Imp Q Phy CH 13

Important Questions for Class 12
Physics
Chapter 13 - Nuclei
Very Short Answer Questions 1 Marks
1. Complete the following nuclear reactions:
a) 4 Be9  1 H1  3 Li 6  ..........
Ans: 4 Be9  1 H1  3 Li6  2 He4
b) 5 B10  2 He4  7 N13  ..........
Ans: 5 B10  2 He4  7 N13  0 n1
2. What is the Q-value of a nuclear reaction?

Ans: Q  value  (Mass of reactants  Mass of products)
3. The wavelengths of some of the spectral lines obtained in hydrogen

  
spectrum are 9546 A , 6463 A and 1216 A . Which one of these wavelengths
belongs to the Lyman series?

Ans: 1216A belong to the Lyman series.
4. Write the empirical relation for paschen series lines of hydrogen atom.
1 1 1 
Ans:  R  2  2  where n  4,5,6,7......
 3 n 
Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 1

Very Short Answer Questions 2 Marks
1. What fraction of tritium will remain after 25 years? Given half life of
tritium as 12.5 years.
Ans: It is given that,
t  25years , T  12.5years
t 25
N  1  T  1 12.5
   
N0  2  2
2
N 1 1
   
N0  2  4
N
  0.25 , which is the required fraction.
N0
2. Calculate the kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in the first
orbit of a hydrogen atom. Given e  1.6  1019 C and r  0.53  1010 m .
Ans:
I. Kinetic Energy
ke 2
K.E. 
2r
(1.6  1019 )2  9  109

 K.E. 
2  0.53  1010
 K.E.  21.74 1019 J
21.74  1019
 K.E.   13.59eV
1.6  1019
II. Potential Energy

ke 2
P.E.    2K.E.
r
 P.E.  2 13.59  27.18eV
Therefore, Kinetic energy is 13.59eV and Potential energy is 27.18eV .
3. Why is nuclear fusion not possible in the laboratory?

Ans: Nuclear fusion is not possible in the laboratory as it is performed in high
temperatures. This cannot be attained in the laboratory.
4. Express 16mg mass into equivalent energy in electron volt.

Ans: It is known that,
E  mc2
 E  16 106 kg  (3 108 m s)2
 E  16  9  1010 Joules
16  9  1010
E eV
1.6  1019
 E  9  1030 eV
5. The three stable isotopes of neon: 20 21 22

10 Ne , 10 Ne and 10 Ne have respective
abundances of 90.51% , 0.27% and 9.22% . The atomic masses of the
three isotopes are 19.99u , 20.99u and 21.99u respectively. Obtain the
average atomic mass of neon.
Atomic mass of 20
10 Ne , m1  19.99u
Abundance of 20
10 Ne , 1  90.51%
Atomic mass of 21
10 Ne , m 2  20.99u

Abundance of 21
10 Ne , 2  0.27%
Atomic mass of 22
10 Ne , m3  21.99u
Abundance of 22
10 Ne , 3  9.22%
The average atomic mass of neon is given as:

m11  m22  m33
m
1  2  3
19.99  90.51  20.99  0.27  21.99  9.22

m
90.51  0.27  9.22
 m  20.1771u , which is the required average mass.
1
6. From the relation R  R 0 A , where R 0 is a constant and A is the mass
3
number of a nucleus. Show that the nuclear matter density is nearly

constant (i.e., independent of A ).
1
R  R 0A 3
where,
R 0 is a constant
A is the mass number of the nucleus

Mass of the nucleus
Nuclear matter density,  
Volume of the nucleus
Let m be the average mass of the nucleus.
Mass of the nucleus  mA
mA

4 3
R
3

3mA 3mA
 
 1

3
4R 30 A
4  R 0 A 3 
 
3m

4R 30
Therefore, the nuclear matter density is independent of A . It is nearly constant.
Short Answer Questions 3 Marks
1. A neutron is absorbed by a 3Li nucleus with subsequent emission of alpha

particles. Write the corresponding nuclear reaction?
Ans: 01 n  63 Li  42 He(  particle)  AZY
Conservation of Atomic Number: 0  3  2  Z

 Z 1
Conservation of Mass Number: 1  6  4  A
A3
A
Y  31Y  31 H
y
 01 n  63 Li  42 He  31 H
2. If the activity of a radioactive substance drops to its initial value in 30

years, find its half life period.
Ans: It is known that
t
A  1 T
 
A0  2 

30
1 1 T
  
8 2
30
3
1 1T
   
2 2
30
 3
T
 T  10years
Therefore, required half life period is 10 years.
3. Show that nuclear density is independent of mass number A of a nucleus.

Mass of nucleus (Mass of P or N)  A
Nuclear density  
Volume of nucleus Volume of nucleus
P
1.6  10   A  1.6  10   A
27 27
3
4 3 4 
1

R   R 0A 3 
3 3  
Here, R 0  1.2  1015 m
P
1.6 10   A 27
1.6  1027
 3.14  1.2  1015 
4 4 3
R 03A
3 3
 P  2.21 1017 kg m3
Therefore, the nuclear density is independent of mass number A .
4. A radioactive nucleus undergoes a series of decay according to the scheme

   
A   A1   A2   A3   A4 . If the mass number and atomic

number of A are 180 and 72 respectively, what are these numbers for
A4 ?

Mass number of A is 180
Atomic number of A is 72
   
180
72 A   176
70 A1   176
71 A 2   172
69 A3   172
69 A 4
5. Distinguish between isotopes and isobars. Give one example for each of
the species.
Ans: The elements which have the same atomic number but different mass
number are called Isotopes.
For e.g.,  106 C 11

6 C 126 C 146 C (Isotopes of carbon)
Thus, nuclides of different elements having the same mass number but different
atomic numbers are called isobars.
For e.g.,  31 H and 23 He

7
3 Li and 74 Be
6. A radioactive nuclide decays to form a stable nuclide its half life is 3

minutes. What fractions of its 1g will remain radioactive after 9 minutes?
Ans: Let the number of atoms/gram  N 0
t  9 minutes
T1  3 minutes
2
t 9 3
N 1 T1 1 3
1 1
  2
    
N0  2  2  2 8
N0
N
8

N0  N
Fraction decayed 
N0
N0
N0 
 8  1  1  7  0.875
N0 8 8
Therefore, Fraction remain undecayed  1 – 0.875  0.125
14
7. Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of a nitrogen nucleus 7 N , given
m  147 N   14.00307u
Ans: Atomic mass of nitrogen  14

7 N  , m  14.00307u
14
A nucleus of nitrogen 7 N contains 7 protons and 7 neutrons.
Therefore, the mass defect of this nucleus, m  7m H  7m n  m
Where,
Mass of a proton, m H  1.007825u
Mass of a neutron, m n  1.008665u

m  7 1.007825  7 1.008665  14.00307
 m  7.054775  7.06055  14.00307
 m  0.11236u
It is known that, 1u  931.5MeV c2
m  0.11236  931.5MeV c2
Thus, the binding energy of the nucleus is E b  mc2
Where,
c is the speed of light

 MeV 
E b  0.11236  931.5  2   c2
 c 
 E b  104.66334MeV
Therefore, the binding energy of a nitrogen nucleus is 104.66334 MeV .
8. Obtain approximately the ratio of the nuclear radii of the gold isotope
197 107
79 Au and the silver isotope 47 Ag .
Ans: Given,
Nuclear radius of the gold isotope 197

79 Au  R Au
47 Ag  R Ag
Nuclear radius of the silver isotope 107
Mass number of gold, A Au  197
Mass number of silver, A Ag  107

1
R Au  R Au  3
The ratio of the radii of the two nuclei is:  
R Ag  R Ag 
1
R Au  197  3
    1.2256
R Ag  107 
Therefore, the ratio of the nuclear radii of the gold and silver isotopes is about
1.23 .
9. Suppose, we think of fission of a 5626 Fe nucleus into two equal fragments,

28
13 Al . Is fission energetically possible? Argue by working out Q of the
26 Fe   55.93494u and m  13 Al   27.98191u

process. Given m  56 28
56
Ans: The fission of 26 Fe can be given as:
It is given that:

Atomic mass of m  56
26 Fe   55.93494u
13 Al   27.98191u
The Q-value of this nuclear reaction is: Q   m  56

26 Fe   2m  13 Al   c
28
 2
 Q  55.93494  2  27.98191 c 2
 Q   0.02888c2  u
It is known that, 1u  931.5MeV c2
Q  0.02888  931.5  26.902MeV

The Q-value of the fission is negative.
Thus, the fission is not possible energetically. For an energetically-possible
fission reaction, the Q-value must be positive.
10. The fission properties of 239 235

94 Pu are very similar to those of 92 U . The
average energy released per fission is 180 MeV . How much energy, in
MeV , is released if all the atoms in 1kg of pure 239
94 Pu undergo fission?
Average energy released per fission of 239

94 Pu , E av  180 MeV
Amount of pure 239

94 Pu , m  1kg  1000g
N A  Avogadro number  6.023  1023
Mass number of 239

94 Pu  239g
239
1mole of 94 Pu contains N A atoms.
 NA 
Therefore, 1kg of 239
94 Pu contains   m  atoms
 Mass number 

6.023 1023
  1000  2.52 1024 atoms
239
239
Thus, Total energy released during the fission of 1kg of 94 Pu :
E  Eav  2.52  1024
 E  180  2.52  1024  4.536  1026 MeV
Therefore, 4.536  1026 MeV is released if all the atoms in 1kg of pure 239
94 Pu
undergo fission.
11. Calculate the height of the potential barrier for a head-on collision of two
deuterons. (Hint: The height of the potential barrier is given by the
Coulomb repulsion between the two deuterons when they just touch each
other. Assume that they can be taken as hard spheres of radius 2.0fm. )
Ans: If two deuterons collide head-on then, the distance between their centres is:
d  Radius of first deuteron  Radius of second deuteron
Radius of a deuteron nucleus  2f m  2  1015 m
 d  2  1015  2  1015  4  1015 m

Charge on a deuteron nucleus  Charge on an electron  e  1.6  1019 C
e2
Potential energy of the two-deuteron system: V 
40d
Where,
 0 is the Permittivity of free space
1
 9  109 Mm 2c 2
40
9  10  1.6  1019 
2
V J
4  1015

9  10  1.6  1019 
2
V eV
4  1015  1.6  1019 
 V  360keV
Therefore, the height of the potential barrier of the two-deuteron system is
360keV .
Long Answer Questions 5 Marks
1. The wavelength of the first member of Balmer series in the hydrogen


spectrum is 6563 A . Calculate the wavelength of the first member of
Lyman series in the same spectrum.
1  1 1 
 R  2  2  , n  3,4,5,.....
 2 ni 
For first member n i  3 (Balmer series)
1  1 1
  R 2  2 
1 2 3 
1 1 1
  R  
1 4 9
36
 1  ........ (1)
5R
For first member of Lyman series
1 1 1 
  R 2  2 
1 ' 1 2 
1  1
  R 1  
1 '  4

4
 1 '  ........ (2)
3R
From (1) and (2)
1 ' 4 5R
  
1 3R 36
5
 1 '  1
27
5
 1 '   6563
27

 1 '  1215.4A

Therefore, the wavelength of first member of Lyman series is 1215.4A .
2. A neutron is absorbed by a 63 Li nucleus with subsequent emission of  

particle. Write the corresponding nuclear reaction. Calculate the energy
released in this reaction. Given mass of 63 Li  6.015126a.m.u. , Mass of
2 He  4.00026044 a.m.u. , Mass of neutron 0 n  1.0086654 a.m.u. Mass of
4 1
tritium 11 H  3.016049 a.m.u.
Ans: Nuclear reaction is: 01 n  63 Li  24 He  31 H
Mass of reactants  m  01 n   m  63 Li  =
 Mass  1.0086654  6.015126  7.0237914 a.m.u

Mass Defect, m  mass of reactant – mass of product
 m  7.0237194 – 7.0186534
 m  0.005138 a.m.u.
It is known that, 1a.m.u.  931MeV
Energy released, E  m  931MeV

 E  0.005138  931
 E  4.783MeV
3. Define decay constant of a radioactive sample. Which of the following

radiation   rays ,   rays and   rays .
a) Are they similar to X – rays?

Ans: Radioactive decay constant () is the reciprocal of time during which the
number of atoms in the radioactive substance reduced to 36.8% of the original
number of atoms in it.
  rays are similar to X-rays.
b) Are they easily absorbed by matter?

Ans: Penetration power of   rays is less than that of   rays and   rays . So
  rays are easily absorbed by matter.
4. State radioactive decay law and hence derive the relation N  N0et
where symbols have their usual meanings.
Ans: From the radioactive decay law, the rate of disintegration of a radioactive
substance at an instant is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the
radioactive substance at that time i.e.
N  N0et where symbols have their usual meanings
Consider a radioactive substance having N 0 atoms initially at time (t  0) . After

time (t) number of atoms left undecayed be N .
If dN is the number of atoms decayed in time dt , then

dN dN
From the law of radioactive decay: N or  N ....... (1)
dt dt
Where,

 is the decay constant and negative sign indicates that a radioactive sample goes
on decreasing with time.
dN
(1)   dt
N
Integrating both the sides
log e N  t  K ........ (2)
Where K is constant of integration

For t  0 , N  N 0
 K  log e N 0
Substituting K in equation (2)
 log e N  t  log e N 0
  m 
 log e N  log e N 0  t loge m  log e n  log e   
  n 
 N 
 log e    t
 0
N
N
  e t
N0
 N  N0et
Hence derived.
5. Define half life and decay constant of a radioactive element. Write their
S.I. unit. Define expression for half life.
Ans: The time during which half of the atoms of the radioactive substance
disintegrate is called half life of a radioactive substance.
It is known that, N  N0et

N0
If t  T1  Half life  , N 
2 2
N0 T1
  N 0e 2
2
1 T1
 e 2
2
 T1
e 2
2
 T1  log e 2
2
 T1  2.303  log10 2

2
 T1  2.303  0.3010

2
0.6931
 T1 
2 
S.I. unit – second  s 
Radioactive decay constant    is the reciprocal of the time during which the
number of atoms in the radioactive substance reduces to 36.8% of the original
number of atoms in it.
S.I. unit – s1 or min 1
6. Draw a curve between mass number and binding energy per nucleon. Give
two salient features of the curve. Hence define binding energy.
Ans: The total energy required to disintegrate the nucleus into its constituent
particles is called binding energy of the nucleus.

Salient features of the curve
(I) The intermediate nuclei have a large value of binding energy per nucleon, so
they are most stable. (For 30  A  63 )
(II) The binding energy per nucleon has low value for both the light and heavy
nuclei. So, they are unstable nuclei.
7.
a) Two stable isotopes of lithium 63 Li and 73 Li have respective abundances of

7.5% and 92.5% . These isotopes have masses 6.01512u and 7.01600u
respectively. Find the atomic mass of lithium.
Ans: Given that,
Mass of lithium isotope 63 Li , m1  6.01512 u
Mass of lithium isotope 73 Li , m 2  7.01600 u
Abundance of 63 Li , 1  7.5%
Abundance of 73 Li , 2  92.5%
m11  m22
The atomic mass of lithium atom, m 
1  2

6.0512  7.5  7.01600  92.5
m
7.5  92.5
 m  6.940934u
Therefore, the atomic mass of lithium is 6.940934u .
b) Boron has two stable isotopes, 105 B and 115 B . Their respective masses are
10.01294u and 11.00931u , and the atomic mass of boron is 10.811u . Find
the abundances of 105 B and 115 B .
Mass of boron isotope 105 B , m1  10.01294u
Mass of boron isotope 115 B , m 2  11.00931u
Abundance of 105 B , 1  x%
Abundance of 115 B , 2  100  x  %
Atomic mass of boron, m  10.811u

m11  m22
The atomic mass of boron atom, m 
1  2
10.01294  x  11.00931  (100  x)

 10.811 
x  100  x
 108.11  10.01294x  1100.931  11.00931x
19.821
x  19.89%
0.99637
 100  x  80.11%
Therefore, the abundance of 105 B is 19.89% and abundance of 115 B is 80.11% .
56 209
8. Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei 26 Fe and 83Bi in units of MeV
from the following data: m  56
26 Fe   55.934939u , m 
209
83 Bi   208.980388u

Ans: Given that,
Atomic mass of 56
26 Fe , m1  55.934939u
56
26 Fe nucleus has 26 protons and  56  26   30 neutrons
Therefore, the mass defect of the nucleus, m  26  m H  30  m n  m1
Where,
Mass of proton, m H  1.007825u
 m  26 1.007825  30 1.008665  55.934939

 m  26.20345  30.25995  55.934939
 m  0.528461u
MeV
It is known that, 1u  931.5
c2
The binding energy of this nucleus is E b1  mc2
Where,
 MeV 
 E b1  0.528461 931.5  2   c2
 c 
 E b1  492.26MeV
492.26
Average binding energy per nucleon   8.79MeV
56
Atomic mass of 209

83 Bi , m 2  208.980388u
209
83 Bi nucleus has 83 protons and  209  83  126 neutrons.
Therefore, the mass defect of this nucleus, m'  83  m H  126  m n  m 2
Where,


 m'  83 1.007825  126 1.008665  208.980388
 m'  83.649475  127.091790  208.980388
 m'  1.760877u
MeV
c2
The binding energy of this nucleus is E b2  m'c2
Where,
 MeV 
 E b2  1.760877  931.5  2   c2
 c 
 E b2  1640.26MeV
1640
Clearly, average binding energy per nucleon   7.848MeV
209
9. A given coin has a mass of 3.0g . Calculate the nuclear energy that would
be required to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other. For
simplicity assume that the coin is entirely made of 63
29 Cu atoms (of mass
62.92960 u ).
Mass of a copper coin, m'  3g
Atomic mass of 63
29 Cu atom, m  62.92960 u
N A  m'
The total number of 63
29 Cu atoms in the coin, N 
Mass number
Where,

Avogadro's number, NA  6.023 1023 atoms g
Mass number  63g
6.023  1023  3
N  2.868  1022 atoms
63
63
29 Cu nucleus has 29 protons and  63  29   34 neutrons
Thus, the mass defect of this nucleus, m  29  m H  34  m n  m1
Where,
 m'  29 1.007825  34 1.008665  62.9296

 m'  0.591935u
Mass defect of all the atoms present in the coin, m  0.591935  2.868  1022
 m  1.69766958  1022 u
MeV
c2
MeV
 m  1.69766958  1022  931.5
c2
The binding energy of this nucleus is E b  mc2
Where,
MeV 2
 E b  1.69766958  1022  931.5 c
c2
 Eb  1.581 1025 MeV
It is known that, 1MeV  1.6  1013 J

 E b  1.581 1025  1.6  1013 J
 E b  2.5296  1012 J
Clearly, energy required to separate all the neutrons and protons from the given
coin is 2.5296 1012 J .
10. Write nuclear reaction equations for
a)  -decay of 226
88 Ra
Ans:  is a nucleus of Helium  4

2 He  . In every  -decay, there is a loss of 2
protons and 4 neutrons.
226
88 Ra  222
86 Ra  2 He
4
b)  -decay of 242
94 Pu
Ans:  is a nucleus of Helium  4

2 He  . In every  -decay, there is a loss of 2
protons and 4 neutrons.
242
94 Pu  238
92 U  2 He
4
c)  -decay of 32
15 P
Ans:  is an electron ( e  for  and e  for  ). In every  -decay, there is a

gain of a proton while an antineutrino is emitted from the nucleus.
32
15 P  16
32
S  e  
d)  -decay of 210
83 Bi
Ans:  is an electron ( e  for  and e  for  ). In every  -decay, there is a

gain of a proton while an antineutrino is emitted from the nucleus.
32
15 P  16
32
S  e  

e)   -decay of 116 C
Ans:  is an electron ( e  for  and e  for  ). In every  -decay, there is a

loss of a proton while a neutrino is emitted from the nucleus.
11
6 C  115 B  e  
f)   -decay of 97
43Tc
Ans:  is an electron ( e  for  and e  for  ). In every  -decay, there is a

loss of a proton while a neutrino is emitted from the nucleus.

97
43 Tc  97
42 Mo  e  
120
g) Electron capture of 54 Xe
Ans: 120
54 Xe  e  120
53 I  
11. A radioactive isotope has a half-life of T years. How long will it take the
activity to reduce to
a) 3.125%
Ans: Let the half-life of the radioactive isotope be T years.
Original amount of the radioactive isotope be N 0
After decay, the amount of the radioactive isotope be N

It is given that only 3.125% of N 0 remains after decay.
N 3.125 1
  3.125%  
N0 100 32
N
It is known that,  et
N0
Where,
 is the Decay constant

t is the Time
1
 et 
32
 t  ln1  ln32
 t  0  3.4567
3.4567
t

0.693
It is known that,  
T
3.4567
t  5T
0.693
T
Therefore, the isotope will take about 5T years to reduce to 3.125% of its original
value.
b) 1% of its original value

Ans: Suppose that after decay, the amount of the radioactive isotope be N .
It is given that only 1% of N 0 remains after decay.
N 1
  1% 
N0 100
N
It is known that,  et
N0
Where,
 is the Decay constant
t is the Time
1
 et 
100
 t  ln1  ln100

 t  0  4.6052
4.6052
t

0.693
It is known that,  
T
4.6052
t  6.645T
0.693
T
Therefore, the isotope will take about 6.645T years to reduce to 1% of its original
value.
12. The normal activity of living carbon-containing matter is found to be

about 15 decays per minute for every gram of carbon. This activity arises
from the small proportion of radioactive 146 C present with the stable
carbon isotope 126 C . When the organism is dead, its interaction with the
atmosphere (which maintains the above equilibrium activity) ceases and
its activity begins to drop. From the known half-life ( 5730 years) of 146 C
, and the measured activity, the age of the specimen can be approximately
estimated. This is the principle of 146 C dating used in archaeology.
Suppose a specimen from Mohenjodaro gives an activity of 9 decays per
minute per gram of carbon. Estimate the approximate age of the Indus-
Valley civilisation.
Decay rate of living carbon-containing matter, R  15decay / min
Let N be the number of radioactive atoms present in a normal carbon- containing

matter.
Half life of 146 C , T1  5730years

2
The decay rate of the specimen obtained from the Mohenjodaro site:
R '  9decays / min

Let N ' be the number of radioactive atoms present in the specimen during the
Mohenjodaro period.
N R
Thus, decay constant    and time  t  is related as:   et
N' R '
9 3
 et  
15 5
3
 t  log e  0.5108
5
0.5108
t

0.693 0.693
It is known that,   
T1 5730
2
0.5108
t  4223.5
0.693
5730
Therefore, the approximate age of the Indus-Valley civilisation is 4223.5 years.
60
13. Obtain the amount of 27 Co necessary to provide a radioactive source of
60
8.0 mCi strength. The half-life of 27 Co is 5.3 years.
dN
Ans: The strength of the radioactive source is  8.0mCi
dt
dN
  8  103  3.7  1010
dt
dN
  29.6  107 decay s
dt
Where,
N is the required number of atoms

Half-life of 60
27 Co , T1  5.3years
2
 T1  5.3  365  24  60  60
2
 T1  29.6  108 s
2
For decay constant  ,

dN
The rate of decay is  N
dt
0.693 0.693 1
Where,    s
T1 29.6  108
2
1 dN
N
 dt
29.6  107
N  7.133  1016 atoms
0.693
29.6  108
For 60
27 Co : Mass of 6.023  1023 (Avogadro's number) atoms  60g
60  7.133  1016
∴Mass of 7.133  1016 atoms   7.106  106 g
6.023  10 23
Therefore, the amount of 60

27 Co necessary for the purpose is 7.106  106 g .
14. The half-life of 90

38 Sr is 28 years. What is the disintegration rate of 15mg
of this isotope?
Half -life of 90
38 Sr , T1  28years
2
 T1  28  365  24  60  60
2
 T1  8.83  108 s
2

Mass of the isotope, m  15mg
90g of 90
38 Sr atom contains 6.023  1023 (Avogadro's number) atoms.
6.023 1023 15 103

Therefore, 15mg of 90
38 Sr contains: i.e. 1.0038  1020
90
number of atoms
dN
Rate of disintegration,  N
dt
Where,
0.693 0.693 1
 is the Decay constant,    s
T1 8.83  108
2
dN 0.693 1.0038 1020

   7.878  1010 atoms s
dt 8.83  108
Therefore, the disintegration rate of 15mg of the given isotope is
7.878  1010 atoms s .
15. Find the Q-value and the kinetic energy of the emitted α-particle in the
α-decay if m  226
88 Ra   226.02540 u , m  222
86 Rn   222.01750 u ,
m  220
86 Rn   220.01137 u , m  84 Po   216.00189 u of
216
226
a) 88 Ra
Ans: Alpha particle decay of 226

88 Ra emits a helium nucleus. As a result, its mass
number reduces to  226  4   222 and its atomic number reduces to

88  2   86 .
Nuclear reaction: 226
88 Ra  222
86 Ra  2 He
4
Q  value of emitted   particle

  Sum of initial mass  Sum of final mass   c2

Where,
It is given that:
m  226
88 Ra   226.02540 u
m  222
86 Rn   222.01750 u
m  42 He   4.002603 u
Q  value  226.02540   222.01750  4.002603 uc2
 Q  0.005297uc2
MeV
c2
 Q  0.005297  931.5  4.94MeV
 Mass number after decay 

Kinetic energy of the α-particle   Q
 Mass number before decay 
222
 K.E.   4.94  4.85MeV
226
Therefore, Q-value is 4.94MeV and Kinetic Energy is 4.85MeV .
b) 220
86 Rn
Ans: Alpha particle decay of 220

86 Rn is 220
86 Rn  216
84 Rn  2 He
4
It is given that:
Mass of m  220
86 Rn   220.01137 u
Mass of m  216
84 Po   216.00189 u
Q  value  220.01137   216.00189  4.00260   931.5

 Q  641MeV
 220  4 
Kinetic energy of the α-particle     6.41
 220 
 K.E  6.29MeV
Therefore, Q-value is 641MeV and Kinetic Energy is 6.29MeV .
16. The radionuclide 11C decays according to 116 C  115 B  e   :
T1  20.3min . The maximum energy of the emitted positron is

2
0.960MeV . Given the mass values: m  116 C   11.011434u and
m  115 B   11.009305u Calculate Q and compare it with the maximum
energy of the positron emitted.
Ans: The given nuclear reaction is: 116 C  115 B  e  
Half life of 116 C nuclei, T1  20.3min

2
Atomic mass of m  116 C   11.011434u
Atomic mass of m  115 B   11.009305u
Maximum energy possessed by the emitted positron  0.960 MeV
The change in the Q-value  Q  of the nuclear masses of the 116 C nucleus is
Q  m'  116 C  m'  115 B  m   c2 ......... (1)

 
Where,
Mass of an electron or positron m  0.000548 u

m' is respective nuclear mass

If atomic masses are used instead of nuclear masses, then 6m  is added in case
of 116 C and 5m in the case of 115 B .
Therefore, equation (1) reduces to: Q   m  116 C   m  115 B  2m  c2
Where, m  116 C  and m  115 B  are the atomic masses.
Q  11.011434  11.009305  2  0.000548 c2
Q   0.001033c2  u
MeV
c2
Q  0.001033  931.5  0.962MeV
It is known that, Q  E d  E e  E 
The daughter nucleus is too heavy compared to e  and  . Therefore, it carries

negligible energy  Ed  0  .
If the kinetic energy  E   carried by the neutrino is minimum  E   0  then the

positron carries maximum energy, which gives E   Q .
Therefore, the value of Q is almost comparable to the maximum energy of the

emitted positron.

17. The nucleus 2310 Ne decays by  emission. Write down the  decay
equation and determine the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons
emitted. Given that: m  23
10 Ne   22.994466 u , m  11 Na   22.989770 u .
23
Ans: During  emission, the number of protons increases by 1 , and one electron
and an antineutrino are emitted from the parent nucleus.
 emission of the nucleus 23

10 Ne is: 23
10 Ne  23 
11 Na  e    Q
It is given that:

23
Ne   22.994466 u
11 Na   22.989770 u
Mass of an electron, m  0.000548 u
Q-value of the given reaction is: Q  m

  23
10 Ne   m  23
11 Na   m  c
 2

23 23
There are 10 electrons in 10 Ne and 11 electrons in 11 Na .
Therefore, the mass of the electron is cancelled in the Q-value equation.
 Q   22.994466  22.989770 c2
 Q   0.004696c2  u
MeV
c2
 Q   0.004696c2  u  931.5
MeV
 4.374 MeV
c2
The daughter nucleus is too heavy as compared to e  and  .

Therefore, it carries negligible energy. The kinetic energy of the antineutrino is
nearly zero.
Thus, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is almost equal to the
Q-value, i.e. 4.374 MeV .
18. The Q value of a nuclear reaction A  b  c  d is defined by

Q  mA  mb  mc  md c2 where the masses refer to the respective
nuclei. Determine from the given data the Q-value of the following
reactions and state whether the reactions are exothermic or
endothermic.
Atomic masses are given to be m  21 H   2.014102u ,

m  31 H   3.016049u , m  126 C   12.000000u , m  20
10 Ne   19.992439u

a) 11 H  31 H  21 H  21 H
Ans: The given nuclear reaction is: 11 H  31 H  21 H  21 H
It is given that,
Atomic mass, m  11 H   1.007825u
Atomic mass, m  31 H   3.016049u
Atomic mass, m  21 H   2.014102u
Q-value of the reaction: Q   m  11 H   m  31 H   2m  21 H  c2
 Q  1.007825  3.016049  2  2.014102  c 2
 Q   0.00433 c 2 u
MeV
c2
MeV
 Q   0.00433  c2  931.5  4.0334MeV
c2
The negative Q-value of the reaction shows that the reaction is endothermic.
b) 126 C  126 C  20
10 Ne  2 He
4
Ans: The given nuclear reaction is: 126 C  126 C  10

20
Ne  24 He
It is given that,
Atomic mass m  126 C   12.000000u
Atomic mass m  20
10 Ne   19.992439u
Atomic mass m  42 He   4.002603u
Q-value of the reaction: Q   2m  126 C   m  20

10 Ne   m  2 He   c
4
 2

 Q   2  12.0  19.992439  4.002603 c 2
 Q   0.004958  c 2 u
MeV
c2
MeV
 Q   0.004958 c2  931.5  4.618377MeV
c2
The positive Q-value of the reaction shows that the reaction is exothermic.
19. A 1000MW fission reactor consumes half of its fuel in 5.00y . How much
235
92 U did it contain it initially? Assume that the reactor operates 80% of
the time, that all the energy generated arises from the fission of 235
92 U and
that this nuclide is consumed only by the fission process.
Half life of the fuel of the fission reactor, t 1  5years
2
235
It is known that in the fission of 1g of 92 U nucleus, the energy released is equal
to 200MeV
1mole i.e., 235g of 235

92 U contains 6.023  1023 atoms.
235 6.023  1023

1g of 92 U contains atoms.
235
6.023  1023
The total energy generated per gram of is: E   200MeV / g
235
200  6.023  1023  1.6  1019  106
E  8.20  1010 J / g
235
The reactor operates only 80% of the time.

235
Hence, the amount of 92 U consumed in 5 years by the 1000MW fission reactor
5  80  60  60  365  24 1000 106
is: g  1538kg
100  8.20  1010
Therefore, initial amount of 235
92 U  2  1538  3076kg
20. How long can an electric lamp of 100W be kept glowing by fusion of
2.0kg of deuterium? Take the fusion reaction as
2
1 H  21 H  23 He  n  3.27MeV .
Ans: The given fusion reaction is: 21 H  21 H  23 He  n  3.27MeV
Amount of deuterium, m  2kg
1 mole, i.e., 2g of deuterium contains 6.023 1023 atoms.
6.023  1023
2kg of deuterium contains   2000  6.023  1026 atoms
2
It can be concluded from the given reaction that when two atoms of deuterium
fuse, 3.27MeV energy is released.
Thus, total energy per nucleus released in the fusion reaction:
3.27
E  6.023  1023 MeV
2
3.27
E  6.023  1023  1.6  1019 106
2
 E  1.576 1014 J
Power of the electric lamp, P  100W  100 J / s
Hence, the energy consumed by the lamp per second  100J
The total time for which the electric lamp will glow is:
1.576 1014
 4.9  104 years
100  60  60  24  365

Therefore, the total time for which the lamp glows is 4.9  104 years .
21. For the   (positron) emission from a nucleus, there is another competing
process known as electron capture (electron from an inner orbit, say, the
K - shell, is captured by the nucleus and a neutrino is emitted).
e  AZ X  ZA1Y   . Show that if   emission is energetically allowed,
electron capture is necessarily allowed but not vice -versa.
Ans: Let the amount of energy released during the electron capture process be
Q1 . The nuclear reaction can be written as: e  AZ X  ZA1Y    Q1 ...... (1)
Let the amount of energy released during the positron capture process be Q 2 . The
nuclear reaction can be written as: AZ X  ZA1Y  e    Q1 ...... (2)
m N  AZ X  is the nuclear mass of AZ X
m N  ZA1Y  is the nuclear mass of A

Z1 Y
m  AZ X  is the atomic mass of AZ X
m  ZA1Y  is the atomic mass of A

Z1Y
m  is the mass of an electron
Q-value of the electron capture reaction is: Q1   m N  AZ X   m  m N  ZA1Y  c2
 Q1   m  AZ X   Zm  m  m  ZA1Y    Z  1 m  c2
 Q1   m  AZ X   m  ZA1Y  c2 ....... (3)
Q-value of the positron capture reaction is: Q2   m  AZ X   m  ZA1Y   2m  c2
 Q2   m N  AZ X   m N  ZA1Y   m  c2

 Q2   m  AZ X   Zm  m  ZA1Y    Z  1 m  m  c 2
 Q2   m  AZ X   m  ZA1Y   2m  c2 ........ (4)
It is understood that if Q 2  0 , then Q1  0 ; Also, if Q1  0 , it does not necessarily

mean that Q 2  0 .
Also, this means that if  emission is energetically allowed, then the electron
capture process is necessarily allowed, but not vice-versa. This is because the Q-
value must be positive for an energetically-allowed nuclear reaction.
22. In a periodic table the average atomic mass of magnesium is given as

24.312 u . The average value is based on their relative natural abundance
on earth. The three isotopes and their masses are 24 12 Mg  23.98504u  ,
12 Mg  25.98259u  . The natural abundance of 12 Mg

25 24
Mg(24.98584u) and 26
12
is 78.99% by mass. Calculate the abundances of the other two isotopes.

Average atomic mass of magnesium, m  24.312 u
Mass of magnesium isotope 24

12 Mg , m1  23.98504 u

12 Mg , m 2  24.98584 u

12 Mg , m3  25.98259 u Abundance of 24
12 Mg ,
1  78.99%
Abundance of 25
12 Mg , 2  x %
Abundance of 26
12 Mg , 3  100  x  78.99  %   21.01  x  %
m11  m22  m33

Relation for the average atomic mass is: m 
1  2  3
23.98504  78.99  24.98584  x  25.98259   21.01  x 

 24.312 
100
 2431.2  23.98504  78.99  24.98584  x  25.98259   21.01  x 

 0.99675x  9.2725255
 x  9.3%
 21.01  x  %  11.71%
25 26
Therefore, the abundance of 12 Mg is 9.3% and that of 12 Mg is 11.71%.
23. The neutron separation energy is defined as the energy required to

remove a neutron from the nucleus. Obtain the neutron separation
41
energies of the nuclei 20 Ca and 27
13 Al from the following data:
20 Ca   39.962591 u , m  20 Ca   40.962278 u , m  13 Al   25.986895 u
m  40 41 26
, m  27
13 Al   26.981541 u
Ans: For 41
20 Ca : Separation energy  8.363007MeV
For 27
13 Al : Separation energy  13.059MeV
A neutron 01 n is removed from a 20 41

Ca nucleus. The corresponding nuclear
41
reaction can be written as: 20 Ca  40
20 Ca  0 n
1
It is given that,
Mass m  40
20 Ca   39.962591 u
Mass m  20
41
Ca   40.962278 u
Mass m  01 n   1.008665u
The mass defect of this reaction is: m  m  40

20 Ca   m  0 n   m  20 Ca 
1 41
 m  39.962591  1.008665  40.962278  0.008978u

MeV
c2
MeV
 m  0.008978  931.5
c2

Therefore, the energy required for neutron removal is: E  mc2
MeV 2
 E  0.008978  931.5 c
c2
 E  0.008978  931.5MeV
For 27
13 Al , the neutron removal reaction can be written as: 27
13 Al  26
13 Ca  0 n
1
It is given that:
Mass m  26
13 Al   25.986895 u
Mass m  27
13 Al   26.981541 u
The mass defect of this reaction is: m  m  26

13 Al   m  0 n   m  13 Al 
1 27
m  25.986895  1.00866 – 26.98154140

m  0.014019u
MeV
c2
MeV
m  0.014019  931.5
c2
MeV 2
E  mc2  0.014019  931.5 c  13.059MeV
c2
Therefore, the energy required for neutron removal is 13.059MeV .
24. A source contains two phosphorous radio nuclides 32

15 
P T1  14.3d and
2

32
15  2

P T1  25.3d . Initially, 10% of the decays come from 33
15 P . How long
one must wait until 90% do so?
Ans: Half life of 32

15 P , T1  14.3days
2

Half life of 33
15 P , T1 '  25.3days
2
33
15 P nucleus decay is 10% of the total amount of decay.
33 32
The source has initially 10% of 15 P nucleus and 90% of 15 P nucleus.
32 33
Suppose after t days, the source has 10% of 15 P nucleus and 90% of 15 P nucleus.
Initially:
Number of 33
15 P nucleus  N
Number of 32
15 P nucleus  9N
Finally:
Number of 33
15 P nucleus  9N '
Number of 32
15 P nucleus  N '
t
N '  1  T1 2
For 32
15 P nucleus, the number ratio is:  
9N  2 
t
1 T1 2
 N'  9N  
2
t
 N'  9N  2  14.3 ....... (1)
t
9N '  1  T1 2
For 33
15 P nucleus, the number ratio is:  
N 2
t
 1  T1 2
 9N'  N  
2
t
 9N'  N  2  25.3 ....... (2)
 t t 
1   
On dividing equation (1) by equation (2) :  9  2 25.3 14.3 
9

 t t 
1   
  2 25.3 14.3 
81
 t t 
  
 81  2  14.3 25.3 
 t t 
 log81     log 2
 14.3 25.3 
 25.3  14.3  1.9085

 t 
 14.3  25.3  0.3010
1.9085 14.3  25.3
t   208.54days
0.3010 25.3  14.3
33
Therefore, it will take about 208.5days for 90% decay of 15 P.
25. Under certain circumstances, a nucleus can decay by emitting a particle

more massive than an α-particle. Consider the following decay processes:
88 Ra  82 Pb  6 C , 88 Ra  86 Rn  2 He . Calculate the Q-values for
223 209 14 223 219 4
these decays and determine that both are energetically allowed.
88 Ra  82 Pb  6 C
Ans: Considering a 146 C emission nuclear reaction: 223 209 14
It is known that,
Mass of 223
88 Ra , m1  223.01850u
Mass of 209
82 Pb , m 2  208.98107 u
Mass of 146 C , m3  14.00324 u
Thus, the Q-value of the reaction is: Q   m1  m 2  m3  c2
 Q   223.01850  208.98107  14.00324  c2
 Q  0.03419c2u
MeV
c2

MeV
 Q  0.03419c2  931.5
c2
 Q  31.848 MeV
Therefore, the Q-value of the nuclear reaction is 31.848 MeV . Since the value is
positive, the reaction is energetically allowed.
Considering a 42 He emission nuclear reaction: 223

88 Ra  219
86 Rn  2 He
4
It is known that:
Mass of 223
88 Ra , m1  223.01850u
Mass of 219
86 Rn , m 2  219.00948 u
Mass of 42 He , m3  4.00260 u
Q-value of this nuclear reaction is Q   m1  m 2  m3  c2
 Q   223.01850  219.00948  4.00260  c2
 Q   0.00642c 2  u
MeV
c2
 Q   0.00642c2   931.5
MeV
c2
 Q  5.98 MeV
Therefore, the Q-value of the second nuclear reaction is 5.98 MeV . Since the
value is positive, the reaction is energetically allowed.
26. Consider the fission of 238 92 U by fast neutrons. In one fission event, no
neutrons are emitted and the final end products, after the beta decay of
the primary fragments, are 140 99
58 Ce and 44 Ru . Calculate Q for this fission
process. The relevant atomic and particle masses are
92 U   238.05079 u , m  58 Ce   139.90543 u , m  44 Ru   98.90594 u
m  238 140 99


92 U , 10 
Ans: In the fission of 238 particles decay from the parent nucleus. The
92 U  0 n  58 Ce  44 Ru  10 1 e
nuclear reaction can be written as: 238 1 140 99 0
It is given that:
92 U , m1  238.05079 u
Mass of a nucleus 238

58 Ce , m 2  139.90543 u
44 Ru , m3  98.90594 u
Mass of a neutron 01 n , m 4  1.008665 u
Q-value of the above equation is:
Q   m'  238
92 U   m  0 n   m'  58 Ce   m'  44 Ru   10m   c
1 140 99
 2
Where,
m'  Represents the corresponding atomic masses of the nuclei
m'  238
92 U   m1  92m 
m '  140
58 Ce   m 2  58m 
m'  99
44 Ru   m 3  44m 
m  01 n   m 4
 Q   m1  92m  m 4  m 2  58m   m3  44m   10m  c 2
 Q   m1  m 4  m 2  m3  c 2
 Q   238.0507  1.008665  139.90543  98.90594  c2
 Q  0.247995c 2  u
MeV
c2

MeV
 Q  0.247995c2   931.5  231.007MeV
c2
Therefore, the Q-value of the fission process is 231.007 MeV.
27. Consider the D-T reaction (deuterium - tritium fusion)

a) Calculate the energy released in MeV in this reaction from the data:
m  21 H   2.014102 u , m  31 H   3.016049 u
Ans: Consider the D-T nuclear reaction: 21 H  31 H  24 He  01 n
It is given that:
Mass of 21 H , m1  2.014102 u
Mass of 31 H , m 2  3.016049 u
Mass of 42 He , m3  4.002603 u
Mass of 01 n , m 4  1.008665 u
Q-value of the given D-T reaction is: Q   m1  m 2  m3  m 4  c 2
 Q   2.014102  3.016049  4.002603  1.008665 c2
 Q   0.018883 c2 u
MeV
c2
MeV
 Q  0.018883 c2  931.5
c2
 Q  17.59MeV
Therefore, the energy released is 17.59MeV .

b) Consider the radius of both deuterium and tritium to be approximately
2.0fm . What is the kinetic energy needed to overcome the coulomb
repulsion between the two nuclei? To what temperature must the gas be
heated to initiate the reaction? (Hint: Kinetic energy required for one
fusion event  average thermal kinetic energy available with the
interacting particles  2  3kT / 2  ; k  Boltzmann’s constant, T  absolute
temperature.)
Radius of deuterium and tritium, r  2.0fm  2  1015 m

Distance between the two nuclei at the moment when they touch each other,
d  r  r  4  1015 m
Charge on the deuterium nucleus  e
Charge on the tritium nucleus  e
e2
Therefore, the repulsive potential energy between the two nuclei is: V 
40  d 
Where,
 0  Permittivity of free space
1
 9  109 Nm2C2
40
9  109  1.6  1019 

2
V 15
 5.76  1014 J
4  10
5.76  1014
V 19
 3.6  105 eV  360keV
1.6  10
Therefore, 5.76  1014 J or 360keV kinetic energy (KE) is needed to overcome
the Coulomb repulsion between the two nuclei.
It is given that,
3
K.E.  2  kT
2

Where, k  Boltzmann constant  1.38 1023 m 2kgs 2K 1
T  Temperature required for triggering the reaction

K.E.
T
3k
5.76 1014
T 23
 1.39 109 K
3  1.38  10
Therefore, the gas must be heated to a temperature of 1.39 109 K to initiate the
reaction.
28. Calculate and compare the energy released by

a) fusion of 1.0kg of hydrogen deep within Sun

Amount of hydrogen, m  1kg  1000g
1 mole, i.e., 1g of hydrogen  11 H  contains 6.023 1023 atoms.
1000g of 11 H contains 6.023 1023 1000 atoms.
Within the sun, four 11 H nuclei combine and form one 42 He nucleus. In this process
26MeV of energy is released.
Therefore, the energy released from the fusion of 1kg is:
6.023  1023  26  103

E1   39.1495  1026 MeV
4
Therefore, the energy released is 39.1495 1026 MeV .
235
b) the fission of 1.0kg of 92 U in a fission reactor.
Amount of 235
92 U , m  1kg  1000g

1 mole, i.e., 235g of 235
92 U contains 6.023  1023 atoms.
235 6.023  1023  1000

1000g of 92 U contains atoms.
235
It is known that the amount of energy released in the fission of one atom of is
200 MeV .
235
Therefore, the energy released from the fission of 1kg of 92 U is:
6  10  200  1000
E2   5.106  1026 MeV
235
Therefore, the energy released is 5.106  1026 MeV .
E1 39.1495  1026
  7.67  8
E2 5.106  1026
Therefore, the energy released in the fusion of 1kg of hydrogen is nearly 8 times
the energy released in the fission of 1kg of uranium.
29. Suppose India had a target of producing by 2020 AD , 200,000 MW of

electric power, ten percent of which was to be obtained from nuclear
power plants. Suppose we are given that, on an average, the efficiency of
utilization (i.e., conversion to electric energy) of thermal energy
produced in a reactor was 25% . How much amount of fissionable
uranium would our country need per year by 2020 ? Take the heat
energy per fission of 235 U to be about 200MeV .
Amount of electric power to be generated, P  2 105 MW

10% of this amount has to be obtained from nuclear power plants.
10
Therefore, Amount of nuclear power, P1   2  105
100
 P1  2  104 MW
 P1  2  104  106 J / s

 P1  2 104 106  60  60  24  365J / y
Heat energy released per fission of a 235

U nucleus, E  200 MeV
Efficiency of a reactor  25%
Therefore, the amount of energy converted into the electrical energy per fission
25
is:  200  50MeV
100
 E  50  1.6 1019 106  8  1012 J

Number of atoms required for fission per year:
2  104  106  60  60  24  365

12
 78840 1024 atoms
8  10
1 mole, i.e., 235g of 235
U contains 6.023  1023 atoms.
Mass of 6.023  1023 atoms of 235

U  235g  235  103 kg
235  103
Mass of 78840 10 atoms of
24 235
U  78840  1024
6.023  10 23
 Mass  3.076  104 kg
Therefore, the mass of uranium needed per year is 3.076  104 kg .

Imp Q Phy CH 13

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Important Questions for Class 12

Very Short Answer Questions 1 Marks

1. Complete the following nuclear reactions:

Ans: 4 Be9  1 H1  3 Li6  2 He4

b) 5 B10  2 He4  7 N13  ..........

Ans: 5 B10  2 He4  7 N13  0 n1

2. What is the Q-value of a nuclear reaction?

3. The wavelengths of some of the spectral lines obtained in hydrogen

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 1

(1.6  1019 )2  9  109

II. Potential Energy

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 2

3. Why is nuclear fusion not possible in the laboratory?

4. Express 16mg mass into equivalent energy in electron volt.

 E  16 106 kg  (3 108 m s)2

5. The three stable isotopes of neon: 20 21 22

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 3

The average atomic mass of neon is given as:

19.99  90.51  20.99  0.27  21.99  9.22

number of a nucleus. Show that the nuclear matter density is nearly

A is the mass number of the nucleus

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 4

Therefore, the nuclear matter density is independent of A . It is nearly constant.

Short Answer Questions 3 Marks

1. A neutron is absorbed by a 3Li nucleus with subsequent emission of alpha

Ans: 01 n  63 Li  42 He(  particle)  AZY

Conservation of Atomic Number: 0  3  2  Z

2. If the activity of a radioactive substance drops to its initial value in 30

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 5

Therefore, required half life period is 10 years.

3. Show that nuclear density is independent of mass number A of a nucleus.

Here, R 0  1.2  1015 m

Therefore, the nuclear density is independent of mass number A .

4. A radioactive nucleus undergoes a series of decay according to the scheme

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 6

Ans: It is given that,

For e.g.,  106 C 11

For e.g.,  31 H and 23 He

6. A radioactive nuclide decays to form a stable nuclide its half life is 3

Ans: Let the number of atoms/gram  N 0

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 7

Therefore, Fraction remain undecayed  1 – 0.875  0.125

Ans: Atomic mass of nitrogen  14

Therefore, the mass defect of this nucleus, m  7m H  7m n  m

Mass of a neutron, m n  1.008665u

Thus, the binding energy of the nucleus is E b  mc2

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 8

Therefore, the binding energy of a nitrogen nucleus is 104.66334 MeV .

Nuclear radius of the gold isotope 197

Mass number of gold, A Au  197

Mass number of silver, A Ag  107

9. Suppose, we think of fission of a 5626 Fe nucleus into two equal fragments,

26 Fe   55.93494u and m  13 Al   27.98191u

Class XII Physics www.vedantu.com 9

The Q-value of this nuclear reaction is: Q   m  56

It is known that, 1u  931.5MeV c2

Q  0.02888  931.5  26.902MeV

10. The fission properties of 239 235

Ans: It is given that,

Average energy released per fission of 239

Amount of pure 239

N A  Avogadro number  6.023  1023