Due to the observed increase in rate of encod

The observation from the study also validate the effect of repetition priming, that is, the phenomenon
that there is an improvement of processing when presented with a repeated stimulus.

The results generally exhibited an increase in memory performance as the number of repetitions
through writing increases. This supported Chen, H., & Yang, J. (2020)’s proposal that repetition or
multiple exposures improve the person's performance, as time passes by, on both item and contextual
memory. It also coincides with the study conducted by Naka M. and Naoi H. (1995) wherein an increase
in memory performance, specifically the recall of a letter’s shape, was also exhibited through repeated
writing.

Additionally, results exhibited that repetition did not only increase recall but also allowed them to recall
the details and context of information more vividly. This contradicts the study conducted by Reagh
and Yassa (2014) who suggested that repetition induced a decrease in memory details.

Responding to words or objects is typically improved due to this

previous experience (usually more so when the task as well as the
stimulus item remains the same

Confirms the effect of repetition priming that

The results also supported Chen, H., & Yang, J. (2020)’s conclusion repetition or multiple exposure
improves the person's performance, as time passes by, on both item and contextual memory.

repeated-writing strategy was suggested; that is, it facilitates the recall of a letter's shape b

Discussion

In a similar research, recognition and recall have long been used in advertising research to
assess learning and memory (Lee, Ahn, & Park, 2015). In our study, alphabetical letters in
backward (Z-A) were repeated by the subject in five trials to assess the subject’s performance.
Moreover, the subject was also asked to predict the number of letters they can achieve on the
succeeding trial.
According to Hintzman (2010), the principle that repetition enhances memory is empirically
proven in thousands of studies after Ebbinghaus’s experiment and is impossible to question.
(Retrieved from Mulligan N. & Peterson D., 2013). Similarly, the subject estimated an increase
in performance upon repeat of trial.

Under similar conditions, that is clocked for thirty (30) seconds, the subject met all the expected
number of letters to be written per trial in which two out of the four exceeded the expected
number of letters in their prediction.

It was also noteworthy that the subject performed mass repetition, that is,

These results demonstrate an increase in memory performance, as the letters achieved per trial
increased. The findings of the experiment coincide with the study conducted by Naka M. and
Naoi H. (1995) wherein an increase in memory performance, specifically the recall of a letter’s
shape, was also exhibited through repeated writing. In addition, the results also confirmed Chen,
H., & Yang, J. (2020)’s proposal that repetition or multiple exposures improve the person's
performance on both item and contextual memory.

However, contrary to the study conducted by Reagh and Yassa (2014) who suggested that
repetition induced a decrease in memory details, the subject wrote the alphabet precisely in
each repetition. This suggests that details of the memory concerning the alphabet written
backward were not negatively affected by the increase of repeated recall.
In general, the results implied that The repetition of writing the alphabet backward in five trials
helped the subject improve their memory, thus making the subject almost finish the whole
alphabet in the last trial (22/26 alphabetical letters). 

of writing the alphabet backward in five trials helped the subject improve their memory, thus
making the subject almost finish the whole alphabet in the last trial (22/26 alphabetical letters). 

did not present a decrease in detail.

Furthermore,

The results generally exhibited an increase in memory performance as the number of repetitions
through writing increases. This supported Chen, H., & Yang, J. (2020)’s proposal that repetition
or multiple exposures improve the person's performance, as time passes by, on both item and
contextual memory. It also coincides with the study conducted by Naka M. and Naoi H. (1995)
wherein an increase in memory performance, specifically the recall of a letter’s shape, was also
exhibited through repeated writing.
For the first trial, the subject enumerated ten alphabetical letters backward. After the first trial,
the subject was asked to predict an estimated number of letters they could list for the
subsequent trial. The subject’s prediction is a total of 13 letters. The subject improved in
enumerating letters in the second trial and got 14 letters. It is above the first estimated letters of
the subject.

Further, the subject was asked again how many letters they could write for the third trial, and the
subject guessed a total of 15 letters. In the third trial, the subject got 17 letters which are above
their prediction. In the fourth trial, the subject got 20 letters. For the last trial, the subject got 22
letters. Furthermore, the subject got the exact number of their estimated letters from the fourth
to fifth trial. 

The subject accomplished four out of four of their estimated letters written in each trial during
the experiment. Two of those exceeded the number of letters in their prediction. According to
Hintzman (2010),  repetition generally improves performance in standard recall and recognition-
memory experiments. Furthermore, According to Chen, H., & Yang, J. (2020), repetition or
multiple exposures improves the person's performance, as time passes by, on both item
and contextual memory. The result also shows that repetition allows them to remember
it clearly and recall more vividly the details and context. The repetition of writing the
alphabet backward in five trials helped the subject improve their memory, thus making the
subject almost finish the whole alphabet in the last trial (22/26 alphabetical letters). 

Due to the current setup, the experimenter experimented through an online video call. Both the
experimenter and the subject had their video turned on. However, online video calls have
limitations, like a one to two-second delay during the call. Whenever the 30-second timer has
stopped, the experimenter told the subject to put the pen and paper down. In this case, there is
a tendency that the subject had use the one to two-second delay. Moreover, another problem
occurred when the experimenter had a technical difficulty, such as forgetting to unmute their
microphone and telling the subject to stop, causing them to exceed the 30-second timer. 

Indeed, experimenting with a face-to-face setting is recommended because online video calls
may cause barriers during the process. Internet connection and technical complications are the
two most common problems that may occur. For future experimenters, it is advisable to have an
internet connection and prepare mobile data as a backup.