Lecture 4

Method of Consistent
Deformation
Structural Analysis
By
R. C. Hibbeler
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

FRAMES
• Method of consistent deformation is very useful for

solving problems involving statically indeterminate
frames for single story and unusual geometry.
• Problems involving multistory frames, or with high

indeterminacy are best solved using the slope deflection
or moment distribution or the stiffness methods.
2
Example 6
Determine the support reactions on the frame shown. EI
is constant.
8 kN/m
5m
4m
Actual Frame
B
3
Solution
Principle of Superposition
8 kN/m
5m
4m
Actual Frame
B
• By inspection the frame is indeterminate to the first

degree.
4
Solution
• We will choose the horizontal reaction at support B as
the redundant.
• The pin at B is replaced by the roller, since a roller will not
constraint B in the horizontal direction.
8 kN/m
A
Primary Structure B
5
ΔB
8 kN/m
Solution
A
Primary Structure
8 kN/m
A = + B
ΔB
5m A
4m redundant Bx
Actual Frame applied
B
B
Bx
Bx fBB6
8 kN/m
Solution
A
Compatibility Equation
 + 
 → 0 = ΔB + Bx f BB
  Primary Structure
8 kN/m
A = + B
ΔB
5m A
4m redundant Bx
Actual Frame applied
B
B
Bx
Bx fBB7
Solution
0 = ΔB + Bx f BB
• The terms ΔB and fBB will be computed using the method

of virtual work.
• The frame’s x coordinates and internal moments are
shown in figure.
• It is important that in each case the selected coordinate
x1 or x2 be the same for both the real and virtual
loadings.
• Also the positive directions for M and m must be same.
8
Solution
• For ΔB we require application of real loads and a virtual
unit load at B
8 kN/m
A A
1 kN
x1
M 1 = 20 x1 − 4 x12 x1
m1 = 0.8 x1
20 kN 0.8 kN
M2 = 0 m2 = 1x2
x2 x2
B B
1 kN
20 kN 0.8 kN
9
Solution
5 (20 x − 4 x )(0.8 x )dx 4 0(1 x )dx
2
Mm L
ΔB =  dx =  1 1 1 1
+ 2 2
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
166.7 166.7
= +0=
EI EI
8 kN/m
A A
1 kN
M 1 = 20 x1 − 4 2x1 m1 = 0.8x1
x1 x1
20 kN 0.8 kN
M2 = 0 m2 = 1x2
x2 x2
B B
1 kN
10
20 kN 0.8 kN
Solution
• For fBB we require application of real unit load acting at B
and a virtual unit load acting at B
A
1 kN
x1
m1 = 0.8x1
0.8 kN
m2 = 1x2
x2
B
1 kN
0.8 kN
11
Solution
5 (0.8 x ) dx 4 (1x ) dx
2 2
mm L
f BB = ∫ dx = ∫ 1 1
+∫ 2 2
dx
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
26.7 21.3 48.0
= + =
EI EI EI
A
1 kN
x1
m1 = 0.8x1
0.8 kN
m2 = 1x2
x2
B
1 kN
12
0.8 kN
Solution
0 = ΔB + Bx f BB (1)
• Substituting the data in Eq. (1)
166.7  48.0 
0= + Bx  
EI  EI 
Bx = −3.47 kN ANS
13
Solution
Equilibrium Condition
• Showing Bx on the free body diagram of the frame in the
correct direction, and applying the equations of
equilibrium, we have
40 kN
A
Ax
2.5 m 2.5 m
Ay
4m
B
3.47 kN
By 14
40 kN
Solution
A
Equilibrium Condition Ax
2.5 m 2.5 m
Ay
4m
B
3.47 kN
+
→  Fx = 0;
By
Ax − 3.47 = 0 Ax = 3.47 kN
+  M A = 0; − 40(2.5) + B y (5)-3.47(4 ) = 0 B y = 22.8 kN
+   Fy = 0; Ay − 40 + 22.8 = 0 Ay = 17.2 kN
15
Example 7
Determine the moment at fixed support A for the frame
shown. EI is constant.
B
4 ft
8 ft
A
3 ft
Actual Frame 16
Solution
B
4 ft
8 ft Actual Frame
A
3 ft
• By inspection the frame is indeterminate to the first

degree. 17
Solution
B
• MA can be directly obtained by

choosing as the redundant.
C
• The capacity of the frame to
support a moment at A is Actual Frame
removed and therefore a pin is
used at A for support. A
18
Solution
Compatibility Equation ( +) 0 =  A + M A AA (1)
Reference to point A
B B B
C = C + C
θA MAαAA
A A
A MA
actual frame primary structure Redundant MA applied

19
Solution
( +) 0 =  A + M A AA (1)
• The terms θA and αAA will be computed using the method

of virtual work.
• The frame’s x coordinates and internal moments are

shown in figure.
20
Solution
Reference to point A
222.5 lb 0.05 lb
500 lb
370.8 lb
3 5 0.0833 lb
4 x2 x2
296.7 lb 0.0667 lb
M 2 = 296.7 x2 − 50 x22 m2 = 0.0667 x2
M 1 = 29.17 x1 m1 = 1 − 0.0833 x1
x1 x1
29.17 lb 0.0833 lb
1 lb.ft
0 21
300 lb
Solution
For θA we require application of real loads and a virtual
unit couple moment at A
222.5 lb 0.05 lb
500 lb
370.8 lb
3 5 0.0833 lb
4 x2 x2
296.7 lb 0.0667 lb
M 2 = 296.7 x2 − 50 x22 m2 = 0.0667 x2
M 1 = 29.17 x1 m1 = 1 − 0.0833 x1
x1 x1
29.17 lb 0.0833 lb
1 lb.ft
0 22
300 lb
A =  
Mm L
dx = 
8 (29.17 x )(1 − 0.0833 x )dx
1 1 1
+ 2 (
5 296.7 x − 50 x (0.0067 x )dx
2
2 2 2 )
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
518.5 303.2 821.8
= + =
EI EI EI
222.5 lb 0.05 lb
500 lb
370.8 lb
3 5 0.0833 lb
4 x2 x2
296.7 lb 0.0667 lb
M 2 = 296.7 x2 − 50x22 m2 = 0.0667x2
M1 = 29.17x1 m1 = 1 − 0.0833x1
x1 x1
29.17 lb 0.0833 lb
1 lb.ft
0 23
300 lb
Solution
For αAA we require application of real unit couple
moment and a virtual unit couple moment at A
0.05 lb
0.0833 lb
x2
0.0667 lb
m2 = 0.0667x2
m1 = 1 − 0.0833x1
x1
0.0833 lb
1 lb.ft
0 24
8 (1 − 0.0833 x ) dx 5 (0.0067 x ) dx
2 2
m mL
 AA =   dx =  1 1
+ 2 2
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
3.85 0.185 4.04
= + =
EI EI EI
0.05 lb
0.0833 lb
x2
0.0667 lb
m2 = 0.0667 x2
m1 = 1 − 0.0833 x1
x1
0.0833 lb
1 lb.ft
0 25
Solution
Substituting these results into
Eq. (1), and solving yields
821.8  4.04 
0= + M A 
EI  EI  C
M A = −204 lb. ft ANS
The negative sign indicates MA

acts in opposite direction to that A MA =204 lb.ft
shown in figure.
26
Example 8
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams. EI is constant.
2 k/ft
B C
10 k
15 ft
A D
Actual Frame
30 ft
27
Solution
2 k/ft
B C
10 k
15 ft
A D
Actual Frame
30 ft
• Degree of indeterminacy = 2
28
Solution
• We will choose the horizontal reaction Dx and vertical
reaction Dy at point D as the redundants.
2 k/ft
B C
10 k Actual Frame
A D Dx
29
Dy
Solution
• Primary structure is obtained by removing the hinged
support at point D.
2 k/ft
B C
10 k
A D
Primary Structure
30
Solution
• Primary structure is subjected separately to the external
loading and redundants Dx and Dy as shown.
2 k/ft
B C
10 k
A D
Primary Structure ΔDy
ΔDx
31
Solution
B C
A D Dx
Δ’DyDx=DxfDyDx
Δ’DxDx=DxfDxDx
Redundant Dx applied 32
Solution
Δ’DyDy=DyfDyDy
D
A
Dy
Redundant Dy applied Δ’DxDy=DyfDxDy
33
Solution
0 = ΔDx + ΔDxDx
'
+ ΔDxDy
'
= ΔDx + Dx f DxDx + D y f DxDy (1)
0 = ΔDy + ΔDyDx
'
+ ΔDyDy
'
= ΔDy + Dx f DyDx + D y f DyDy (2)
• The equations for bending moments for the members of

the frame due to external loading and unit values of the
redundants are tabulated in the table.
• By applying the virtual work method, we will find ΔDx, ΔDy,

fDxDx, fDyDx, fDxDy, fDyDy,
34
Solution
Compatibility Equation M2
2 k/ft
B C
10 k
x2
M1 M3
x1 x3
10 k D
A 1050 k-ft
60 k
Member Origin Limits M (k-ft)
AB A 0-15 -1050+10x1
CB C 0-30 -x22
DC D 0-15 0
35
Solution
Compatibility Equation mDx2
B C
x2
mDx1 mDx3
x1 x3
1k 1k
A D
Member Origin Limits M (k-ft) mDx (k-ft/k)

AB A 0-15 -1050+10x1 -x1
CB C 0-30 -x22 -15
DC D 0-15 0 -x3
36
Solution
Compatibility Equation mDy2
B C
x2
mDy1 mDy3
x1 x3
30 k-ft
A D
1k 1k
Member Origin Limits M (k-ft) mDx (k-ft/k) mDy (k-ft/k)

AB A 0-15 -1050+10x1 -x1 30
CB C 0-30 -x22 -15 x2
DC D 0-15 0 -x3 0
37
Solution
ΔDx = 
L MmDx
dx = 
15 (− 1050 + 10 x )(− x )
1 1
dx1 +  2 (
30 − x (− 15 )
2
dx2
)
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
15 (0 )(− x )
+ 3
dx3
0 EI
241875
ΔDx = 106875 + 135000 + 0 = k − ft 3
EI
ΔDy = 
L MmDy
dx = 
15 (− 1050 + 10 x1 )(30)dx 30 (− x )(x )dx
2
1+ +0
2 2
2
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
641250
ΔDy = −438750 − 202500 + 0 = − k − ft 3
EI 38
Solution
15 (− x ) 30 (− 15 ) 15 (− x )
2 2 2
L mDx mDx
f DxDx =  dx =  1
dx1 +  dx2 +  3
dx3
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
9000 3
f DxDx = ft
EI
f DyDy = 
L mDy mDy
dx = 
15 (30)2 dx +
30 (x2 )2 dx
1 2
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
22500 3
f DyDy = ft
EI
39
Solution
f DxDy = f DyDx = 
L mDx mDy 15
dx = 
(− x1 )(30)dx +
30 (− 15)(x2 )dx
1 2
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI
10125 3
f DxDy = f DyDx =− ft
EI
40
Solution
241875
ΔDx = k − ft 3
EI
641250
ΔDy =− k − ft 3
EI
9000 3
f DxDx = ft
EI
22500 3
f DyDy = ft
EI
10125 3
f DxDy = f DyDx =− ft
EI
41
Solution
Now put these values in the Equations (1) and (2)
0 = 241875 + 9000 Dx − 10125 D y (1)
0 = −641250 − 10125 Dx + 22500 D y (2)
By solving (1) and (2) simultaneously we get
Dx = 10.503 k 
D y = 33.226 k 
42
Solution
• Applying equations of equilibrium, we have the other
support reactions as
2 k/ft
B C
10 k
0.503 k A 10.503 k
53.22 k-ft D
26.774 k 33.226 k
43
Solution
• Shear diagram
26.774
C
B
10.503
-33.226
-0.503
A D
44
Solution
• Moment diagram
118.447
C
B
60.765 157.545
60.765
157.545
A 53.22 D
45
TRUSSES
• The degree of indeterminacy of a truss can be find using

Equation b+r > 2j.
where
b = unknown bar forces, r = support reactions,
2j = equations of equilibrium
• This method is quite suitable for analyzing trusses that

are statically indeterminate to the first or second degree.
46
Example 9:
Determine the force in member AC of the truss shown.
AE is same for all members.
400 lb
D
C
6 ft
A
B
8 ft
Actual Truss
47
Solution:
The truss is statically indeterminate to the first degree.
400 lb
b + r = 2j
D C
6 + 3 = 2(4)
9>8 6 ft
9 – 8 = 1st degree
A B
8 ft
Actual Truss
48
Solution:
• The force in member AC is to be determined, so member
AC is chosen as redundant.
• This requires cutting this member, so that it cannot
sustain a force, making the truss S.D. and stable.
400 lb
D C
6 ft
Actual Truss
A B
49
8 ft
Solution: 400 lb
D C
Actual Truss
A B
=
400 lb
D C D FAC C
ΔAC
FAC
+
FACfACAC
A Primary Structure B A Redundant FAC applied B

Solution:
• With reference to member AC, we require the relative
displacement ΔAC, which occurs at the ends of cut
member AC due to the 400-lb load, plus the relative
displacement FACfACAC caused by the redundant force
acting alone, be equal to zero, that is
0 =  AC + FAC f ACAC
400 lb
D C D FAC C
ΔAC
FAC
FACfACAC
A B A 51 B
Primary Structure Redundant FAC applied
Solution:
• Here the flexibility coefficient fACAC represents the relative
displacement of the cut ends of member AC caused by a
real unit load acting at the cut ends of member AC.
400 lb
D C D FAC C
ΔAC
FAC
FACfACAC
A B A 52 B
Solution:
• This term, fACAC, and ΔAC will be computed using the
method of virtual work.
400 lb
D C D FAC C
ΔAC
FAC
+
FACfACAC
A B A 53 B
Solution:
• For ΔAC we require application of the real load of 400 lb,
and a virtual unit force acting at the cut ends of member
AC.
+400 400 lb -0.8

D C D C
1 lb
1 lb
0
+300 0 -0.6 -0.6
+1 +1
x
400 lb
A +400 B A -0.8 B
300 lb 300 lb
54
Solution:
nNL
 AC = 
AE
 (− 0.8)(400 )(8)  (− 0.6 )(0 )(6 ) (− 0.6 )(300 )(6 ) (1)(− 500 )(10 ) (1)(0 )(10 )
= 2  + + + +
 AE  AE AE AE AE
11200
=−
AE
+400 400 lb -0.8

D C D C
1 lb
1 lb
0
+300 0 -0.6 -0.6
+1 +1
x
400 lb
A +400 B A -0.8 B
55
300 lb 300 lb
Solution
• For fACAC we require application of the real unit forces
acting on the cut ends of member AC, and virtual unit
forces acting on the cut ends of member AC
-0.8 -0.8
D C D C
1 lb 1 lb
1 lb 1 lb
-0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6
+1 +1 +1 +1
x
A -0.8 B A -0.8 B
56
Solution:
n2 L
f ACAC = 
AE
 (− 0.8)2 (8)   (− 0.6 )2 (6 )   (1)210 
= 2  + 2  + 2 
 AE   AE   AE 
34.56
=
AE
-0.8 -0.8
D C D C
1 lb 1 lb
1 lb 1 lb
-0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6
+1 +1 +1 +1
x
A -0.8 B A -0.8 B
57
Solution:
Substituting the data into Eq. (1) and solving yields
11200 34.56
0=− + FAC
AE AE
FAC = 324 lb (T) ANS
Since the numerical result is positive, AC is subjected to

tension as assumed.
Using this result, the forces in other members can be

found by equilibrium, using the method of joint.
58
Example 10:
Determine the force in member AC of the truss shown.
D C
6 ft
A B
8 ft
Actual Truss
59
Example 11:
Determine the reactions and the force in each member
of the truss shown in Fig. shown. E = 29,000 ksi
E (6 in.2) F
28 k
15 ft
(4 in.2)
(4 in.2)
A D
(6 in.2) B (6 in.2) C (6 in.2)
25 k 25 k
3 panels at 20 ft = 60 ft
Actual Truss
60
Solution:
The truss is statically indeterminate to the first degree.
b + r = 2j
9 + 4 = 2(6)
13 > 12
13 – 12 = 1st degree
E (6 in.2) F
28 k
15 ft
(4 in.2)
(4 in.2)
A D
(6 in.2) B (6 in.2) C (6 in.2)

25 k 25 k
3 panels at 20 ft = 60 ft
61
Actual Truss
Solution: E F
28 k Actual Truss
A D Dx
Ax
B C
Ay 25 k 25 k Dy
• Dx at hinged support D is selected as Redundant.

• Primary structure is obtained by removing the effect of Dx and
replacing hinge by roller support there.
• Primary structure is subjected separately to external loading and
redundant Force Dx.
62
E F
Solution: 28 k Primary
Structure
ΔD
Ax A
B C D
Ay 25 k 25 k Dy
E 24 F
28 k
18 25
ΔD
28 k A
52 B 42.67 C 42.67
D
25 k 25 k 32 k 63
18 k
Solution:
• ΔD is horizontal deflection at point ‘D’ of primary structure due to
external loading.
E 24 F
28 k
Primary
Structure
18 25
ΔD
28 k A
52 B 42.67 C 42.67
D
25 k 25 k 32 k 64
18 k
E F
Solution: Redundant
Dx is applied
A Dx
B C D
Δ’DD=DxfDD
E 0 F
0 0
fDD
1k A 1k
1 B 1 C 1 D
65
E F
Solution: Redundant
Dx is applied
A Dx
B C D
Δ’DD=DxfDD
Δ’DD is horizontal deflection at point ‘D’ due to redundant

force Dx.
66
Solution:
fDD is horizontal deflection at point ‘D’ due to unit force.
E 0 F
0 0
fDD
1k A 1k
1 B 1 C 1 D
67
Solution:
Compatibility Equation:
0 =  D + Dx f DD
28 k
Dx
Ax
Ay 25 k 25 k Dy
28 k Primary Redundant
Structure Dx is applied
ΔD + Dx
Ax
Ay 25 k 25 k Dy Δ’DD=DxfDD
68
Solution:
• We will use virtual work method to find ΔD and fDD.

• Deflection of truss is calculated by
nNL
D = 
AE
where
n= axial force in truss members due to virtual unit load

acting at joint and in the direction of ΔD
N= axial force in truss members due to real load acting
that causes ΔD
69
Solution:
• We will use virtual work method to find ΔD and fDD.

• Deflection of truss is calculated by
2
n L
f DD =
AE
where
n= axial force in truss members due to real unit load

n= axial force in truss members due to virtual unit load
70
Solution:
TABLE
Member L (in.) A (in.2) N (k) n (k) nNL/A n2L/A F=N+nDx
(k/in.)
AB 240 6 52 1 2,080 40 6.22
BC 240 6 42.67 1 1,706.8 40 -3.11
CD 240 6 42.67 1 1,706.8 40 -3.11
EF 240 6 -24 0 0 0 -24
BF 180 4 18 0 0 0 18
CF 180 4 25 0 0 0 25
AE 300 6 -30 0 0 0 -30
BF 300 4 11.67 0 0 0 11.67
DF 300 6 -53.33 0 0 0 -53.33
nNL 5,493.6 k/in.
D =  = ∑ 5,493.6 120
AE E
n 2 L 120 (1/in.)
f DD = =
AE E 71
Solution:
nNL
D = 
AE
52  1 20  12 42.67  1 20  12 42.67  1 20  12
D = + +
6E 6E 6E
2080 1706.8 1706.8
D = + +
E E E
5493.6 k/in
D =
E
72
Solution:
n2 L
f DD =
AE
1 1 20  12 1 1 20  12 1 1 20  12
f DD = + +
6E 6E 6E
120 (1/in)
f DD =
E
Now put these results into Equation (1)
5493.6 120
+ Dx  =0 Dx = −45.78 k ( )
E E
73
Solution:
F = N + nDx
FAB = 52 + 1(− 45.78) = 6.22 (T)
FBC = 42.67 + 1(− 45.78) = −3.11 (C)
FCD = −3.11 (C)
Equation of Equilibrium
28 k
F =0
Ax + 28 − 45.78 = 0 Ax=17.78 Dx=45.78
Ax = 17.78 k (→ ) Ay=18 25 k 25 k Dy=32
Ay = 18 k ( )
D y = 32 k ( ) 74
E F
28 k
Ax =17.78 Dx = 45.78
A B C D
25 k 25 k
Ay =18 Dy = 32
E 24 F
28 k
18 25
Ax =17.78 Dx = 45.78
A 6.22 B 3.11 C 3.11
D
25 k 25 k 75
Ay =18 Dy = 32
Example 12
Determine the reactions and the force in each member
of the truss shown in Fig. shown. EA = constant. E = 200
GPa., A = 4000 mm2
F G H
70 kN
10m
A
B C D E
80 kN 80 kN
4 panels at 10m= 40m
Actual Truss
76
Solution
Degree of Indeterminacy = 2
b+r>2j
14 + 4 > 2 × 8
18 > 16
F G H
70 kN
Ax A E
B C D
Ay 80 kN 80 kN Dy Ey
Actual Truss 77
Solution
Dy at support D and force FBG in member BG are selected

as redundants.
F G H
70 kN
Ax A E
B C D
Actual Truss 78
Solution
The roller support at ‘D’ is removed and member BG is

cut to make the structure determinate.
F G H
70 kN
Ax A E
B C D
Ay 80 kN 80 kN Ey
Determinate Truss 79
Solution
This determinate truss is subjected separately to actual loading,

redundant ‘Dy’ and redundant force in the redundant member BG.
F G H
70 kN
ΔBG
A E
B C D
ΔD
80 kN 80 kN
80
Primary structure subjected to actual loading
Solution

Δ’BG,D=DyfBG,D
F G H
A E
B C D
Δ’DD=DyfDD
Dy
81
Redundant Dy applied
Solution

Δ’BG,BG=FBGfBG,BG
F G H
FBG FBG
A E
B C Δ’D,BG=FBGfD,BG D
82
Redundant FBG applied
F G H
70 kN
Actual Truss
A E
Ax
B C D
=
F G H
70 kN
ΔBG
Primary structure
A E
B C D
ΔD
80 kN 80 kN
+
Δ’BG,D=DyfBG,D
F G H
A E
B C Δ’DD=DyfDD D
+ Dy
F G H
FBG
FBG Redundant FBG applied
A E
B C 83
Δ’D,BG=FBGfD,BGD
Solution
Δ’BG,D=DyfBG,D
F G H
A E
B C Δ’DD=DyfDD D
Dy
F G H
Unit load in the direction
fBG,D
of Dy applied
A E
B C fDD D
84
1
Solution Δ’BG,BG=FBGfBG,BG
F G H
Redundant FBG applied
FBG FBG
A E
B C Δ’D,BG=FBGfD,BG D
fBG,BG
F G H
Unit force in member
1 BG applied
1
A E
B C fD,BG D
85
F G H
70 kN
Compatibility Actual Truss
A
Equation Ax
B C D
E
=
F G H
70 kN
ΔBG
Primary structure
A E
B C D
ΔD
0 =  D + D y f DD + FBG f D , BG 80 kN 80 kN
+
0 =  BG + D y f BG , D + FBG f BG , BG F
Δ’BG,D=DyfBG,D
G H
A E
B C Δ’DD=DyfDD D
+ Dy
F G H
FBG
FBG Redundant FBG applied
A E
B C 86
Δ’D,BG=FBGfD,BGD
0 =  D + Dy f DD + FBG f D, BG
0 =  BG + Dy f BG, D + FBG f BG, BG
ΔD = vertical deflection at joint D of primary truss due to external loading
ΔBG = relative displacement b/w cutting ends of member BG due to external loading
fDD = vertical deflection at joint D due to a unit load at joint D
fBG,D = relative displacement b/w cutting ends of member BG due to unit load at D
fBG,BG = relative displacement b/w cutting ends of member BG due to unit force
fD,BG = vertical deflection at joint D due to a unit force in member BG

87
We will use the method of virtual work to find the deflections
0 =  D + Dy f DD + FBG f D, BG
0 =  BG + Dy f BG, D + FBG f BG, BG
NnD L nD nD L nD nBG L
D =  f DD = f D, BG =
AE AE AE
NnBG L nBG nBG L nBG nD L

 BG = f BG , BG =∑ f BG, D =
AE AE AE
88
NnD L nD nD L nD nBG L
D =  f DD =  f D, BG =
AE AE AE
nBG nBG L nBG nD L
 BG =
NnBG L f BG =  f BG, D =
AE AE AE
N = member forces due to external loading

nD = member forces due to unit load at joint D
nBG = member forces due to unit force in member BG
The numerical values of the member forces, as computed

by the method of joints, are shown in next figures, and
are tabulated in the TABLE
89
Solution
N = member forces due to external loading
F 85 G 85 H
70 kN
80 0 0
A E
70
152.5 B 152.5 C 77.5 D 77.5
80 kN 80 kN
82.5 77.5
90
Solution
nD = member forces due to unit load at joint D
F 0.5 G 0.5 H
0 0 1
A E
0
0.25 B 0.25 C 0.75 D 0.75
1 kN
0.25 0.75
91
Solution
nBG = member forces due to unit force in member BG
F 0.707 G 0 H
1 1
0.707
0.707
0
A E
0
0 B 0.707 C 0 D 0
0 0
92
Member L (m) N nD nBG NnDL NnBGL nD 2 L nBG2L nDnBGL F = N + nD D y +

(kN) (kN/kN) (kN/kN) (kN.m) (kN.m) (m) (m) (m) nBGFBG (kN)
AB 10 152.5 -0.25 0 -381.25 0 0.625 0 0 128.373
BC 10 152.5 -0.25 -0.707 -381.25 -1078.175 0.625 5 1.768 104.265
CD 10 77.5 -0.75 0 -581.25 0 5.625 0 0 5.12
DE 10 77.5 -0.75 0 -581.25 0 5.625 0 0 5.12
FG 10 -85 0.5 -0.707 -425 600.95 2.5 5 -3.535 -60.855
GH 10 -85 0.5 0 -425 0 2.5 0 0 -36.747
BF 10 80 0 -0.707 0 -565.60 0 5 0 55.891
CG 10 0 0 -0.707 0 0 0 5 0 -24.109
DH 10 0 -1 0 0 0 10 0 0 -96.507
AF 14.142 -116.673 0.354 0 -584.096 0 1.772 0 0 -82.51
BG 14.142 0 0 1 0 0 0 14.142 0 34.1
CF 14.142 3.536 -0.354 1 -17.702 50.006 1.772 14.142 -5.006 3.473
CH 14.142 109.602 0.354 0 548.697 0 1.772 0 0 143.765
EH 14.142 -109.602 1.061 0 -1644.541 0 15.92 0 0 -7.208
-4472.642 -992.819 48.736 48.284 -6.773

∑
93
0 =  D + D y f DD + FBG f D , BG
0 =  BG + D y f BG , D + FBG f BG , BG
4,472.642 kN .m 48.284 m
D = − f BG , BG =
AE AE
992.819 kN .m 6.773 m
 BG =− f BG , D = f D , BG =−
AE AE
48.736 m
f DD =
AE
By substituting these values into the above equations
94
− 4,472.642 + 48.736 D y − 6.773FBG = 0
− 992.819 − 6.773D y + 48.284 FBG = 0
Solving these equations simultaneously for Dy and FBG
D y = 96.507 kN 
FBG = 34.1 kN
95
The remaining reactions of the indeterminate truss can

now be determined by superposition of reactions of
primary truss due to the external loading and due to each
of the redundants.
The forces in the remaining members of the

indeterminate truss can be determined by using the
superposition relationship
96
F 85 G 85 H
70 kN
80 0 0
70 A E
152.5 B 152.5 C 77.5 D 77.5
80 kN 80 kN
82.5 77.5
+
F 0.5 G 0.5 H
0 0 1
0 A
0.25 0.25 C 0.75 D 0.75
E  D y = 96.507 kN
B
0.25 + 1 kN
0.75
F 0.707 G 0 H
1
0.707
0.707
1
0
0 A
0 0.707 C 0 0
E  FBG = 34.1 kN
B D
0 0
=
F 60.855 G 36.747 H
70 kN
55.891
24.109
96.507
A Actual Truss
Ax=70 E
128.373 104.265 5.12 5.12
B C D
Ay=58.373 80 kN 80 kN Dy=96.507 Ey=5.12
97
Actual Truss
F 60.855
G 36.747
H
70 kN
55.891
24.109
A
96.507
E
Ax=70 128.373
B 104.265
C 5.12
D 5.12
80 kN 80 kN
Ay=58.373 Dy=96.507 Ey=5.12
98

Lecture 4

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Lecture 4

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Method of Consistent

University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

• Method of consistent deformation is very useful for

• Problems involving multistory frames, or with high

• By inspection the frame is indeterminate to the first

• The terms ΔB and fBB will be computed using the method

• Substituting the data in Eq. (1)

+  M A = 0; − 40(2.5) + B y (5)-3.47(4 ) = 0 B y = 22.8 kN

• By inspection the frame is indeterminate to the first

• MA can be directly obtained by

actual frame primary structure Redundant MA applied

• The terms θA and αAA will be computed using the method

• The frame’s x coordinates and internal moments are

M 2 = 296.7 x2 − 50 x22 m2 = 0.0667 x2

M 2 = 296.7 x2 − 50 x22 m2 = 0.0667 x2

M 2 = 296.7 x2 − 50x22 m2 = 0.0667x2

The negative sign indicates MA

• The equations for bending moments for the members of

• By applying the virtual work method, we will find ΔDx, ΔDy,

Member Origin Limits M (k-ft) mDx (k-ft/k)

Member Origin Limits M (k-ft) mDx (k-ft/k) mDy (k-ft/k)

Now put these values in the Equations (1) and (2)

0 = 241875 + 9000 Dx − 10125 D y (1)

0 = −641250 − 10125 Dx + 22500 D y (2)

By solving (1) and (2) simultaneously we get

• The degree of indeterminacy of a truss can be find using

• This method is quite suitable for analyzing trusses that

A Primary Structure B A Redundant FAC applied B

+400 400 lb -0.8

+400 400 lb -0.8

Since the numerical result is positive, AC is subjected to

Using this result, the forces in other members can be

(6 in.2) B (6 in.2) C (6 in.2)

• Dx at hinged support D is selected as Redundant.

Δ’DD is horizontal deflection at point ‘D’ due to redundant

fDD is horizontal deflection at point ‘D’ due to unit force.

• We will use virtual work method to find ΔD and fDD.

n= axial force in truss members due to virtual unit load

• We will use virtual work method to find ΔD and fDD.

n= axial force in truss members due to real unit load

Ax = 17.78 k (→ ) Ay=18 25 k 25 k Dy=32

4 panels at 10m= 40m

Dy at support D and force FBG in member BG are selected

The roller support at ‘D’ is removed and member BG is

This determinate truss is subjected separately to actual loading,

This determinate truss is subjected separately to actual loading,

This determinate truss is subjected separately to actual loading,

ΔD = vertical deflection at joint D of primary truss due to external loading

fDD = vertical deflection at joint D due to a unit load at joint D

fD,BG = vertical deflection at joint D due to a unit force in member BG

NnBG L nBG nBG L nBG nD L

N = member forces due to external loading

The numerical values of the member forces, as computed

N = member forces due to external loading

nD = member forces due to unit load at joint D

nBG = member forces due to unit force in member BG

Member L (m) N nD nBG NnDL NnBGL nD 2 L nBG2L nDnBGL F = N + nD D y +

BC 10 152.5 -0.25 -0.707 -381.25 -1078.175 0.625 5 1.768 104.265

CD 10 77.5 -0.75 0 -581.25 0 5.625 0 0 5.12

DE 10 77.5 -0.75 0 -581.25 0 5.625 0 0 5.12

FG 10 -85 0.5 -0.707 -425 600.95 2.5 5 -3.535 -60.855

GH 10 -85 0.5 0 -425 0 2.5 0 0 -36.747

BF 10 80 0 -0.707 0 -565.60 0 5 0 55.891