PRELIM

TRANSES
 THE MEANING OF HISTORY

THE MEANING OF HISTORY

- The English word history is derived from the Greek noun istoia,
meaning learning. As used by Greek philosopher Aristotle,
history meant a systematic account of a sent of natural
phenomena, whether or not chronological factoring was a
factor in the account… In the course of time, however, the
equivalent Latin word Scientia(science) came to be used more
regularly to designate non-chronological systematic accounts
of natural phenomena; and the word history was reserved
usually for accounts of phenomena(esp. human affairs) in
chronological order.

By its most common definition, the word history now means, “ the
past of mankind"

• History is the study of what men and women have experienced

in the past, and how they have understood and represented
their experiences.
• The study of the beliefs and desires, practices, and institutions
of human beings
o Ab active factor in the study of Philippine society
o Development of Philippine culture
o Influences of the colonizers
• According to Ambeth Ocampo:
o Preferred the word kasaysayan than the word history
o Kasaysayan has two-word components Salaysay and
Saysay.
• The factual history which the primary concern of this approach
is simply to present the basic and plain information to the
reader with the emphasis only of who, what, when and where
of history while the speculation history goes beyond dates,
places, persons, events.
• It can be understood as the chronological presentations of past
events, as well as the discovery, collection, organization about
these events which is based on the critical examination of
various sources and authentic materials.

THE HISTORIAN
• Responsible for studying, reviewing and writing about past
events.
• Records or evidences that survived the time
• Doing historical research
• Meaningful and organized rebuilding of the past
• Verismilitude (truth, authenticity, and plausibility)

HISTORIOGRAPHY
• The practice of historical writing.
• Historical method
• History-as-actuality
• History-as-record
• Archeological and anthropological evidences
• Process of critically and examining and analyzing the records
and survival of the past.
 HISTORICAL METHOD AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
• Select the subject to investigate
• Collect probable source of information
• Examine the source’s genuineness
• Extract credible particulars
Source of Historical Data
❖ Written sources:
• Narrative or Literary
• Diplomatic or Juridical
• Social documents
Narrative or Literary Sources
• Are chronicle or tracks presented in narrative form, written
to impart a message whose motives for their composition
vary widely.
• Examples: Any literary writings, Writings of Jose Rizal, and
Panulat ng mga iba’t-ibang bayani.
Diplomatic or Juridical Sources
• Understood to be which document/record an existing legal
situation or create a new one, and it is these kinds of sources
that professional historians once treated as the purest, the
best source.
• Examples: Constitution and By-Laws
Social documents
• Are information pertaining to economic, social, political, or
judicial significance. They are records kept by bureaucracies.
• Examples: PSA, Certificates
❖ Non-Written sources:
• Material sources
o Archeological sources
• Oral evidences
o Tales
o Folk songs
o Legends
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Sources of Historical data are classified in 2 types:
• Primary source
- Are materials produced by people or groups directly
involved in the event of topic being studied.
- People are either participants or eyewitness to the event.
- Photographs that may reflect social conditions of historical
realities and everyday life.
- Old sketches and drawings that may indicate the condition
of life of societies in the past
- Old maps that may reveal how space and geography were
used to emphasize routes, and structural build up.
- Cartoons for political expression or propagandsas.
- Material evidences of prehistoric past like cave drawings,
old syllabaries, and ancient writings.
- Statistical tables, graphs, and charts
- Oral history or electronic means of account of
eyewitnesses or participants; the recording are then
transcribed and used for research.
- Publish and unpublished primary documents/eyewitness
accounts, and other writings.
- Orally transmitted materials
- Artistic productions
• Secondary source
❖ From Gottschalk, he simply defines the testimony of
anyone who is not an eyewitness- that is of one who was
not present at the event of which he tells.
❖ These are books, articles, and scholarly journals that
had interpreted primary sources or had used them to
discuss certain subjects of history.
❖ Books, journals
HISTORICAL METHOD
• To determine the authenticity of the material.
• To weigh the testimony to the truth.
It has 2 components:
• External Criticism
• Internal Criticism
External Criticism
• The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by
examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the
historical characteristic of the time when it was produced;
and the materials used for the evidence.
• Checking the source if it is real or fake. (paleographer,
philologists, epigraphy, numismatics)
Internal Criticism
• The examination of the truthfulness of the evidence.
o Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence
by looking at the author of the source, its context, the
agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which
informed it, and its intended purpose.
• How close was the author to the event being studied?
• When was the account made?
• Who was the recipient of the account?
• Is there bias to be accounted for?
• Does informed common sense make the account probable?
• Is the account corroborated by other accounts?
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY
• History plays vital role in understanding the evolution of
change.
o Transformation of society
o Success and failure of a nation
o Struggles and conflicts between people
o Causes and effects of the downfall of governance.
• History the traces origin of human race.
o Barbaric period to civilization
o Commencements of Imperial colonialism
• History will make people understand the uniqueness of
history itself.
o Making of critical analysis of events
• History will teach us lesson to persevere in building more
humane society at present where human dignity is well-
respected not violated which somehow help shape a better
future of human community
• History will give people a sense of pride and identity at the
same time, learn to appreciate its origin and accept the flaws
of the past and learn from it.
 MEANING OF HISTORY
HISTORY
• Derived from the Greek word historia, meaning “LEARNING
BY INQUIRY’
• Referred usually for accounts of phenomena, especially in
human affairs in chronological order.
• The study of past events
ARISTOTLE
• Looked upon historyas; the systematic accounting of a set of
natural phenomena.
FACTUAL HISTORY
• Presents readers the plain and basic information
❖ The events that took place (What)
❖ The time and date with which the events happened
(When)
❖ The place with which the events took place and the
people that were involved (Who)
SPECULATIVE HISTORY
• Goes beyond facts
• Tries to speculate on the cause and effect of an event
(Cantal, Cardinal, Espino & Galindo, 2014)
❖ Concerned about the reasons for which events happened
(Why)
❖ The way they happened (How)
HISTORIANS
• Individuals who write about history
• Seek to understand the present by examining what went
before
• Study the records or evidences that survived the time
• Strives to restore the total past of mankind
• Deals with the dynamic or genetic (the becoming) as well as
the static (the being) and aims at being interpretative
(explaining why and how things happened and were
interrelated)
HISTORIOGRAPHY
• The practice of historical writing
❖ Historical writing
– does not include examination of documents
– also uses research methods from related areas of study
such as archeology and geography.
– imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data
derived by that process
– synthesis of the particulars
THE LIMITATION OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE
• Incompleteness of records- limited man’s knowledge of
history.
• Most human affairs happen without leaving any evidence or
records of any kind, no artifacts.
• History-as-actuality- whole history of the past
• History-as-record- known to a historian only through
surviving records
History as the Subjective Process of Re-creation
• History becomes only that part of the human past which can
be meaningfully reconstructed from the available records
and form inferences regarding the setting.
• Verisimilitude- the truth, authenticity, plausibility about a
past.
HISTORICAL METHOD AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
HISTORICAL METHOD
• Process of critically examining and analyzing the records and
survivals of the past
• Both are frequently grouped together with historiography
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
▪ An important element of historical method
• In historical analysis, historians:
1) Select the subject to investigate
2) Collect probable sources of information on the subject
3) Examine the sources genuineness in part of in whole
4) Extract credible – particulars from the sources (or parts
of sources)
SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS
• Cannot be entirely separated since they have a common
ground, which has the ability to understand the past through
some meaningful, evocative and convincing historical or
cross-disciplinary connections between a given historical
issue and other historical contexts, periods, or themes.
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA
HISTORICAL DATA
• Are sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past.
ARTIFACTS
• Can either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witness
to the past.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
• Materials from which the historians construct meaning.
SOURCE
• An object from the past or a testimony concerning the past
on which historians depend to create their own depiction of
that past.
• Provides evidence about the existence of an event
HISTORICAL WORK OR INTERPRETATION
• The result of such depiction
• An argument about the event
RELICS OR REMAINS
• Existence offers researchers a clue about the past
• Example: relics or remains of a prehistoric settlement
ARTIFACTS
• Can be found where relics of human happenings can be
found
• Example: a potsherd, coin, ruin, manuscript, book, portrait,
stamp, piece of wreckage, strand of hair, and other
archeological or anthropological remains.
HOWELL AND PREVENIER (2001)
• Stated that objects (relics or artifacts) are never the
happening or the events; if written documents, they may be
the results or the records of events. Whether artifacts or
documents, they are materials out of which history may be
written.
TESTIMONIES OF WITNESS (Oral or Written)
• May have been created to serve as records or they might
have been created for some other purposes.
• Record of a property exchange, speeches, and
commentaries.
DESCRIPTIVE DATA
• Telling what happened, when and where, and who took part)
• Can be derived directly and immediately from surviving
artifacts are only small parts of the periods to which they
belong
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
• Can be given to them only If they can be placed in human
setting.
WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY
• Usually categorized in three ways:
1) Narrative or literary
2) Diplomatic or juridical
3) Social documents
NON-WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY HISTORIANS
NARRATIVE OR LITERATURE • Can get substantial information from drawings, etchings,
• Are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written paintings, films, and photographs.
to impart a message whose motives for their composition vary
widely. ORAL EVIDENCE
• Also an important source of information for historians
SCIENTIFIC TRACT • tales or sagas, folk songs or popular rituals
• Is typically composed in order to inform contemporaries or • Interviews- another major form of oral evidence
succeeding generations
PRIMARY SOURCE
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE • Original, first-hand account of an event or period that are
• Might be written in praise of someone or something usually written or made during or close to the event or period.
• Original and factual; not interpretative
EGO DOCUMENT OR PERSONAL NARRATIVE
• Examples: diaries, journals, letters, newspapers, and
• A diary or memoir might be composed in order to persuade
magazine articles (factual accounts), government records
readers of the justice of the author’s actions
(census, marriage, military,), photographs, maps, postcards,
posters, recorded or transcribed speeches, interviews with
NOVEL OR FILM
participants/witnesses, interviews with people who lived
• Might be made to entertain, to deliver a moral teaching, or
during a certain time, songs, plays, novels, stories, paintings,
to further a religious cause
drawings, and sculptures.
BIOGRAPHY
SECONDARY SOURCE
• Might be written in praise of the subject’s worth and
• Materials made by people long after the events being
achievements described has taken place to provide valuable interpretations
of historical events.
PANEGYRIC
• Analyzes and interprets primary sources
• Public speech or published text in praise of someone or
something • Interpretation of second-hand account of a historical event
• Examples: biographies, histories, literary criticism, books
HAGIOGRAPHY written by a third party (historical event, art & theater
• The writing of the lives of saints. reviews, newspaper or journal articles that interpret)

NARRATIVE SOURCES
• Broader than what is usually considered fiction (Howell &
Prevenier, 2001)

DIPLOMATIC SOURCES
• Understood to be those which document/record an existing
legal situation or create a new one
• Treated by professional historians as the purest, the – best
source.
• Possess specific formal properties, such as hand and print
style, the ink, the seal, for external properties and rhetorical
devices and images for internal properties, which are
determined by the norms of laws and by tradition.

CHARTER
• The classic diplomatic source and a legal instrument

LEGAL DOCUMENT
• Usually sealed or authenticated to provide evidence that a
legal transaction has been completed and can be used as
evidence in judicial proceeding in case of dispute.

SOCIAL DOCUMENT
• Are information pertaining to economic, social, political, or
judicial significance.
• Records kept by bureaucracies

Example: government reports (municipal accounts, research

findings, and documents like these parliamentary procedures,
civil registry records, property registers, and records of census.
UNWRITTEN SOURCES
• Are as essential as written sources
• Two types: Material evidence and Oral Evidence

MATERIAL EVIDENCE
• Also known as archeological evidences
• One of the most important unwritten evidences
• This includes pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches,
roads, and etc.
• These artifacts can also reveal a great deal about the socio-
cultural interconnections of the different groups of people
especially when an object is unearthed in more one place.

COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE
• May be revealed by the presence of artifacts in different
places.
 CRITICISMS

HISTORICAL CRITICISMS • Historian- examines the inks for signs of age or of

• Examines the origins of earliest text to appreciate the anachronistic chemical composition.
underlying circumstances upon which the text came to be
(Soulen and Soulen, 2001) ISOGRAPHIES
• Has to important goals: • Dictionaries of biography giving examples of handwriting
❖ To discover the original meaning of the text in its
primitive or historical context and its literal sense or DOM JEAN MABILLON
sensusliteralhistoricus. • A French Benedictine monk and scholar of the Congregation
❖ To establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of of Saint Maur
the author and recipients of the text. • Founded the disciplines of paleography and diplomatics in
• Has two criticisms: Internal and External Criticism the 17th century
• It has two parts:
SEALS
❖ First part: determine the authenticity of the material
• Have been the subject of special study by sigillographers,
(Provenance of a source)
and experts can detect fake ones
- Critic should determine the origin of the material, its
author, and the sources of information.
ANACHRONISTIC STYLES
❖ Second part: to weigh the testimony to the truth • Idiom, orthography, or punctuation
- Critic must examine the trustworthiness of the • Can be detected by specialists who are familiar with
testimonies as well as determine the probability of contemporary writing
the statements to be true. (Internal Criticism or
Higher Criticism) ANACHRONISTIC REFERENCE TO EVENTS
• Too early or too late or too remote
INTERNAL CRITICISMS
• Dating of a document at a tie when the alleged writer could
• Determines the historicity of the facts contained in the
not possibly have been at the place designated (the alibi)
document.
uncovers fraud.
• Not necessary to prove the authenticity of the material or
document
• The examination of the truthfulness of the evidence.
o Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence
by looking at the author of the source, its context, the
agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which
informed it, and its intended purpose.

EXTERNAL CRITICISMS
• Determines the authenticity of the source
• The authenticity of the material may be tested in two ways:
❖ Palaeographical (the deciphering and dating of historical
manuscripts)
❖ Diplomatic Criticism (critical analysis of historical
document to understand how the document came to be,
the information transmitted, and the relationships
between the facts purported in the document and the
reality)
• The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by
examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the
historical characteristic of the time when it was produced;
and the materials used for the evidence.
• Checking the source if it is real or fake. (paleographer,
philologists, epigraphy, numismatics)

SOURCE CRITICISM
• Which analyzes and studies the sources used by biblical
situations

FORM CRITICISM
• Which seeks to determine a unit’s original form and
historical context of the literary tradition

REDACTION CRITICISM
• The author of the text as editor of the source materials

TRADITION CRITICISM
• Attempts to trace the developmental stages of the oral
tradition from its historical emergence to its literary
presentation

CANONICAL CRITICISM
• Focuses its interpretation of the bible on the text of biblical
canon

TEST OF AUTHENTICITY
• To distinguish a hoax or a misrepresentation from a genuine
document, the historian must use test common in police and
legal detection.
 COSTOMS OF TAGALOG

CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS • Determined by the cultivation of the soul, counted by

• A narrative on the established culture of the Tagalogs in
Luzon written by Juan de Plasencia; a Franciscan missionary
in the Tagalog region since 1578 until 1590.
• This was written as an answer to the request of the
monarchy in Spain, which was to provide pieces of
information about the government, administration of justice,
inheritances, slaves, dowries, worship, burials, and
superstitions of the “Indians” in the colony.
• To rectify previous reports about the people’s way of life in
the region.
moons, and the different effect produced upon the trees
when yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves
MANNER OF OFFERING A SACRIFICE
• Proclaim a feast and offer to the devil
• Done in the front of the idol
• Anoint with fragrant perfumes; musk and civet/gum
CATOLONAN
• Officiating priest male or female

DATOS OBJECTS OF SACRIFICE

• Chiefs • Goats, fowls, and swine which were flayed, decapitated and
• Governed the people; captains in wars laid before the idol
• Obeyed and reverenced
MACA
BARANGAY • Another life of rest
• Tribal gathering • Paradise or “Village of rest”

MAHARLICAS CASANAAN
• Both father and mother: continues to be so forever • Place of anguish
• Maharlicas and slaves: children and the mother become free • Place of punishment, grief and affliction
• Maharlicas and slaves (compelled): gives her master half of
a gold tael because of the risk of death, child was free; half BATHALA
belonging to the father • The maker of all things
• Free woman and slave: they are all free
• Maharlica and slaves (namamahay/guiguilir): children are SITAN
• Demons
divided:
❖ First, whether female or male, belongs to the father; as
VIBIT
well as the third and fifth son/daughter
• Ghosts
❖ Second, fourth, and the sixth, belongs to the mother
• Free man/woman: all those who belonged to him are also TIGBALANG
free • Phantom

EARLY PUNISHMENTS IN FILIPINO CULTURES PATIANAC

• Death Penalty • Woman died in childbirth & suffered punishment
• Slavery
• Witches are killed
• Punished by fines of gold (if not paid with promptness, the
culprit is exposed in order for the fine to be paid)- This is
done by giving half the cultivated lands and all their
produced belonged to the master

URSURY
• Great hindrance to baptism and confession

DOWRIES
• Are given by the men to the women’s parents

SIMBAHAN
• Temple/place of adoration

PANDOT
• Worship/celebrate a festival

SIBI
• Roof; protects the people when raining

SORIHILE
• Small lamps

NAGAANITOS
• Barangay/family unite in the worship

BADHALA
• All powerful/maker of all things

SUN
• Almost honored by heathens

MOON
 IMPORTANT POINTS ON THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

IN GENERAL: 26th OF SEPTEMBER

• Popularized the achievements of the Magellan and Elcano
expedition.
• Ideas about the world- not flat but oblate sphere.
• Demolished the myth that there is a boiling water at the
equator.
• Magellan successfully completed circumnavigation of the
world.
• Portuguese route is not the only way to the Spice island
(proving that one can go to east by sailing west)
• Pacific ocean.
(All these discoveries altered European map and the views of
other lands around the globe.)
• Arrived at an island of great Canaria, named Teneriphe
• 28 degrees latitude
• Remained for three days and half
MONTEROSE
• Port wherein they stayed for two days to supply themselves
with pitch; necessary for ships.
16th OF MARCH, 1521
• They arrived at daybreak in sight of a high island; three
leagues distant from the before-mentioned Thieves’ island.
• Zamal- the name of the isle

PHILIPPINE CONTEXT 18th OF MARCH

• Provided important details about the conditions of the • A boat of nine men approached them
Visayan Island in the 16th century. • Five men- the showiest and remained with them
- Leaders • Others remained in the boat and were fishing
- Geographical Set-up • The captain of the boat ordered to give them red caps,
- Economic activities looking glasses, combs, bells, ivory, and a vessel of palm wine
- Social and cultural practices (Uraca) figs more than a foot long.
- Religious beliefs
UMAI
• Commencement of Christianity in the Philippines • Rice, cocos, and other victuals
• Recorded reactions of the early Filipinos towards the • Cochi- fruit in which the palm trees bear
colonizers. ❖ Liquor made out of palm tree; white must which is
sweet and somewhat bitter.
SIGNIFICANT DOCUMENTS
➢ Maximilian of Transylvania in his book De Moluccis Insulis ZULUAM
(The Moluccas Islands) was published. • An island that they dwelt; but not a large island
• Basing his narratives from the surviving crews of the • The captain showed all of his goods: cloves, cinnamon,
expedition. pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold, etc.
• Sebastian Elcano, Francisco Albo and Hernando de
Bustamante HUMUNU
• An island where they found two springs of very fresh water
➢ Francisco Albo (Victoria’s pilot) which they named it the “Watering Place of good signs”
• Focused on the location and the expedition on certain • So much white corals are found in this island
dates • Large trees which bear fruit smaller than almonds
• Palm trees both good and bad.
➢ Peter Martyr d’Anghiera
• 1511 to 1530- wrote accounts concerning Spanish ARCHIPELAGO OF ST. LAZARUS
explorations to the New world in decades. • Many circumjacent islands
• 5th decade appeared in 1523 recounting the conquest • Was named after St. Lazarus because they stayed there
of Mexico and the circumnavigation of the world by during the and feast of St. Lazarus
Ferdinand Magellan.
• 10 degrees north latitude and 161 degrees longitude from
the line of demarcation.
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
• They remained at this place for eight days
• The period of discovery and expansionism began in the 15th
century.
22ND OF MARCH
• The historic voyage began in 1519 and was successfully
• Friday
completed in 1522.
• The people who promised to return, went back and brought
cochi, sweet oranges, a vessel of palm wine, and cock.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
• Has been rediscovered in 1521 by the Spanish commissioned
SCHIONE
authority, Ferdinand Magellan.
• Gold rings suspended in the ears
FERDINAND MAGELLAN • Other people had bracelet and rings of gold in the arms with
• A Portuguese navigator who gained confidence and support a wrapper of linen round their head.
from the Monarchy of Spain
CAPHRE
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA • Gentiles
• Italian chronicler • Naked, expect that round their middles; cloth is made of the
❖ This chronicle serves as the circumnavigation of the bark of the trees.
world • Tawny, fat, and painted; anointed themselves with the oil of
❖ It specifically furnishes important details on the discovery coco nuts and sesame to protect them from sun and wind.
of the islands and people inhabiting the place. • Hair is black and long reaching the waist
• Carries small daggers and knives, ornamented with gold
LORD STANLEY OF ALDERLEY • Other things are darts, harpoons, and nets to fish
• Translated the narrative of the voyage in English.
25th OF MARCH
20TH OF SEPTEMBER • Monday of Passion week; Feast of our Lady
• Tuesday • Antonio Pigafetta fell on the sea when he was about to catch
• They set sail from St. Lucar some fish, he almost drowned because no one saw him but he
• Making course of the south-west named Labeiche
 survived because he was on his left hand the sheet of the large • Its leaf is like the laurel
sail.
• On this day they passed amidst four small islands: Cenalo,
Huinanghar, Ibusson, and Abarien. CAIN- WOOD
MANA- SWEET
28th OF MARCH ❖ In the north-east, they went to the large city called
• Boloto- small boat Maingdanao, located in the same island in which are
• Traprobana- a slave of the captain from who was from Butuan and Calagan.
Sumatra ❖ Bignaday- vessel similar to prahu
• Ballanghai- two long boats ❖ They killed seven out of eighteen men who formed the
crew. (All were chief men of Mindanao)
GOOD FRIDAY ❖ In the south-east, they found the islands named, Ciboco,
• Captain sent the slave on the shore Birabam Batolac, Sarangani, and Candigar.
• The king entered the ship and embraced the captain and
gave him three china dishes: leaves full of rice and two 26TH OF OCTOBER
dorades; large fishes. • They met a very great storm in the island of Birabam Batolac
• The captain gave the king a robe of red and yellow cloth in which they lowered all of their sails and they prayed.
made in Turkish fashion, fine red cap, knives, and mirrors. • Three of the saints appeared: St. Elmo, stood for more than
two hours at the mainmast head like a flame. St. Nicholas, at
the head of the foremast. St. Clara, on the mizenmast.
CASSI CASSI- Brothers
❖ Caphres were described as kind, gentle, naked, and their 6TH OF SEPTEMEBER, 1522
body are painted. • They entered the bay of St. Lucar
❖ Also great drinkers • 60 of the men who went to Maluco were reduced to 18.
❖ Woman are dressed in tree cloth from their waists Others died from illness, hunger, some ran away to the
downwards; hair is black that reaches to the ground and island of Timor, and others have been condemned for their
wears gold rings in their ears. crimes.

ARECA 8TH OF SEPTEMBER

• A fruit which they chew most of the time and makes their
mouth very red after being chewed for a long time.
❖ The island has a lot of dogs, cats, pigs, fowls, and goats,
rice, ginger, cocos, figs, oranges, lemons, millet, wax, and
gold mines.
MAZZAVA
• An island nine degrees and two-thirds north latitude and 162
longitude from the line of demarcation. 25 leagues distant
from the other island.
• They remained in this island for 7 days
❖ They passed through the five isles namely: Ceylon, Bohol,
Canighan, Baibai and Satighan.
• Monday
• They casted an anchor near the mole of Seville and
discharged all artillery
• Tuesday, they all went to visit the shrine of St. Maria of
Victory, and of St. Maria de Antigua
❖ Pigafetta went to Valladolid, where he presented to his
Sacred Majesty Don Carlos a book he wrote of all the
things that happened during their voyage.

Barbastigly- a bird found in the island of Satighan which are as

large as eagles.
❖ Satighan has a lot of island doves, tortoises, parrots, and
black birds as large as a fowl with long tail.
❖ The king of Mazzabua couldn’t follow them so they waited
for him near the three islands: Polo, Ticobon, and Pozzon.

ZZUBU
• Fifteen leagues off from Satighan

7th OF APRIL
• Entered the port of Zzubu
• All the artillery were fired wherein the people of this place
were frightened.
• The captain reassured the king that it was their fashion and
custom to fire artillery when they arrived at ports to show sign
of peace and friendship and to honor the king of the country.
❖ The master of the interpreter said he was going by the
command of the said sovereign to discover the Molucca
islands.
❖ They turned backwards between the island of Cagayan
and the port of Cipit, taking a course east and a quarter
south-east, to seek the island of Maluco.
❖ Having left Cipit to the east, they saw west two islands
called Zolo and Taghima
❖ Butuan and Calagan have the best cinnamon grows.
❖ They did a barter and obtained 17 lbs of cinnamon for two
big knives, which they taken from the Governor of
Pulaoan.

CINNAMON TREE
• Small tree, not more than three of four cubits high
• Thickness of a man’s finger, has got no more than three or
four little branches.
MAGELLAN AND ELCANO CIRCUMNAVIGATION
•MAGELLAN 27 April 1521
- February 4, 1521 – Passing by San Pablo Island (Vostok Island of Flint Island)
- January 21, 1521 – Passing by Shark’s Island (Puka-Puka)
- November 28, 1520 – Passing by All Saints Strait (Strait of Magellan)
- October 21, 1520 – Passing by Carbo Virgenes (Cape Virgenes)
- March 31, 1520 - Stopover at Puerto San Julián
- January 12, 1520 – Stopover at Rio de Solis (Rio de la Plata)
- December 13, 1519 – Stopover at Santa Lucia Bay (Rio de Janeiro Bay)
- November 29, 1519 – Passing by at Santa (Lucia Bay (Rio de Janeiro Bay)
- September 26, 1519 – Stopover at Canary Islands (Arrival or passing thru) – Former Name: Cabo Deseado, Modern Name: Mariana
Islands)
- March 6, 1521 – Stopover at Ladrones Islands (Mariana Islands)
- March 16, 1521 – Stopover at Samar
- March 17, 1521 – Stopover at Homonhon
- March 2, 1521 – Stopover at Limasawa
- April 7, 1521 – Stopover at Cebu
- April 27, 1521 – Magellan’s Death

•JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO – September 20, 1519 to September 6, 1522

•ELCANO
- Stopover at Palawan
- Stopover at Brunei
- November 8, 1521 – Stopover at Tidore
- December 29, 1521 – Stopover at Ambon Island
- January 25, 1522 – Stopover at Timor
- May 19, 1522 – Passing by at Cape of Good Hope
- July 9, 1522 – Stopover at Cape Verde Islands
- September 20, 1519 – Stopover at Sanlucar de Barrameda (departure)
- September 6, 1522 – Stopover at Sanlucar de Barrameda (arrival)
MIDTERM
TRANSES
 CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872

CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872 • Spanish friars used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful lever
2 MAJOR EVENTS IN 1872 by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not
• Cavite Mutiny of 1872 only the native army but also included residents of Cavite
• Martyrdom of the Three Priest and Manila, and more importantly the native clergy to
overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines
• An uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the • Members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA
Spanish arsenal in Cavite Philippines on January 20, 1872. were tried and executed by garrote
• Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it • Thus, leads to the awakening of nationalism and eventually
would elevate to a national uprising to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896.
• The mutiny was quickly crushed, but the Spanish regime
under the reactionary governor Rafael de Izquierdo
magnified the incident and used it as an excuse to clamp
down on those Filipinos who had been calling for
governmental reform.
• The 1872 Cavite Mutiny was precipitated by the removal of
long – standing personal beliefs to the workers such as tax
(tribute) and forced labor (polo y servicio personale)
exemptions on order from the Governor General Rafael de
Izquierdo
• Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was
the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually
lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896

MARTYRDOM OF THE THREE PRIEST

GOMBURZA
• Father Mariano Gomez
• Father Jose Burgos
• Father Jacinto Zamora
• On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish
government and Frailocracia to instill fear among the
Filipinos so that they may never
• commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were
executed
• They were executed by garrote on the Luneta field, also
known in Tagalog as Bagumbayan
• This event was tragic but served as one of the moving forces
that shaped Filipino nationalism

DEDICATED TO EL FILIBUSTERISMO
“I dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which I undertake
to combat” – Jose Rizal

TWO FACES OF 1872 CAVITE MUTINY

THE SPANISH PERSPECTIVE AND THE FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE
• SPANISH PERSPECTIVE
• JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL
- Prolific Spanish Historian
- Documented the event and highlighted it as an
attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government in
the Philippines
• GOVERNOR GENERAL RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO
- Implicated the native clergy, which was then active in
the call for secularization
- Highlighted the event in the attempt to overthrow the
Spanish government to install a new “hari” in the likes
of Fathers Burgos and Zamora
• Caused by the Spanish government because they took the
rights and privileges of the people working in Cavite
Mutiny
• People in the mutiny revolted to the Spaniards who were
in the arsenal
• Attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish
government in the Philippines
• They killed the leaders of the Cavite Mutiny so that the
revolt of the Filipinos would not cause a big problem
• The GOMBURZA were tried by a court – martial and were
sentenced to die by strangulation

• FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE
• DR. TRINIDAD HERMENIGILDO PARDO DE TAVERA
- A Filipino scholar and researcher
- Wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in
Cavite
• Filipinos felt abused and oppressed by the Spanish people
 THE FIRST CRY OF REVOLUTION
THE FIRST CRY OF REVOLUTION
Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
• Ama ng Rebolusyon
• Ama ng Himagsikan
• Supremo
• Pangulong Hari ng Katagalugan
• Unofficial president of the Philippines
• Born in Tondo, Manila, on November 30, 1863
• Died on May 10, 1897 (Maragondon, Cavite)
Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan (KKK)
• Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish
colonialism Filipinos in Manila in 1892
• Its primary goal was to gain independence from Spain
through a revolution.
• On July 7 1982, it was founded by Filipino patriots Andres
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano,
and Valentin Diaz.
• The Katipunan was a secret organization until it was
discovered in 1896.
PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION OF 1896
• Tearing up of cedulas and proclaiming the start of the fight
for the independence on August 23, 1896.
• The event happened after the Katipunan was exposed on
August 19, 1896 and the Spaniards began to crack down on
suspected rebels.
Raging Controversies
• The historian Teodoro Agoncillo chose to emphasize
Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula (fax receipt) before a crowd
of Katipuneros who then broke out in cheers.
• However, Guardia Manuel Sityar never mentioned in his
memories (1896-1898) the tearing or inspection of the
cedula, but did not the pacto de sangre (blood pact) mark on
• every single Filipino he met in August 1896.
WHERE DID IT TAKE PLACE?
PUGADLAWIN OR BALINTAWAK
GEOGRAPHY
• The barrios, hamlets and farmsteads where the revolution
began were all within the municipality of Caloocan in the
province of Manila.
• Its total population in 1896 was tallied at just 7,829.
• 2,694 lived in the town (población), 977 lived in the largest
barrio, Balintawak, and the remaining 4,158 were scattered
in ten other barrios – Baesa, Bagobantay, Bahay Toro,
Banlat, Culiat, Kangkong, Loma, Marulas, Talipapa, and
Tangke.
• No detailed maps of the municipality are known to have
survived from the Spanish era, and perhaps none ever
existed.
• Many of the sources on the “Cry” are consequently vague
and inconsistent in how they identify and locate the
settlements, roads and other features of the area.
MAIN ARGUMENT
• The first Cry of the Revolution remains unsolved due to the
different dates and places that were mentioned by different
eyewitnesses of the event.
• These include Pio Valenzuela’s “Cry of Pugad Lawin”,
Santiago Alvarez’s “The Cry of Bahay Toro”, Gregoria de
Jesus’s “First Cry”, Guillermo Masangkay’s “The Cry of
Balintawak”.
DR. PIO VALENZUELA’S ACCOUNT
• National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)
claimed that, the
• first cry of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 happened on
August 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin now part of Project 8 in
Quezon City.
• The official date and place of the first cry were largely based
on Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s Account.
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela is an official of the Katipunan and a friend
of Andres Bonifacio, who was also present during the event.
• Says the decision to revolt was taken at Kangkong on August
23 (1911).
• Says the decision to revolt was taken by the General
Assembly on August 23 at the house of Melchora Aquino on
Daan-malalim, “in Pasong Tamo, also known as Pacpac-
lawin.” (1917)
• Says the revolutionists met in Kangkong on August 22, but
the decision was taken on August 23 at Juan Ramos’s place
at Pugad Lawin, and the “Cry” followed the decision. (1920)
SANTIAGO ALVAREZ’S ACCOUNT
• One of the leaders of the Cavite revolution.
• Alvarez presents an account devoid of any dramatic
description as it is merely a narration of the events that
happened in Bahay Toro.
• Internal evidence suggests that Alvarez’s account of the
meeting on August 24 is based on information he obtained
from Ramon Bernardo, a Katipunan leader from Pandacan
who was a participant in the “Cry”.
GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S ACCOUNT
• A friend and fellow Katipunero of Andres Bonifacio.
• In his interview with the Sunday Tribute magazine,
Masangkay said that the first Cry happened in Balintawak on
August 26, 1896.
• In another interview published in the newspaper Bagong
Buhay on August 26, 1957, Masangkay changed his narrative
stating that the revolution began on August 23, 1896, similar
to the assertion of Dr. Pio Valenzuela.
CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN
Version 1
• Author: Pio Valenzuela
• Date: August 22, 1896
• Place: Kangkong, Balintawak. House and yard of Apolonio
Samson
• No. of Attendees: 500 members
• Discussion:
• Views were only exchanged, and no resolution was
debated or adopted.
Version 2
• Author: Pio Valenzuela
• Date: August 23, 1896
• Place: Pugad Lawin. House, storehouse and yard of Juan
Ramos
• No. of Attendees: 1000 members
• Discussion:
• Whether or not the revolution should be started August
26, 1896. Protested by Teodoro Plata. Attendees tore
their cedula certificated and shouted “Long Live
Philippines!”
THE CRY OF BAHAY TORO
• Author: Santiago Alvarez
• Date: August 24, 1986
• Place: Barn of Kabesang Melchora Aquino, Sampalokan,
Barrio of Bahay Toro
• No. of Attendees: 1000 Katipuneros
• Discussion:
• It was 12 o’clock when the meeting adjourned amidst
loud cries of “Long Live the Sons of the Country”
(Mabuhay ang mga anak ng bayan)
THE FIRST CRY
• Author: Gregoria de Jesus
• Date: August 25, 1896
• Place: Near Caloocan (No exact location)
• No. of Attendees: Not specified
• Discussion:
• The activities of the Katipuneros had reached nearly all
corners of the Philippine Archipelago. When it was
 discovered by Spanish authorities, some Katipuneros
were arrested. Some were arrested and killed by exiled.

THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK

• Author: General Guillermo Masangkay
• Date: August 26, 1896
• Place: House of Apolonio Samson, Balintawak
• No. of Attendees: Not specified
• Discussion:
• Discuss when the uprising was to take place. Opposed by
Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela.
Bonifacio sensing that he will lose in the argument, he
left the session hall and convinced the people outside. He
asked the people to pledge by tearing the sign of slavery
which is the cedula.
 MONASTIC SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
MONASTIC SUPREMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
- First published La Soberenia Monacal en Filipinas, in
Barcelona, Spain, in 1889, and reprinted in Manila in 1898
LA SOBERENIA MONACAL EN FILIPINAS
- Its publication was hailed by Spanish liberals and former
Spanish administrators in the Philippines, including former
governor-general Emilio Terrero (1885-1888) and Benigno
Quiroga, former director general of the civil administration
in the Philippines, and scholars Miguel Morayta and
Ferdinand Bluemntritt.
JOSE RIZAL
- Most cultured of the reformist group called Del Pilar’s work
as one that had “no chaff; it is all grain”.
The following translation was made by Dr. Encarnacion Alzona in
1957.
POLITICAL ASPECT
FRIARS
- Control the status quo of the country
- Their interference in the government of the Philippines is
ingrained without difficulty.
- Their parochial mission takes on the double character of a
political organ and popular patronage.
- Friars have a system that frighten the government with
rebelliousness of the country and frighten the country with
the despotism of the government to be able to rule at the
expense of everyone.
- offered the government to suppress the country’s
rebelliousness and
- government gives them all its autocratic support.
- While they portray the ruler as the personification of
tyranny and despotism.
- Offered to people to soften tyranny
- People placed their wealth in the friar’s hands to defend
them against official rapacity.
Parochial Mission
- Gave the curate a great power in each locality
- With power, it does not lose its monastic character and is at
the command of the regular prelates under whose guidance
the parish priest think, preach, confess, and act with
marvelous uniformity.
Moderating power of the parish priests may be self to society to
balance and harmonize the interests of the people and
institutions.
- Convents- are opposed to its equilibrium and harmony.
- The life of the convent was created through hatred and
distrust.
- Convents are the millionaires of the country.
- Their large funds cannot be alienated.
- Lands are cultivated without the stimulus of the owners and
with discouragement on the part of the tillers.
- They are leased and the rent increases from time to time and
in proportion to the improvements introduced on the land.
- With this, the voice of poverty exhaled complaints.
- Monastic properties- subject to land titles of ten 10% and
increase in the income ought to favor the government
treasury.
BASIS OF MONASTIC WEALTH
- Lack of union between the people and the government
- Must foster it by fanning the resentment of the first and the
despotism of the second.
To stop the resentment and despotism:
- Counted the diversity of languages among the rulers and the
ruled
- To preserve diversity
- To impede popular education; and
- To avoid at any cost that people and government come to
understand each other
(These are the best way of keeping them in perpetual
antagonism)
RELIGIOUS AMORTIZATION
- Very conspicuous in the Philippines.
MONASTIC INSTITUTIONS
- Encouraged ignorance and fanaticism
- Also ignored the claims of blood relations; contrary to divine
law, that has been responsible for centuries for the immense
number of disinherited families.
- Best lands and best estates were passed to the control of
monastic communities.
GOVERNMENT FINANCE OFFICE
- Relies on the sworn statement of the convents
1887
- Provincial government of Laguna tried to get information
about the increase in the income of the lands in Calamba
belonging to the Dominican friars.
- It found out that the annual income of 5,000 pesos has been
sextupled
- amounting to more than 30,000 thousand pesos.
Filipinos pay direct taxes consisting of:
• Personal cedulas
• Urban tax
• Industrial subsidy
• Additional municipal tax
• Provincial tax
• Personal loan
• Indirect one: markets, vehicles, horses, stamps surcharges,
slaughter of cattle, river tolls, and etc.
Religious festivals
- Papal decree of 2 MAY 1867- Aimed to relieve the Filipino
Catholics by reducing the number of feast days and ordered
that each diocese have only one patron saint to be named
the Holy See.
Each parish church has a tutelary patron of the town besides the
patron saint of one or more confraternities and patron saints of
secondary importance venerated in some churches according to
the curate’s division.
Saint’s days
- Celebrated with pomp at the expense of the people.
- Collected large sums of novena, masses, sermons,
processions, music, bands, singers, sacristans, bell-ringing,
bell-men, curtains, altars, silver candelabra, chandeliers,
candles, etc.
- Townspeople have to keep an open house, to entertain
lavishly.
• Every district has 50 families that dwell
• Chapel- cost at least 1,000 pesos; others amounting to
5,000-15,000 pesos.
• Dues of the stole and foot of the altar- legitimate source
of revenue of the priesthood.
• The exaggerating collection of some dues without
sanction of Jesus Christ hurt the interests of Catholics
and led them to impious reflections and inquire in the
light of economics.
Reverend Fathers
- Empowered to name the persons who ought to be deported.
• Government solemnly declared that the parish curate’s
opinions suffices so that the deportation may not be
arbitrary.
It is not the fanaticism that builds opulence; it is fear of the group
which has been raised to the power with no stroke of the pen of
a low whisper can kill the happiness of one who obstructs or does
not cooperate in the development of its schemes of exploitation.

RELIGIOUS ASPECT
Municipal officials
- depend on the parish priest.
- To report the conduct of a citizen, the testimony of 100
members of the Principalia is not enough. Essential
requirement is the curate’s approval.
- The signature of the curate is necessary to:
• Census of residents in a municipality
• Conscription of eligible young men
• Formalize accounts and other official documents
- There are no ruling that exists prescribing the conditions
under which the curate should grant or withhold his
approval.
- Supreme orders are carried out if the crate so pleases.
- If superior authority tries to demand an energetic
enforcement of his orders, the curate informs the prelate of
his convent and this one obtains dismissal of the public
official.
- Foundation of a building is to be laid and the curate does not
like it, national integrity is in danger.
- To consolidate the fraternity between Spain and Philippines
is the best defense of national integrity. It is Spain’s ideal; it
is the dream of the Philippines.

ECONOMIC ASPECT
• Laws regulate the foundation and development of convents
in the Philippines are undoubtedly based on the belief that
monastic life is unproductive.
• Abundance found in convents brings pity to the government.
• Philippine government lacks resources to undertake public
works; monastic orders build grand and costly convents in
Manila and in each parish of 3,000 souls.
• The government establishes primary schools in each town.
• Government houses are made of light materials; like those
for the tribunal which hardly approximate the stable of the
friar curators.
• Government also finds a thousand obstacles in collecting
taxes from the tax-paying public
• They also refrain from creating new sources of revenue in
order not to burden Filipino interests.
• Friars invent every day new forms of devotion; some are
costly.
• Public pay- fear of displeasing the friars whose power they
know has sent many innocent victims to exile.

• There is a notable contrast between the poverty of the

government and the opulence of the vow of poverty.

Amortization of lands
- Fatal to agriculture everywhere.
- Experience and economics have shown the needs for laws of
disentail.
• Capital was immediately channeled to greater and better
production.
• Sale of religious objects that rise in price by reason of
priestly blessing constitutes a true and indisputable simony.
• Trade-in-religious objects- principal sources of income of the
monastic order.
• Ready-made belt without priestly blessing costs and is sold
at 4 or 5 pesos. A hundred if the priest blesses it. The belt
passes on to the class of spiritual things and becomes an
object of papal and Episcopal indulgences and the price rises
100% at least.
• New members of the confraternity, the belt is sold at 62
cents, 4/8 of a peso each belt, price going down until 25
cents minimum when the buyer is an old customer.
• What is true of belts is also true of scapulars of the Recollect
fathers, rosaries of Dominican fathers, cords of the
Franciscan friars, etc.
 AMERICAN AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION
THE TREATY OF PARIS (1898)
• A treaty was signed between the Spanish and American
peace commissioners.
Agreement:
• Spain will give the Philippines to the United States and in
return, US will give the sum of 20,000 US dollars as payment
for the improvements Spain had made in the country.
• The US agreed to permit the Spaniards to ship and sell
commodities to the Philippines for a period of ten years on
the same terms as those of the US.
• Spain has no right to transfer the Philippines to the US
because when the treaty was signed, Spain had already been
ousted from the Philippines by the Filipinos.
• Spain has no right over the Philippines. The Philippines were
already independent with a government of its own.
• Filipino- American War was brought.
• Filipinos at the end, accepted the American rule in the
country.
• The Americans used the wealthy Filipinos to persuade the
people to cooperate with the Americans.
BASES OF AMERICAN RULE
• The Military rule in places where aggression was shown. It
was US’s aim to pacify the provinces which had not
recognized the authority of the US.
BANISHMENT OF THE PATRIOTS
• Many wealthy and educated Filipinos were already
collaborating with the enemy.
• Most of these wealthy Filipinos proposed to the Americans
that the Philippines and its people were not prepared and
ready for self-government.
AMERICAN INFLUENCES
• The Philippine Bill of 1902
• This bill proposed and approved all acts of the President
of the US relative to the Philippines.
• It provided for a bill of rights which guaranteed to
Filipinos the right of free speech, free press, and freedom
to petition for the redress of grievances.
• The bill also acts the Census of 1903- the first scientific
census ever taken in the Philippines.
• Sedition Law
• Passed in 1901.
• Any Filipino advocating independence or separation from
US will be severely punished.
• Political Parties
• Federal Party was created and led by Trinidad H. Pardo
de Tavera whose platform was based on making the
Philippines a state of US.
• Nacionalista Party (1901), The Liberal Party (1902), The
First Democrata Party (1902).
• The Public School System
• Considered their greatest achievement of the Americans
in the Philippines.
• Free and open education.
• American teachers were brought to the Philippines.
• English language was used as the medium of instruction.
• Position of Women
• Women were allowed to enroll in colleges and
universities established.
• Some of them studied as pharmacist's, dentists, lawyers,
physicians, teachers, and even scientists.
COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
• A transition government for 10 years to prepare the
Philippines for independence.
• Jones Law of 1916 (William Atkinson Jones)
• The Independence Missions (Os-Rox Mission -1919-1933)
• The 1935 Constitution (Tydings McDuffie Act)-Jul 30, 1934
• Inauguration of the CG was on November 25, 1935.
POLICIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
• National Defense Measures
• Government reorganization
• Social Justice program
• Economic measures
• Educational Progress
• Women’s Suffrage
• National Language
AMERICAN INFLUENCES
• Democratic Partnership
• Education and School System
• Public Health and Welfare
• Transportation and Communication
• Political Consciousness
• Language and Literature
BAD RESULTS OF AMERICAN OCCUPATION
• Filipinos became dependent exclusively on US to continue to
prosper economically.
• Filipinos were so American and not extending to other
foreign markets.
• American dictated the prices of Philippine commodities
• Brainwashing the Filipinos in their educational system.
• The Filipino attitude of placing material things above
spiritual things.
ENTRY OF THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL FORCES (1941-1945)
• At the dawn of December 8, 1941, the Japanese bombers
under the command of General Masaharu Homma conduct
air attacks in various places of the Philippines.
• They destroyed the air naval defenses in Davao, Tuguegarao,
Baguio, Iba, Tarlac and Clark field.
• Americans places on the ground were caught by surprise.
• Death march in Bataan happened for a span of three months
• (American/Filipino soldiers)
• (80,000 perished due to malnutrition)
THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
• On Oct. 14, 1943 were the proclamation of Philippine
Independence and the inauguration of the Republic of the
Philippines.
• Jose P. Laurel was elected president of the 2nd republic.
• Under the Laurel admin, media was used to influence more
Filipinos , urged them to support the republic.
• Japanese forces discouraged the Filipinos from writing
English.
RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION
• Anyone caught violating the rules imposed were punished
through the water cure.
• Pedestrians who refused to bow to the Japanese military
were slapped on their faces hit with close fists.
• Health and living conditions deteriorated throughout the
Japanese occupation.
• TB, Malaria, and nutrition ailments became common
illnesses. Some died due to starvation.
• The Filipinos could not simply trust the motives of the
Japanese in promoting national culture.
• Many Filipinos resisted and signed up to fight the
maltreatments of the Japanese
• HUKBALAHAP- Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon- a guerilla
movement that confronted Japanese forces.
• March 3, 1945- The Americans had won the war in Manila
against the Japanese forces headed by Gen. Douglas Mc
Arthur.
• Sep. 2, 1945- Japan had formally accepted the defeat upon
signing a
• treaty on board USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay.

• Pres. Manuel Luis Quezon was urged by Pres. Theodore

Roosevelt to flee to the US since the Japanese could
inevitably use him as leader to rally the Filipinos behind
Japan.
• On Jan. 3, 1942- the end of the American rule and the
imposition of Martial Law in the country.

LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS

• The Japanese military authorities instituted outright
confiscation and direct management of banking institution
and public utilities, including transportation.
• Japanese culture and language were taught and
disseminated.
• Tight instructions on the movement of commodities by the
Japanese had made the supply of rice, sugar, and other crops
scarce.
• Prices of supplies at higher costs.
• The worsening food crises reached a point where the
populace started eating plain lugaw.
• Many families were forced to sell their furniture and other
personal belongings.
• The trade that prospered during the era was the making of
fakes and forgeries.
• Some doctors made adulterated medicines, while some
lawyers make fake documents.

REFORMING THE FILIPINO GOVERNMENT

• On Dec. 2, 1942, the Japanese Military Administration
announced that political parties had been dissolved “of their
free will.”
• The Kapisan sa Paglilingkod Sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI),”
a non political organization was established. (aim was to
bring about the reconstruction of the Filipino people)
 AGRARAIAN REFORMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
AGRARIAN REFORM
• Essentially the rectification of the whole system of
agriculture (an important aspect of the Philippine economy)
• Centered on the relationship between production & the
distribution of land among farmers.
• Also focused on the political & economic class of the
relations of production & distribution in farming & related
enterprises & how these connect to the wider class structure
• Genuine & comprehensive agrarian reform are needed in
order for PH to gain more from agriculture potential & uplift
the poor Filipino farmers.
• Gained great significance all over the world as it aims to
achieve social justice & full human development of human
dignity.
• Issue of land reform has been persistent throughout time,
demanding measures to stop social unrest.
• Worst scenarios were observed during the colonial era when
the Spanish colonizers introduced land new land-holding
systems to caciques.
• Introduction to Torrens system created serious problems
• The natural inhabitants lost their ancestral domains to the
colonialists.
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
• Filipinos already lived in villages & barangays.
• The settlements were ruled by the chieftains or datus who
comprised the nobility.
• Maharlikas (freemen), Aliping Namamahay (serfs) and
Aliping Saguiguilid (slaves)
• Despite the existence of social structure everyone had access
to the fruits of the soil.
• Rice was a medium of exchange as money is yet unknown.
SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1896)
• Spaniards introduced the concept of encomienda to the
Philippines
• Encomienda- is a system of giving lands (Royal Land Grants)
to the Spanish conquerors that were loyal to the monarch.
• As a matter of policy, encomenderos must defend his
encomienda from external attack, maintain peace & order
within, and support the missionaries.
• In turn, they were given the right to collect taxes (tribute)
from the Indios (natives)
• Encomenderos started to abuse their powers by renting their
lands to a few powerful landlords, and the natives who once
freely cultivated the land became share tenants.
AGRARIAN UPRISINGS (1745-1746)
• Taxation was not only the reasons for the revolts of the
Filipinos but agrarian unrest as well.
• Agrarian revolt happened between 1745 and 1746 in
Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, and Bulacan. In the towns of Lian
& Nasugbu, Batangas.
• Grabbing of lands by the Catholic religious orders angered
the native land owners and demanded that their lands be
returned based on ancestral domain.
• Spanish priests refused which resulted to riots and massive
looting of convents and the burning down of churches and
ranches.
• Troops were sent from Manila to Batangas to quell the
disturbance.
• Encounter was bloody and those who surrender were
pardoned.
• Uprising resonated in other towns of the neighboring
provinces, notably Binan, Imus, Silang, Kawit, Bacoor, San
Mateo, Taguig, Paranaque and Hagonoy.
• Agrarian conflicts reach the ear of King Philip VI who
appointed Oidor (a judge of the Royal Audiencias and
Chancillerias) Pedro Calderon Enriquez to investigate the
charges brought against the religious orders and to ascertain
validity of their titles to the lands in question.
• The friars were ordered to submit their titles to a secular
judge, but refused to comply, claiming ecclesiastical
exemption.
• As a result, the governor general dispossessed the friars of
the lands (said to have been illegally occupied by them and
which they continue holding without legitimate titles)
restoring the lands to the crown.
• Case appealed by the friars to the Royal Audiencia of Manila
but it upheld the first decision; further appealed to the
council of Indies in Spain and again the decision was
confirmed.
• Subsequently, the friars won their case and retained the
disputed lands; ownership of the lands remained intact even
after the end of the Spanish regime.
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
• When Emilio Aguinaldo came to power in 1899, the Malolos
• constitution which they crafted intended to confiscate the
so-called Friar lands and other large estates
• However, the First Philppine Republic was shortly lived so
that the plans to confiscate was never materialized.
AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1935)
• Some noteworthy regulations enacted during the American
period:
a) Philippine Bill of 1902- set the ceilings on the hectarage
of private individuals to 16 hectares and 1,024 hectares
for corporations
b) Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496)- provided
for a comprehensive registration of land titles under
the Torrens system.
c) The Public Land Act of 1903- introduced homestead in
PH.
d) Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 & 4113)- regulated
relationships between landowners and tenants of rice
(50-50 sharing), and sugar cane lands.
• However the Land Registration Act of 1902 didn’t
completely solve the problem of land registration under the
Torrens System, landowners might not have been aware of
the law & they can’t pay the cost of having the land surveyed
& other fees required for a Torrens title.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1942)
• President Manuel L. Quezon advocated the Social Justice
program to block the increasing social unrest in Central
Luzon
• Implemented legislations enacted during this period:
a) The 1935 Constitution- which was promulgated for the
promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and
economic security of all people
b) The Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to
Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045)- enacted on November 13,
1936, provided for certain controls in the landlord
tenant relationships
• The National Rice & Corn Corporation (NARIC) of 1936-
established the price of rice & corn that helped the poor
tenants as well as consumers.
• The Commonwealth Act No. 461, 1937- specified the
reasons for dismissal of tenants and only with the approval
of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice.
• The Rural Program Administration- created on March 2,
1939, provided the purchase and lease of haciendas and
their sale and lease to tenants.
• The Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939,
created the National Settlement Administration with a
capital stock of 20 million.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
• Second World War (that started in Europe in 1939 and in the
Pacific in 1941), the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(HUKBALAHAP) controlled the areas of Central Luzon
composed of peasants and workers (took up arms against
the Japanese forces)
• Peasants who supported them earned fixed rentals, while
landowners who supported the Japanese lost their lands to
peasants.
• Problems of land tenure in PH remained even after the
Philippine Independence in 1946. PH Congress revised the
Tenancy Law.
• President Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
• RA No. 34- established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and
regulated the sharing contracts.
• RA No. 55- provided for a more effective safeguard against
arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
PRESIDENT ELPIDIO QUIRINO (1948-1950)
• Issued EO No. 355 on October 23, 1950, replaced the
National Land Settlement Administration with Land
Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) that took
over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery
Equipment Corporation and the Rice & Corn Production
Administration.
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957)
• RA No. 1160 of 1954- abolised the LASEDECO and
established the National Resettlement & Rehabilitation
Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless
farmers.
• Particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing homelots and
farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao
• RA No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954)- governed
relationship between landowners & tenant farmers
organizing share-tenancy & leasehold system.
• Also created the Court Agrarian Relations
• RA No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955)- created the Land
Tenure
• Administration (LTA) that was responsible for the acquisition
and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over
200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for
corporation.
• RA No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative
Financing Administration)- provided small loans to small
farmers and share tenants with interest rates of as low as six
to eight percent.
PRESIDENT GARCIA (1953-1957)
• Succeeded the presidency after the death of President
Ramon Magsaysay continued the program.
PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL (1961-1965)
• RA No. 3844 of August 8 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform
Code)- abolished share-tenancy contracts, institutionalized
leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights
of preemption & redemption for tenant farmers, provided
for an administrative.
• Machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial
system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing
and supervised credit system of services of farmer
beneficiaries.
PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS (1965-1986)
• “New Society” (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan) was ushered in
by the Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972
• Agrarian Reform program was put into law and land reform
program was implemented.
• Decreed RA No. 6389 (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA
No. 6390 of 1971 that created the DAR and the Agrarian
Reform Special Account Fund and expanded the scope of
agrarian reform
• Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972- declared
the country under land reform program and activated the
Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council
• All government agencies were ordered to fully cooperate
and assist the DAR
• Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972- restricted
the land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and
set retention limit at 7 hectares.
PRESIDENT CORAZON C. AQUINO (1986-1992)
• Article II, Sec. 21 of the 1987 Constitution provides that
“The State shall promote comprehensive rural development
and agrarian reform”
• With this Pres. Aquino signed into law the following:
1. EO No. 228, July 16, 1987- declared full land
ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by
the PD 27.
2. EO No. 229 July 22, 1987- provided the
mechanism for the implementation of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
3. Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987-
instituted the CARP as a majot program of the
government.
• Provided for a special fund known as the
Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF) with an initial amount of
50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program
from 1987-1992
1. EP No. 129-A, July 26, 1987- streamlined and
expanded the power and operations of the DAR
2. RA No. 6657 aka Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL)- was signed into law on June 10,
1988
• This law instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform
program to promote social justice and industrializaition. Still
at work till the present.
1. EO No. 405, June 14, 1990- which conferred LBP the
responsibility to determine land valuation and
compensation for all lands covered by CARP.
2. EO No. 407, June 14, 1990- accelerated the acquisition
and distribution of agricultural lands, pasture lands,
fishponds, agroforestry lands and other lands of the
public domain suitable for agriculture.
PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS (1992-1998)
• Enacted laws that would promote a more meaningful
agrarian reform program.
1. RA No. 7881 of 1995- this law amended certain
provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and
prawns from CARP coverage.
2. RA No. 7905 of 1995- strengthened CARP
Implementation
3. RA No. 363 of 1997- prescribed the guidelines for the
protection or areas non-negotiable for conversion and
monitoring compliance with Sec. 20 of the Local
Government Code
PRESIDENT JOSEPH E. ESTRADA (1998-2000)
• ERAP initiated the enactment of EO No. 151, September
1999 (Farmers Trust Fund) which established the farmers
trust development program and provided institutional
reforms & fund mechanisms for mobilizing long term private
sector capital for rural development.
• Launched the Magkabalikat para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or
MAGSASAKA
• DAR forged into joint venture with private investors into
agrarian.
• “Agrikulturang Maka Masa” was also launched that achieved
an output growth of 6%, lowered the inflation rate from 11
percent in January 1999 to just a little over 3% by November
of the same year.
PRESIDENT GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO (2001-2010)
• Envisioned to make countryside economically viable for
Filipino family by building partnership and promoting social
equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting
peace and sustainable rural development.
1. Signed EO No. 379 s 2004 (Sept. 27, 2004) amending
EO No. 364 entitled Transforming the Department of
Agrarian Reform into the Department of Land Reform
(DLR), broadened the scope of the Dept. making it
responsible of all land reform in the country.
- Also placed the Philippine Comission on Urban Poor
(PCUP) under its supervision and control
- DLR also is responsible for the recognition of the
ownership of ancestral domain by IP’s, under the
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP)
2. Memorandum Circular No. 4 series of 2003-
operationalized the development of Kapit-Bisig Laban
sa Kahirapan Agrarian Reform Zones (KALAHI ARZones)
3. RA No. 9700 series of 2009- an act strengthening the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP),
extending the acquisition and distribution of all
agricultural lands, instituting necessary reforms,
amending certain provisions of RA No. 6657, aka as the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988, as
amended and appropriating funds therefor.
 PRESIDENT BENIGNO SIMEON COJUANGCO AQUINO (2010-
2016)
• Aquino, together with farmers, Catholic bishops and other
land reform advocates developed a plan of action for the
implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program Extensions with Reform (CARPER).
• Established the multi-stakeholders
mechanisms, composed of representative from DAR
and other CARP implementing agencies of the govt.,
church officials, non-governmental organizations,
peoples organizations, and other farmers’ groups and
federations to monitor the implementation of the
CARP, specifically focusing on:
a) Coverage and distribution of Agricultural lands
b) Movement and performance of DAR personnel
c) Delivery of support services to the beneficiaries; and
d) Budget the allocation and utilization

PRESIDENT RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE (2016-PRESENT)

• Issue of land reform has been persistent even up to the
present time. Current administration is committed to pursuing
the agrarian reform program in the country.
• The president, also Chairman of Presidential
Agrarian Reform Council (PARC), included land tenure
security in his 10-point socio-econominc agenda to
improve the quality of life of farmers & raise their
productivity.
 FINALS
TRANSES
 EVOLUTION IN PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTION
• It is considered to be the primary law in any democratic
country.
• Every action of each government branch is based on this.
• For the citizens, the Constitution plays a significant role in
the guarantee and preservation of their freedom
• Basic rights necessary in the conduct of their daily lives.
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY
TANONG: Ano ba ang dapat nating tingnan para masabing, ang
isang Saligang batas (Constitution) ay mahusay ang
pagkakagawa?
• Broad
• Brief
• Definite
BIAK-NA-BATO: REBOLUSYONARYONG REPUBLIKA
• Bagaman tumagal lamang ng 1 buwan (Nobyembre
hanggang Disyembre 1897), makasaysayan pa rin ang
Republika ng Biak-na-Bato bilang unang republika na itinatag
sa Filipinas
• Noong unang araw ng Nobyembre, niratipika ang Saligang
Batas ng Biak-na-Bato, kung saan inihayag na:
- Ang paghiwalay ng Filipinas sa kahariang Espana, sa
pagtatatag ng isang baying may sariliing pamamahala’t
kapangyarihan na panganganlang “Republika ng Filipinas”
ay siyang layong inadhika niyaring Paghihimagsik na
kasalukuyan.
• Ang mga nakipagsunduan sa biak-na-bato nuong 1897
- Tomas Mascardo
- Celis
- Pedro Paterno
- Jose Ignacio Paua
- Emilio Aguinaldo
- Antonio Montenegro
- Mariano Llanero
• “The Story of the Philippines” by Murat Halstead, 1898
1899 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
• The iconic photograph of 1899 Malolos Congress
• digitally colored, based on written accounts and the
restoration of the Barasoian, Church for the 1998 Centennial.
• President Aguinaldo sits at the center, as a gentleman reads
a document to his left.
1899 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
14 TITLES (ARTICLES)
• The first republican constitution in Asia
PREAMBLE
• We, the Representatives of the Filipino people, lawfully
convened, in order to establish justice, provide for common
defense, promote the general welfare, and insure the
benefits of liberty, imploring the aid of the Sovereign
Legislator of the Universe for the attainment of these ends,
have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the following:
POLITICAL CONSTITUTION
• Title I: THE REPUBLIC
• Title II: THE GOVERNMENT
• Title III: RELIGION
• Title IV: THE FILIPINOS AND THEIR NATIONAL AND
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
• Title V: THE LEGISLATIVE POWER
• Title VI: THE PERMANENT COMMISSION
• Title VII: THE EXECUTIVE POWER
• Title VIII: THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC
• Title IX: THE SECRETARIES OF GOVERNMENT
• Title X: THE JUDICIAL POWER
• Title XI: PROVINCIAL AND POPULAR ASSEMBLIES
• Title XII: ADMINISTRATION OF THE STATE
• Title XIII: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
• Title XIV: CONSTITUTIONAL OBSERVANCE, OATH, AND
LANGUAGE
OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF 1899 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
• Not fully implemented
- Due to eruption of Philippine USA war
• Popular Representative government
• Unicameral Legislator
• Separation of Church and State
• Bill of Rights
• Compulsory and Free Basic Education
1935 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PREAMBLE
• The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence,
in order to establish a government that shall embody their
ideals, conserve and develop the patrimony of the nation,
promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and
their posterity
• The blessings of independence under a regime of justice,
liberty, and democracy, do ordain and promulgate this
Constitution.
- Organic act of 1902 or Cooper Act
- Autonomy Act of 1916 or Jones Act of 1916
- Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 or Law
• ARTICLE I: The National Territory
• ARTICLE II: Declaration of Principles
• ARTICLE III: Bill of Rights
• ARTICLE IV: Citizenship
• ARTICLE V: Suffrage
• ARTICLE VI: Legislative Department
• ARTICLE VII: Executive Department
• ARTICLE VIII: Judicial Department
• ARTICLE IX: Impeachment
• ARTICLE X: Commission on Elections
• ARTICLE XI: General Auditing Office
• ARTICLE XII: Civil Service
• ARTICLE XIII: Conservation and Utilization of Natural
Resources
• ARTICLE XIV: General Provisions
• ARTICLE XV: Amendments
• ARTICLE XVI: Transitory Provisions
• ARTICLE XVII: Special Provisions Effective upon the
Proclamation of the Independence of the Philippines
• ARTICLE XVIII: The Commonwealth and the Republic
OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF 1935 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
• Fully implemented
- Interrupted due to the World War II
• Bicameral Legislator
• 4 years in term for the President and V-President w/out re-
election
• Right to Vote
• 21+ males citizens
• Extended to women
OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF 1943 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
• Legitimate but only in the Japanese area in the Philippines
• Completely ignored by the USA and Philippine Gov.
• 1943 CONSTITUTION
- On September 4, 1943, the Japanese-sponsored 1943
was signed in a general assembly. 2 days later
(September 7, 1943), it was ratified by 117 members of
the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas
(KALIBAPI), the only political organization allowed during
the Japanes occupation.
 - Following this, in October 14, 1943, Jose P. Laurel was
appointed as the President hence the proclamation of
the Second Republic (1943-1945).
o Strong Executive Power
o Unicameral National Assembly

OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF 1973 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

• 1973 CONSTITUTION
- When President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared Martial
Law in September 21, 1972, the constitutional
convention was on the process of deliberating the
amendments or revision of the 1935 Constitution.
- On January 17, 1973, Marcos ratified and promulgated
the 1973 Constitution based on a parliamentary form of
government.
o Parliamentary Government with prime minister and a
President
o Legislative power was vested in a Unicameral National
Assembly elected by the people.
o Legalized all decrees, proclamation and orders of the
President.

1976 AMENDMENT
• The national Assembly was replaced by the Interim Batasang
Pambansa.
• President would become the Prime Minister exercised
legislative powers until martial law was lifted.
 THE 1986 FREEDOM AND 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

THE 1986 FREEDOM CONSTITUTION THE PREAMBLE OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

• PRESIDENT MARCOS on the 1986 Power Revolution was
compelled to steph down from power
• President Corazon Aquino issued “PROCLAMATION NO.3”
- to serve as a provisional constitution.
- The proclamation contained some provisions adopted
from the 1973 Constitution
- Powers such as:
o government reorganization
o removal of officials
o appointment of a commission to draft a new and
more formal Constitution, which upon ratification,
would supplant the Freedom Constitution.
• "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society
and establish a government that:
- shall embody our ideals and aspirations
- promote the common good
- conserve and develop our patrimony
- secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of
independence and democracy
• Under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this
Constitution."

FIRST PART OF PROCLAMATION NO. 3

• Whereas, the new government was installed through a direct
exercise of the power of the Filipino people assisted by units
of the new armed forces of the Philippines
• Whereas, the direct mandate of the people as manifested by
their extraordinary action demands the:
• Whereas, the heroic action of the people was done in
defiance of the provisions of the 1973 constitution
- The complete reorganization of the government
- Protection of basic rights
- Rebuilding of confidence in the entire governmental
system
- Restoration of peace and order
- Maintenance of the supremacy of civilian authority over
the military
- And the transition to a government under a new
constitution in the shortest time possible
- Eradication of graft and corruption
- The complete reorganization of the government
- Restoration of democracy
• Whereas, during the period of transition to a new
constitution it must be guaranteed that the government will
respect basic human rights and fundamental freedoms

PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION
• WHEREFORE, 1, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the
Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the
sovereign mandate of the people

THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

• It was drafted by a constitutional assembly that was
mandated in Proclamation No. 3.
• The commission composed 50 members appointed by
President Corazon Aquino from various backgrounds:
- Former members of the House of Representatives
- Former justices of the Supreme Court
- A Roman Catholic bishop
- Who was a former Associate Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court was elected by the commission as its president
• CECILIA MUNOZ-PALMA
- Who was a former Associate Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court was elected by the commission as its president.
- The final draft of the 1987 Constitution was finished on
October 12, 1986 and was presented to President Aquino
on October
- Through a nationwide plebiscite The constitution was
ratified on February 8, 1987 through a nationwide
plebiscite.

1987 CONSTITUTION
• Operates since 1987 during the administration of:
- Cory Aquino (1986-1992)
- Fidel Ramos (1992-1998)
- Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)
- Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010)
- Benigno Aquino Ill (2010-2016)
- the current administration of Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016-
present).
 INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL PHILIPPINE HISTORY & DAVAO HISTORY
LOCAL HISTORY
• It is the key understanding to the different cultures and
perspectives of small communities.
• It presents the past events and experiences of single
communities that live equally unique among the others may
be the history of a municipality, countryside, a residential
area, or a metropolis neighborhood.
- aims to gain a better insight upon others and ourselves.
NATIONAL HISTORY
• The national history can be completely read and realized
when there are collective recordings of the local history,
which reflects vivid illustrations of the general course of the
national history (Healey, 2018)
• It enables the student to gain a greater interest in history
• His mind is not only filled with the historical events and
dates but helps him also analyzing the small details that
made his local history unique from the others.
• The study of local history gives the student a better sense of
truthfulness on the surrounding that he or she lives with.
• Whatever is taught in the classroom should be based on the
realities of life.
- For example, many students in Mindanao know about
the national history and yet they are being alienated on
the history of their local communities.
- It is simply because it is not taught and discussed in the
classroom.
- Appreciation of the national history begins from
understanding and learning the local history.
- Hence, we should be reminded that history is not all
about the past, but its connection to our everyday lives.
GOALS OF LOCAL HISTORY
• is to allow the students to be directly engaged in doing it.
• When the students participate in the gathering of data, they
should bear in mind that this will bring them the higher
sense of community involvement.
• The students will learn to analyze data with a careful and
critical eye for the most intricate details and to enable them
to question the foreseen data.
• Hence, when the students are directly engaged, they learn
the sense of involvement collaborationand commitment.
• In order to help achieve this goal:
- here is a need to think outside the box
- introduce new ways in processing the data
- as well the expertise in choosing of words to be used in
their research and writing.
IN DOING LOCAL HISTOY
• An eyewitness must record and take note the event.
• For example, there was a car accident, the observer most
likely be bystanders and have witnessed the event and
discussed it with another person.
• How the other person will picture the car accident will be
called an “interpretation”
INTERPRETATION
• is the conclusion formed in the outcome from examining
historical.
• This like studying how the car accident happened by
examining who is involved, where it happened, and why it
took place.
• In the case of history, various aspects manifested such as the
case of Fort Pilar in Zamboanga where its preservation is
backed by historical evidences
• Its preservation for historians gets to analyze different
sources may it be from:
- Magazines
- Diaries
- Letters
- Journals
- Folklorescan
• Can be used as the original sources of information are in
tacked, in other words, the PRIMARY SOURCES.
PRIMARY SOURCES
• insinuates a direct link from a person or event that one is
studying it.
• represents an eyewitness account, allowing the historians to
establish their own interpretation
• that can be referred to as secondary accounts.
HISTORY
• is a collection of small fragments of data planted down and
organized by the observers, which interpreted the different
facts on what happened on that certain event.
- The first thing a student must do to use primary sources
effectively is to see what sources are available and how it
must be used.
- The ways of using it is by knowing the nature and
background of these sources.
- Students must see to it that the documents will answer
the problems presented in the study that is being
conducted.
- There are several questions that are to be considered by
the students in using their documents, like the reasons of
its preservation, the one who had written the document,
and the motive of its writing.
- These will enable the students to have a better
examination of the documents to be used in the study.
• When students learn to use the primary sources, they would
come to know that history is not about heroes and great
people alone.
• Students would have insights that history can be written by
those who are in articulated in the national history, like the
ordinary masses.
• These can be supported by conducting history from the local
places
• Hence, reading the diaries and letters pertinent to local
history shows that history is made and recorded by average
people writing about events in their lives, and how the
events affected them (Beckett, 2007).
• The usefulness and quality of sources that are needed in the
study must follow the expected standard criteria.
TIME ELEMENT AND PLACE
• where the event took place should be included in the study.
TRUTHFULNESS AND ADEQUEACY
• There must be truthfulness and adequacy from the
eyewitness.
• In proper understanding of the history, students must have
to consider the standpoint of the author particularly his
biases and their own biases as well.
• It is also expected that the students must master the ART OF
QUESTIONING and inquiry to find out the answer to their
questions
WHY LOCAL HISTORY MATTERS
• Local history gives us a whole new perspective toward
crucial events that took place in our communities.
• In the past, the writing of history was concentrated in the
events that transpired in a country.
• It is unfortunate that there were very writings that were
done to include the local histories.
• For most of us, history would mean to understand the:
- rise and fall of civilizations
- the historical development of politics
- and economy and all events that said about national
history of the country
• Looking at the major moments in history are undoubtedly
important, but it is also just as beneficial to see history in the
small unrecognizable events of your family, friends, and
locality.
• They also help play part in making and shaping the history
today.
• Hence, by understanding more of local history creates
historical patterns that transform into detailed stories that
tell the beginning of huge events and the lives of ordinary
individuals.
LOCAL HISTORY TEACHES ABOUT COMMUNITY
• General locations and common objects in your community
can follow the extensive ancestry of previous generations on
the places you live.
• Only few individuals know their own region's lineage behind
their communities.
• In local history, you will gain a better grasp of understanding
the past and perceiving the present by learning more of your
own community's origin.
RESEARCH INTO COTABATO CITY’S HISTORY
• had passed by to some of its historical places without ever
giving them a second thought.
• Cotabato City was derived from the Maguindanao word kuta
wato and the Malay Bruneian word of Kota Batu, or “City of
Stone”
• Kota mean city or fortress, and batu mean rock or stone.
SETTLEMENTS IN COTABATO CITY AT 1475
• The place was developed as the capital town of Mindanao in
the 17th century
• under Sultan Dipatwan Qudarat, who reigned during this
time.
• In the 19th century when Sultan Makakua ruled, roads and
wharves were constructed which gave rise to the birth of
modern day Cotabato.
• That kind of development enticed the inhabitants from
Zamboanga and the Visayas to migrate and settle here.
• The Chinese nationals who have long settled in Cotabato
were assimilated into the population by intermarriages with
the native Maguindanaons.
• At the turn of the twentieth century, when the Americans
started to rule the Philippines, Cotabato became the capital
town of Cotabato province.
• It remained as its capital until 1959, the time which Cotabato
became a chartered city pursuant to Republic Act No. 2364.
• ow when a certain Cotabateno who knows the history of his
hometown and pass by the place basically spreads around
what is known as P.C
• he may feel the connection to the past histories of the city.
HISTORY IS ALL AROUND YOU
• The historical knowledge you wish to learn is all around you.
• So instead of going places far away such as America, Austria,
etc. you can instead learn the history of your own
community's history
• By reading your many sites and records, you can see the
historical richness of your community.
• You will feel enlightened after understanding so much about
the past history of your local place and how it managed to
become the community that it is right now.
THE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL HISTORY IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
• It is sad to think that only few Filipinos know of their own
history, while others have little to none recollection of their
own heritage.
• This is due to the feeling of incompetence and how their
mindset is focused more on others history than themselves.
• This creates limited backgrounds of their own history,
especially local history, which has a stronger approach to the
people's identity, their ancestry, and who they really are.
• These could also be attributed to the teachings of history
that are done inside the classrooms since teachers have also
limited understanding and background of the approach of
teaching the subject.
• The utmost significance in the writing of the local history in
relations to the creation of a national history cannot just be
scorned upon.
• The understanding and writing of the great events that
happened cannot just be set aside.
• The need to come up with local history is the awareness of
the divergent and insufficient nature of Philippine history.
• The general history of the Filipinos is considered
fundamentally focused in the history of the Northern part of
the country where the concentrations of development can
also be seen.
• there are other essential events and developments
happening in Visayas and Mindanao are quoted in, but they
are still forgotten and left out.
• The rare characteristics of the cultural and historical
numerous ethnic groups all across the country are also
ignored.
• These led to the distortion and misinterpretation of the
writing of events of Philippine history.
• The condemnation of how the Philippine history is being
written down should not solely be put on the historians
alone.
• The problem is that for a time being, criteria in writing was
tied up to the restrain of western standards.
• There is a call that all forms of historical writings have to be
established upon written origin.
• It should be that only those written documents and primary
sources are the ones to be considered dependable
• It can be seen in the writing of Philippine history that there is
the absence of written sources done by individuals and
historians from the perspective of local backgrounds.
• This had hindered the tasks of national historians to write a
complete history of the country.
• It is also observed that the data gathered in Philippine
history is borrowed from foreign sources which manifest
biases.
• This also restricted the national historians for coming up
with a real history of the country
• It also gives them a harder time for it opens up a small
window of information and effort for individuals whose
endeavors and origin is located in their spoken literature.
• It becomes wholly comprehensible from the context of local
history. One must realize that every single nation composed
of regions. provinces, cities, and communities.
• The nation's history must be the epitome of every single
history of its component
• No town or province exists independentlyof the country, and
vice-versa
• Simply put the crucial importance is the realization in the
study and understanding of Philippine history mainly
depends of an individual’s understanding of local origin.
LOCAL HISTORY
• should be taken as the primary concern of many of us for it
brings us closer to our hometown.
• We become conscious of own uniqueness, practices and
desires.
• One may never achieve a fuller understanding of the
Filipinos and the Philippines if he failed to study the history
of his/her town, city, province or region.
• One may achieve this by knowing the historical contributions
of his own local place to regional advancements that also led
to national development.
• It is through recreating the past about our locality,
embracing its political, social, economic, and cultural life that
would enable us to achieve real progress for the country.
• This includes the development of the institutions in the
geographical unit and the successes and failures of its
people.
• From there, we may be able to understand and
consequently, appreciate Philippine history.
SOLUTION
• The solution to the incomplete national history, is to come
up with a more accurate writing of the Philippine history by:
• allowing the collections and participation of the local
historians.
• The commitment will not only be an obligation of the
national historians.
• It is also the duty of the local individuals to administer an
adequate and accurate account of the historical experiences
and interpretations of its own people.
• If this is achieved, the desired result will lead to the
improvement of the national history
• with focused not only in Manila but to the surrounding
places in the country
• Far from fostering regionalism, local history will make the
people understand better and appreciate more their total
national experience and heritage as Filipinos (Funtecha,
2008).

BRIEF HISTORY OF DAVAO

PRE-COLONICAL PERIOD
• Davao is a vast land inhabited by six tribes who lived
together in harmony.
• The term “Davao” is the result of blending the three words:
Dabo, Duhwow, and Davoh, which the three Bagobo
subgroups, Tagabawa, Guiangan, and Obo named the Davao
river.
• The river became the primary avenue for trade in the region.

SPANISH COLONIZATION
• It was the last of the 50 years of Spanish colonization that
the Spaniards reached the soil of Davao.
• In 1848, Spanish armada headed by Don Jose Uyanguren Y
Cruz, under the command of Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria,
occupied the region for new settlements.
• Datu Bago, a local chieftain, defended the land against the
Spanish forces.
- Spain brought Christianity and influence the whole
settlers to Catholicism.
- In 1898, Spain lost to the United States, and the
Americans moved to rule the whole country.

AMERICAN PERIOD
• The Americans discovered how good the land is in Davao.
• They build roads, bridges, telephone lines, schools, and
buildings
• They helped mass production for the cultivation of coconut
and abaca.

1936 AND 1937

• Davao is a vast land inhabited by six tribes who lived
together in harmony.
• The term “Davao” is the result of blending the three words:
Dabo, Duhwow, and Davoh, which the three Bagobo
subgroups, Tagabawa, Guiangan, and Obo named the Davao
river.
• The river became the primary avenue for trade in the region.

1941-1945
• The Japanese landed on Davao on December 20, 1941, and
effectively controlled the city.

LIBERATION
• Immediately after the war, in 1945, Davao was helped by the
Americans to re-established the government.
• In 1955, R.A 1368 was signed into law that provides for the
election of the Mayor, Vice Mayor and ten city councilors.
• In November 1955, Carmelo Porras was elected as the first
Mayor of Davao.
• In 1967, Elias B. Lopez, the first indigenous mayor was
elected.
• In the same year, Davao region was divided into three
provinces, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao
Oriental, remaining Davao capital as a separate city.

1970’s and 1980’s

• Davao City remained strong despite the declaration of
Martial law in the 70’s and the armed conflicts with the New
People’s Army in the 1980’s.
 THE INDIGENOUSE COMMUNITY IN MINDANAO
THE LUMAD
• The indigenous cultural communities (ICC) in the Philippines
or Lumad
• are believed to make up about ten percent of the national
population.
• Also known as cultural minorities, they had been pushed to
the mountains and forests by lowlanders ever since towns
and cities were built.
• Most of the ICC do not possess money or private property
and, widely discriminated against, find it hard to integrate
with mainstream society.
• With the destruction of the forests as well as with efforts of
the lowland majority to assimilate them into Christian
culture, the ICC struggle to protect their ancestral domain
and cultural identity.
• Lumad are non-Muslim or non-Christian, although “the
orientation of their cultural developments ... appears to be
toward the Muslim.groups” (Jocano, 1998).
IN 1986
• Fifteen (15) of the more than eighteen (18) ICC in Mindanao
adopted the term lumad, a Bisayan word for “native" or
"indigenous,"
• to distinguish themselves from the Christians and Muslims in
Mindanao. Republic Act 6734, enacted during Corazon
Aquino's time
• used the term to differentiate these ethnic communities
from the Bangsamoro people (Rodil, 2004).
FELIPE LANDA JOCANO
• The anthropologies that stresses “in most cases, language is
the only differentiating element in ethnic cultures,
particularly among those which occupy adjacent and
contiguous territory.”
• Most of the ICC in Mindanao speak languages belonging to
the Manobo family of languages, except the:
- Blaan
- T'boli
- Teduray.
THE COTABATO MANOBO
• is a group that has traditionally lived in the southwest
highlands of Mindanao.
• Also known as the “Dulangan” and “Tudag”
• They are mostly Christians and have been largely assimilated
and their traditional culture has disappeared.
• In the old days in Northern Cotabato, after Manobo boys and
girls filed and blackened their teeth, they underwent a
ceremony of tasting new rice which qualifies them for
admission into full manhood and womanhood
THE BAGOBOS
• are a group that live in a very mountainous region of
Mindanao between the upper Pilangi and Davao rivers.
• Also known as the “Manobo”, “Manuvu”, “Obbo” and “Obo”
• they are divided into two main groups:
1. The coastal Bagobo
- who were influenced by Christianity, plantations
and were largely assimilated
2. The upland Bagobo
- who traditionally practiced slash and burn
agriculture and derived about 25 percent of their
food from hunting, gathering, and fishing
• Some upland Bagobo villages are very small and consist of
only a few families living to others are larger.
• Bagobo culture is characterized by strict incest the formation
of vengeance groups and the production of long epic
prohibitions, the formation of poems called “tuwaang”
THE BILAANOR B’LAAN
• is a group that lives in south-central Mindanao
• Also known Rolud Baraan, Bilanes, Biraan, Blann, Buluan,
Buluanes, Tagalagad, Tumanao, Vilanes
• they live in houses scattered among gardens and oleo ruled
by datu.
• he Bilaan people of Mindanao wrap their dead inside tree
barks.
• Being enveloped as such, the dead person's is then
suspended from treetops
THE BUKIDNON
• is a group that lives in the highlands of north-central
Mindanao.
• Also known as the Binokid, Binukid, Higaonan and Higaunen,
• they have traditionally been farmers who raised corn, rice,
sweet potatoes, bananas and coconuts and used water
buffalo to plow their fields.
• Many have been assimilated and most are Catholics.
• The ones who remain closest to the old ways live near the
headwaters of the Pulangi Rover on the slopes of Mount
Kitanglad or Mount Kalatungan.
• They used to live in communal houses with as many as fifty
(50) families but now they live in single-family houses.
THE MANDAYA
• are an animist ethnic group that lives along the Mayo River.
• In the old days, Mandaya youth filed and blacken their teeth
upon reaching puberty.
• These acts were considered aids to beauty which helped a
young person find a suitable partner for marriage.
THE T’BOLI OF MINDANAO
• people who live in the southern part of the province of
Cotabato, in the area around Lake Sebu, west of the city
General Santos.
• In the past the T'boli practiced “slash and burn”, agriculture.
• “Slash and burn” means that the people will clear a part of
the forest by cutting the big trees and burning the lower and
smaller trees and bushes, after which they use the cleared
plots as arable land for some years without any fertilization.
• the most important agricultural products:
- Rice
- Cassava
- Yams
• Next to that, the people went hunting or fishing for
additional food.
• These days’ slash and burn agriculture is no longer possible.
THE MUSLIMS
• are the most significant minority in the Philippines.
• They are for the most part remain outside the mainstream of
national life, set apart by their religion and way of life.
• The Muslims are believers of Islam. The Muslims possess a
culture which is different from that of the Christian Filipinos.
• Their culture has been greatly influenced by islam.
• It will be an interesting venture to know more about their
culture
ISLAM
• Islam means complete submission to the will of Allah.
• Complete submission means all the affairs that happen to
man
• including his daily affairs be according to the will of Allah, be
it business, government, education, social life, arts, and
culture.
• The creed of the Muslims is simple: There is no god but the
God; Mohammed is His messenger.
• God has revealed Himself to different people and in different
languages to inspire thinkers such as Moses, Jesus and
Mohammed.
• Muslims believe that Mohammed was the last messenger of
God.
• God's message is written in the holy Al-Qur'an (in English,
The Koran).
PHILIPPINE MUSLIMS CONSIST OF SUBGROUPS BASE ON
LANGUAGE
 MAGUINDANAO
• It refers to the people living in the Pulangi area located in
what are now North Cotabato.
• Sultan Kudarat and Maguindanao Provinces. Cultural
communities within this region also include:
- the Tituray
- T’boli
- Manobos
• Maguindanao originally means “people of flooded plain”
• The name Maguindanao was also named after the Sultanate
or dynasty that ruled the area for several years.
• This Muslim group live in south-central Mindanao.
• They are also known as the Maguindanao, Manguindanaon,
Magindanaw, they are the largest group of Muslim Filipinos.
• They speak a language that is in the same group as most
other Philippines languages, including Tagalog
• Are believed to have converted to Islam around the 15th and
16th centuries
MARANAO
• Maranao means “people of the lake.”
• Their homeland is called Lanao or “lake.”
• Their oldest settlement started around here, and up to this
day, highly populated communities still dot the lake.
• Their language is similar to Maguindanaon and Iranun
• They form the largest Muslim community and cultural
minority in the Philippines.
• Their families are traditionally large and close-knit.
• Feudal standing is in some parts still visible. The position,
wealth and land ownership of many of those considered
from an ancestry of “royalty" still maintain some political
position or prominence in their areas.
• They have traditionally been fishermen and farmers and
lived in villages made up of a few households
• the households have often been large with several families
living together in a large unpartitioned house with people
sleeping along the walls and the rear of the dwelling serving
as a communal kitchen.
TAUSUG
• “Tausug" was derived from tau meaning “man" and sug
meaning "current" and translates into "people of the
current.”
• Another argument made on the meaning of the name states
that the name in fact translates to "brave people”.
• The Tausug even before the arrival of Islam or Christianity
and the people who promulgated their system of
government
• The Sulu Islands, where the Tausugs are found, had their
own system of government.
• The Tausugs openly welcomed Islam and the system of
government that came with it.
• This has bred to the establishment of the Sulu sultanate
• Leaders from this region moved to other places in the
country, spreading Islam and its system of government in:
- Tawi-Tawi
- Palawan
- Basilan
- Zamboanga
- Sabah.
SAMA
• Also in the Sulu Archipelago are the Sama consisting of five
sub-groups including:
- Sama
- Badjao
• These people are highly dispersed in the Sulu
• They are considered boat-people, spending most of their
time in movement throughout the islands in the area or
living on the water.
• The Sama are also considered the sea-gypsies of the
Philippines
YAKAN
• Yakan is the majority Muslim group in Basilan, south of
Mindanao.
• have generally two spheres of belief integrating Islamic
principles and traditional beliefs into what is referred to as
“folk Islam".
• were primarily under the Sulu Sultanate, but proving to be
deliberately their own through the leadership of Datu Kalun,
the Basilan Yakan had given the Spanish and Americans.
• However, the Yakan have remained in many instances
separate 'from any rule, other than that of Sultanates their
Datu follows.
• Due to much political conflict in the area of Basilan, many of
the Yakans have settled in the region of Zamboanga City
ILANON/IRANUN
• The Iranun are said by many to have been the origin of the
ethnic groups within the Lanao del Sur to the Maguindanao
areas.
• The Iranun language is in fact seen in the Maranao and
Maguindanao languages.
• were said to have fought under the Maguindanao sultanate.
• Many sultans of Maguindanao were said to have been from
the Iranuns.
KOLIBUGAN
• Kolibugan means "half-breeds.”
• Originally from the Subanon tribes, these people are called
such because their culture has been said to be half breed,
having come into Islam through intermarriage with Muslim
communities.
• These people live the Subanun organization and language.
• The term kolibugan is as well used to refer to all peoples who
have accepted Islam through intermarriage.
SANGIL
• The Sangil are found in the Balut Sarangani, parts of South
Cotabato and Davao Del Sur provinces.
• They are said to have come from Sanghe (islands in
Indonesia between the Celebes), the origin of the name
Sangil.
• They are people who were already Muslims before they
came to Philippine shores.
• They are also known for their boat making.
• They have also been said to be the buccaneers who attacked
Spanish territories in other parts of the Philippines.
KALAGAN
• The Kaagan are mostly found in the Davao provinces.
• Their islamisation was achieved through the arrival of the
Maguindaon and the Tausug
• However, when the Maguindanao sultanate and Tausug left,
• the Kaagan became marginalized and with less improvement
in their social organization, Dalawan inhabitants (Panimusan)
were Islamized
MUSLIM INHABITANTS OF PALAWAN
• Plawan inhabitants (Panimusan) were Islamized through the
Sulu sultanate, through the Tausug who went there to
introduce to Islam to the local people.
• Now, the Muslim populations in the area are found in:
- Espanola
- Narra
- Roxas
- Taytay
- Aborlan
- Batarasa
- Quezon
- Brooke's Point
JAMA MAPUN
• The largest concentration of Jama Mapun is on the island of
Cagayan de Sulu
• They are more oriented towards a land-bad groups, but are
also heavily oriented towards maritime trade emphasizing
copra and forest products
• they receive many consumer products through barter with
northern Borneo cities.
• They live both on the coast and in the interior of their
islands.
• Kinship is traced bilaterally, but there are unilineal features
such as the patrilineal inheritance of titles.
• Political structure revolves around the Sultanate, but there is
also an ancestor-based grouping called lungun.
• The elaborate music and dance of the Jama Mapun are
related to those of Southeast Asia.

BADJAO
• Widely known as the “Sea Gypsies” of the Sulu and Celebes
Seas
• the Badjao are scattered along the coastal areas of Tawi
Tawi, Sulu, Basilan, and some coastal municipalities of
Zamboanga del Sur in the ARMM.
• Amongst themselves, they're known as Sama Laus (Sea
Sama) and are found living on houseboats where they make
their livelihood solely on the sea as:
- expert fishermen
- deep sea divers
- navigators.
• They come to shore to barter their harvests for farmed
produce such as fruits and cassava, as well as, replenish their
supplies and/or make repairs to their houseboats.
• Unique to their cultural rituals is the concept of life and their
relationship to the sea.

SUBANON
• The Subanun is a group of animist slash-and burn
agriculturists that live in the forest interior in southern
Mindanao.
• Also known as the Subanen (Eastern Subanun), Subano,
Subanon (Western Subanun)
• they are quite different from the lowlanders who live around
them who are either Muslims or Christians.
• The Subanun have a history of being exploited and taken as
slaves by their coastal Muslim neighbors.
• The Subanun live in widely scattered settlements and raise
crops almost totally by hand, without plows or even hoes.
• They gather a wide variety of forest products, hunt wild pigs
and deer and fish and collect crustaceans from streams.
• The division of labor between men and women is very equal.