E akomic Mass of the middle element ¢ BS to the arithmetic meanct atomic masses 4 ) cL 36.5 Se eee! pS 3554187 Q Noke “Triads Group of 3 elements based on their atomic masses ane catt eo! Teciacls. All the 3 elements have Similan physical ¢ Chemical Properties. hacw of Octaves Staternent : When elements are arranged in the increasing orcler of | their atomic weights: every eighth element hao! properHes Almilan to | | the first element Prem G) Bo CN O ie s E Na Mg Bl iPScolumns called GROUPS kal Rows called PEeops ical coluumnd present in the periodic table ane called! Groveps ane 18 qroups named Sequentally from 4 —|8 ments in the Same qroup has Aimilan electronic configunahon i) their valence ShellA. Aa [Group | Names ne Group>4 | Alkali Metals Group >2 [Alkaline Ear th Metals Group 3-13] Transition Elements Group 313 |Boren family Group >\4 | Canbon Farviley Groep 515 \witrogen familey Group 6 |Oxugen Family Group '7 | Halogensonic configuration => nst@ Benet s ane Alkali rvtals and. Alkaline arte meet one Situated on the Left side of +the periodic table * General electronic configuanaton san pa * P- block elements include metals non-metals and metaltoids —¥ They ane from Group |3 - Group (8 , present on the right Side of the Periodic table The Sand P block elements ane collectively catlecl as REPRESENTATIVE Evemenrs. 8) d- block Elements % General electronic configuration 2 Cn-1) 47° ygt? “® The electrons enter tre pen-tthimate Shells They cre called Transition Elements ane situatecl in the Middle of the periodic table include 3d series (Se—2n) , 14d serieg(y -cd) 5A Series : =H), 6d series (Ac, RP- Cn)he name shoclol endl with ‘lum! ay q Auffix in atl 4ne elements | At. no Name Sumbod | At. no | Name a Symbol : Cnt tunioem Unu | £40 | Ununniliem b Unnilbrum Unb | | 444 | Uoununiam Unniltrium Unt 142 |Ununbitem Unnilquedium | Utena, } 143 |Ununtaium Unnifpentium | Unp AA |Ununguadiom tie Junnitherium | unr 415 |Ctncenpenticen |tLep 146 |Utnepherieum Uuh — 447 Unun septic n 14g ;D Repetation of sirilan Electronic oe ore igiealee Shetl. tals, Non-metals and Metalleids letals : They ave electroposihve in charcictey Across period: metallic chomacter olecreases, docon the grocep it increases. Cs is the most €lectropositive meta). ion: metals: They are clectronegatwe in chenactey Aeros perio non-metallic Chanacker increases, docon the Group UW dae decreases F is the most electronegative element | : i pasbaliolad They are also catted Semi-metals A shanp demancation beeen metals and non- metals. Eq: Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antmmony and Tellurium, odie Trends in Physical Property. 1 atomic Meco Shell 14 formed. Nuclear Change increases 4 Numbers inereases. This increote i nucl eax Change hold 4 the Electrons in oxbitals move tightly. Thus electrons are puteol Closer fo the nuclews leading to olecreate 1n atomic vercbi us Down @ qroup Btomic yactis increases colin increoe in ofomic Number Reason: Becarte €lectrons are addeo! to the tif Pevent shell. This Hesetts in the Iner eeesing, Shielding efPect and hence nUclean force of attraction on cuter valence electrons decreases , Leacting fe increase in atomic vadices Fonic Radit Distance befween the nucleus and the outermost electron hell of an ion. ations are formeol by Temoval of electrons. 14> kt +e® ond are formed when One OF More electrons are adoledim! efi jateateayliny es -e electron than its parent atom. The in Increased Hepulsion among the el added electe ectrons and & ‘onic lons 4} ions baving Aame number of electrons but clit fering in chage "on their nuclei are called isoelectronic Apectes Isoelectronic lons hee 6% Ee Nat matt No. of electrons to Tome 10 lo Change on nucleus = +7 meer c em rst +12 Sere tesecnic species have different ionic vadii. Why? Because isoelectronic Species have different nuclean changes due to the presence of different number of protons Cations with greater positive Change will have smaller actus. Why 2 Became of greater atirackon of the electrons to the nuclecs. with greater negative Change will dave Sanger asiacius.b9hy 9 qoiate Hepulsion of More electrons. Enthal py P enenqus Heatuivedl tp rerove an electron from an isolate > in he ground skate. — Xiq) = X"qire AH = Qkyvic Ai2 increas e4 clown +he group. ber of Shells, and Nuclear force of aHtrachon aon enthatpy is greater than first lonisation enthalpy the effective nuclean chosige increases are tightly bocended to the nuctects. and electron. Hence a°4 ionization Berooving one electron, The remaining electrons ave ™ Bo ik is clifficutt by wemove th enthatpy i4 greater than 43) ioni4akon enthatpy, Que to Lange size ancl high Teac vity The 45+ TE of Boron 14 less than Bergllicem. Give panier FEC of B —>1s> 25? 2p1 EC of Be —> Is? 2s? Be has Hatt completely fillect orbitals. So it is cliPficuet 12 remove the electron from Be atom oT e of “Nitrogen is more than Onygen. Give Peoion ts half filled 2p orbital CAPs! py Qp,'). T+ gives extra Stabilihy fo trogen atom. : ‘ ikal 14 more tren half Filled bat not completely Piiledl. I Qp. ss) So it 4 easy bo remove election from |ng the addition of atom fp converd IF into a negakive re ere on of Elechon Gain Enthatpy SS & Periodl. Electron gain enthetpyy \increatex ( more negative) along the periocl. Reason : Because effective nuctean charge increases Prom left fo Tight and hence it is easy fo aclol an electron fo Smaller atom. Electron goin enthalpy dlecreases down the grotep REO E Sei ,e the size of theatom increas ex and the added Clectron woutd be farther from the nucleccs. 4 The electron gain enthalpy of Oand F iz dess ni Succe ecting elements Sand Cl. When electron is added! to orygenos fluorine, adcled eA goes to N= 2 quanter level andl suffers Aignificant veputsion from other ele chonds Present in thir Level, i 1 eqative thah that of Explain. f Sutphior or Chlorine, added! electron occupies a Langer region B quantum Level) and e®-e© #epulsion 14 muCh ters psgaan enthalpy. nobis 9a e2 has fo enter the nerbnert higher princi pal qucenhcen ling fo Very censtable electronic con figusahon. ectronegativihy abilihy of an atom in o covalent’ bond fo attract Shane of pair electrons towards itself. iation of electronegativily Across & period. Electronegativihy increases from Left to tight in oO periool. Reason - Due te decrease in size along tne Period. Down a group Flectroneqatwihy decrearex clown tne J20UP- Reason : Due bp increase in size dlovon te Groep. lake : * Most electronegative elernent iS Fieeovine LEN=,.0) % Least electronegative element 14 Caesium (EN: 0-7) ry of Trends in Periodic Properties Pro| : Aeross +he period Noun the group : i Pecreases(*. electrond |\ncreoses -: electrond are | Qe added to same added fw cf Perent i Aneu) nell) ee Decreases (-: A | increayer)>of an element iA the combining capacihy of an element. jaday, the term Orxaton state is gopenatte used! in place valence. Vlg *No of electrons present in the outermost shell 14 called ' Valence electrons’. V Hon of Oxidation tates) Valency, ') Across the period. Pee: period, no of valence electrons increases from 1 to 8 Down tne pariodl: Group Dovon the GtP) 1 of Valence electrons wemceing the Same. a) Metallic and Non-metallic properky. * Plkali metals are highly veachve, becaree thes have tow TE valies, the Valence e© canbe los} eosily ¥ Halogens are also sthighly reactive, Since thee have cffinihy forw anol _ Ahectrons anal their ability to gain extra © to form anion is very igh. don the above points, we can explain tne REDUCING ond Oxipizing 4 (01) METALLIC ancl Non- METALLIC CHaracTeR. ls are ood sedlucing agents Cbecaure they can lose e@ Hatogens are qood OuidiAing agents (hecante trey vg rallic Chanoicter anol Halogens have Non—metal1 Onicles are Basic in Nature. ——- ae pe of Oxides are formed usher Halogens combine voith oxygen. idles formed will be Acictic in Nature: : jena! Relationship 1 observed thar Aome elements of Incl period Shows Simi lani ties in Propesier witn the elements of 37d period, placecl diagonattey. This 14 called! Diagonal Relationship Group be. i a 13 ty 24 period 7 Ge een tc god periool wa Mg Dd Ns e Here, Li has diagonal selationsbip witn mu Be has diagonal selationship with As B and 8; axe diagonally setatect lous Prcopenby Period Cli, Be B.C, Oand F) differ in no an