JUDIE CAOILI.

LOPEZ 19TH MARCH 2022

BSED ENGLISH 1 B MS. ARLENE OCOL

From the materials, find the definition of the following sociolinguistic concepts.

a. Dialects
Dialect - refers to language variation that comes from a group of users that are
relative in numbers, living in one particular place, region or area (Chaer & Augustina,
1995:83).

b. Standards
A level of quality or attainment. An idea or thing used as a measure, norm, or
model in comparative evaluations.

c. Vernaculars
The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country
or region.

d. Language Attitudes and Ideologies

According to Language Ideologies and Language Attitudes. (n.d.). Obo. Sated
that, Language attitudes, as a concept, is generally associated with an objectivist
concern with quantitative measurement of speakers’ reactions. This concern is surely
related to its conceptual origins in social psychology, quantitative sociolinguistics, and
educational linguistics. In contrast, the concept of language ideologies is associated
with qualitative methods such as ethnography, conversational analysis, and discourse
analysis, as will be exemplified in the various sections of this article. This
methodological reliance on qualitative methods is certainly related to its association
with linguistic anthropology, interpretive sociology, and systemic functional linguistics.
Also in contrast to the history of application for the concept of language attitudes,
language ideologies—in accord with its anthropological origins—has tended to
emphasize how speakers’ beliefs and feelings about language are constructed from
their experience as social actors in a political economic system, and how speakers’
often-partial awareness of the form and function of their semiotic resources is
critically important.
 While students of language ideologies read them both from speakers’ articulate
explications (e.g., in interviews or conversational interaction) and from comparatively
unreflecting, habitual discursive practice, students of language attitudes tend to
measure reactions through more standardized and objective forms of data collection
(survey, extended interview, matched guise test, and the analysis of sociophonetic
samples). Apart from the social sciences, research in the humanities has also taken
up language as a cultural phenomenon and has added a historical as well as an
ideological dimension to the study of the emergence of awareness regarding the use
of urban dialects and other local linguistic forms, perhaps as symbolic pushback to
sociolinguistic globalization.

e. Bilingualism
Bilingualism is a sociolinguistic phenomenon and the definition of the term has
been a subject of much debate. According to Baetens Beardsmore ‘bilingualism as a
term has open-ended semantics’. In other words, bilingualism may mean different
things to different people, as there is no one definition of bilingualism. For Bloomfield
“It is native-like control of two languages”. In contrast to it, Mackey (1962), defined
bilingulism as ‘the ability to use two languages’. Weinreich (1953) defines it as “the
practice of alternately using two languages”, while Haugen (1953) suggested ‘a point
where a speaker can first produce complete meaningful utterances in the other
language’ to be a starting point for defining bilingualism.

f. Code-switching
Alternating between two codes is called code switching. In other words, if we
make use of two different codes simultaneously or switch from one code to another in
a discourse, it is code switching.

g. Language change
Language change is the phenomenon by which permanent alterations are
made in the features and the use of a language over time.
All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of
language use. Types of language change include sound
changes, lexical changes, semantic changes, and syntactic changes.
The branch of linguistics that is expressly concerned with changes in a
language (or in languages) over time. Perspectives on language change. (n.d.).
ThoughtCo.
h. Language shift
Language shift. obo. (n.d.). Retrieved March 19, 2022, “language shift” means
the process, or the event, in which a population changes from using one language to
another. As such, recognition of it depends on being able to see the prior and
subsequent language as distinct; and therefore, the term excludes language change
which can be seen as evolution, the transition from older to newer forms of the same
language. (For this latter topic, seek references in “Historical, or Diachronic,
Linguistics.”) Language shift is a social phenomenon, whereby one language replaces
another in a given (continuing) society. It is due to underlying changes in the
composition and aspirations of the society, which goes from speaking the old to the
new language.

i. Language death
Language death is a process in which the level of a speech community's
linguistic competence in their language variety decreases, eventually resulting in no
native or fluent speakers of the variety. Wikimedia Foundation. (2021, December 22).
Language death. Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2022.

j. Language revival
Language revival is an attempt to reverse the decline of a language or to bring
back an extinct one. As the pillar of our communication with one another, language
represents so much more than words. For many communities, languages represent a
part of their shared culture and history that cannot be replaced. Revitalizing
languages is an incredibly important step in preserving unique cultural history around
the world. Alicia, |. (2018, May 7). Language revival: How 7 communities are bringing
languages back to life. Bilingua. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
k. National and official languages
A national language acts as a symbol or identity for any country or nation. A
language rises up to the status of the national language as that particular language is
used by the country’s majority as their first language of written and verbal
communication.
An official language is a language that has a special legal status in a particular
state, country, or other jurisdiction. This means that an official language of a country
or a nation is the language people use for the nation’s parliamentary, administrative,
and legal affairs. Anuradha. (2021, December 31). What is the difference between
national language and official language. Pediaa.Com. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
3. Submit your output in word document with Arial 12 Font size on or before March
19, 2022.
4. Since, we have no classes on May 19, 2022 due to the webinar for   all the
professors, see, you then, on March 26, 2022.
    No more assigned task on March 19. God bless everyone