Bengal and the partition of the Sub Continent, 1947. fc rule. 2. Lahore Resolution 1940. 3. The proposal of Suhrawardi and Sarat Bose for undivided Bengal: consequences. 4, The creation of Pakistan 1947. of communalism under the colonial + Thusthere are thee major fats which esto inthe pation ofthe entry. >The fist waste Brith policy of vind rule >The Secon was Musi communi, representing the interests of Mesinzanindrs, Nawab and ter eles >The thd was Hindu communism (RSS, ind Matus, and pal throgh the Congres) which ees he infers of Hind * The nity shown by the Hindos and Moslins during the revolt of 1857 became an eyesore the British Even after te faire of the revolt, the bond between the to Zamna, Brain and Banas tational communities tradesmen remained undisturbed, 1.Rise of communalism under the colonial rule. ‘Communalism, in a broad sense means a strong attachment to one’s own community. In popular discourse in Indian subcontinent, tis understood as unhealthy allachment 10 one's own religion. However ithas turned to take a negative meaning ‘where people start promoting the interests of one community over another, ‘The British rulers realized the differences ‘between the Hindu and Muslim elite and embarked on the policy of divide and rule ‘The British played their cards well and Pouce taking advantage ofthe Hinds Muslim divide" + Thus, they adopted the policy of ‘divide and rule’, which becomes amply clear from the words of Lord Elphinstone, the British Governor of Bombay (now renamed Mumbai), who said, “divide et imperia was the old Roman motto, and it should be ours.” * Under the ‘divide and rule’ policy formulated by Lt. General Coke, the rulers always emphasised the difference, not similarities. + Though religion was an important part of + Inthe medieval perio, the state did not rectly imerfere with the day-to-day life and social observance of ts citizen. After 1857, the state had stated intervening in everyday lite through various institutions + The abolition of East Inia Company's rein 1858 andthe introduction of many half hearted democratic measures promoted a number of caste and communal conflicts 1870s + The common causes of communal violence have been cow slaughter, religious processions and playing music before mosque, + in 193, major communal violence tok ple ict over cow sacrifice riots that followed spread over a very wide area, encompassing United Province, Bikar, in Azamgarh dis people's lives and they did sometimes quarrel ‘over religion, there was hardy any communal ideology ot communal politics before the + The parton of Bengal by Lord Curzon ‘on October 16, 1905 into two zones Eastern and Westem Bengal, was anther instanceof creating a gulf etween Hindus and Muslims. The British rulers ‘waned to cut the very source of Indian utionalsm and to divide the people of the region into two separate communities. Gujarat, and Mumbai and claimed 107 lives + After establishment of Muslim League in 1906, gulf started appearing between Hindus and Muslims and several riots took place in areas, and places, which later on became part of East Pakistan. Communal violence took place in Comilla on March 4, 1907. + The most serious riot took place in Jamalpur district. The series of these riots spread in other states of India also, + Lord Minto wanted to inflame communal disharmony between Hindus and Muslims along, with introducing the constitutional reforms. Thus, in 1909, the British rulers introduced “Moreley- Minto Reforms’, which propounded the Principles of separate electorates. could vote only for a Hindu candidate *Montague- Reforms’ introduced in 1919, again reinforced the principles of separate electorates. reforms largely affected the commun: harmony,+ Theefect of Hindu Muslim nity agains Jalal Bagh massacre and its joint srugale in “Khilatat” and "Non-Coopeation Movernent”(NCM) hada clear effect on the graph of communal violence ‘occurring inthe country. During 1919 and 1920, not single incident of ‘communal violence took place inthe country + The aes of Mas Lzgu snd Hinds Masia xr oma prom tics ines, * Conmualvikce wth mast ete weg tha hey neve sind ous nado even wtf he working tas of ind sins * Somes ld soiogcnoic andor fats serpin commas ad cma viene rm the xy art ofthe 20 century + The igh cau fics old ha seo thecal practi played an ingra me drng the Brith soins ocr ing ‘ewer comnts, (01S the exeme + Mohammed Al Jinnah one of Hinds Mahasaba the major forces behind the cain iene rotons Psa ns Saeonay iat in Peer ber Gor +n 1940, atthe Lahore ferns seen ima cane up wth oa one iwwautortsey had snaps eet uM era i Hindus and Muslinns, Mostns became consisted of two mations, as. 8 iaaead Sry one deena siege tr Stay steal sie mt coms rte 7 ora + Jovan si cae communal + The British created antogonism between “beurre. the Hindus and Muslims as an excuse for blame others andthe not doing anything, tempat sams isi to find some excuse forthe alr of one’s plans..of couse the Bris Goverment inthe pst and present have based ‘hee poliey on creating divisions in ur raks..To more itand nto provide against itin self mistake inom’ thought + tthe same time, they blessed the Muslim League, by ignoring other Muslim groups and thereby confronted Mahatma Gandhi withthe isue of Pakistan Thus, there seemed to be no alternative except division of the county. Lahore Resolution 1940. + Imorder to protect their political, social and religious hts Muslim League first demanded for separate electorates, + However, due tothe political developments that took place in the country they fealized that even the right of separate electorates would not be enough and they had to search for some ‘other long term solution, + The Lahore Resolution commonly row asthe Pakistan Resolution was apolitical resolution or statement crafted between 2nd to 26th March 1940, by the 25-member Working Commitee ofthe Anda Muslim i League, hel at Lahore + This resolution ast for greater ‘Muslim autonomy of Musi majority states. However ater on ‘most people thought ofthis aa cal fora separate Musim slate Pakistan. + Theory of two nations by inna indus and the Muslims dine together, and, indeed. jong! to two different that are based conflicting ideas f ; ‘The resolution was + The Resolution declared: Tat he areas where presented at Minto Park the Mosims are numerically in amajit asin ilar by AX the Nothestem and Este zones of Inia azul Hug on shouldbe grouped to const ‘independent ‘Working Commitee autonomous and sovereign. + Resolution was passed + later Fnah tis ook the plural ofthe Lire Reston asa obvious rining ee nist’ But wes, thoi mite Hook vas checked, ound unde is on tre he pal’ unanimously by ‘artcipants and was named “Lahore Resolution”,+ Impacts on Politics > Enhancement of prestige ‘of Masti League, > Unig among Mastin, > Change of Government «The All Tia Masti League Reson of Marc 1940, onmonly known ashe Pakistan Resltion, is undue the rot imporat event that changed the cours of din istry and ey ark onthe world bist ‘With ie pssage ofthis Reson, he Musins ofthe sb-oninet changed thi demand rom “Sep Ekta toa Separate tates” ‘onsen of Mts > Muslim Nationalism. > Surengthen the concept of two diferent natn > Gave impens to feedom a. Events leading to United Bengal movement Hasssn Shoes Sahat supored the “Two nation” theory and Paks, Bt He feared Ini will gt Bengals indie regions and Caleta, wile (Eas) Pakistan lon get the poo backward areas of Benga + Bengal Hind ear Sarat Chana Bos ive that ivsion of Bengal beeen Toda and Pais, wl in itulre and eooony. * Una engl spol ss Bega Prin tan die sen eth ie of Sear ada a gh pee ‘edison Beng on gous on The roe ie aro calle Be Stet Beg + (0027 ap 187, Hen ted Soran, shin Me Btealands Muin Ligon feed pre cnet in Detroit tote oan arin Bega vlr ie Bt tern pa + Arte scone, Sioay in insted plea sein eens eens Iter toc penn nil ed Serpe b, Suhrawardi-Sarat Bose + They aboiedo ; ab plea hl agreement ; Features InibeLeape igh pm Croan oo > Bp cdo mine ters Ag Cn edt ns + Theo, Soar > ining i iM ink oe snd Surat Bs dred tnefenlaeCoswets en anagreemert. This is > Popol epee of Hin Mains ia th owns "Sutravand- legs: : > Aandi nove my wes ois on cme ‘Sarat Bose agreement ind 25 eco es Cormuniy. weld be dead ‘or “Sarat Formula” on lected 7 20" May 1947. > Hindus (including Scheduled Caste Hindus) and Muslims selec sensi nd Pd ob. + Shyamaprsad Mukhayje’s Hindttaaaa a0 : stared “Bengal indy Seeing no Hamels oener fr consensis among axctond parte sat Coens al Benga ins win ‘ Indian doin. Musi kag for + Serpe so “united” Bengal, andiael Nia Lord Mounibten Msn dointesergst cece Wenweytinto cower parton Bengal demand fe sepsate Ber betveen Ini nd county naseby ‘Subarawardy and Sarat Pkt, The proposal of Suhrawardi and Sarat Bose for undivided Bengal: consequences. «Events leading to Unted Bengal movement b Subroward Soret Bose agreement Features Why United Bengal movement feds re e Ee fire + butSnce Hinds woud nat agreto2"Uated” egal joing atitan an Muss woud ot ‘gee to aU” Bega joing na, ‘terete Suaravardy and Sarat Bose decited to cazveoita Sovereign naon- Unite Bere, ‘fee Fomboth nda até aka, andi rn by both nts and Masi. + They sou Gants, Gani supported is ‘eain hope to counter nat ration ‘theory But mantind that al esas or “united erga shoul ler on mutual consent arog Hinds aré Msi. «. Why Bengal Pact failed? Ava CM Gait Bei elie Moat, Bays ene ps es. ‘vam il a fom ns Calsrapt Ts vilin Asc teins sem” + Ji ges samse Bega couy I Cages vin WHOLE anh, + Oud, Cones, Ne salPielopmed + Now, picture Becomes lear that Caleta wl 0 to ni (Chief Minister Subsrawandy Sear that Hind wll Ki him { & because of his involvement sn Diret action Day” Hers away to Dak, ahandoning the plan of United Beagal nation and accepts iv under Fama’ (Ess) Pakistan+ Now, Saat Chanda Bose i isolated. He seeks Gandhi's support + But Nehru and Patel requested Gandhi not to support Sart Bose on this mate Therefore, Gund asked Saat to abandon the idea of United Bengal nation, Pre Partition * TheBritsh ruled the + The indian National Indan subcontinent Congres, + When the rth made an attempt to dvd the tate of Bengal along religious 4, The creation of Pakistan 1947./ Partition of India. + When the arish introduced constitutional reforms in 1909, the Musims demanded and acquired separate electoral ol + This guaranteed Muslims representation inthe provincial swells the national eisltures unt independence was forreaty200 eas represeningtte lines 1905, the NC ead “fom 176501947. overuling hoge protests aginst the ‘era rel jr of Finds, dln between 1857 and wascratedin 1888, * Ts sprkedthe fomaton 1859, the ctish The Muslim ofthe Muslim League, which sought to guarantee ited pot) aguas fmed se ai ny reforms loving 1906torepesent gue independence thefomationof ——theMusim minoiy, petitions political partes. + Inthe 1930s, Mohandas Gandhi became the leading figure inthe NC. * Although he advocated a une Hindu and Muslim Ina, wth equa ight fo al, other INC members were less Inined to join with Musims pint the Bish + Asaresut the Mastin League began to make pans fora separate Muslin tate + As independence neared, the country began to descend towards a sectarian civil war. Although Gandhi implored the Indian people to unite In peaceful opposition to British rule, the Muslim League sponsored a "Di Action Day" on August 16, 1946, which resulted in the deaths of more than 4,000 Hindus and Sikhs in Calcutta (Kolkata), + This touched off the "Week of the Long, Knives," an orgy of sectarian violence that resulted in hundreds of deaths on both sides in various cities across the country. +The Musim Leagues leader, Muhammed Al Jina, began a public campaign in avr ofa separate Musim sate, hile lawahal Nehru of the INC called ‘ora unified india, granted in 1947 + By 190 the Mus esgue hadresohedto sek te ation the subcontinent and the eatin of aseprte sim sate Palen + During preindependence tls in 196, therefor th Bis govermet found tat thestndf the Masi League on separation and that ofthe Congreso the terial unity fri were reconcile + Athough the name Pais ad been | proposed by Choudhary aka lin his atin Dedaraton, it was not utter theresoluton that began tobe wide sed British government Independence by sune Seree to forms a united* Only Gana suoported Mounthatiens position ‘wth the country descending further nto hae, Mountbatten * The British then decided on partition and ‘on August 14, 1947, transferred power to Pakistan. India gained its independence Indian Independence Act (1947) + TheBritsh government pase the Indian Independence Acton lly Lth 1947. The Act reales the principles envisaged inthe Thi reluctant areed the next day. June Plan. Mounttttn appointed Boundary aan ageed we net day, ‘Comision beaded by Gy Radel fox paki caro aka daretn of Dundas inthe Punjab and sepacte sctesand ea aatte parts: West Pakistan coextensive with | a eta independence date up ‘the country's present boundaries, and submitted tothe Viceroy an 10th August and toAugust 15,1947, echt Problems of Partition + Tho division of the suacontinont caused tremendous dislocation of populations Some 3.5, ralilion Hindus and Sins moved from Pakistan into India, and about § million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan + The demagraphic shift caused an initial bitterness between the two countries that was further intensified by each country's accession of a portion of the princely states, + Nearly all of these 562 widely scattered polities, Joined either India or Pakistan, the princes of Hyderabad, Junagadh, and How did the communal tendency originate and evaluates in the colon = What was the main theme of the Lahore Resolution? + Discuss the main characteristics of the Lahore Resolution? + Analyze the significance of Lahore Resolution, = Find out the causes of the division of Bengal in 1947,