Introduction to Statistics

Notre Dame of Marbel University

Statistics is a branch of
mathematics that deals with
the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
Two Types of Statistics:
1. Descriptive Statistics
- deals with the collection
& presentation of data
and the summarizing
values that describe the
group’s characteristics
2. Inferential Statistics
- deals with predictions &
inferences based on the
analysis & interpretation
of the results of
information gathered by
the statistician surrender
- the most common
summarizing values are
the measures of central
tendency and variation.
- some of the common
statistical tools of
inferential statistics are
the t-test, z-test, analysis
of variance (ANOVA),
chi-square, and pearson
In each of the following, determine whether the given
situation involves the use of DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS or
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS.
1. By 2040 at least 3.5 billion people will run short of
water.
2. Nine out of 10 on-the-job fatalities are men.
3. Expenditures for the cable industry were $5.66 billion
in 1996.
4. The median household income for people aged 25-34
is $35,888.
5. Drinking decaffeinated coffee can raise cholesterol
levels by 7%.
6. The national average annual medicine expenditure
per person is $1052.
7. Experts say that mortgage rates may soon hit bottom.
Data
- gathered facts and information especially
organized for analysis.

Two general types of data:

A. Numerical Data
- those that are expressed in numerical
values

B. Categorical Data
- are classificatory data. They are not
expressed in numerical values, they are
merely labeled and classified into
categories for statistical analysis.
Data
Numerical Data

Two types of numerical data:

1. Discrete Data
numerical data which are expressed
in whole numbers, not fractions nor
decimals

Examples:
No. of brothers
No. of students enrolled
No. of stores, Department Stores
No. of schools, etc.
Data
Numerical Data

Two types of numerical data:

2. Continuous Data
numerical data which can be
expressed in whole numbers,
fractions or decimals.

Examples:
Height Speed of a car
Weight Temperature
Income Meter Reading
Data
Categorical Data
Example of Categorical Data:
Variable
Male
Sex Female

Private
Schools Public

Person oriented
Manager Task oriented

1st Class
Municipality 2nd Class
Data
Two Types of Data Gathering
1. Census – methods of gathering data
or population wherein 100 percent of
the total population is being asked.

2. Survey – method of gathering data or

population wherein only a
representative sample of total
population is being asked.
Population
- it is the totality of all the objects of a certain class
under consideration
- it is a complete set of individual, objects or
measurements having some common observable
characteristics

Sample
- part of a population that has the same
characteristics of the given population

Parameters
- the value or measure obtained from the
population

Estimates
- the value or measure obtained from the sample
Variables
- an observable characteristic or attribute
associated with the population or sample
being studied which makes one different from
the other. It can vary in quantity or in quality.
Qualitative and Quantitative Variables

► Qualitative variables – are variables that

can be placed into distinct categories,
according to some characteristic or
attribute
Example: gender, religious preference,
geographic location

► Quantitative variables – are numerical and

can be ordered or ranked
Example: age, heights, weights, body
temperature
Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
Quantitative variables can be classified into two
groups: discrete and continuous.

► Discrete variables – assume values that can be

counted.
Examples: number of brothers, number of days
in a year, number of family members
► Continuous variables – can assume an infinite
number of values between any two specific
values. They are obtained by measuring. Often
include fractions and decimals.
Examples: height, weight, temperature
 Data

Qualitative Quantitative

Discrete Continuous
 Classify each variable as
qualitative or quantitative
1. Marital status of nurses in a hospital.
2. Time it takes to run a marathon.
3. Weights of lobsters in a tank in a restaurant.
4. Colors of automobiles in a shopping center
parking lot.
5. Ounces of ice cream in a large milkshake.
6. Capacity of the NFL football stadiums.
7. Ages of people living in a personal care
home.
 Classify each variable as discrete
or continuous.
1. Number of pizzas sold by Pizza express each day.
2. Relative humidity levels in operating rooms at local
hospitals.
3. Number of bananas in a bunch at several local
supermarkets.
4. Lifetimes (in hours) of 15 ipod batteries.
5. Weights of the backpacks of first graders on a
school bus.
6. Number of students each day who make
appointments with a math tutor at a local college.
7. Blood pressures of runners in a marathon.
Measurement scales
► Nominal – classifies data into mutually exclusive
categories in which no order or ranking can be
imposed on the data.
Examples: subject taught by college instructors, sex,
political party, religion, marital status

► Ordinal – classifies data into categories that can be

ranked; however, precise differences between the
ranks do not exist.
Examples: grade(A,B,C,D), judging(1st place, 2nd
place, etc.), rating scale(poor, good, excellent),
ranking of tennis players
 Measurement scales
► Interval – ranks data and precise differences
between units of measure do exist; however, there
is no meaningful zero.
Examples: SAT score, IQ, temperature

► Ratio – possesses all the characteristics of interval

measurement, and there exists a true zero(a point
where none of the quality being measured exists). In
addition, true ratio exist when the same variable is
measured on two different members of the
population.
Examples: height, weight, time, salary, age
 Classify each as nominal, ordinal, interval or
ratio level measurement.
1. Groups of religion in Mindanao.
2. Ranking of golfers in a tournament.
3. Temperature inside 10 pizza ovens.
4. Weights of selected cell phones.
5. Salaries of the coaches in the NFL.
6. Times required to complete a chess game.
7. Ratings of textbooks.
8. Number of amps delivered by battery chargers.
9. Ages of children in a day care center.
10. Categories of magazines in a physicians office
(sports, women’s, health, men’s, news)