Hydraulics (Code : 22401) SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA MEETS Semester IV - Indrajeet M. Jain PAD (Scholar), M.E. Civil (Structures), ME. Civi! (Town & Country Planning) MISH, MAeSI, AMIE, LMISTE, MIAENG (Hong Kong) H.OD., Department of Civil Engineering Sinhgad Institute of Technology & Science, ‘Nathe, Pune 411041, Mabarashtra, India Innovation Throughout Polytechnic Division hal Tech-Maxrsiaion, Pane MOEL90A I IniMencurement it Outeones (UOS) (in copuitive donna the given Va, Deveribe the tole of hydrauties civil engineering application, Tb, Computer different properties of liquid from given data, te, Convert gauge pressure into absolute pressure forthe given data and vice versa 14, Convert pressure head of one liquid to that of another liquid forthe given data, Je. Compute pressure, at a point for the given data, If, Compute pressure difference between two > points For the given data. a LA Technical terms used in Hydrauicy 5 Aid mechanics, hydraulics, byte hydrodynamics-ideal and fea) 9") application of tydrauics in Engincering field. 7 1.2 Physical properties of fuid density spc volume, specific gravity surface tes’ capillarity, viscosity Newton's lay 7 viscosity 1.3 Vatious types of pressure - Atmospiey Pressure- Gauge Piessure-Absolute Presan ‘Vacuurn Pressure, Concept of Pressure and its unit, Pascal's law of flnid pres and its uses, 1.4 Conversion of pressure bead of one liquitis terms of other liquid. 15 Measurement of Pressure by differs metbods(By Piezometer, simple manomzs and Bordon pressure Gage) 1.6 Measurement of difference of pressuze by differential U mbe manometers and invere! U tube manometers - Unit-tt Hydrostatic 2a Develop pressure diagram for a given es 2, Determine total pressure and centre of pressure for given immersed surface with sketches. 2c. Find te resultant pressure and its position for given situation of liquid in a tank, 24, Find the resultant pressure and its position for the given liquid on eitber side of the par wall. 24 Determination of total pressure and center qussie.s1n blood circulation in the here, in the ocean, in the Shear stress is always zero in Hydrostatic, Practical application of hydrostates 1. Waterin dam 2. Sluice gate 3. Lock gate 4. Vertical wallEET erates sore Sem) Syllabus Topic: Hydredyramics a8 Hycrodynamics > ousere-s12) Syabos Tople Peal Fura 43.6 Real Fluid = Whence the mation ites place, the tangential shea forces ben efered by te id, = Example Kerosene, pl esto o booey 6. Prune Messer —————————————— ‘Syilsbus Topic: Application of fiyaraulce In Chi Engineering Feld 1.42 Application of Hydrauties in Clit Engineering Field 1.4.7.1 Applications of Hydraulics with respect to rrigation Design of bye erates ch as dans, cl eater ‘To dcemie te dctargeWrough We canal rv. “Tofad be oa pes sting on ada 4. Tocacuse water requirement forthe rps 5. Design of spiteay 10 overfow the exes water fr Inigatn prose “To design and erection of spite nition ser. 7. Toceveop hy deci power son 1.4.72 Application of Hydraulies in Environment Engineering 1. Todeernine essere trowghite pup 2, To design he pipeline newer for water soppy snd nine system 3. Tosdesign wate parila plat “Todesignan wate water ueanest eye 4.2 __Physieal Properties of Fluld + > msate-s.11) ‘Sylabus Topic Physical Properties of Flu" © Datos specie web an vet va ot bce weldtolpuswaiee ae Pe-C1 Papal Peper ot Pai ‘Sylabus ToplesDenahy 1.2.1 Density or Mass Density > ‘The erty o Hiv i eed ashe mas per unit volun, Widen typ (6) Sanit is bp. Mas desir of waters 1000 km? o> ties 1.22 Welght Density or Specific Weight or Unit Density er Mis dented by 067 (eam). SiestisNi! = Specie weigh of wae is 9810 Na? (281 Bin) Weight me 1 Volume ap-8 y % ‘Syilsbus Topic Specie Volume 1.23 Specie Volume, isthe repre of specie weigh. = Wisdensesty v7 = Shonitis nas Volume Yd Wages Wo} eae ftgia ‘Syllabus Tople Specie Gravity 1.24 Specific Gravity or Relative Density — (sere - v.12, w-13,W.17,W.18) = Mis deed by sor. Shite payne or 2For tiquid, water and for gases, or a standard Muid is comsider as a Specific gravity of water is 1 and for mercuty is 13.6 Gravity for Various Liquid > (sete -s-13) 2_| Sulphuric Acid 1.84 3__| Calcium tetrachloride (CCL) 1.59 4 _| Glycerine 128 $_| Chtoroform 148 6_| Seawater 1.03, 8 _| Coconot oit 0927 9 | Diesel 0.86 10 _| Kerosene 0.82 11 | Pett 0739 1.2.6 Solved Example on Density, Weight Density, Specific Volume and Specific Gravity 14 Bet2d ‘A400 ml Of certain quid weight 725N Galculato the weight ‘density and specitic gravity ofthe hquid. ” 4 ‘ 0 ml=04L= 4 24210 Given : Volume ¥ 1000 Weight W = 725N To find : Weight density, specific gravity Step 1 Weigin density = Y= —225 «9125 Ni? 4x10 Y= 18125 kN? ABs. Step2 Weight W = 25 EN = 25x 10°N Volume V = 3.75 m" Tofind (Specific weight, (Gi, Specific volume Step 1: Specific weight W _ 25000 305 1 = 6666.67 Nim Step 2: Mass density Specific weight = Gi) Density, (Gv) Specific gravity Ans, Mass density x Acceleration due to gravity Y= pe 6666.67 = px9.8i 666.67 P= “981 679.58 kg/m Step 3: Specific volume 4 v Specific volume = eipha density ~ wie taken™ 15 Press, ce sun soubee (MSBTE - Sem 4-Cvi) 2 Meas, = Soln.: (666.67 y, = 1sxio' MN wong, Specific gravity 1 _ 666667 wegavty = ¥ "9810 8: Specific gravity = 04, ‘Yoar= 910%! (Standard Value) 4: Specific weighs fete pavity ~ “FESS Meio ay tguia ‘Specie weight of water” ecitc gravity = ce aap Y = 7848 N/m? tas Se Given : p= 850kg/m”, Peas = 1000kg/m? (standarg , To find : Relative density, weight density Step 11: Relative density Pc 850 5 = 5-*T000 s = 08S Step 2: Weight density ¥ = pg=850x9.81 Y = 8338.5 Nim? “The liquid will float on water because weight 4 of liquid is less than water. Ex 126 A 100 tre of certain liquid has mass of 85 kg, Determin ‘specifi weight and specific gravity ofthe liquid. Given: V= 100 Toffind : Specific weight and specific gravity. Weight W = mg=85x9.81 = 83385N Step 1: Specific weight > W__ 833.85 = ¥.Be, 100x 10 1 =83385 Nm? Step 2: Specific gravity litre = 100 x 11 rr 2 Tito of petrol weighs 14N. Calculato the specif: weé density, speciic volume and specific gravity of pov!” espect to water, Soln.: Given: Volume : V = 2 lire =2 10° m’, Weight W = 14N To find : Specific Weight, density, specific volume *sein) Syeite wt = aw cenay (“SE yee p= massage an i = ons hae a La sh Giada: Vane V = Sm) WedeW = WAN sO ION ‘Teli: 0 Specie wsgy (2) ma dein» St: Seatemepe = % HF Sees) S92 Mawdey many x(n) Ste tm aay mn \k yep ‘no = px9.1 on sk Mee = 15079) opie: Srtace Tension 7 Sista Tension ska is nea eit ene re 11 ew he eben been the ea the tae si = Wideman Shastra ~ AM ged mele hve temlesy 0 att ec ‘er. Aid mec ot iter a he Hi ty hs the ees al fs tha he ‘orf tation ae neuen a the les ‘scaly atc on al ies, ua mee pint Ansshown a Fg. 121. Aiud mote ate fe mice apt, does ‘20h id neue abve tpl em twa, 0 ote fie surface melee 0 move fowans (te ener by ova fore. Sn =_ ws: aoe . me Sarason vale of tigi wen i icant with © = OOTWn ferae-nater inert © = O8ONIN for t- meray neice (Brrr guste som sc Capit itis dew cohesion aod a, Fe 122; Copitry (© Expression or Capar Roe Let he he cpliay sec fl ins ne of nee “a centre surface tension fre ia upward dieton Sure eson fre P= nocd, Wei tiga cuon = Vy = (Gea) Mee Y= Sei weight ud Under ulirio the weight fig clan wil be ‘woced by sre tein force 'o Weigh obigit = Suis asin one Foy = ndoxouo y= Sete Foc pre water in cotct with clean ga anda, = 0 2 bes Formereuy and gis, 6 = 140" Solved Example on urtace Tension | and Capitaty, PEEL. tana] Garin ToPlod Copy ised bs 061 mot water Am ‘Syllabus Topie: Viecoey 10 Viscosity or Dynamle Viscosity or Absolute Viscosity > sere 10,598, 4.59, wa, 95, 57 Me WH)& 1.3.5 Relation between Absolute Pressure, Atmosphere Pressure, Gauge Pressure and Vacuum Pressure Ae ase ta hen raven ie Fa amine stp) Ougs ST ee he Prowse Premangnore * Paige Aemestber) (wea ) Pasetse = Paoagtire ~ Prac Syllabus Topic : Concept of Pressure Head and Its Unit (Vacuum pressure. = 1.3.6 Pressure Head > (MSBTE -S-11, W-11, W-16) ‘Weight of liquid in ihe cylinder “Area of the cylinder base etait ~ Intensity of pressure at any point in a liquid is ‘proportional to its depth. Pressure bead is defined as the bead possessed by ud ‘due to pressure exerted by fluid, 2k mye ITE = Som 4 = Civil) 42 werent 1.3.7 Prossure or Intensity of Pressure, D (wert, 513, 15) Q, Whet is an intontity of provsure ? Siat ts units 2, Dorin _ [> Deiiniton’ The stra no acting per unit area defined am per, unit aio st = This denoted by *p E Force PK Area = SA.wnit Nim?ie, Pascal ~The pressure of a fluid is always act normal to the surface in contact. ‘Syllabus Topic : Pascal's Law of Fluid Pressure and Its Uses 1.3.8 Pascal's Law of Fluid Pressure Pascal's law slates that, “The pressure at a point in a static ud is same in all direction,” Peo PEP 1.3.8.1 Application of Pascal's Lawiis vol forthe 1 ydiate pss ya roster Hyde aks A. Mydonic crane S.Aneimwell 6 Braking system af ator © Untations of Pascal Lav = oid mast be in rest condition only ee ‘Syllabus Topic : Conversion of Pressure Head of ‘One Liquid in Terms of Other Liquid. Conversion of Pressure Head of ‘One Liquid in Terms of Other ___Liquia (Setved Example) Penne ijaae PL = Hb Gyb en 1.4 ane Su where yy = 9210Nixt Speci gravity s =07 To fied: Pressore bead in m of liquid Specitic weight of water y=9.81 kg/m’ (standard valve) 2,2, Sap * 07x98 pressure head = 72.81 mot liquids VAR Ants To find : i) Pressure in Nit mercury Weight density of watery, pressure of water Py = = 981078, = 16518 Nim’ Pressure P Specific ravity of mercury Sy Sole. Ye = 9810N/m = 9.81 kNin” (Standard valve) Step 1: Pressure in Ninum* hy = 15 mof mercury Pp =yhes.yb = 136%9810x 15 = 200.1210’ Nin) BP = 200.12 10}x10*=0.2N/mm ‘Pressure in Nima? hy = 85 mof mercury P= h=Satwh = 176x9810x85 seas = 113404 10 Nin? 1s408% = MMI 54mm? Ant 2000)"taff hero ver 3) hair ane? (9.900 kPa inn Soln, : = soon * in terms of wa vom TE 'al {i) Pressure headin terms of water ) beste conse et glit 9 | pee of eset, = pressre of water wate Yo = syecific wei Panes = Poor = Tube pressure ata point 40 = 1x9.81b, = 928 ny = reat mot water: Ans oxo’ = 98108 B 10x10 jpignmotwaer ABS he" ggi0 (a PresureiaNi ae 4 hy = 03 mofmercu”” ase ‘Standard valve sc gang tec = 136 Weg densi of Ya = $Ye=13.6%5810 = BMIGN/a! = M16 Nin! Standard Value :. lem? = 10"' mi Pressure ata point Specific weigh of water y= 9810 Nim (Standard value) p = yh=133416x03 pressure st apoint = 4008 Nin pe Yeh 10x10" = 98108 0x10! h = “9810 = 10.194 mof water sens. (i) Pressure in Nim” < h = 03mof mercury ‘Standard valve Specific gravity of mercury s = 13.6 Weight density of mercury Yq = $Y, = 13.6 9810 = 133416 Nim? 133416 Nim? Pressure at a point yh = 13341603 = 40024.8 Nim" : 4Niem? se ADS:2 ree a ee nena as directed : 22cm) ol mercury into motors of 104 into meter ol hid 9.0.0.7 Soln. : 0.22 m of mercury (@)_b=-22 emf mercury = Pressure exterted by mercury = Pressure exerted by liquid Parry = Phot Tab, = 1 Fae = 61) xh Saba = Sh 136x(-0.22) = 08h, aoe asm Ans. (Gi) Pressure 300 kPa is converted into liquid of S = 0.72. PressureP = yb=sYwXh 300 = 0.72%981xh b= =4247 mof liquid Ans. 300, 072x981 Pressure head of mercury h, = 65cm=065 m Specific gravity of oil S, = 0.8 136%065 = O4xh, 4 he = Gp = MOS moto — Ans Pressure p = yh=5,¥4b, = 089.81 x 11.05 = W672 NI ee Soln. : Given : Pressure head h = 8 m Specific gravity of oil Sy=0.7 * To find : Pressure bead in meter of water b, Pressure in terms of oil = Pressure in terms of water Pas Yea ea (S$ Yom) hear = Given: Pressure bead of oil by = 50m Specific gravity of oil S,= 0.8 To find : Pressure bead of Water Neue, Specific gravity of water y, = 9.81 kN/m’ (Standard value) Specific gravity of water s...,= 1 (Standard valve) sha) Cuma [Ree eines Faas eel cpt Seeiese samen? e" = Pressure of oil = Pressure of water Pox = Poise Chay = 1D eaee& Hydraulics (MSBTE - Sem 4 = Civ) So teh, = Ah, Gi) Head of mercury 0898150 = 1x98I xn, Specific gravity of mezcury b= 08%50=40m of water (Standard vate) cern Ss Weight density of mercury Ewes a posana ana of 8 ( te = 3.6% 9.81 = 133.49 of water and motcuryssto Bi, ea Soln,: ‘To Find : Pressure head hh (i) Head of water lauge : DDbpleen rnc pugs ; 2) Bourdon Tube Pressure pa {imple Manomeer Micomanometer Ditferenil Manometer 3) Dead weight Pressure gauge 1) Piczometer Dinathediffreatl Manomcter 4) Beliow Preante ruse 2) Ustube Manometer 2) Inverted U-tube differential Manometer 3) Single column manomete: 8) Vetical column manometer ») Inclined column manometer Manometer is used to measure the pressure at a point by balancing the columa of flowing fuid by same or another columa of ui. . (Common types of simple manometers are : cael where pressure is to be measured and othe end is opea to the otimosphere as shown in Fig 15 - Te * gives the pressure head at that point. 2 Ue Marrs Ifa Flot A, the height of liquid ish in piezoier Fig. C13 : Types of Simple Manometers tubs then pressure atDe ee l Dy = eight of heavy liquid thon aN j Sy = Specific gravity of tight tigen Sy = Specific gravity of heavy hi S Dy = Desay of teary liquid Feta AS the pressure is the same for the he 7 Unmnen et Peccmcee dence pressure above the horizontal datury line 4, Se Stee at Ss gk coke of ube aay as Ra Fe shoold be same. A Rasaee settle Sar mcacuring Bigh prescore. Feesatic equities above A-A in) —e A-A 2 (Be cue aie Sor measarag varwem pressure. de left limd - the right limd 3. Length of piezomencr increases as pressure increases: pepeh = eh * 3 sae memset power stow amogherie pessare P = eh—-p,xexd) oor = pepe preceee () For Vacuum Pressure ——_— Sylisbes Topic . Measurement of Difference of Pressure Dy Ditterenial U Tube Manometers and inverted U Tube Manometers. ‘15.12 Unite Manometer consats of glass mie best in U-shape, one ead of which SS come w a poist at which pressure is to be ‘Beaserd and ctber cad remains open to the atmosphere as Stowe in Fy 152 For measuring vaccum pressure, the leve! of 8" ‘yal i the manometer will be as shown in Fig. 1 ‘Thea . Pressure in the left limb = Pressure in the right lis PrBh+P Eb, +P, = 0 . Po = —@remtPish) —' (2) For Gauge Pressore f Fig 152 1.5.1.3 Advantages of Simple U-Tube The athe greet comin scary x ny other Sell Manometer over = Plazometer whose syocitic gravity is greater than the specific gravity of Get Lead wteme presvare is to be measured (a) Fes Gouge Pressure Let A be the poi st which pressure is to be measured, whose value is P. The Gatuen line is 1-2. 1 Leth, = Meigis of tight liquid above the datum line ‘Wis suitable for measurement of high pressure. tag A Fetween two Poll and focus 't Ee : . " may wc ened ens | ~ TDs i ard and outward moverment of free end mame 2. utube ints. 1-18 ‘of mapomete- Sa ‘Syllabus Tople 1.5.1.4 Bourdon _> sere -W4 = «= 7 Use ‘trighlen or regain ing when Mid exe a Tube Gauge 2, S-13, W954, WH14, 16, W-46, W-17, $-18) re = 14, S16, We16.W High proses 153: Bourionpressore gauge ‘Bourdon type aa ‘Pressure gauge is used 10 measure high Principe ot Bourden's Gauge It is based A % Principle that Natened tbe tends 10 sireular form in cross-section Pressure on it, Repeat the process until the Point + pier, ough a Tinka nn which leads to direct reading on da meat ino: 3h pred 1.5.1.5 Solved Example on Piezometer and Simple U-tube Manometer Given: oils, = 09, b, = 20-12=8em=0.08m Mercury s, = 13.6 (Standard Valve) b, = 2em=02m Tofind: py ’ Fig P15. Pressure in left limb above x~ X ‘= Pressure in right limb above x Patti = th Pat sith = Yeh Pa + 0.99.81 x 0,08 = 13.6% 9.8) Pq +0.7063 = 26.683 Pa = 26,683 0.7063 Pa = 25.977 KN 102 Ans. apeccre Pe pe a ight le ip teh fib, 6,120 is open 19 atmosphere meee min below the centre of pipe, he contre of ipa: Cau Given p= 120mm = 0.12 m = 80+ 120= 200 mm =0.2 m 5, = 5p. gr of water = 1.0 5, = sp. gr. of mercury = 13.6 ye = weight density of water = 9.81KN/mn’ (standard value) ‘Open limb J 80 me) hy = 120mm ke Mercury $= 138 Fig P1S2 To find : Water pressure in pipe P (pressure io lef limb) pressure in right limb (aetictew) = (ous ta Prt Ste by = oY, by Prt 1X981%012 = 136%981x02 Pat LIT = 26.66 Px = 26.68~1.177 = 25S03kNimé ...Ans. ‘Pressure in pipe is 25.5 kN/m? 6.153 ERR A right im of a mercury Uf tube manometer ia connected th 1 pipe which carries water under pressure. Left mb ie oben to, atmosphere, ‘The: deflection of, mercury. was. observed 250 rnin. If Centre pf pips is 750mrn wbov8 the free sutace of he limb{ Caloitate the, water pressuta, i mercury In kN Soin. : Given : Water h, = 750 - 250 = 500 mm =05m, $,=1 Mercury b, = 250mm=025m, $,= 136 To find : Water pressure in pipe P 750 Fig. P.153 Pressure in left limb above xx «+ Pressure in right limb above xx = PatSi Ye bi + Sr Yoh = pat (1X 9.81 x 0.5) + (13.6 x 9.81 x 0.25) = py + 38.259 Dy =~ 38.259 kN/en' = 38.259 N/m’ (vacuo)Pressure Monsu [F tryerauties (aSBTE - Som $~ Cv) 1.24 PAV (2 =2) = Pt 1-2-2) 4 eX (ir pdt VCD HYD = Yeh Yt (pie Pd eV) = Um 0 Fig 163 sy Divide whole equation by Y Fig 162 Poh, @) (t i} Le by = Height of liquid in Jeft limb below the Seats t datum line X-X Ifthe monometer laid horizontally 2 bh, = Height of liquid in right limb PoP & )e became. <5 = of light li b= Difference of it ime Where Sa pecifc gravity of manonete Hd m= Density of liquid at A ‘5 = specific gravity of liquid in pipeline. py. = Density of quid at B ‘¢_= deflection of mercury ia manne m= Density of ight liquid 1.6.4 Pressure Head Difference for inverted U-tube Differential Manometer > qusBTe -$15) a Fig 164 fern esse in ight ia pressure in enti = Fe pressure differential bead PY pow) * penta * a yee ret Verte * po = manometer. = x(t)F 4 (SBTE -Sem 4 «Civil on both sie ys) hb ts) Be (1-4) 1.8.5 Properties of hiercury ai \ ’ eA. Sarees Mercury is used as a Manometric liquid (2) Tthas very high density so that Hg column requires less beigte (2) does not mix up with the liquids in the pipes, (3) Ir does not stick to the surface of tube. (4) Atroom temperature, the vapour pressure is negligible, (5) It does not chesnically react with other liquids, 1.6.6 Solved Fxample on U-Tube Differential Manometer 5,156 Fie Pts Given sx (Sem =0.15 Pat Sinb, «Sith, = Pet Sith) + Sort, = Shy Sh, Pa-Po = 08%941 2015 -13.6x9.41 x0, ers Pam > (MSBTE - W-12, $-15, $-17) 1.2 18.84 kN/n 18.84 kin nite 18835 Nin? Fig, P.1.62 Given : Specific gravity of liquid s = 1.2 Differential reading of manometric liquid by = 25cm =0.25m. Assume weight density of water y, = 9.81 kN/m? (Standard value) To find : Pressure difference between two points A and BP,-Py) Leth, = height of liquid on left limb of s = 1.2 hy = height of.liquid on right limb of s = 1.2 hy = eight of Mercury on right limb of s = 13.6 Dressure at any point liquid (P.) Wel A Sigh, ‘Consider section x-x above which liquid in left limb is balancing with liquid in right lund. ‘Liquid in teft mb = Liquid in right limb Paes, = Bat syyhy + Satyhy Prtl2-981b = p12 981-025) + 136x981 1025 —— | Pa (12 FBIM) = py + (1.2 661) - (12x91 0.25)Py = Bemof Hy Vacwm 6x 9.81) 0.25 sure in Left limb = Pressure on Right limb fo(254054) = PHY (5.5425 +0.5) + Yah 981 ()4981h = ~33.384 + (08%981 x8.) +165*9.81h X29AS+98I b= 33.354 + 66.708 + 16.187 16187981) S37 = 21076 bh =33m = 25+ 29.43 + 33.354 - 66.708 so AMS mise 415.=06 4=.4,-) 004, 4-008 — | e brig Fig P64 Lety isthe rise of liquid in left limbs Pressure in left limb above pressure in right limb above Py-Si Yeh, = Py-S, Yoh, -S; toby Py-LLX9BL XY = Py~ 11% 9.81 (y- 008) 06 «9.81 «0.04 P,-10.29y = Py 10.79 y 40432-0235 =P, = 0.1966 kN/m? eons. Ee 1.65 ‘An invorted dtferential manometer is connected to two pipes ‘and B which conveys water. The fluid in manometer is of of Sp. Gr. 08. For tho manometric reading shown in Fig, P. 1.6.5. Find the pressure diffrence betwoon A and B. Soln.: Given: $,=1, b, =800 mm =08 m S,=0.9, hy = 500 mm =0.5 m S,=13.6,b, = 150 mm = 0.15 m Tofind Py14 Civil) yall Pressure at Hit Kini Pressure al ight Kin Pye Siyh = Pao SiyM= Syyhy Pun IXBIXOK © Py O9XIKI KOS 196 ORD OLS 7848 = Py AAS 20 PyaPy © = 1658 Py-Py © 1688 MPa so Ans. 4.7 Comparisons 4.7.1 Distinguish between Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics > (MSBTE - W-11, W-19 ‘The study of mechanics} lof Muids at absolute and] of fluids in motion relative rest 2. [Shear sess is always} Fluids sustain some] ero shear forces. 3. Jeg. Water in dam. jeg. flow through pipes, channel etc. 1.7.2 Differentiation between Specific Weight and Specific Gravity of an Oil ‘The specific weight of a | Specific Gravity isthe liquid is defined as ratio of specific weight ‘eight perunit volume | of fluid to the specific weight of a standard ui It is denoted by 's” Sr, No. Specitie Weigh ye ope Specific weight of water | Specific pravty of is 9810 Nin’, water is Dynamic Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity Kinema It's ratio of shear stress to | It is. the ratio of rate of shear strain | dynamic viscosity 10 (velocity gradient) the mass density 2. | this denoted by p Its denoted by 4; + u he & ) vat dy, 4, | S.L. unit N'S fen? S.L. unit : m/sec. 5. | CGS. unit poise CG. unit stokes. 1.7.4 Differentiate between Real Fluids and Ideal Fi luids > sare -s-11) viscosity and no properties like surface tension viscosity, surface tension 2. | They are They are compressible. incompressible 3, | They are an imaginary | Real Muids are practical fluid. uid. | 4. | As wateris Al fuids are real fluids incompressible, itis} e.g. Petrol, kerosene, considered as an ideal | diesel, Castrol oil fluid, a}1.7.5 Difference in behavior of liquids and Solids D (MSBTE - We 11, S-12,W-17,W-18) Hydraulics (MSBTE - Sem 4 - Civil) Gai Danaea ent trom colds? Exlain. 1-28 1.7.6 Differentiate between Liquid and Gases Liquid 1. | Fluids, which are not | A fluid which are able to compress, but | compressible and possess a definite | posses no definite volume, which are not | volume, itis 1. | Molecules are very | The space between affected appreciably by | compressed or expands | closely spaced. aioe ieiy fetccerfeecenns|| way hasecat e. ates and temperanure is | temperature is called as 2. | Iner molecular Inter molecular cohesive ris pas cohesive force is large. | force is less. eee Ee 3. | Solid can resisttensile, | Fluid cannot resist 2 [eg Water, Kerosene, /eg. Air, Ammonia, | compressive, and tensile force or very less eke te CO;etc. shear force uptoa | and cam cesist Soe Sas forces only || 4.7.7 Differentiate between Simple and SS Differential Manometers container. 4, | Solid does not change | A fluid changes its > (ussTe- WA) shape or flow. ‘shape and flow because. of inability to resist shearing stress. 5. | Solid undergoes static | Fluid undergoes deformation continuous deformation Example: metal, ‘Example : kerosene, | timber, concrete, PVC | petrol, water, CO:,NO Fale ed tp ears ee bss pressure © a pont or | difference of pressure 6. | Refer Fig. 1.7.1 Refer Fig. 1.7.2 Sane, pesca vo secticn 2. | Piczometer, simple | Ditfereatial Utube, Ustube are types of | Inverted U-tube, simple manometer | micrometer are types of differential manometer 3. | One limb is connected | Both ends are connected. tothe point where | to the pressure points. pressure is to be measured and other limb is open to air 4. | Reading is obtained in | Reading is in term of the term of flowing liquid | measuring or manometric ‘only in peizormeter | tiguid.1.29 1.7.8 Difference between U Tube Differential Manometer and Inverted U Tube Ditto, Manometer Inverted U-tube differeatiat manometer [Re Tae REE tis used to measure difference of low press. ‘Manometeric liquid is used. More accurate.a1 vasnnct pressure wth doth, Pressure aa 4.3 Deteminafon of total pressure and center of pre ‘24 Determination of total pressure and center of ym - concept and use ‘and center of pressure on inunersed surfaces and on tank walls 22 Total hyrostale pressure .esure on vertical, inclined and horizontal immersed surfaces. pressure on sides and bottom of water tanks, sides and bottom of tanks containing two liquids, vertical surface in contact with liquid on either side Le —— ‘Syllabus Topic : Variation of Pressure with Depth Ee i¥ \ 21 Variation of Pressure with Depth or | Hydrostatic Law Fie LL: Variation of Hydrostatic pressure \ aoa Nv sae tat te ese increases 'Y velcally downwards in an incompressible hi “shownby wiangular distribution, > MSBTE S11, 5. W-14, S-1: 2, $13, W-13, 17, S-18, W-18) © Uses of Pressure Diagram (1) Uses of pressure diagram to calculate total pressure force due to liquid on one side or both side of wall @) To calculate pressure on vertical and inclined faces of dams, @) To find pressure on sluice gateS-L Unit: (Newton) 221 Centre of Pressure tis denoted by i. 2.22 Application of Total Hydrostatic Pressure and Centre of Pressure Design of Dams Diagram ” 1 WY Tran.| EB tryerauics SBTE - Som 4 Ca) 235 Hydrostatic Step 1: Depth of centroid of lamina from free surface. | Step 1: Centtoid of boty (ses 341s 75m i OF 1S +2 sin 22° = 2.25 m 2 Suep2: anaaaS (old vaso! Step. Moment of inertia ly GO -d)= Fat-2)= 178m" Step 4: Total pressure force P= yrA-T=981x9425 x 2.25 = 208KN wns. Step 5: Angle of inclination 1B=1)_ soe 0 = sig G1) This force act perpendicular to the plate so it is gem “ ‘Step 3: Moment of inertia I G4@) =3.976m° | acting in a direction which is (90~ 22° to the free A surface. Step 4: Total pressure P= 7 AX = 9.81 x/7.0686 x275 Step 6: Depth of centre of pressure, = 190.69 kN 2 losin’ Step S: Inclination of plate @ = sin Step 6: Position of centre of pressure -,4 sin’ @ 3.976 (sin 56.44)" ese aa =2.15 +7 0686x215 = 22m Ans. a) Cte, | etre pert a teres es | hae Ex. 23.24 ‘Syllabus Topic : Determination of Total Pressure: eee ye gs tees, | Maceencts heecue cn tase borne War ark, ies an otlom a an Past nics caves aghinaer ey aesioce ene reas et mca | anrang To Liga, Vert Surar tera atin: ‘upon one side ofthe plate due i Contact with Liquid on Either Side a ar Sotn. 2.4 Determination of Total Pressure Given: D=4m,d=2m and Centre of Pressure on Sides and Bottom of Water tanks, Sides and Bottom of Tanks Containing ‘Two Liquids, Vertical Surface in Contact with Liquid on Either Side [AL Tota! pressure mt botinm of tank, (). Pressure intensity at bottoma (ui) Towa pressure on bette of bottom surface pra apessue intensity)» Area of tyottom 5 pre px Area of postr sueace uy Cente of pressure: Fig, 24.1 (i) Pressure at botiom p = yh (i) Toot pressure on vertical face = [Area of pressure agra] x {Wide of tank at which pressure in normal) ) 8 (i) Conse =a ss of pressure b= from base of ink tet B= 5b from fre surface. ne TATE FF nyrawen gust sera ; : 1 sts Sr tt Type lil; Pressure Distrlbuticn Dagran eee | Given: Sidea=3m , Sp. gravity of oil s= 04, Depth of oil h= 2.5m To find :Total pressure Mass density of oil 9 =5% py =04 x 1000 = 400 kp/m? (Total pressure on bottom Pressure intensity on bottom P = yh=pgh= 4009.81 x25 = 9810Nimé=981kNin’ | Total pressure on bottom P= px Area of bottom surface 1 981 x (3 x3) = 88.29 KN 4 i) Total pressure on one side of tank Total pressure = (Area of pressure diagram x wit t= P= [Jxoar x25] x3 36.79 KNsfully. sem 4 Cv) — Soln.: fs] Ps oe Intensity aie Case (i): Case (ii) : With oftakb = Sm. Depth of tank h = 2m Weight density of water y= 9.81 kN/m’ Given : Diameterd = 10m , Centre of pressure h = h b= 15m y of pressure at base, P= yh= pgh 147150 Nim? = 147.15 Nim 1000 «9.81% 15 Total pressure on bottom of tank, = pXA=147.15 x7 (107 1557.13 kN 162m. Total pressure on one side of tank, P= (Area of pressure diagram) x diameter (eee) Step 1: Pressure intensity of water at base of tank D (et 147.1513) x10 p = ye=981x2=19.62kNim™ = 11036.25kN Centre of pressure, “ 2 B= Gxnejxis crt : eee Step2: Toul pressure on Sm side of tank = (Area of pressure diagram) x Width of tank Goa)a Ps Gxts62x2) X5= 981 S93: Tol pressure ot botom of tank sons. i (Pressure t bottom) x Area of bottom surface 1962(3%5) = 2943 kN| | \ t i | fl | a —_— FP sro Step 2: Total pressure = Area of pressuce distribution diagram x Width = (4p xh ) xb ($7095 09) x 1= 34784 Ans. Step 3 Centre of pressure or position of point at which total pressure acts, ‘Area of plan A= 1x 1= 1m" Depth of oil b= 2-05 = 1.5m Special gravity of oil S = 0.85 To find : Total pressure and position. Weight density of oil ¥,= 8 Yy = 0.85 x 9.81 = 8.34 kNim? Intensity of pressure at base p = yhe8H4x15 = 125kNim" Case 1(i) : Total pressure at side of tank = Area of pressure diagram x Width = (S (MSBTE - S-13, W-13) 1. Flow through a river or canal, 2 Smoke from chimney, 3. Smoke from a cigarette. Fd Flow Parameters Syllabus Topic : Types of Flow - Uniform Flo yl pic : Typ i 3.1.5 Uniform Flow D (ASBTE -5-11,5-13, w-13, w. 18) ~ Flow through a long straight pipe of uniform diameter is consider as uniform flow. —— ‘Syllabus Topic : Types of Flow - Non Uniform Flow ee 3.1.6 Non-Uniform Flow > (MSBTE - W-13) ~ Bg. flow through a long pipe with varying cross section is considered as non-uniform flow. #0 (b) Non- uniform velocity (a) Uniform velocity(BF ryerauti (SBE Sem 4 Csi 33 - _Fvid Flow Parametors “0 || 3.2.2. Significance ot Reynolds Number The flowin which fluid characteristics like velocity, Fete a8 @ point do not, change with > sere -s17) ~ Eg. flow of water with constant discharge through a pipeline is as steady flow. ——<—<<$—$ __ _—____. Syllabus Topic : Types of Flow - Unsteady Flow —_————_— SS Eee 3.1.8 Unsteady Flo ee leeds Heide — Bg. flow of water with varying discharge through a pipe is as unsteady flow. Xo 2 #0 2 40 Syllabus Topic : Reynold’s Number 3.2___Reynold’s Number D (MSBTE - W-11, W-14, S-16, 5-17, S-18; W-18) ere wee ee] 2 TSO ed STATE 3.2.1 Applications of Reynolds Number Viscous forces are predominant in motion of completely submerged bodies like 1. Submarine, 2. Aeroplanes 3. Incompressible flow through pipes 4, Flow through low speed turto- machine, 1. If Reynold’s number flow is laminar flow 2. If Reynold’s number is greater than 4000 (R, > 4000), flow is turbulent fow. 3. If Reynold’s number lies between 2000 to 4000 (2000 < R, < 4000) the flow is transit flow. Syllabus Topic : Discharge and its Unit, 3.3__ Discharge or Rate of Flow > qwsere- 511,513, w.t3, W17, W8) ine descharge and states unity keer | = Itis denoted by °Q’ = STunit m’lsee or cumec. QzAv Its also defined as the product of area and velocity. Syllabus Topic : Continuity Equation of Flow 3.34 Continuity Equation Cnty ogni tac onto conservation of mass. ST ASTE ‘Definition. 2".ry i ein 4 « Civil \y Peli (USUTE Sern 4 5 C vil) a Assumptions Made in Continulty Equation Based on Stream Tube Conevpt 2 The Now is uniform, The Now is incorapressible ‘The ow is one-dimensional, 33.3 Solved Example on Discharge ‘A.10 cry ameter pipe canying water at 1.4 ms changed 16 ischarge and velocity In the 15, 18 cm dlamoter. Calculate em diameter pipe, cenit Given: 4, = 10cm =0.1 m, V, = 14 m/sée, WSem=Oism To find : Discharge Q and velocity Step 1: Area of cross ection - Eee ¥ F oir = 7884x 10" mi? Fa =p is? 17.67 10m? Step 2: Discharge, Q = A,V,= 7.854% 10°?x 1420011 m/s. ‘Step 3 : Velocity at larger section (V3) By continuity equation, Q = AM EAN: oo = Fos Vy Vi = 062 avsec. > (mse - 9-12) a Fig P23 4; = 30cm=03m Discharge through main pipe “ Q = LS msec Velocity in 30 cm fae pipe V, = 7S avs | To find: Q, Step 1 : Cross-sectional area aan, = EaleZoo t= 0207 of Ay = Feh2% 0047 = 01257 af 28 Ay = Feh=F@3) = 0.0707 mi? Step 2: scharge through 30 m pipe.” Discharge = velocity x areaof flow Q& = VyxAyso ANS, ae water at rate 0.5 m'/s00, rm and 400 mm diameter. ‘small diameter pipo is Q=05 msec, Q\= 0.2 m'ssec., Fig P.333 Toi Vlas otBow V. Vs and Vs sup: Dice; trowgh pipe of diameter O4 ‘By continuity equation, Q=A+% @ = 05-02 =03,m'rsec. ‘Sep 2: Velocity through each pipe 2 AV = AV,+A,V, > wows ssn Hat Energy of flowing liquid is the abituy of y of Liquid work by virtue of its existing, pre position. a A flowing liquid possess the following ypen of ee pes. of Types of Energy of Flowlng Liquid 1, Potential enorgy Fig. C32 : Types of energy of owing liquld Syllabus Topic : Potential Energy The potential energy of particle willbe x m kg fer KE of the fluid. a etic Energy ———— 3.42 Kinetic EnergyEF tyaravies pase Syllabus Topic : Pressure Energy 3.4.3. Pressure Energy = Teepe con wll Pint per of ei Pressure head =2 Y 3.4.4. Datum Head or Potential Head > (useTe-s-12) e Total energy = Potential energy + Kinetic energy + Pressure energy =z+¥.2 JE 2 *y Syllabus Topic : Bernoulli's Theorem - Statement ———————————— 3.5__ Bernoulli's Theorem D (WSBTE - 5-11, W114, WH12, 5-14, W-16, S-17, W-17, S-18) Jos Tea Fig. 35.1 It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible’ fluid, the sum of pressure energy, kkinetic energy and potential energy (total energy) at any point of the fluid is always constant. +: Total Energy = constant Pressure energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy = constant a ENG qtagt2 = constant P Where 77 = Pressure energy or pressure head per unit weight eC Jy = Kinetic energy or velocity or kinetic head per unit weight Za Potential energy or datum energy or datum head per unit weight,[EF Hydrauies (MSBTE - Som 4 - Civ) 35.1 Bernoulli's Equation > (MsBTE - W-18) ‘Syllabus Topic : Bernoulli's Theorem : Equation 37 § a __F hid Flow P: SS Syllabus Topic : Modified Bernoulli's Theorem OOM 3.5.4 Modified Bernoulli's Equation > (sere -w.rz,s-17 = Velocity a section 1 p= Velocity at section 2 2, = Height above datum of section 1 = Height above datum of section 2 ————— ‘Syllabus Topie : Bernoulli's Theorem : Assumptions —_—_—__ —SEEEeeSE SE 3.5.2 Assumptions made in Bernoulli's Equation D> (MSBTE -$-13, 5-18, W-18) 2. The flow is steady and continuous, 3. The flow is incompressible, 4. The flow is one-dimensional Le, along steamline. 5. Velocity is uniform over the croés-section and is equal to the mean velocity. 6 The gravity force and pressure force are only considered, 3.5.3 Limitation of Bernoulli's Equation > (sere -We11, w-14) |. Its applicable to deal Midi, uid bas no viscosity. 2 tis applicable to incompressible uid Now. = Bemoulli's equation was derived on the assumption that fuid is 900-viscous ie. frictionless. Which is oot applicable of practical fluid aad hence Bernoulli's equation is modified by considering losses. ~ Motitied Bemoulli's equation for real Quid v Ban where h = loss of energy between point I and 2. 3.5.5 Applications of Bernoulll’s Equation D (MsBTE -W-14, 5-18) 1. To determine the total energy at any section 2. To find head loss ia a pipe line. 3. Toffind pressure difference at aay givea two section ‘Practical applications of Bernculll's Equation 3. _Itis not applicable for Nid with unsteady flow.t 981x107 x 10"= 1s)" =001767 418x107 m Fig. P3461 By cootinuity equation, AWWa = Ase 00:767x3.6 = 4418x10? Vp Vy = WAmvsce 1900 + 9.6606 +6= 1006.86 - 13.57 pee 5ar Position 1 4, = 300mm=03m Z=0 P, = 100kNim? S = 08 Position 2 & = 600 mm=06m Z = 5m P, = 60kN/m™ Q = 300 litre/sec. = 03 msec. Tofind sb Y = Sy, =0.8x9.81=7.348 KNint (0.3) = 0.0707 m* i e 4 K ie 10 420g (08x9.81) *@x98)* = 12.744 0.916 +0= 13.65 mUsing continuity equation a, = 4Y, 0.0314x1 = 1.963" 10" <¥ 2 V, = 16m Applying Bernoulli's equation ise 981 *2x981°°~ 5040.051+5 = me oes ts Secicnt epgez 08) Section 2 (lower end) 42s 1, = im 4 = Dem=02m4,= Som=005m Y, = lms stgea? © LSE nya? = BAX Nim! = ALN 2%, = SxR1 249.05 Nim Ro a Nvem? = TORN’ P; *. 80 em of Hg = 03 m of HE = (13.6 x98D x08st be taken on firm object. The cistance Wh bn * “= = Alnebraic sum of these differences se nanative, the 310 206.73 3.1837 = “oar *2x981° CD = 1088+0516-3=8.396 TE, > TE,, the flow is directed from 1 to2. 3886 11s" 98 *Qxoa** = 640053 64= 10053 m Since TE, > TE, . the flow of water from B wo A Head loss oh = TE,-TE, = 12065 ~1005)=2012m —Aes oe(YF hydraulics (MSBTE - Som 4 Civ) s £3.66 AApipe tino changes in size from 30 cm @ at'A' to 60 cin at 'B: Its used to caity ob of, spactic gravity 0.80. Point ‘Ais 5 m longer than point ‘8° nd the pressure fre 80 kNin" and £0 KN respectively iy arge iS 200 Lps. Find te loss of head and direction of tow. Soin. : sm Section A 4, = 30em=03m %=0 Py = 8OKNim’ s = 08 Section B 4, = 60cm=06m % = 5m P, = 60kNim’™ Q = 200Lps=02m Tofind : by Y = 8y,=08x981=7.848 Nin? Step1: Area Ay=34,= 5 (03)'=0.0707 m* 2827 m* rule Aa = dr = 706) ‘Step 2: Velocities at section 1 and 2 Using continuity equation p, T-E, = “+5442, y *2g*7a=7848*2x981*° = 10.194 +0408 +0= 10.6 m " Fluid Flow Pay 7.65 + 0.0255 + 5 = 12.675 m Tey Os flowing from postion B to position A T-By-T- Bq 12675106 TA < Loss of head = = 2075m Ans. __& Direetron of flow from section B to section A Specific gravity liquid S + Discharge Q Pressure at lower end p Slope of pipe 1 in 100 Tofind: p, Fig P3.6.7 Step 1: Datum head = 100n4-Chl) 30 45m foxt 10 passin HBhET end Be eae sup? cross sectional aF0 £28 (yt = 07854 pe HATED os y= 2 516i = 4074 ws sup: Pres hie end te ‘By Bernoulli's equation 2 no ae tat = 173° Ps 101% 120 sore os san Panto is 980 981) 4-38) it 0083+0 = 1621 408464 (-35) = 1366-0053 so ADS. 13,6 7.358 = 100 kPa % Ps 2368 Ot of devsty 830 kg/m? flows through a Feline which changes in size from 150 mm diameter at section A 10 200 men came at sacton B. Secon B being 45 = Nhe than section A. i! gauge pressures at A and B are 200 kPa and 140 kPa respectively, deterrine the direction of flow and ‘energy loos whan tha pion caries discharge of 110 Lps. Sain. : Given Density of ol Diameter at A, p= 830kg/m? 4, 150 mm. y= 300 mun =03 m 2420 y245 P,= 200 KPa Pye 40 kPa 15m Dianier a B, Datuin bead a A, Datum bead at B, Presewe at A, Presgure at B, 412 rection of flo (ii) Energy los ‘po finds dit ‘ep 3 : Total energy at section A and B- Total energy at A, PY, Pa Ma y "8 20010 6225" 4 $30x 9.81 2% 9.81 TE 24.563 + 1.9752 = 265338 ‘Total energy at B Pa Ya eas 7 W TE 140x108, 1556, 45 + ait 830x981 2X9. 81 17.194 40.1234 +45 = 21817 mofoil Step 4 + Direction of flow ATE y 37-B, he Now of ois fos A>peri: op Deaenattow and ip teal tateeen ase POS. Spo Grea: Dancerat AaadB D=200 mm = 0.2. m 126m Z=8m Discharge Q =60Lps =0.06 m'lsee PesmeA, P= S0KPa PrsueaB, Py = 20KPa 0.06 Veociy Vy = hE] 1.900 mols int e Tal oma Heat A a hoot 62, 0 0.909) = 98142 x9,g] * O= 11-283. m Tats y 4,Ma Da Bets, = 20907 Dal 2x98i*8 * 020 Telhedth> Toalbea phe ph Nein Ne tts fom Ao B, 5 349 Frid 283 ~ 10, Loss of bead = 1.058 m of water The water flow from A 10 Band head AD is 1,058 m of water 6, Ans, between Problems on Vertical Pipe Given : Length of pipe L = 5m Diameter at lower end d,= 150mm = 0.15m Diameter at upper end d; = 250 farm = 0.25m ‘Step 2: Velocity relation By using continuity equation Q=aM (0.15) = 0.017670" (0.25)'= 0.049 m* ‘Step 3: Velocity at each section 1 and 2 By applying Bernoullis equation Pressure gauge fied at ends of pipes indicstes Pr Y icp, =P mt : Be sane valve since tbe pipe is vertical, datum bead is y; am7-D%y * 5 neL=Sm a Pe tegirgiie Poeeeitaies | ayne eon) EFF hiyraics caso (27V; 2XO8 as 1 Vv % Sem 4 - Civ) 44 Fluid Flow Parametors 0.07008 785x107 * Ys 5 Sx2x9.81 14.608 3.82 as 2.778 V,= 2.778 x 3.82 10.616 ms Step: Discharge through pipe To find: Q Fig. P.3.6.11 a kts 3 0.3)° = 0.07068 xm? a4 F 01) =785x 10" m* By continuity equation, AW, = teVe vide = Ay ¥y= 007068158 = 0.099 m’ysee Diameter at bottom d= 300 mm=03 m Diameter at top dy = 150mm =0.15 m Length of pipeL = 10m Pressure at bottom p, = 300 kN/m? Datum Z, = 0 Z =10 Head loss b, = 2m Velocity at boitom V, = 3 mvsyr [EY pytrautes (MSBTE - Som 4 Civ) 30 Fld Flow Parametars x FAS +6 119) Sr. No, Uniform No New uniform flow Po = (95.9S~45~2.95)x 9.81 2 ee ner water with [Ey Now through 4 tong = 70a! wm fimgh plas | eon cose 3.7 Comparison als [a steady flow, won 1i0i flow. 3.7.1 Steady and Unsteady Flow ‘ & “0 x +0 Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow 1. | The flow in which Muid | The flow in which ftuid characteristics like ‘characteristics like velocity, pressure, velocity, pressure, easity ete. ata point do | density ete at a point ‘ot change with time is | changes with time is called assteady flow. _| called as unsteady flow: ‘The flow in which the adjacent layer does not | adjacent layer cross ‘cross to each other and | each other and do not move along the well | move along the well define path is called as | define path is called as Jaminar flow. turbulent flow, 2 | Bg. flow of blood in | E.g. Now through a river small veins, flow of oil | or canal, smoke from jin bearings, flow in | chimney, smoke from a porous media, flow of | cigarette, 8. Mow of water with constant discharge varying discharge ‘through a pipeline is as | through a pipe is as steady flow. 2% Wey Bao B ua 3 |X eo Bo Peo [Boo Veo Bro py oN a ae es eA 3. | If Reynold's number is | If Reynold’s number is 3.7.2. Uniform and Non Uniform Flow pete ecceeee the j more) can, 4000, thee ‘ow is laminar. the flow is turbulent asin 4 wee PISS Fig. 3.7.1(a) Fig. 3.7.1(b) : aoa_——_—$_ {uniting Flow Through Pipes i Sys) aa vr nade ape Faces nts cmpuaon by Darcy Webbach Eauiten y= 4.2 Minoriosses in pipe Joss at erirance, exit, sudden contraction, sudden enlargemant and fitings 4.3 Flow through pipes in series, pipes in paraol and Dupit's equation for equivalent pips. 4.4 Mydiaule gradient ine and total energy line. 4.5. Water Hammer in pipes: causes and remedial measures. 48 Use of Moody's Diagram and Nomograms. 47 Discharge measuring device for pipe flow > Venturimeter-construction and working. 4.8 Discharge measuring fora tank: using Orifice, Hydraulic coetficient of Orifice. —— Spabos Tope Mar nie & = Acceleration due to gravity tetera) d= Diameter of pipe (m) Darey Weisbach Equation hy = 35 Q = Rate of flow or discharge (:a'/s ‘The loss due to friction is much more in case of \ 4.1 Losses of Head due to Frictio: pipelines as*compare to other losses and beac Weisbach Equation classified as major losses. ~ Major loss is depends on roughness of pipe, !e0s* velocity and diameter of pipe. 4.1.1 Modified Darcy-Weisbach Equation The major loss of coergy is dve 10 friction, I ia nesmine by Dasey Weisbach formule Where, f= Darcy's offi L er ‘ape fL (4QV_ 16fL.Q z oh a a) Nm 2d 7) “Ogn'd = Velocity of flow through pine taves troteave rooghness = where, € = Relative roughness = absolute roughness: D = Diameter of pipe + Foe the constant value of Reynold’s number, the fiction factor goes on increasing with relative ‘roughness. j ¢ 0 Reynclds number eA. : Variation of trict factor with R, © NW 2 ie ina tow. = 5 5 Saigo 0 = 28 413 Factor Affecting Friction Factor Ae (1) Meynold’s muraber : Tye te increase in Reye's worber bon be it become Inde penser A Weyschd a Welative roms Ah pipe surtnee facton inerenves with vehaty constant vide A Weytehdls on Density A uid Daw « friction factor is de o Ne the densiey «A (4) Shae of pha + Friction factor decersss of pie increases, AAA Solved Example on Major Losses by Darey Equation Given + d= 15 cn =0.15 m, by=77 L=100m, {#002 To find : Size of main pipe ‘A’. ‘Step 1 Aract piped = 5 OF A = Fx (ossy = 091767 a! Step 2: Velocity Using Darcy-Weisbach equation, Vv b= 290 a z 0.02 x 10 x V" =6.16V' TT * 2x 9BL ONS Vi=5 ve Step 3: Discharge Discharge Q = AxV=001767* 1.065 = 0018810? msec = 18S Lysom fees a the discharge through pipe of dameter 20. cm flere Bf presse head betwen the to onde of tae im apartis im Ot water, take Icio factor t= 0.036, Soin: Given: Head H= 4m, friction factor f= 0.036, Diameter d= 20cm =02m, Length of pipe L-= 500m To find : Discharge through pipe Q Head loss = Head loss due to friction = 4m Step 1: Velocity Using Darcy's equation pie 0.036 x 500 V7 12x 981 x02 a a 4 rag =0872 V = 0934 ms Discharge through pipe oni x0s34 Step 2: Q = AXV= = 002934 mils Q = 234Lps Ans. "OR ‘Using Modified Darey's equion x La Pr Sea} 0.036 x 500.0 12.1x02 43 Flow Through Pipes 500 0.02 Length of pipe efficient of friction f To find : Head loss ve to friction Step 1: Area of pipe x A= 9p 031416 mm Step2: Velocity 0.06. = Gosiai6 = 1.91 msec Step 3: Head loss due to friction 0.02500 x 1.91" 2x 9.81 x02 by = 9297 Ans. or Loss of Head In Flow of Pipe D> (MSBTE - W-11, S-12, W-12, W-13, W-15, W-16, W17,S-18) It is occurs due to sudden contraction or expansion, valves, ftings, bends ete and at entrance and exit from pipe Syllabus Topic : Minor Loss due to Sudden Enlargement 4.2.1 Minor Loss due to Sudden Enlargement > (MSBTE w-18)Hydraulics (MSBTE - Sem 4 - Civ) 4a ____Flow Through Pipes , -vy Fig 420 Syllabus Topie : Minor Loss due to Sudden Contraction 4.2.2 Minor Loss due to Sudden Contraction s-fed§ b= os ifC isnot given. Fe 422 ‘Syllabus Topic : Minor Losses In Pipe : Loss at Entrance 4.2.3 Minor Loss at the Entrance . v A = 0sy | F423 i Syllabus Topic : Minor Losses in Pipe + } Loss at Exit | 42.4 Minor Loss at Exit from Pipe Loss at Fittings er 4.2.5 Minor Loss due to Bends or Pipe Fitting . 4.2.6 Minor Head Loss due to-an Obstacle ina Pipe Fig 425 4.2.7 Solved Example on Minor Losses in Diameter of pipe 1 d, = 250 mm = 0.25 m, Diameter at pipe 2d, = 500 mm = 0.5 m Hydraulic gradient rise b= 12 mm=0.012m To find : Discharge Q Step: Area, 3 (025)'= 0.0891 m?panda pssst By cotinaty equation AV) = Vy yr vy “ Step 8: esd loss due to sudden enlargement M-Vy! : oe @V,-V? ov! Oo = xan 7 We Vi = 002616 v= aan IQ x 2X g| Step 4: Discharge dough pipe 2 Q = AY,= 0.1963 x0.162 = 0.03176 m/sec, Diameter at Pipe 1 4-25 ann025 n, Diameter at Pipe 2, =n 030, AN, Q 037 iad "0.37 £ A, *0.00905 = 7.54, vy, = 2.037 1 Ay "0.0707 * 5.23 ws Step Mead loss due 10 suddenty elageiney Vy fais fw Se: Arad = Fal = % 02) = oonas AraA, = £ te aoa 49, =] O4)'= 125670 S192: Velocity in pipe BY continuity equation AY. = Av, AR a2 0.1256; (oa388 ) A ayy S'P35 Head oss dew sudden enlargement 5a W-vy eas 28| 0.66 m/sec Fe P.s2s zs é Vy, 2 P o4¥2) sc ¥8 an x a[RP pyar (ag0TE Sam Chat ‘Step §: Discharge though pipe Qe VA LOT XT 03) = 0.11362 "see 2 L ps. Sudden Contraction Salle pipe diameter d, = 150 mm =0.15m Larger pipe diameter d= 200 mm = 0.20 m Discharge through pipe Q = 12 litre per second: = 0012m'Ise. | Coefficient of contraction Ce = 0.62 To find : Loss of bead h, Step 1: Area of pipe ‘Area of smaller pipe Ay = Fost = 001767 m | 5 Awactiape pes, = £4 =F 020! | = 003141 | Step2: Velocity through each pipe Using continually equation Q = AMAA, ‘Velocity through smaller pipe vy, 2 20012 1 = A," 00r767 = 0.679 ws Velocity through larger pipe y, = 2a 0012. 2 00047 = 0382 ms an __ Lo Though Pipe Step.3: Loss of sinaller sect Hows from larger 202m y=0.15m Fig. P. 4.2.8; Sudden expansion Head loss due to susitew expansion ,-¥, be as apabttinen 38 = (0.679 0.382) 2x98 45x10? = 45mm ees. Loss of head, when flow from smaller to larger (Le. direction of flow is reversed) 02m ‘Head loss due to sudden contraction a we EE ag = Ga-) oa 4.308 x 10" m = 043 mm wns. — Syllabus Topic : Flow through Pipes in Series 4.3 Flow through Pipes in Series > (useTE-s-11) ‘When the pipes of different lengths and diameters are Connected to each other to fori a pipeline thea such & Pipeline is called as a compourd pipe or pipes in series.hin 1 & Total loss of head 4, = Diameter of pipe 1 ; Ly = Length of pipe 1 f, = Coefficient of friction dy yf = Comesponding value of pipe 2, 4y yf = Corresponding valve of pipe 3. 1, Considering all losses, : Total css of head = Major losses + Minot losses Hos hth, Majer osses = Head loss due to friction in each pipe by = i gt hy” {Li ‘i A eh GLY, GLVy a 5d, pu, * Bd, 4 Minorlosses = Pntvance | Contract a sere since, Expatica Bait z loss pda Ser Ay ae pipes are 10 ries (ME diverge through eel? pape il be ae {contnous) Qe Mehr Ns Af» pipeline connecting 1° reservoirs by compen ues, thea the difference 19 ro the sur ofthe head Fosse in al (he sections, Discharge through pipeline vi 2 ‘ Mr = 0538 sos GaeWr stmt pte. Soma CWl) Jiquia surface level is equal av and 2 net 28 os elected, then 2. Mninor losses otal lors of head © Major losses 1 Gai bv gd % 4 Le 2 He {149 lll 11 ’ Ady i241, aig ni pA HOGI ar Vig P41 Pipe: dy=15em=0.15m, L)=6m Pipe 2: d)=22.5cm=0.225 m,L,=16m, 1 Tofind : Discharge Q Step 1: Cross sectional Area ny 7 aA, = Fai 3% (015) =00171 2 7 A= GG, =¥ (0.225) = 003988 Step 2: Velocity in pipe by continuity equation Q = A= AM, 2 4; Vr ay, (ols) a - y, fe) vie(qa15) 4 0.0408 Y, ? qv, = v= ‘a es sion + Mio Total head = Loss due to fret (i) Loss due to friction = byt By, - (43) (85)o WAN. gm 00S rod 4, « 000184, Jew yeh 2048% #00513 yi | 6» 166v) = 604 os oe Ans, 6m 13) 6.08» 0.1067 ms 16m, Heit = 106.69 Literls wns. haz Two reservoir at different elevations are connected with 2 + i ee eee see a oe 5) #00177" tectons, Fist section connect to higher levol reservoir is 1 gon ape eartome secure operat 15)' 200°" ‘ereacte to ower level resort and has 100 men ameter. + equa Ducy Weisbach Hcton factors for tho pipes are 0.019 and 2 vespoctiay. H volacty of How of water in the sacond ‘elem is 15 ms. Find th ctoronce in water lovels in tho ee bree be ot ow ‘ * Find diamator of single unitorm diametor pipe race the above pipline © cary same discharge. Tako 10.018 for the pipe, 1 25 Flow Through Pipes Pip P4392 Pipe 4, = 200 mth =0.2 m L, = 50m f, = 0019 Pipe? 4, = 100mm=01m1, = 500m f, = 002 Vv, = 1Sms To find + (i) Head loss hy, (i) Equivalent diasneter ‘Step 1 Velocity in pipe 2 By continuity equation, AN, = AN; x x Foayy, = FOsx1s = 0375 ms Loss due to friction in pipe 2 Case ‘Loss due to friction Major t in pipe 1 Ly") oe = (Ee By (ei tea), _ Livi, ov aL at 4; 00 [omar 0.02% 1 2x98) Darts Oy bd, = Bim Loss at | Lossdue Loss at entry * tocontraction® exit a 5 eg Minor losies = Vee aes hseeeet b, = 05qb +057 +5 050.375" 24981 x9B1 *2x981 wenn stated Rita een i ARN IAAT00036 + 0.0573 + 0.115 = 0.1756m Major losses + Minor losses hatha, = HL + 0.1756 Total losses = He cons. H = 11.986 © 12m ‘Case IT : New pipe with uniform diameter, Using Dupit’s equation = 193939 107 = 0.11416 = 114.16 mm so ANS, ~ The diameter of single equivalent pipe is 114.16 mm. "Tandems fags ye Pe Ex 433 Two reservoirs, whose water lovels differ by 20 m are ‘connected with a compound pipeline consisting of three pipes in series. Pipe of 200 mm diameter is connected to upper reservoir and pipe of 300 mm diameter is connected to tower reservoir, Middis pipe is 150 mm diameter. All pipes ‘ase 100 m long with fictional factors 0.023, 0.024 and 0.025 respoctvely. Consider all losses, find rate of flow of water ‘and volocty in each pips. Soin. = H = 20m L = 10m 4, = Wmm=02m —f, = 0023 4, = \Mmm=0.15m — f, = 0004 4, = WOmm=03m f, = 0025 Velocity in each tep Let Vy, V, and V, are the velocities in the 1", 2% and 4" pipe by continuity equation, AVY, = ArVa= As Ys dy, = &V,=4,%5 ‘ay 0.20 in Bo” (2) vi (3) vy, ‘a,y 02 (9) OZ) y = 0.4481 vy, = (2) veh V,=0448V Step 2: Major loss due to friction Major losses = Frictional oss in pipe 1 + Frictional pipe 2+ Frictional loss in pipe 3 b= tht ALY, GLY; AEM gg, * 84, * 265 oh [at 5%; 4% ee ae pasate, 04 «(778 V5" | aesxeusv 02 0.15 100 2x91 = 5.097 (0.115 V3 + 0.5058 Vi +0.0164 V3} by, = 5.097 (0.6372 Vi) =3.25 Vy Step3: Minor loss Loss at _ Loss due tocontraction Minot losses = entry * between pipe | and 2 _, Loss due to expansion between pipe 2 and 3 2 vs CoB) 0s- vy | My 7p 128 ~ Mi 05 (78 ve 7 2g 2g + Loss due to exit (1.778 V,— 0444 vy" £ + (0.444 Vv," 2 28 2 9g 0.5 + 1.580 + 1.779 40.197] b, = 4.056V} Step 4: Total loss “+ Total loss = Major losses + Minor losses Hos beh, 2 = 325Vi+4.056v?=7.208v?eons, T8 «1.655 LITR, < = 2M mis sos, Vy = 0444 Vy = 0.449 x 1.655 Vy = 0.735 mis so ADS. Step S + Rate of flow of water, QB ALY, = FO.) « 1.655 = 0,082 m/sec ce Q = S2iitresee As —_ ‘Syllabus Topic : Flow through Pipes in Parallel Flow through Pipes in Parallel > (MSBTE - W-10, S-11, W-15, W- 5) 43.1 When a pipeline divides ito two or more parallel pipes which again join togetber at downstream as shown in Fig. 4.3.2, then that pipe i said to be in parallel Fi 42 In order to increase the discharge passing through the main pipe, the pipes are connected in parallel “The discharge in the main pipe is equal to sum of the Flow Through Pipes a2 Q = OF When the pipes are ange in paral, the Tess of peat in each pale pipes is same y= hy 7 hy Qa 4.9, , 24% 11d 12.1) d= 100m—! OS Fie P34 Soln.: Given Diameter of pie 14, = 100mm = 0.1m Diameter of spe 2 dy = 200mm =0.2m Length of both pipe Ly = Ly = 700m ead difference H = 8.2 To find: Discharge though each pipe Q, apd Qy Step 1: Areaofeach pipe A, = 241-0" A, = 36 =F 02) ‘Step 2: Head loss for parallel pipe For parallel pipe, head loss du to ferehom in each pipe remain same. h, = helt ag cut) ; (iat }, a) n oO discharge in each of the paralle! pipesfom 4- Cl usar 52 Bu ae om foctor and length of both sive the vale lyse Legion tHE hese 4 4 eae ‘eorivactod paialol ot their cigs x open ‘0 beeen, Ione ipa ig Wee pg 4 4 {$8 Fid he ecnargetosjh a ea aig oe Leh owe ’ oa : - = SOilittelsee = 0.05 n), ge a2co)'e82x10 . : = 150m 015m, 4

Tie * Lon a | : ‘. | ei E eC, aor Step 3: Discharge through parallel pipe Sc hage ” | 2357 82u5 y rn y Vo= 148 avg : os 005 = oo1767 v, 003142: ny Substituting value of V, from equation ( : i mie! = 0.01767 (0.866 ¥,) +0" (0.0183 + 0.03142) ¥: = 00167 V,y= 005 - 1.07 ms Bee is a10 v; 07) 20.927 m/s vy, = 0866(100 pachage ough each Pipe : Di sup? if igh pipe bee AN, = 0.01767 x 0.927 ; = 0101638 m/s = 16.38 Lps_ ---Ans. charge through pipes 2 e = AnVy70.03142% 1.07 = 0103362 m/s Fi, P.437 Diameter of pipe 1 d, = 27 cm=0.27m Planter of pipe? &, = 1cm=0.12m Diameter of pipe 3 dy = 3cm=0.03 m Tika; te a Discharge in each pipe reas NA ip, Head loss to fiton in each pipe ba = hg shy (ave (LV) /q) SH - eg). V=zQa ee Leste Q = 7594Q » 5 & = Gn) Q = 0.03125Q, a Step 2 : Discharge in each pipe +-Total discharge Q@= Q,+Q+Q O55 = 7.54 Q+Q+:0.03125 Q 055 = 8625Q Qe aed = 0,0638m'/sec Ans. Q, = 7.594 x 0.0638 = 0.484 m'/sec mt Q, = 0.03125 x 0.0638 = 0.002 msec ‘Ams. Given: Diameter of pipe 1 dy = Diameter of pipe 2d; = Diameter of pipe 3 4, = Total discharge QBPP Hycrauties (aSBTE - Sem 4 Ci Flow Through Pipes To find : Discharge in each pipe Qy. Q. Qs For parallel pipe, head loss due to friction is same in all pipe. ba = bay Use modified Darcy's equation, (8), - Ger), nad aid Since all three pipes has same f and L, we get, Q . $.3.9 1 4 2 ae hee EO 025° ~ 0.1 0075° oy, a = (das) = G = 001024 g @ = 0.10120, @ $ ge oc xQ)=2.43x107Q, Q = 001930, Ci) Total dischargeQ = Q)+Q+Q 075 = Q)+0.1012.Q, +0.0493 = 11505Q, | Discharge through pipe 1, = a= 0.652 msec | Ams Discharge through pipe 2, Q = 0:1012.Q,=0.1012 «0.652 = 0.066 msec Discharge through pipe 3. Q, = 00493 x 0.652 0.032 m/sec Diameter in pipes! d,= 250 mm=0.25 m Diameter in pipes 2. d,= 100 mm=0.1 m Diameter in pipes 3. d= 50mm = 0.05 m Total discharge Q = 225 litre/sec = 0.225 m'ls Fig. P.439 To find: Discharge in each pipe Qy, QQ For parallel pipe, head loss due to friction is same in all pipe by = ba=bo ‘Use modified Darcy's Equation 2 a (2%), - (are), Since all three pipes has same f and L, we get, “a Q = Total discharge Q. = Q+Q+Q Q, +0.1012Q, +0.0179.Q, = 1119Q Discharge through pipe ! 0.225 9 Trp = 0.201 msc oms = Siar = 201Lps iatFig P.4t Dictage Q = A-V=%x02'«2.61 = _HGL isles below the TEL by 35 ¥ . 28 -0asm *. Hydraulic gradient at A = TE, ~ 035 = 4-035 2565 Hydraulic rain a B = TE,-035 = 383-035=035 Hydraulic gradient at C = TE-035 035-035 =0 — ‘Syllabus Topic : Water Hammer in Pipes : - , 5 Causes and Remedial Measures Q = s2iitressee a Head os at entrance = 25¥" 05261" ait 4.5 Water Hammer 1g 2x91 fLV? _ 00450261 Head iss cs > fcion 59 = aie oa eO = 347m © Total Energy Line (TEL) ~ Consider point A at free surface of water in the tank, point B at inlet of pipe and point C at outlet of pipe as shown in Fig. P.44.4. Consider centre lie of pipe as a datum line. 2, Ba Toul energy at A= *+78+2, = 0+0+4=4m = Total energy at A - Loss of head ve to entry = 4-017 Total energy at B 3.83 m BME EM 117th 2 2614 Fagasiene Total energy at C =0 © Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL) HL isthe sum of pressure bead and datum head wt > (SBTE - W-12, W-19, W-14, S-15, S-17, S-18, W-18) some momentum. This momentum is destroyed, if the ‘owing water is suddenly brought to rest by closing the valve ~The sudden change in momentum will cause a sudden rise in pressure. The high pressure wave is transmitted along the pipe forward and backward. The sudden rise jo pressure has the effect of hammering action on the wall of the pipe is known as water hammer. If the hhamuoer blow is very high, the pipe can be burst. To avoid the pipe bursting, the valve of pipeline or peastocks isto be closed gradually, ~ The pressure rise due to water hammer depends upon : (i) Velocity of flow datum line.46 _Moody’s Diegramwe > ase W219, 0-45) oo wt a fiding preure drop F flow rate oon cha PE » Neoupig it te ph along straight ine of for ‘clare Q, pipe diameter d, head loss due to friction | ol ition factor wid espect to areference line, Ws wed o determine any quantity, if eter three terms haowas, et of Nomograph F Wilia's Nomopraph are used instead of ‘ac equation de to following reason : ‘ Xk tien pipe Now very moma \ a ues ft pie. 2 ously wd a design aed e | eon design and evaluation of water 40 tons 04 “Ton of Hood's Dlngram i, 6 Diagram Pig. 4.62 : Nomograph of Darcy-Welshach equation aS Syllabus Topic : Discharge Measuring Device for Pipe Flow : Venturimeter 47 Flow Measuring Devices 4.7.4 Venturimeter Fig 4 © Components of Venturimetor 1, Converging cone 2, Throat 3. Diverging conege of Venturimeter Ee > sore 5-15) ‘eanrinetr i tbe device used for measuring there gow of Tid owing through the pipelines. Venturimeter is sed to id schage thot pipe line 47.3 Principle of Venturimeter > (MSBTE - S-18) eae [ sae teem It is based on Bernoulli's equation that is the velocity bead increases in an accelerated flow by reducing the ros sectional area of te flow passage. Due to which the pressure head is reducing at that section, a pressure difference is created which enables tothe determination ofthe discharge through the pipe. ‘Syllabus Topi Discharge Measuring Device for Pipe Flow : Venturimeter - Construction and Working ———_—_——— 47.4 Construction of Venturimeter It consists of a short converging conical tube which has 4 tou included angle of 21 £ 1° leading to a cylindrical portion of short length, Known as throat, diameter of throat ves berweca of mai pe damier, (preferable) Which is followed by a diverging section Known as diffuser having total included angle 5° to 7* (preferably 6") which is z ( ly again connected tothe main pipe ines. ~ Angle of diversion cone is smaller because when water 4s passing through throat, its velocity is more sioce area 28 throat is less, we seer asses through diversion cone there is hance of separation of fluid flow from boundary of iverson cone causing cavitation. a why to increase area of flow gradually, the i ‘of divergent cone is less and its length is more, . Aliffereace from which the volume rate of ‘termined is measured between the entry | ction 1 and the a 2, often by means of a or vertical. ™ 4.7.5 Discharge through Venturimeter Consider a venturimeter fitted in a horizontal pipe through which a fluid is lowing as shown in Fig. 47.1 Let P, = Pressure at section | vy, 1 = Velocity at section 1 P,, a, Z; are the corresponding value at section 2 ‘Theoretical Discharge through venturimeter aya 2gh Vara ‘Actual discharge = Coefficient of discharge x Theoretical Q= discharge 4.7.6 Differential Pressure Head for Venturimeter (h) Case I: Differential manometer contains a liquid heavier than the liquid flowing through pipe ) Where, x = Deflection in manometeric liquid in U-tube = Specific gravity of manometric liquid. b= 5 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid Case I: Differential manometer contains a liquid lighter than the liquid flowing through pipe. Hi-8) ‘Case III : When pressure head at section | and 2 (@-8)+@, -2) he known, b Y if venturimeter is horizontal, Z, = Z, =) » ( ve] © Solved example on venturimeter f2gh ea and — Pnebtinient of discharse