Measures of Location

Syllabus
⚫Introduction
⚫Collection and Summarization of

Data
⚫Measures of Location

⚫Measures of Dispersion

⚫CorrelationAnalysis

⚫RegressionAnalysis
 Reference Books
1. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics
- by S.C. Gupta and V.K. Kapoor
- 10th Addition
Average or Measureof CentralTendency
An average is a value which is representative
of a set of data. Average value may also be
termed as measures of central tendency. There
are five types of averages in common.
(i)Arithmetic average or mean
(ii)Median
(iii)Mode
(iv)Geometric Mean
(v) Harmonic Mean
Arithmetic Mean
Arithmetic mean of a set of observations is
their sum divided by the number of
observations. The arithmetic mean x of n
observations , . is given by
AM=
If the number occurs times, occurs
times and so on, then
AM= =
This is known as direct method.
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Continuous…
1. Find the mean of 20, 22, 25, 28, 30.
Sol: AM= = = 25
2. Find the mean of the following :

Numbers 8 10 15 20

Frequency 5 8 8 4
Continuous…
Short cut method
Let a be the assumed mean, d the deviation of the
variate x from a. Then

= = =AM- = AM-a
AM = a+
3. Find the arithmetic mean for the following
distribution:
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 7 8 20 10 5
Continuous…
Sol: i= 20-10=10 and let a=25

Class Mid-value Frequency x –25 = d fd

x f

0-10 5 7 -20 -140

10-20 15-25 8 -10 -80
20-30 25 20 0 0
30-40 35 10 10 100
40-50 45 5 20 100
Total 50 -20

∑ƒ𝑑
AM = a+ = 24.6
∑ƒ
Continuous…
Step deviation method
Let a = assumed mean
i =the width of the class interval and
D=

AM= a+
4. Find the arithmetic mean of the data
given in example 3 by step deviation
method.
Continuous…
Sol: i= 20-10=10 and let a=25
Class Mid-value Frequency D=S−𝑎 fD
i
x

0-10 5 7 -2 -14
10-20 15 8 -1 -8
20-30 25 20 0 0
30-40 35 10 1 +10
40-50 45 5 2 +10
Total 50 -2

AM= a+ = 24.6
Median
Median is defined as the measure of the
central item when they are arranged in
ascending or descending order of magnitude.
⚫For odd number of items, say n, 3,4,5,7,9,10

Median = th item
⚫For even number of items, say n, then
median is arithmetic mean two middle items,
Median = mean of th and ( th items
Continuous…
5. Find the median of 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.
Sol:
Total number of items = 7
The middle item
Median = Value of the 4th item = 10

6. Find the median of 5, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18

Sol: Average of
and (
Median= (9+11)/2=10
Continuous…
For grouped data
Median = l+
Where,
l= lower limit of the median class
f = frequency of the class
i = width of the class-interval
C= total of all the preceeding frequencies of
the median-class
N = total frequency of the data.
Continuous…
7. Find the value of Median from the
following data

No. of days 0-5 5-10 10-1515-20 20-25 25-3030-35 35-40 40-45

for which
absent (less
than)
No. of students 29 224 465 582 634 644 650 653 655
Continuous…
Sol: The given cumulative frequency distribution will
first be converted into ordinary frequency as under
Class- Interval Cumulative frequency Ordinary frequency

0-5 29 29=29
5-10 224 224-29=195
10-15 465 465-224=241
15-20 582 117
20-25 634 52
25-30 644 10
30-35 650 6
35-40 653 3
40-45 655 655-653=2
Continuous…
here, Median = 655/2 th or 327.5th item
l = 10, N= 655, C=224, f= 241, i = 5

Median= 10 + ×5 = 12.15
Mode
Mode is defined to be the size of the
variable which occurs most frequently.
8. Find the mode of the following items :
0, 1, 6, 7, 2, 3, 7, 6, 6, 2, 6, 0, 5, 6, 0.
sol: Mode = 6
For grouped data
Mode= l + i
Continuous…
Where,
l = lower limit of the modal class,
f = frequency of the modal class,
i = width of the class,
= frequency before the modal class
= frequency after the modal class.
Continuous…
9.Find the mode from the following data:

Age Frequency

0-6 6
6-12 11
12-18 25
18-24 35
24-30 18
30-36 12
36-42 6
Continuous…
Sol:

Age Frequency Cumulative

Frequency

0-6 6 6
6-12 11 6+11=17
12-18 25 17+25=42
18-24 35 77
24-30 18 95
30-36 12 107
36-42 6 113
Continuous…
l = 18
f =35
i = 6-0=6
=25
=18

Mode = 18+ (35-25)/(70-25-18)×6=18+2.22

=20.22
Geometric mean

………
Harmonic mean
Harmonic mean of a series of values is defined as
the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of their
reciprocals.Thus if H be the harmonic mean,then
= ( + +…..+ )
X X

Example:the harmonic mean of 4,8,16 is

= ( + + )=

H=
Continuous…
10.Find the median and mode from the
following data:
Age Frequency

11-13 3
13-15 4
15-17 5
17-19 10
19-21 6
21-23 4
23-25 3
Continuous…
• For moderately asymmetrical distribution, the
emperical relationship among the arithmetic mean,
median and mode is,
Arithmetic mean—Mode = 3 (Arithmetic mean—
Median)
• For a positively skew distribution the relative
position of arithmetic mean,
median and mode is shown graphically in Fig.
• For negatively skew distribution the relative position
of mean, median arid mode will be reverse.
• For a symmetrical distribution mean, median and
mode coincide.
Practice Math
Text Book- 2.1,2.2,2.5,2.6,2.8,2.10,2.11
Next Class….
Measures of Dispersion
ThankYou….