Critical Human Geography

'Critical Human Geography' is an international series which provides

a critical examination and extension of the concepts and consequen-
ces of work in human geography and the allied social sciences and
humanities. The volumes are written by scholars currently engaged in
substantive research, so that, wherever possible, the discussions are
empirically grounded as well as theoretically informed. Existing
studies and the traditions from which they derive are carefully des-
cribed and located in their historically specificcontext, but the series
at the same time introduces and explores new ideas and insights from
the human sciences as a whole. The series is thus not intended as a
collection of synthetic reviews, but rather as a cluster of considered
arguments whch are accessible enough to engage geographers at all
levels in the development of geography. The series therefore reflects
the continuing methodological and philosophical diversity of the
subject, and its books are united only by their common commitment
to the prosecution of a genuinely human geography.

Department of Geography MARK BILLINGE

University of Cambridge DEREK GREGORY
England RON MARTIN
Critical Human Geography

The European Past: Social Evolution and Spatial Order

Robert A. Dodgshon

The Betweenness ofPlace

Nicholas Entrikin

Social Relations and Spatial Structures

Derek Gregory and John Urry (editors)

Long Waves ofRegional Development

Michael Marshall

The Geography ofDe-industrialisation

Ron Martin and Bob Rowthorn (editors)

Spatial Divisions ofLabour: Social Structures and the Geography

of Production
Doreen Massey
 Social Relations and
Spatial Structures

Edited by
Derek Gregory
Professor of Geography , University of British Columbia

and

John Urry
Professor of Sociology , University of Lancaster

M
MACMILLAN
ISBN 978-0-333-35403-2 ISBN 978-1-349-27935-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27935-7

Editoria l matter and selection © Derek Gregory and John Urry 1985
Individual chapters © Philip Cooke, Anthony Giddens,
Derek Gregory, David Harvey, Doreen Massey, R. E. Pahl,
Allen Pred, Peter Saunders, Andrew Sayer , Edward W. Soja,
Nigel Thrift, John Urry, Richard Walker, Alan Warde 1985

All rights reserved . No reproduction, copy or transmission of

this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London WIP 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.

First published 1985 by

THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills , Basingstoke , Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world

A catalogue record for this book is available

from the British Library .

Reprinted 1994
Contents

List ofFigures VB
Preface Vlll
List ofContributors x
1 Introduction
by Derek Gregory and John Urry 1
2 New Directions in Space
by Doreen Massey 9
3 Social Relations, Space and Time
by John Urry 20
4 The Difference that Space Makes
by Andrew Sayer 49
5 Space, the City and Urban Sociology
by Peter Saunders 67
6 The Spatiality of Social Life: Towards a Transformative
Retheorisation
by Edward W. Soja 90
7 The Geopolitics of Capitalism
by David Harvey 128
8 Class, Division of Labour and Employment in Space
by Richard Walker 164
9 Spatial Change, Politics and the Division of Labour
by Alan Warde 190
10 Class Practices as Regional Markers: A Contribution to
Labour Geography
by Philip Cooke 213
vi Contents

11 The Restructuring of Capital, the Local Political

Economy and Household Work Strategies
by R. E. Pahl 242
12 Time, Space and Regionalisation
by Anthony Giddens 265
13 Suspended Animation: The Stasis of Diffusion Theory
by Derek Gregory 296
14 The Social Becomes the Spatial, the Spatial Becomes the
Social: Enclosures, Social Change and the Becoming of
Places in the Swedish Province of Skane
by Allan Pred 337
15 Flies and Germs: a Geography of Knowledge
by Nigel Thrift 366
Bibliography 404
Author Index 431
Subject Index 434
List of Figures

7.1 Indebtedness in advanced capitalism, 1946-80 139

11 .1 Renegotiation of divisions of labour within households
by age and gender 253
11.2 The Isle ofSheppey 255
12.1 Time-space maps 267
12.2 Modes of regionalisation 277
12.3 Zoning
12.4 Centre-periphery distinctions 282
12.5 Contextuality and its categories 283
12.6 Time-space maps 285
13.1 The diffusion of grazing subsidies in central southern
Sweden 300
13.2 Contact fieldsin central southern Sweden 301
13.3 The Hagerstrand model of innovation diffusion 302
13.4 Hagerstrand's web model 307
13.5 Projects as space-time sequences 311
13.6 Realism and the 'layers' of social life 327
14.1 Components of place (and region) as historically
contingent process 343
14.2 Nucleated villages on the plains of Osterlen and south-
western Skane 345
14.3 The core of the village of Hyllie, south of Malmo,
before 1790and after 1809 enskifte 348
14.4 Pre-enskifte daily paths of a hypothetical landed-
peasant household during spring ploughing season 351
14.5 The daily accessibilityof a landed-peasant to fieldand
village-core projects (a) before and (b) after enskifte 357
15.1 Knowledge and communication 369
15.2 The fivekinds of unknowing 370
15.3 The spatial distribution ofchapmen licensed in England
and Wales 384
viii List ofFigures

15.4 The diffusion of the quarto edition of the Encyclopedie

in France 386
15.5 The diffusion of the quarto edition of the Encyclopedie
in France 387
15.6 The life-paths and daily-paths of James Clegg and
Richard Kay during one week in July 1745 390
15.7 The major components of the process of structuring 398
Preface

We are very grateful to the contributors to this book, not only for the
chapters they have produced but also for their other stimulating
contributions to the various debates considered here. Although the
volume is in no way a 'manifesto', it has been very much a
collaborative project with all sorts ofother arguments weaving in and
out of its main themes and contributing to a sense of intellectual
excitement at the contemporary cross-fertilisations between human
geography and sociology.
Derek Gregory is particularly grateful to Michael Dear, Felix
Driver , Tony Giddens, Peter Gould, Jack Langton, Chris Philo and
Nigel Thrift for numerous discussions of many of the themes addres-
sed in this volume, and John Urry is similarly grateful for discussions
with members of the CSE Regionalism Group and the Lancaster
Regionalism Group: especially Mike Savage, Dan Shapiro, Sylvia
Walby and Alan Warde ; and with other members of the Department
of Sociology at Lancaster.
We are both indebted to Steve Kennedy at Macmillan for his
encouragement and penetrating editorial criticism, to Elizabeth
Black for copy-editing a difficultmanuscript with both sensitivity and
skill, and to Christopher Philo for compiling the index.

DEREK GREGORY
JOHNURRY

Note: Notes and references are indicated by superscripts and are

gathered together at the end of each chapter; all citations are
listed in full in the bibliography at the back of the book.
List of Contributors

Philip Cooke is Lecturerin Town Planning at the University of Wales.

Anthony Giddens is Fellow of King's College and Professor of
Sociology at the University of Cambridge.
Derek Gregory is Fellow of Sidney Sussex College and Lecturer in
Geography at the University of Cambridge.
David Harvey is Professor of Geography at the Johns Hopkins Un-
iversity, Baltimore.
Doreen Massey is Professor of Geography at The Open University.
R.E. Pahl is Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent.
Allan Pred is Professor of Geography at the University of California,
Berkeley.
Peter Saunders is Lecturer in Sociology and Social Administration at
the University of Sussex.
Andrew Sayer is Lecturer in Geography at the University of Sussex.
Edward W. Soja is Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the
University of California, Los Angeles.
Nigel Thrift is Lecturer in Geography at St David's College, Lam-
peter .
John Urry is Professor of Sociology at the University of Lancaster.
Richard A. Walker is Associate Professor of Geography at the Un-
iversity of California, Berkeley.
Alan Warde is Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Lancaster.