Angle of deviation is measured between the incident andemergent rays. The refractive index of the material of the glass prism is given by sinsin| © One model graphione ray Hsin (4) diagram/observation tabular ® column to be drawn on the LHS of record note. © One graph has to be drawn in the ‘graph sheot EXPANSION OF SYMBOLS Symbol | Expansion SLunit A [Angle of prism degree d__,, | Angle of minimum deviation | degree u__[Refractive index no unit Procedure Trace the outline of the prism on a paper and draw normal to any one of the refracting faces of the prism. From the normal draw a ray at 30°, this is the angle of incidence. Place two pins on this ray. By carefully placing the prism on the outline drawn, look through the other refracting face of the prism, two more pins are placed such that all the pins seem to lie on the same line and this is done by removing the parallax carefully. Now complete the emergent ray and with the help of a protractor, measure the angle of deviation which is nothing but the angle between the emergent ray with and the incident ray. This procedure is repeated for different values of the angles of incidence such as 35°,40°,45°,50°,55°,60° © The readings are tabulated. Draw a graph between the angle of incidence ‘i'and the angle of deviation ‘d’ and from the graph the angle of minimum deviation d,s found [4 Using the formula, , the refractive index of the material swing) of the prism can be found.RESULT: a. The i-d curve for the given prism is drawn, b. The angle of minimum deviation is found to be c. The refractive index of the material of the glass prism is found to be 1. = [no unit] Precautions: a. The surface of the prism should be clean. b. The rays should be drawn with a sharp good quality pencil, scale. c. The angles of incidence and deviation are measured carefully. d. The pins are placed such that there is no parallax error. Observation tabular column: To be made on the left hand side of your record note book. Sno |i? |a® Experiment No.3 CONCAVE LENS COMBINATION METHOD Aim: To determine the focal length of the given concave lens using a convex lens by combination method. ‘Apparatus required: Convex lens, concave lens, light source, scale, lens stand, screen Theory: A convex lens produces real image of objects kept in front of it when the object is at a distance is greater than the focal length of the lens. When the object distance is increased the image distance gets decreased and vice versa. Focal length of a concave lens is negative. By using lens formula = > — + [for convex lens} plaid . + =+-F [For combined lens]<= [Focal length of the concave lens] © One ray diagram/observation tabular column to be drawn on the LHS of record note, EXPANSION OF SYMBOLS ‘Symbol | Expansion Slunit u,U | Object distance Negative m vv Image distance |_m f Ff] Focal length m Procedure: ‘© Place the given convex lens over a lens stand, a screen behind it. © Focus the lens towards a distant object and adjust its position such that a clear image is formed on a screen. The distance between the position of the lens and the screen gives the approximate focal length{f] © Now place an illuminated object in front of the lens at distances u > 2f &u < 2f. Each time after getting a clearcut image on the screen, measure the distance between the lens and the screen as ‘V’ © Tabulate the readings. By using lens formula--— = + — + and further using sign conventions, the focal length [f,] of the convex lens can be calculated using the ue modified lens formulaf , © Repeat the above steps after combining the convex lens and concave lens with a rubber band and find the focal length of the combination F by toad uv method-t = —+ ‘© The focal length of the given concave lens f, can be found using the formula 1a 1 Fh Pat ths ie . RESULT: The focal length of the given concave lens is found using combination method.x 107m x 107m x 10m a. Focal length of the convex lens = b. Focal length of the combined lens =. c. Focal length of the concave lens = — Precautions: a. The lens surface should be clean. b. The object, lens and the screen should be kept in straight line. c._Take readings without parallax error. Experiment No.4 DIODE CHARACTERISTICS To study the characteristics of a p-n junction diode in the forward bias and reverse bias mode. Apparatus required: In built diode characteristics apparatus Theory: © Ap-njunction diode is a non ohmic device. It conducts in forward bias when the voltage given is greater than that of the barrier potential. In reverse bias, we need to apply a large voltage to make it conducting. © In forward bias the dynamic and static resistance are found using the following formula respectively © One model grapivtwe crcl Ra logromattes sbeervation tabular ac = “al ccitrmatete sown onthe of © One graph has tobe drawn nthe R= L* et ‘dc EXPANSION OF SYMBOLS Symbol | Expansion sl unit AV,V | Dynamic and static potential difference respectively Vv R, R,,, | Dynamic and static resistance a respectively ALL Dynamic and static current respectively A Procedure:Arrange to connect the inbuilt diode characteristics apparatus in forward bias mode. ® Find the least count of the voltmeter and ammeter initially. # By rotating the knob gradually, carefully record the readings in voltmeter and ammeter each time. Tabulate the readings. # Draw a graph between potential difference and current in the forward bias mode. & Repeat the experiment by connecting the inbuilt diode characteristics in reverse bias mode. ® Tabulate the readings. # Again draw a graph between the potential difference and current preferably in the same graph sheet for the reverse bias mode. Using the formulae R= T&R, = ZF find the static and dynamic resistances in the forward bias mode. Result: a. The diode characteristics in the forward bias and reverse bias mode are studied. b. The static resistance of the diode in the forward bias mode Ri, = a c. The dynamic resistance of the diode in the forward bias mode R = — 2 Precautions: a. See that the forward bias and reverse bias mode are properly selected while performing the experiment. b. Pre determine the least count and zero error of the voltmeter, ammeter in the inbuilt apparatus before the start of the experiment. c. Take reading without parallax error. d. Send current only when needed. Observation tabular column: To be drawn on left hand side of your record note book. Two tabular columns required to be drawn one below the other[FOR forward and reverse bias mode]Sno | Potential difference[V] ] Current[x 107? Al SECTION B Activity 1 Study of the image formed by convex lens Aim: To study the nature, size and the position of the image formed by a convex lens for different positions of the object. Apparatus Required: Convex lens, stand, screen, scale, candle Procedure: ‘© Mount a clean convex lens on a stand and find its approximate focal length by distant object method. © Keep the convex lens on the stand in front of a lighted candle such that its position is about 1m from the candle. Bring a screen behind it and adjust the position of the screen to form a clearcut image of the candle. This image would be highly diminished, real and inverted. Note the distance between the screen and the optic centre of the lens. It would be equal to the focal length of the lens. ‘© In the same way keep the lighted candle at the points as shown below and each time observe the nature, size and position of the image. Beyond 2f of the lens. b. At 2f of the lens. c. Between f and 2f of the lens d. At fof the lense. Between F, 0 of the lens Tabulate your observations as follows: Position of the | Position of the | Nature of the _| Size of the object image image image At infinity ‘At focus Real, inverted | Highly diminished Beyond2f _|Between‘,2f | Real, inverted _| Diminished At 2f At 2f Real, inverted _| Same size Between f, 2f_| Beyond 2f Real, inverted _| Enlarged ‘At focus At infinity Real, inverted | Highly enlarged Between F,O |Behindthelens | Virtual, erect | Highly enlarged © Also draw all the ray diagrams corresponding to each of the position of the object to verify the same. Result: The nature, size and the position of the image formed by a convex lens for different positions of the object is studied. Precautions: © The lens surface should be clean. © The object, lens and the screen should be kept in straight line. Take readings without parallax error. Activity -2 IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS ‘Aim: To identify LED, diode, resistor, capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. Apparatus required: all the circuit components shown above and multimetre Procedure: ‘© Atwo terminal device that may have colour coding or not shows continuity in both the directions show a definite reading in multimetre is a resistor. ‘® A two terminal device which when connected to the probes of multimetre initially showing high resistance and the resistance becomes infinite in a short while is a capacitor. ‘* Atwo terminal device which when connected to the probes of a multimetre showing very small resistance in one direction and very high resistance in the other direction is a diode. ‘* Atwo terminal device which when connected to the probes of a multimetre showing very small resistance with the light emission in one direction but not in the other is a LED. LED, diode, resistor, capacitor from a mixed collection of such items are identified and their function ascertained with the multimetre.Precautions: ‘© The multimetre should be kept in resistance mode of appropriate value. ‘© The zero adjustment should be done before the start of checking.