Method of Least Work

Theory of Structures-II
Engr. Shahzad Saleem
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Method of Least Work / Castigliano’s Second Theorem

Statically Indeterminate Trusses

• Strain energy stored or work done in a member of a truss

is P2L
U=
2 AE
• In the entire truss, the strain energy is

P2L
U =
2 AE

where P is the axial force in the member.

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Statically Indeterminate Trusses

• Differential co-efficient of U with respect to a force S in

the member is
U PL P
=
S AE S
• According to the Theorem of Least Work
U
=0
S
U PL P
= =0
S AE S
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Statically Indeterminate Trusses

S
10 1 + 0.5 S 1
S

P = 10 + 0.5S
U PL P
= =0
S AE S 4
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Example 1
Determine the force in members of the truss shown. AE
is same for all members.

B
9T C

6 ft

A D

6 ft

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Solution
The truss is indeterminate to the first degree.
B
9T C

A D

=
B B
9T C C
S
+
S
A A
9T D D

9T 9T 6
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Solution
B B
9T C C
S

S
A A
9T D D

9T 9T

Member Force due to Force due to Redundant P

Applied Load Member Force
AB 9 -S/ 2 9 – S/ 2
BC 0 -S/ 2 0 – S/ 2
CD 0 -S/ 2 0 – S/ 2
AD 9 -S/ 2 9 – S/ 2
BD -9 2 +S -9 2 +S
AC 0 +S S 7
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Solution
S
0−
B 2
9T C

0+S
S −9 2 + S S
9− 0−
2 2

A D
S
9−
2

Member Force due to Force due to Redundant P

Applied Load Member Force
AB 9 -S/ 2 9 – S/ 2
BC 0 -S/ 2 0 – S/ 2
CD 0 -S/ 2 0 – S/ 2
AD 9 -S/ 2 9 – S/ 2
BD -9 2 +S -9 2 + S
AC 0 +S S 8
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Solution
S
0−
B 2
9T C

0+S
S −9 2 + S S
9− 0−
2 2

A D
S
9−
2

Member P ∂P/∂S L (in.) PL PL∂P/∂S

−1 72 − 648
AB 9 – S/ 2 2 72 648 −
2
S
2
+ 36 S

−1 72
BC 0 – S/ 2 2 72 −
2
S + 36 S
−1 72
CD 0 – S/ 2 2 72 − S + 36S
2
−1 − 648
72 + 36S
AD 9 – S/ 2 2 72 648−
2
S 2

BD -9 2 + S +1 72 2 − 1296 + 72 2 S − 1296 + 101.8S

AC S +1 72 2 72 2 S 101.8S

P
 PL S = −2214.4 + 347.6S 9
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Solution
1 P
AE
 PL
S
=0
P
 PL S = 0
− 2214.4 + 347.6 S = 0
S = 6.38 T

Substituting value of S in 2nd Column

PAB = 4.49 T
B
PBC = −4.51 T 9T C

PCD = −4.51 T
PAD = 4.49 T
PBD = −6.35 T A D
PAC = 6.38 T 10
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Example 2
Analyze the truss shown. AE is same for all members.

A
D

3m

B 100 kN
4m

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Solution
• The truss is externally indeterminate to the first degree.
• Let VB be the redundant.
• Find the other reactions in terms of redundant VB.
A
HA D

VA

HB C
B
100 kN
VB

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Solution
A
HA D

VA
3m

HB C
B
100 kN
VB
4m

M A =0 F x =0 F y =0
− 100  4 + H B  3 = 0 HA + HB = 0 VA + VB = 100
− 400 + 3H B = 0 H A = − H B = −133.33 VA = 100 − VB
400 H A = −133.33 kN
HB = = 133.33 kN
3
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Solution
A
133.33 kN D

100 – VB
3m

133.33 kN C
B
100 kN
VB
4m

M A =0 F x =0 F y =0
− 100  4 + H B  3 = 0 HA + HB = 0 VA + VB = 100
− 400 + 3H B = 0 H A = − H B = −133.33 VA = 100 − VB
400 H A = −133.33 kN
HB = = 133.33 kN
3
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A 1
Solution 133.33 kN D

Joint B
100 – VB
F y =0 2
4 5
3
VB + F4  = 0
5 133.33 kN C
B 3
5
F4 = −VB  VB
100 kN
3

 Fx = 0
F4
3
B
4 4
133.33 + F3 + F4  = 0 133.33 kN F3
5
5 4
F3 = −133.33 + VB  
3 5 VB
F3 = −133.33 + 1.33VB 15
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A 1
Solution 133.33 kN D

Joint A
100 – VB
F y =0 2
3 4 5
100 − VB − F5  = 0
5
3 133.33 kN C
F5  = 100 − VB B 3
5 100 kN
5 5 VB
F5 =  100 − VB
3 3

F x =0
4 A
F1 − 133.33 + F5  = 0 133.33 kN F1
5
3
4 45 5 
F1 = 133.33 − F5  = 133.33 −   100 − VB  4
5 53 3  F5
100 – VB
F1 = 133.33 − 133.33 + 1.333VB
F1 = +1.333VB 16
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A 1
Solution 133.33 kN D

Joint D
100 – VB
2
4 5

F y =0 133.33 kN
B 3
C
3
F 2+ F4 =0 VB
100 kN
5
3
F2 = − F4 
5
5 3 D
F2 = +VB   F1 = 1.333VB
3 5
F2 = +VB 4
3

F4 = -VB.5/3 F2

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Solution
The strain energy of a truss is
F 2L
U =
2 AE
U F FL
=
VB VB AE

See Table on next slide

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Solution
Member F ∂F/∂VB L (m) FL. ∂F/∂VB Final Forces
1 +1.33VB +1.333 4 7.1075VB +62.223 kN
2 +VB +1 3 3VB +46.679 kN
3 -133.33 +1.333 4 -709.315+7.075VB -71.246 kN
+1.33VB
4 -VB x 5/3 -1.667 5 +13.894VB -77.798 kN
5 5/3(100-VB) -1.667 5 -1389.44+13.894VB +88.868 kN

F
 V FL = 0
B

(7.1075 + 3 + 7.075 + 13.894 + 13.894)VB − (709.315 + 1389.44) = 0

VB = 46.679 kN

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Solution

A
133.33 kN D

53.321 kN
3m

133.33 kN C
B
100 kN
46.679 kN
4m

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Thank You

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