Lesson 1

What is History
According to Jenkins “To be able to comprehensively define history, we need
to look at history as discourse in both like concept of theory and in
practice.”

Concept Of Theory
● “History and Past are 2 different things”
● History is a discourse about the past but it is different from the past.
● History- series of discourse about the world. These discourse do not create
the world, but they do appropriate it and give it all the meaning it has.
● - Past- for example 2 people experienced the same event but the way they
perceive that same event is actually different. Past is everything that has
been gone before everywhere- Keto Jenkins
● History is writing the past.
● Your understanding of the past is depending on what you have read and
who wrote it. Your understanding is based on how the historian understood
the particular event.
FOR EXAMPLE:
● Where the 1st mass in the Philippines really happened?
- In this event or issue there is a confusion if kung saan talaga
naganap ang unanng mass in the Ph. If did it happen in Limasawa or in
Butuan
● World War 2- Not everyone experience the same way other people
experience it knowing that it happens worldwide.

- [ ] Past- all that has gone on before everywhere.

Historiography
- Refers to writing of the historians
- Methodology on how they choose their source
- History of history

- [ ] The past and history are not stitched into each other such that only one
historical readings of the past is absolutely necessary.
- [ ] One historical reading is not enough.
FOR EXAMPLE
- The book of Teodoro Agoncilio is oftenly used in learning Philippine history but
the book did not have much content when in comes to mindanao history.

Why does it matter?

- The past has occurred and can only brought back by the historians in very
different media.
- Your basis of your knowledge in history is from the basis of the text you made
use.
- Not everything in the past is covered by the history.

Epistemology- is the study of the nature of knowledge and how we acquire

it.
- Epistemological Fragility
1. Their content is vitually limitless
2. No account can re-cover the past as it is.
3. History us a personal construct.

Social Construction
- [ ] Lets take gender for example.
- [ ] Sex is biological, gender is sociological.
Sex is part of natural world, but the gender is something that society want you to
act, and to be or let us say that society sets standard.- GENDER ROLES
- [ ] Gender- Their sexual preferences are not entirely align to want society
wanted them to be. One example of it are the LGBTQ+ community.

Lesson 2- Primary Vs Secondary Sources

● Primary sources- Provides direct or first hand evidence about an event,

person, or object.
- these sources are contemporary to the events and people described
- primary sources are the sources that we created during the specific time
period being studied.
- [ ] How can tell if something is a primary source?
- Whether a source is main relies on your research issue and its context (who,
what, when, where, and why). Consider your study question to identify primary
sources. Researching who or what? When are you focusing? Where?

- Once you’ve thought about the who/what/where/when of your topic ask similar
questions of the source:
1. Who created this source?
2. What is this about?
3. When was it written?
4. Who is the target audience.

- By answering these questions, you can comprehend the source's context and
how it pertains to your research.

Some examples of primary sources include:

- [ ] Newspaper articles
- [ ] Diaries Letters
- [ ] Memoirs and autobiographies
- [ ] Speeches
- [ ] Photographs
- [ ] Novels, poems
- [ ] Government documents

Secondary sources were created afterwards. Secondary sources don't offer

direct information. Instead, they give examined or interpreted data. Secondary
sources evaluate primary-source data

Examples of secondary sources include:

- [ ] Book reviews
- [ ] Scholarly articles (those that interpret or analyze other sources)
- [ ] Literature reviews
- [ ] Biographies
PRIMARY SOURCES
● ARE OUR ONLY EVIDENCE THAT COMES FROM THE PAST
● ANYTHING THAT CREATED BY A HUMAN IN THAT PERIOD.
Ex. You are reading the history of Leonardo da Vinci the primary sources
could be his paintings, poetry, documented observations, newspapers
histories or anything that he used.
● Primary sources could be used in discussion to back up claims criticism
and for evidence for theories and research

SECONDARY SOURCES
● ARE BY NATURE OR OPINION.
● Are anything that concerns about the past and comes afterward like
textbooks, Movies, book about the topic, encyclopedia essays, reviews,
internet websites needless to say not all secondary sources are true some
are downright misleading or just wrong but some are as good like the work
of professional histiorians and scholars.

SPANISH COLONIZATION
Video-
- [ ] Taking about how the Spain and Portugal have the world for their exploration.
- [ ] Spain owned the half of the world which on the west and Portugal on the
east. The Ph is belongs to the Portugal for exploration
- [ ] 3 main motivations of the explorers in the 15th century is called 3g which
mean
1. Gospel- stand for religion, to spread the Christianity
2. Gold- Economic aspect of it, basically for trading
3. Glory- Political aspect and also the prestige for the explorers

Ferdinand Magellanus
- [ ] Was a Portuguese that working in Spain
- [ ] He was leading other expedition before he went to the Ph in 1521.

FUN FACT
- [ ] Why was Magellan working for the crown of Spain instead of Portugal?
- He was been working with Portuguese fleet for quite a time and he was not
promoted for being a captain so since he was not promoted to being one, instead
he offers to the services to the rival of his country which is the Spain and the King
of Spain took his offer due to the reason that the king of the spain that time is too
desperate to get Mulukas- is near in the ph and it is know in this day as
Indonesia.
- [ ] Is it right to say that Magellan “Discovered” the Philippines?

- there are actually 2 schools of thought to answer this question: political science
perspective and historical perspective
- under political science perspective a territory to be discovered, it must be
stateless. It means no country owns it.
- if we look into political science perspective, the Philippines is actually
discovered, because we don’t still have a philippines state at that time
- although we have government through barangay but these barangays are not
united and they are actually at war against each other
- under historical perspective, the Philippines is not actually discovered because
the concept of state is not important
- what’s important is the concept of civilization, where the native civilized when
the Spaniards came
- the Philippines is not discovered because we are already civilized by that time,
we have our barangay, our own governance, we already have our justice system
- we are already civilized although we are not yet known at that time

- [ ] How did Magellan convince the natives and the others to convert to
Christianity?
- the concept of alliance or friendship
- Spain have sophisticated weapons way better than the natives
- Datu and others who made a compact with Magellan, for them its a good
alliance because thay can actually have a big brother who can protect them from
other warring tribes
- it could help them in their war against other barangays
- because of the principles of catholicism
- adhering to christianity is actually more practical because there is only one God
- the God of the Christians is way more merciful than the Gods of the Natives
- the concept of love
- Christianity is under the principles of love;
- love your neighbor, love God as you love yourself
- they are trying to convince themselves that it would cause peace whenever they
would be converted to Christianity because instead of going to war against other,
they can actually love each other.

- [ ] What was the cause of the conflict between Magellan and Lapu-Lapu?
• they don’t have conflict
• they did not know each other
• because of the rival of Lapu-Lapu named Humabon (Cebu)
• He said to Magellan that Lapu-Lapu does not believe in Christianity and
don’t want to be faithful to the king of Spain

1. Was it really Lapu-Lapu who killed Magellan?

• Magellan was not killed by Lapu-Lapu
• Magellan was over confident
• Although they have strong weapons they even have canons that time,
Magellan did not bring all of his people
• Magellan brought 3 ships and few of his members
• Upon arriving in Mactan, unfortunately it was low tide, so the ships could
not come to the shore. Hindi maabot ng bala ng canon yung forces ni Lapu-Lapu
• some of them actually drown and since they can’t move because of the
heavy metal armour, so they lost.

• even before magellan arrived in Mactan, he was already killed, there are 2
theory;
1. he was already sick and he just died
2. there was a mutiny on the ship of Magellan because, during the travel to
the Phlippines there are a lot of people who died because they did not know that
Pacific ocean was that large. They were looking for a land but they can’t, they still
think that it was a betrayal because he is a Portuguese and not Spanish
• when they went to Mactan, they were attack by sea creatures
• there was a theory that Lapu-Lapu was not his real name; the term
Lapu-Lapu was actually a rank
• When they have the war, they were figuratively and literally attacked by
sea creatures
• bakit lapu-lapu ang always mention kasi it is the group of lapu-lapu and
wala na silang ma mention na other name
• Lapu-Lapu’s group who killed Magellan but not literally Lapu-Lapu
Expeditions after Magellan
Martino Iniguez de Carquisano

Alvaro Saavedra Ceron

• had an expedition in 1527
• set out to investigate what had happened to the two earlier expeditions and
rescue any survivors they could find
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
• he was instructed to proceed to the Philippines
• to gather more spices and also to give much more information about the
natives that is living in the Philippines
• that’s how the archipelago acquires its name
• his expedition is also important because;
• one of the captain of Villalobos expedition is named Bernardo dela Torre
and then he was leading the ship named San Juan de Latran
• they named their ships to know where they belong
• when he is in the Philippines, he instructed Bernardo to go to Leyte ( ang
tawag nuon ay tandaya)
• when Bernardo arrived he named the leyte as Las Filipinas in honor of by
then Prince Philip II
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi establish a colony here in the Ph that almost
bloodless
• it’s not the whole Philippines talaga ang pinangalanan agad it’s just Leyte
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Expeditions:

LEGASPI EXPEDITION 4 KEY POINTS

1. URDANETA COMPLETES THE WESTERN ROUTE, this will be
used for the Manila-Acapulco Galleon
- Urdaneta- is a priests accompanied Legazpi expedition.
- Father Ordanetta is a survivor from the expedition that also
interested in cartography and discovering routes.

2. START OF THE NEW COLONY, Legazpi was named governor

general and adolantado
 - Legaspi was the one who named the 1st governor general of
the ph named by the king of spain as adolantano the Filipinas
- For he successfully establish a colony in the PH.

3. LA VILLA DEL SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS, the first Spanish

Settlement in the Philippines. Which is located in cebu but they
move in intramuros.

4. INTRAMUROS, the Spanish build the center of their Colony

FUN FACT: Was it Magellan who circumnavigated the world well in fact he
actually died in Mactan?
Answer: No. He leded the first expedition that aims to circumnavigate the world
but he was not able to circumnavigate the world. When he reach Mactan he only
have 3 ships left. The only ships that could go out of it is 2. Yung isang ship
dumaan sa pacific ocean and nowhere to be found na and the other one headed
to the Indian ocean and it belongs to Portugal so they were basically caught by
the portuguese and was sent back to Spain.
• After the Magellan expedition, Spain discovered how rich the Philippines is
in terms of resources
• nagka interest talaga ang Spain na pabalikin and mag fund ng maraming
expeditions, papuntahin pa natin sila sa Pilipinas
• hindi pa nila gaano ka kabisado ang route papunta sa Pilipinas, they also
need to adhere with the treaty of tordesilias
• they could not actually travel to east because that belongs to Portugal

PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES

WHAT DOES THE SPANIARDS THINKS OF THE FILIPINOS WHEN THEY

FIRST MET THEM?
LUZON
Social Classes of PH.
Chieftain - Datu
• chief, captain of wars whom governed, obeyed and reverenced
Nobles - Maharlika
• free-born, they do not pay taxes
• they are alongside with the datu especially on war
Commoners - Aliping Namamahay
• they live in their own house and lords of their property and gold
• they have to rendered service to their masters
Slaves - Aliping Saguiguilid
• they served their master in his house and his cultivated lands can be sold
Houses
• made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm.
Male
• Kanggan - a jacket with short sleeves (upper)
• Bahag - (lower)
• Headgear/Putong - symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had
killed
Female
• Baro or Camisa - (upper)
• Saya - (lower)

- Decorative objects they add gold as their palamuti

Government
the unit of government is called barangay ruled by a chieftain, and consist of 30
to 100 families together with their relatives and slaves

Religion
• they worship gods and goddesses:
1. Bathala, supreme being
2. Idayanale, god of agriculture
3. Sidarapa, god of death
4. Agni, god of fire
5. Balangaw, god of rainbow
6. Mandarangan, god of war
7. Lalahon, god of harvest
8. Siginarugan, god of hell
• they also believe n sacred animals and trees
• they are animist

Visayas- By William Henry Scott

Women
• lighter skinned than men because they wrapped with their clothes
• the daughter of datus and dancing slaves are white as European because
they are not exposed to sunlight they are more indoor than outdoor
• medium stature
Men
• dark-skinned
• wore G-strings
• medium stature
Decorative dentistry
• regular chewing of ANIPAY made them black or the application of tar
based coating called TAPUL gave them the appearance of POLISHED EBONY.
Most impressive were PUSAD or teeth goldwork.
• the early Filipino believes when you have white teeth as white as snow you
are comparable to a pig.
Tattooing
• symbol of male valor, test of manhood, and are made by skillful artists who
are paid for his services.
• pre-colonial men can’t have a tattoo unless they won a battle side by side
with a datu.
• the number of tattoo they have on their body would also be equal to the
number of war they fought to defend their community.
• the more tattoo, the more battle they fought.
Skull Moulding
• ancient Visayans considered broad faces with receding foreheads and flat
noses handsome and compressed their babies as early as 2 years old skull to
achieve them.
• this is what they called TANGAD
Staple Food
• rice
• sweet potato
• banana
• most of their dishes are either fried or boiled
• they also use kalan to prepare food
Domestic Animal
• they also eat this
• chickens
• fish
• pigs or most likely wild pigs
Domestic and International Trade
• early Filipinos already have that domestic and international trade
• it is a proof that Filipinos already made contact with neighbouring Asian
countries

Mindanao- Peter G. Gowing (Socio-Political organization in Sulu)

Pre-Spanish Settlement
• during the Pre-Spanish period, native villages mainly composed of
scattered farms, while only a few more scattered.
• they separated by waters that is why they have balangay or Bangka
because this is what they use as mode of transportation.

Sulu before Spanish Contact

• the sulus worshipped stones and other inanimate objects and society
composed of many small communities
• the religion of early Filipinos was also animistic
• each community was called Banua
• Banuas had their own territories with rulers and followers
• they are relatively independent of each other
• Sulu and Chinese relationships remained basically commercial as there
was no evidence of Chinese political intrusions in Sulu
• even before the coming of Spaniards in 15th century, the 13th century, the
tradition of Sulu would prove that the Sulu people already made a commercial
trade and relationship with the Chinese.
• even if the Sulu people made contact with the Chinese people, there was
no attempt of Chinese to colonized the people in Sulu
• it is a purely commercial contact and not political, they just wanted to trade
• Arabs were the ones who had left ‘deep imprints’ when they performed
missionary activities
• they brought with them their Islamic faith
• aside from trading, the other mission of the Arabs was to perform
missionary activities
• when the Arabs arrived in Sulu, it was the time that most of the early
Filipinos were converted from animist to adhering to belief of Islam or Islamic
religion
• that is the reason why most of the people in Sulu and Maguindanao
embraced the Islamic faith
• According to Majul, 1973, “there existed during the last quarter of the
13th century if not earlier a Muslim settlement or community in Sulu”.

• According to Majul and Peter G. Gowing, if not of the coming of the

Spaniards in the 15th century, the Philippines would have become an Islamic
country, we could all have been embracing the Islamic faith.

Synthesis
The disparity is to be accounted for by the profound changes which occurred in
the Philippines society culture during the past four centuries.
• the Filipinos already had our socio-political institutions, even before the
coming of the Spaniards
• it is wrong to say we are civilized because of the Spaniards
Naturally this common heritage did not survive intact the imposition of colonial
authority.
• for 333 years, that alone changed the landscape of our own common
heritage as a Filipino people
“It is precisely this SOCIAL AMNESIA which today stigmatizes as cultural
minorities those Filipinos who resisted colonial acculturation.”

• Our cultural minorities and indigenous people, they are the example of
Filipinos who were able to resist colonial acculturation, in short they were among
those few Filipinos who are able to retain their identity, social organization,
political organization, and we should appreciate them for espousing what really a
true Filipino heritage looks or what kind of political society we have before.

• Majul, 1973, The Sulus (as well as the other Muslim principalities in the
South had already developed as much as higher socio-political institution in
culture than any other natives of the Philippines before and at the time of the
Spanish conquest.

WHAT DOES THE SPANIARDS THINKS OF THE FILIPINOS WHEN THEY

FIRST MET THEM?
The answers of Juan de Plasencia, William Henry Scott, and Peter Gowing
would actually answer the question
• The Filipinos already had our socio-political organization that is so
huge, it is well developed, and exercise by the Filipinos of pre-historic
Philippines.