A 66 - Types of Transformers - Part 3 - LinkedIn

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A 66 -Types of Transformers -
Part 3
Published on March 24, 2022
P Ramachandran
88 articles
Specialist, Power Transformers
In part 2 of this series, we have seen brief descriptions of various types

of transformers used in T&D and utilization areas.
A 65 -Types of Transformers - Part 2
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/66-types-transformers-part-3-p-ramachandran/?trk=pulse-article_more-articles_related-content-card 1/14
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/65-types-transformers-part-2-
p-ramachandran
We will discuss some more types of transformers in this part of the

article.
15 . Photovoltaic Solar inverter Transformers
Inverter transformers are used in solar parks for stepping up the AC

voltage output (208-690 V) from solar inverters (rating 500-2000 kVA)
to MV voltages (11-33 kV) to feed the collector transformer. These are
usually star (LV) /delta (HV) connected three phase units with DETC
on HV side and with multiple LV circuits (2 or 4) for connecting to
individual inverters- Transformer ratings up to 5 MVA are with double
LVs and up to 16 MVA are with quadruple LV circuits. LV side of
transformer will see voltage polarity reversals, pulsation and heavy
harmonic voltage/current content from the solar inverters. Usually, a
grounded electrostatic shield is provided between LV and HV windings
to filter out these harmonics reaching HV side. Mineral oil or ester is
used as insulating liquid in these transformers.
IEEE Std C57.159-2016 Guide on Transformers for Application in

Distributed Photo Voltaic (DPV) Power Generation Systems
16. Collector Transformer for Solar & Wind farms
Collector transformers are used at solar or wind power farms to pool

the output from individual solar or wind turbine transformers and to
feed to the power grid. These are two winding, three phase step-up
transformers with OLTC on HV side. The outputs from the HV side
(11-33 kV) of individual solar inverter or wind turbine transformers are

pooled and stepped by the collector transformer to the transmission line
voltages (66-400 kV). The MVA rating of these collector transformers
is limited by the transformer MV breaker rupturing capacity. At 36 kV,
maximum transformer MVA that can be handled by breaker is around
160 MVA with normal transformer impedances. So, the maximum size
of collector transformer is limited to 315 to 400 MVA with double LV
circuits at 33 kV. Maximum collector transformer rating is limited to
400 MVA, 33-33/ 400 kV ,three phase, YNyn (or YNd) connected,
three winding transformers.
CEA, India, Publication - Standard Technical Specifications of

Power Transformers for Solar Park Pooling Stations”, 2021
17. Motor Starting Transformers
Motor starting transformers are small, three phase auto-transformers

with variable output voltage taps for starting large induction motors at
reduced voltages. These are used to reduce the motor starting currents.
Since the load on these transformers is intermittent and of short
duration, high current density is used in windings keeping the
temperature rise within permissible limits of insulation. Core flux
density is kept below 1.6 T to reduce the transformer inrush current
from saturation. Sometimes air gap is provided in core to reduce the
voltage change at motor terminals. These are available in dry type or
liquid immersed types.

Connection Diagram and terminal markings of Motor Starting

Transformer
18. Booster Transformer (in USA, Series Transformer)
A transformer of which one winding is intended to be connected in

series with a circuit in order to alter its voltage and the other winding is
an energizing winding.(IEC Pub 50(421)-421-01-12).
One application of booster transformers is in electric railway catenary

feeders to collect the return current from the rail to the return
conductor. These are single phase units with 1:1 ratio and low
impedances. Primary voltage 25 kV or 15 kV with rated currents of
200-800 A. Another application is in power distribution circuits, by
using +_10 % voltage output transformers with OLTC, to maintain

constant supply end voltage.
19. HV DC Transformer (Back-to-Back & Line Transformers)
HV DC converter transformers are used in HV DC transmission

systems at sending and receiving end stations for converting voltage
from AC to DC and vice versa. It will also be required in HV DC back-
to-back stations where galvanic separation between two power grids is
achieved by AC- DC- AC voltage conversion. An OLTC with a fairly
large tapping range is provided on HV side for optimum operation.
HV DC transformers are built with two valve windings of equal power

and voltage ratings. One of the windings is connected in star and the
other in delta. With this connection arrangement the dominant
harmonics from the converter will be cancelled out. These transformers
can be built as three phase units or single-phase units depending on
transport limitations. In single phase transformer design, the two valve
windings are built on the same transformer but on different limbs of
core with 2 or 4 limbed constructions. When built as three phase
transformers, there is generally one unit with the valve winding
arranged in star connection and the other unit in delta connection.
HV DC transformer load current contains high harmonic content from

converters. The valve windings should with stand the HV DC voltages
during the polarity reversals in converters. Hence valve windings
require a different insulation build up than the system used in
conventional AC transformers.
IEC 61378-2 ed1.0 :2001/ IEC/IEEE 60076-57-129-2017/ IEEE

C57.129- 2008
20. Transformers for Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)
ESP Transformers are small high voltage rectifier transformers,

supplying power to Electrostatic Precipitators used for removing
suspended particles from flue gases from boilers in thermal power
stations These are single phase transformers with primary AC supply at
415 V. They generally form an integral part of rectifiers to provide a
DC output of 30-130 kV and 200-1600 mA for Electrostatic
Precipitators.
Section O of CBIP Manual No.317 Manual on Transformers – 2013
21. Rectifier Transformer (for Smelters)
These are MV converter transformers with very high LV currents used

for feeding power to aluminum electrolysis, copper refining, DC arc
furnaces, graphitizing furnaces, traction substations etc.
IEC 61378- Converter Transformers 1,2 &3 Parts. Part 3

Application Guide
22. Auto-Regulating (full voltage range) Transformer, feeding

Rectifier Transformer
Supply voltage to rectifier transformers used in aluminum smelters

need to be continuously varied over a large voltage rage (say 2- 115 %
of rated voltage) by using multi-coarse and fine regulating windings.
Special three phase auto-transformers are used for this purpose. A

typical application connection diagram is shown below. Several other
possible connections are given under Fig 7-13 in IEC 61378-3-2015
Converter Transformer-Application Guide. Earlier days a DETC (de-
energised tap-changer) was used for selecting the coarse taps and
OLTC was used for selecting the fine taps. Today special vacuum
OLTC (with on-load taps up to 106 taps) is available, incorporating
several coarse taps and fine taps together in an on-load tap-changer.
Auto-regulating transformers are available from 72.5 kV to 420 kV
primary voltage. Since the impedance of these transformers is very low,
usually these units are installed as integral with rectifier transformer of
smelter.
Auto-Transformer with closed phases and Multi-coarse Regulation

for 106 tap OLTC
IEC 61378-3-2015 Converter Transformers Part 3 Application

Guide- Clause 6.2.3
23. Transformers for VFD -variable frequency drives (alternate

term, VSD - variable speed drives)
These are converter transformers used in applications where a variable

speed is required on the motor shaft. VFD is a power conversion device
that converts fixed frequency AC power supply to an AC supply of
variable frequency and voltage through an AC-DC-AC converter. This
output voltage is used for driving induction motors at variable speeds.
VFD transformers are used in a wide variety of applications such as
rolling mill drives, ship propulsion system, mine hoist drives, wind
tunnel drives etc. Transformer windings are designed to suit
6,12,18,24,30,36,42,48 or 54 pulse rectifiers. There are a large number
of connections and winding arrangements to suit the voltage shifts
between windings required with such rectifiers. Even though VSD
transformers are generally small MV transformers (6 MVA 6.6-36 kV
primary and 0.4- 4 kV secondary), ratings may reach up to 100 MVA
170 kV. As with rectifier transformers, load on these converter
transformers is distorted currents with heavy harmonic content.
VFD transformers are also equipped with a tertiary winding which is

connected to a filter. Filter reduces the harmonic voltage distortion
in supply voltage, Tertiary is also used for connecting power capacitors
for power factor improvement.
24. Voltage Regulators
Voltage regulators are single phase or three phase voltage boosting

auto- transformers with OLTC. The nominal voltage is regulated by
+-10 % in steps of 16 or 32 steps by auto-connected buck-boost tap
winding arrangement. When used in MV voltages, transformer ratings
up to 8 MVA is common, but at LV voltages maximum rating is limited
to 250 kVA
25. K-rated transformers
K-rated transformers are specially designed to take care of extra losses

and heating from the harmonic content in the load. With today’s
technology, several products having power electronics (switching
power supplies, variable frequency drives) introduce non-sinusoidal
components in the load current resulting in extra eddy losses and
heating in transformers. To take care of these harmonic components,
transformers catering to such loads are to be oversized compared to
nominal rating as per rating plate. So, they will be capable to handle
100 % rated current as per fundamental frequency (50 Hz) + non-linear
harmonic content in load as specified according to K-factor. K-factor is
a weighing of the harmonic load currents according to their effects on
transformer heating, as per ANSI/IEEE C57.110-2018.
A K-Factor of 1 indicates a purely linear load with no harmonics, while

a K-factor of 40 would indicate a severely non-linear load very rich in
harmonics. The higher the K-factor rating on a transformer, the larger
the nonlinear load it is designed to handle without overheating. The
neutral of K-rated transformers is oversized for 300 % of phase line
current. Usual K-factor ratings are K-1, K-2, K-4, K-13, K-20, K-30 &
K-40. K-factor of 4 can take third harmonic content of 16 % of

fundamental rating,110 % of fifth and 7 % of 7th harmonic etc. K-9 can
take 163 % of harmonic and K-13 will handle 200 % harmonics.
IEEE C57.110-2018-Practice for establishing transformer

capability for non-sinusoidal load current -Annexure D
26. Control Transformers
Control transformers supply the required power (voltage and current) to

operate the industrial control units such as relays, solenoids, PLCs and
other control components. They isolate the control components from
power surges and lighting circuits. During inrush current conditions,
they keep the steady voltage at control element terminals.
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Published by
P Ramachandran 88 articles Following
Published • 6mo
# Types of transformers used in electric T&D and industry # Brief description with relevant
standard numbers
Like Comment Share 186 4 comments
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4 Comments
Most relevant
A

dd a comment…
K.R.M. NAIR •
2nd 6mo
Chief Operating Officer
Very useful document. A very large variety of Transformers are covered here.
I feel that few more types can be included in this scolarly contribution.
1) Isolation Transformers
2) Scott connected Transformers
3) Welding Transformers
…see more
Like · 9 Reply · 1 Reply
P Ramachandran •
1st 6mo
Item 3 already covered in part 1. Other types are covered in later parts.
Like · 2 Reply
Joshua Suiramo •
2nd 6mo
Electrical Engineer
Thanks for sharing.🙏
Like Reply
Load more comments
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10/3/22, 5:15 PM (47) A 66 -Types of Transformers - Part 3 | LinkedIn

Home My Network Jobs

All about Transformers

In part 2 of this series, we have seen brief descriptions of various types

A 65 -Types of Transformers - Part 2

We will discuss some more types of transformers in this part of the

15 . Photovoltaic Solar inverter Transformers

Inverter transformers are used in solar parks for stepping up the AC

IEEE Std C57.159-2016 Guide on Transformers for Application in

16. Collector Transformer for Solar & Wind farms

Collector transformers are used at solar or wind power farms to pool

(11-33 kV) of individual solar inverter or wind turbine transformers are

CEA, India, Publication - Standard Technical Specifications of

17. Motor Starting Transformers

Motor starting transformers are small, three phase auto-transformers

Home My Network Jobs

Connection Diagram and terminal markings of Motor Starting

18. Booster Transformer (in USA, Series Transformer)

A transformer of which one winding is intended to be connected in

One application of booster transformers is in electric railway catenary

using +_10 % voltage output transformers with OLTC, to maintain

19. HV DC Transformer (Back-to-Back & Line Transformers)

HV DC converter transformers are used in HV DC transmission

HV DC transformers are built with two valve windings of equal power

Home My Network Jobs

HV DC transformer load current contains high harmonic content from

IEC 61378-2 ed1.0 :2001/ IEC/IEEE 60076-57-129-2017/ IEEE

20. Transformers for Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)

ESP Transformers are small high voltage rectifier transformers,

Section O of CBIP Manual No.317 Manual on Transformers – 2013

21. Rectifier Transformer (for Smelters)

These are MV converter transformers with very high LV currents used

IEC 61378- Converter Transformers 1,2 &3 Parts. Part 3

22. Auto-Regulating (full voltage range) Transformer, feeding

Supply voltage to rectifier transformers used in aluminum smelters

Special three phase auto-transformers are used for this purpose. A

Auto-Transformer with closed phases and Multi-coarse Regulation

IEC 61378-3-2015 Converter Transformers Part 3 Application

23. Transformers for VFD -variable frequency drives (alternate

These are converter transformers used in applications where a variable

VFD transformers are also equipped with a tertiary winding which is

Voltage regulators are single phase or three phase voltage boosting

K-rated transformers are specially designed to take care of extra losses

A K-Factor of 1 indicates a purely linear load with no harmonics, while

K-40. K-factor of 4 can take third harmonic content of 16 % of

IEEE C57.110-2018-Practice for establishing transformer

Control transformers supply the required power (voltage and current) to

Like Comment Share 186 4 comments

2) Scott connected Transformers

Like · 9 Reply · 1 Reply

Thanks for sharing.🙏

All about Transformers

More from this newsletter

Home My Network Jobs

A72-Core Hot Spot Temperatures in

A71-FAQ from Transformer Users-

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