AE-499 Final Report

King Abdulaziz University
Faculty of Engineering
Aerospace Engineering Department
Senior Project AE-499
Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform
(Wonder Bearer)
Team Members:
Function Name KAU ID
Team Leader Abdulmajeed M. Al-Qarni 1740227
Team Member Khaled S. Al-Malki 1740196
Team Member Mohammed O. Batheeb 1742847
Team Member Abdullah S. Al-Ghamdi 1636043
Team Member Fahad T. Abdullah 1742922
Team Email: Orbitplatform2@gmail.com
Coordinator: Prof. Ali Al-Bahi
Supervisor: Prof. Wail Harasani

DESIGN OF AN AIR-LAUNCH-TO-
ORBIT PLATFORM (WONDER BEARER)
By
ABDULMAJEED M. AL-QARNI 1740227
KHALED S. AL-MALKI 1740196
MOHAMMED O. BATHEEB 1742847
ABDULLAH S. AL-GHAMDI 1636043
FAHAD T. ABDULLAH 1742922
A Senior Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of The

Requirements for The Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
In
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Supervised by:
PROF.WAIL HARASANI
Approved by:
PROF. ALI AL-BAHI
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULITY OF ENGINEERING
KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY
JEDDAH – SAUDI ARABIA
SPRING 1442 H - 2021 G
SPRING
1442 H
2021 G
KAU
DESIGN OF AN AIR-LAUNCH-TO-ORBIT
AE
PLATFORM (WONDER BEARER)

Abstract
The purpose of this project was to design an air launch to orbit a platform.
Aviation provides rapid worldwide developments every year, so it is crucial to keeping
up with these developments. Different techniques have been used to schedule the design
through this project such as work breakdown structure (WBS), linear responsibility
chart, objective tree, Gantt chart, and pairwise comparison charts (PCC). Those
techniques helped us a lot to crystalize and evaluate our objective. On the other hand,
using different techniques such as black box, transparent box, function means tree,
house of quality, morphological chart, and Pugh's method, we can select the best
alternative solution based on the objective. In this project, we investigated Dr. Jan
Roskam's approach to design the (Wonder Bearer) carrier aircraft. We dealt with the
aerospace engineering branches through this project. The processes consisted of
preliminary sizing of aircraft, sensitivity study, layout design of the fuselage, selection
of the propulsion, design of the wing, design of the empennage, landing gear design,
weight fraction, and center of gravity location. Also, we constructed the flight envelope
diagram and we moved through aerodynamic and structural analysis and simulations.
The report was divided into five main chapters: Introduction of the project, Project
schedule & management, Problem definition, Conceptual design, and Analysis of the
selected design. The model of the Wonder Bearer aircraft will be shown in the following
figure.
Figure 1: The model of Wonder Bearer aircraft.
I
Acknowledgment
First, great thanks and praise be to ALLAH for the success to complete this
project. Huge thanks to our families for their supporting and helping during the whole
project time. We would like to express the deepest appreciation to our supervisor Prof.
Wail Harasani and our coordinator Prof. Ali Al-Bahi for their support and help
throughout the project time. They have been patient with us and knowledgeable for
almost every phase of this project. Finally, special thanks to everyone from Aerospace
Engineering Department who helped us with this project, and we did not write his
name here.
II
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................... II
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... III
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. V
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................. VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... IX
SCOPE.............................................................................................................................. XI
PROJECT CHARTER ............................................................................................................ XII
PROJECT CHARTER DEFINITION ............................................................................................... XII
PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................................ XII
PROJECT DEFINITION .......................................................................................................... XII
PROJECT ORGANIZATION ..................................................................................................... XIV
PROJECT PLAN ............................................................................................................... XVIII
PROJECT CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................XXIV
NOMENCLATURE ......................................................................................................... XXVIII
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
1.1 CLIENT PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS ................................................................................................... 1
1.3 PRELIMINARY IMPACT ANALYSIS........................................................................................... 1
1.4 BENCHMARKING AND EXISTING SOLUTIONS .............................................................................. 2
1.5 MARKET ANALYSIS……. .................................................................................................... 6
1.6 REFERENCE DATA AND ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................. 7
1.7 RELATED CONTEMPORARY ISSUES ......................................................................................... 8
1.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT & SCHEDULING .............................................................. 12
2.1 WORK BREAK DOWN STRUCTURE....................................................................................... 12
2.2 LINEAR RESPONSIBILITY CHART .......................................................................................... 13
2.3 DESIGN SCHEDULE…….................................................................................................... 15
2.4 COST ESTIMATION.... .................................................................................................... 18
2.5 MONITORING AND CONTROLLING ....................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER3 PROBLEM DEFINITION........................................................................................ 20
3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................... 20
3.2 POTENTIAL CUSTOMERS ................................................................................................. 20
3.3 WORKING SCENARIOS/ MISSION PROFILE ............................................................................... 20
3.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND OBJECTIVES TREE ........................................................................... 21
3.5 ESTABLISHING METRICS FOR OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 22
3.6 TECHNICAL AND REALISTIC CONSTRAINTS .............................................................................. 23
3.7 REVISED CLIENT PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ........................................................................................ 24
4.1 IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONS AND SUB FUNCTIONS......................................................................... 24
4.2 FUNCTION - MEANS TREE ............................................................................................... 25
4.3 GENERATING ALTERNATIVES – MORPHOLOGICAL CHART ............................................................. 27
4.4 FEASIBLE DESIGN ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................ 27
4.5 QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT ...................................................................................... 29
4.6 COMPARING ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................. 30
III
4.7 SELECTING THE BEST ALTERNATIVE...................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER5 ANALYSIS OF THE SELECTED DESIGN ..................................................................... 32
5.1 MISSION SPECIFICATION AND MISSION PROFILE ........................................................................ 32
5.2 ESTIMATING MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT, EMPTY WEIGHT, FUEL WEIGHT ........................................ 33
5.3 PERFORMANCE CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 42
5.4 DESIGN OF FUSELAGE LAYOUT........................................................................................... 53
5.5 LAYOUT DESIGN OF THE PROPULSION INSTALLATION .................................................................. 58
5.6 LAYOUT DESIGN OF THE WING…. ......................................................................................... 61
5.7 DESIGN OF EMPENNAGE ................................................................................................. 71
5.8 WEIGHT FRACTIONS. ..................................................................................................... 78
5.9 CENTER OF GRAVITY LOCATION .......................................................................................... 79
5.10 DESIGN OF THE LANDING GEAR ........................................................................................ 80
5.11 FLIGHT ENVELOP (V-N DIAGRAM) ..................................................................................... 83
5.12 SIMULATION ANALYSIS.................................................................................................. 86
5.13 COMPARISON WITH STRATOLAUNCH .................................................................................. 98
CHAPTER6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................. 101
6.1 CONCLUSION. ............................................................................................................ 101
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 102
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….103
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..105
APPENDIX A TEAM INTERVIEW .............................................................................................. 105
APPENDIX B TEAM NORMS .................................................................................................. 107
APPENDIX C ENGINEERING ETHICS .......................................................................................... 114
APPENDIX D CASE STUDY .................................................................................................... 120
APPENDIX E CONTEMPORARY ISSUES ....................................................................................... 122
APPENDIX F ENGINEERING STANDARDS ..................................................................................... 126
APPENDIX G STABILITY MATLAB CODE .................................................................................... 127
APPENDIX H MEETING MINUTES............................................................................................ 129
APPENDIX I SENIOR PROJECT PROPOSAL.................................................................................... 149
APPENDIX J SENIOR PROJECT CHECKLIST ............................................................................. 151
APPENDIX K RUBRICS FOR SOS 2, 3, 4, 5, AND 7.......................................................................... 152
APPENDIX L TEAMWORK PEER ASSESSMENT ............................................................................... 158
APPENDIX M DRAWING SHEET OF WONDER BEARER ..................................................................... 164
APPENDIX N THE POSTER .................................................................................................... 165
IV
List of Figures
Figure 1: The model of Wonder Bearer carrier aircraft. ..................................................... I
Figure 2: Objectives Tree Diagram. .............................................................................. XIII
Figure 3: Structure diagram....................................................................................... XVIII
Figure 4: Stargazer launches Pegasus. .............................................................................3
Figure 5: The Scaled Composites Stratolaunch..................................................................4
Figure 6: Cosmic girl aircraft launches LauncherOne. ........................................................4
Figure 7: Visualizing of aircraft emissions. ........................................................................9
Figure 8: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). .................................................................. 12
Figure 9: MS Project Gantt chart. .................................................................................. 17
Figure 10: Objectives Tree Diagram. .............................................................................. 21
Figure 11: Black Box of the project. ............................................................................... 24
Figure 12:Transparent Box of the project. ...................................................................... 25
Figure 13: Function-Means Tree. .................................................................................. 26
Figure 14: QFD of the Project. ...................................................................................... 29
Figure 15: Mission profile. ........................................................................................... 33
Figure 16: Suggested Fuel-Fractions for several mission phases. ....................................... 35
Figure 17: Suggested Values For L/D, C_j For Several Mission Phases. ............................... 36
Figure 18: Flow chart for our design. ............................................................................. 39
Figure 19: Regression Line Constants A and B. ................................................................ 40
Figure 20: Lift coefficient table for different types of airplanes. ........................................ 43
Figure 21: Results of take-off distance sizing. ................................................................. 45
Figure 22: Landing distance sizing results plot. ............................................................... 48
Figure 23: Cruise speed sizing result plot. ...................................................................... 51
Figure 24: Design constraints plot. ................................................................................ 51
Figure 25: Statistical relationship between fuselage width and total seat width. ................ 53
Figure 26: Dimensions of the fuselage. .......................................................................... 54
Figure 27: Data used for fuselage. ................................................................................. 54
Figure 28: The approximate view of our design. ............................................................. 55
Figure 29: The simulation of the fuselage and its dimensions in ft. ................................... 55
Figure 30: The required number of exits per FAR (25). .................................................... 56
Figure 31: Definition of exits geometry. ......................................................................... 56
Figure 32: Dimensions for Lavatory, Wardrobe, and Gallery. ............................................ 57
Figure 33: Interior Design Configuration. ....................................................................... 58
Figure 34: The interior diameter of the fuselage. ............................................................ 58
Figure 35: Pratt & Whitney (PW308c) engine. ................................................................ 60
Figure 36: The top, front, side, and isometric views for our design with the engines. .......... 61
Figure 37: Wing geometric data for transport jets........................................................... 65
Figure 38: The isometric view for our designed wing. ...................................................... 71
Figure 39: The Cruciform empennage configuration........................................................ 72
Figure 40: The definition of volume coefficient quantities. .............................................. 72
Figure 41: Horizontal Tail Volume for Jet Transports. ...................................................... 73
Figure 42: Vertical Tail Volume for transport jets. ........................................................... 73
Figure 43: Design parameters for horizontal tail. ............................................................ 75
V
Figure 44: Design parameters for vertical tail. ................................................................ 76
Figure 45: The drawings of our empennage (vertical and horizontal tails). ......................... 77
Figure 46: Group weight data for Jet Transports. ............................................................ 78
Figure 47: Retractable landing gear system. ................................................................... 81
Figure 48: Single type landing gear................................................................................ 81
Figure 49: Tandem type landing gear. ........................................................................... 82
Figure 50: The landing gear location according to the tip over criteria. .............................. 82
Figure 51: The designed landing gears with their positions. ............................................. 83
Figure 52: The flight envelope (V-n diagram). ................................................................. 85
Figure 53: The coefficient of lift (Cl) Vs. (alpha) from 0 to 10 degrees. ............................... 87
Figure 54: The coefficient of drag (Cd) Vs. (alpha) from 0 to 10 degrees. ........................... 87
Figure 55: The coefficient of pressure (Cp) Vs. (alpha) from 0 to 10 degrees. ..................... 88
Figure 56: The lift over drag ratio Vs. the angle of attack from 0 to 10 degrees.................. 88
Figure 57: The lift distribution over the wingspan which is =141.1 ft. ................................ 89
Figure 58: The wing loading versus the semi-span. ......................................................... 89
Figure 59: Longitudinal Derivatives. .............................................................................. 92
Figure 60: Eigenvalues for longitudinal motion. .............................................................. 93
Figure 61: I-beam section and its dimensions. ................................................................ 94
Figure 62: The model of Spar........................................................................................ 95
Figure 63: The spar deformation from top view. ............................................................. 96
Figure 64: The spar deflection in (feet). ......................................................................... 96
Figure 65: The stress on spar by using Von-Mises method. .............................................. 97
Figure 66: The shear force diagram. .............................................................................. 97
Figure 67: The bending moment diagram. ..................................................................... 98
Figure 68:The Scaled Composite Stratolaunch. ............................................................. 100
VI
List of Tables
Table 1: Project Items Submitted .................................................................................XIV
Table2 : The customer ................................................................................................XIV
Table 3: Power- interest matrix ................................................................................... XV
Table4 : The assigned roles ......................................................................................... XV
Table5 : The Approach of the project. ........................................................................ XVIII
Table 6: Overall plan .................................................................................................. XIX
Table7 : Milestone ..................................................................................................... XXI
Table 8: Resource plan .............................................................................................. XXII
Table 9: Estimate the design fees................................................................................ XXII
Table 10: The quality plan ......................................................................................... XXIV
Table11 : The risks .................................................................................................... XXV
Table12 : The issues .................................................................................................. XXV
Table 13: The constraints .......................................................................................... XXVI
Table 14: The examples of Engineering Standards ...................................................... XXVII
Table 15: Power- interest matrix ....................................................................................1
Table 16: Comparison between the competitive products. ................................................5
Table 17: Comparison between the launchers. .................................................................6
Table 18: The examples of Engineering Standards ............................................................8
Table 19: Linear Responsibility Chart. ............................................................................ 13
Table 20: Activities Duration. ....................................................................................... 15
Table 21: Estimate the Design Fees. .............................................................................. 18
Table 22: Percent Complete Method. ............................................................................ 19
Table 23: Potential customers for the project................................................................. 20
Table 24: Realistic Constraints. ................................................................................... 23
Table 25: Morphological Chart. .................................................................................... 27
Table 26: Alternative 1 ................................................................................................ 27
Table 29: Pugh’s Method for the alternatives. ................................................................ 30
Table 30:Selected Alternative Solution .......................................................................... 31
Table 31: Mission Specification. .................................................................................... 32
Table 32: Data for Similar Aircrafts. ............................................................................... 34
Table 33: Sensitivity Summary. ..................................................................................... 42
Table 34: Data used in the equation. ............................................................................. 43
Table 35: Results of take-off distance sizing. .................................................................. 44
Table 36: Landing distance parameters. ........................................................................ 46
Table 37: Result of landing distance sizing. .................................................................... 47
Table 38: Data used in cruise speed constraints. ............................................................. 49
Table 39: Cruise speed sizing results. ............................................................................ 50
Table 40: Summary of Design Parameters. ..................................................................... 52
Table 41: Cross Section Data. ....................................................................................... 53
Table 42: Data used for fuselage. .................................................................................. 55
Table 43: Dimensions for exits. ..................................................................................... 56
VII
Table 44: Dimensions for Lavatory, Wardrobe and Gallery. .............................................. 57
Table 45: The specifications for the engine. ................................................................... 60
Table 46: Overall Wing/Fuselage Configurations. ............................................................ 62
Table 47: Wing Configuration and sweep angle. ............................................................. 62
Table 48: Wing Configuration, Thickness to chord ratio. .................................................. 63
Table 49: Airfoil data for tip and root. ........................................................................... 63
Table 50: The effect of tapper ratio. .............................................................................. 64
Table 51: The effects of the twist angle on the wing........................................................ 64
Table 52: The effects of dihedral angle types.................................................................. 65
Table 53: Morphological chart. ..................................................................................... 66
Table 54: Wing Design Alternatives. .............................................................................. 66
Table 55: Pugh's method. ............................................................................................ 67
Table 56: The overall specifications and dimensions of the wing. ..................................... 69
Table 57: The empennage configurations for our design.................................................. 74
Table 58: The characteristics of horizontal tail. ............................................................... 75
Table 59: The characteristics of vertical tail. ................................................................... 77
Table 60: Aircraft Weights for our design. ...................................................................... 78
Table 61: Component weight and Averages. .................................................................. 79
Table 62: The components weights and its locations. ...................................................... 80
Table 63: The parameters to compute the required speed for V-n diagram. ...................... 84
Table 64: Summary of the flight envelope. ..................................................................... 85
Table 65: The data used in the simulation of the airfoil. .................................................. 86
Table 66: The derivatives required for longitudinal motion. ............................................. 90
Table 67: The I beam data for the root chord. ................................................................ 94
Table 68: The I beam data for the tip chord. .................................................................. 95
Table 69: The main loads acting on the wing and their positions. ..................................... 95
Table 70: Difference between (Wonder Bearer) and Stratolaunch aircraft. ........................ 99
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Executive Summary
The aerospace engineering department at King Abdulaziz University
represented by Prof. Ali Al-Bahi and Prof. Wail Harasani has given us the acceptance
to Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform named (Wonder Bearer), so that its
mission to carry the payload, which is the spaceship and at a certain altitude, it will
release the payload, depending on mission specifications and mission profile.
Moreover, the contents of this project are divided in this report into five chapters which
are the introduction of the project, the project management and scheduling, the problem
definition, conceptual designs, and the detailed design.
In the first chapter, we introduced the project in the main eight parts of this
chapter which are: client problem statement, project stakeholders, preliminary impact
analysis, benchmarking and existing solutions, market analysis, reference data and
engineering specifications, related contemporary issues, and ethical considerations. To
achieve the project objectives and to complete the design, the problem statement was
reviewed by our instructor and he clarified the required design and its mission. Also, to
understand the client's need, we focused on the problem definition so that it has
necessary aspects of the project such as realistic constraints that has an environmental
impact, health, and safety issues. In the second chapter, we discussed the project
management and scheduling by introducing the main parts in this chapter which are the
work breakdown structure (WBS), the linear responsibility chart (LRC), estimating the
fees design, design schedule & fees, activities duration using MS project, and cost
estimation. We got many benefits after we used these techniques in demonstrating the
necessary parts of this project as well as dividing the work equally for each team
member.
Furthermore, in the third chapter which is the problem definition so that we

introduced it, then we discussed the problem statement, design attributes, objective tree,
and technical and realistic constraints. From this chapter, we got many benefits so that
the team has started brainstorming to find the best solutions for the design, starting by
searching on similar aircrafts to our design. Also, we used the engineering tools and
methods to find the best solutions as well as similar design, the tools and methods are
objective tree, pairwise comparison charts the pairwise comparison chart (PCC),
measuring objectives–metrics. In the fourth chapter, we talked about conceptual
IX
designs and it has methods such as black box, transparent box, function means tree,
house of quality, morphological chart, and Pugh’s method. The purpose of these
methods is to select the best alternative. In the fifth chapter which is the detailed design,
we designed our aircraft by taking each part of the aircraft in order. Furthermore, the
contents of this chapter are the aircraft sizing such as Take-off calculations, sensitivity,
and fuselage layout, Performance layout and propulsion system, wing layout and
empennage layout, C.G. location, landing gear, and V-n diagram, and structural and
aerodynamics simulation results.
X
Scope
The content of this report was prepared by senior Aerospace Engineering students
at King Abdulaziz University. Designing an air launch to orbit platform. We feel
confident in our work as students. However, all materials should be reviewed by
an appropriate professional before implementation.
In Scope
- The design will be based on the customer's requirements.

- Providing three alternative design options provided.
- Providing design calculations, technical drawings, and simulation.
Out Scope
Everything not specifically documented as in scope is explicitly out of scope. In

particular, the following is out of scope for this project:
- Prototype of the design.

- Manufacturing and budget.
- Maintenance after project closure.
XI
Project Charter
Project Charter Definition
A project charter is the statement of scope, objectives, and people who are participating
in a project. It begins the process of defining the roles and responsibilities of those
participants and outlines the objectives and goals of the project. The charter also
identifies the main stakeholders and defines the authority of the project manager.
Problem Statement
Design an aircraft that can be used as an air launch to orbit platform, a space shuttle
would be mounted to the aircraft then at high altitude used to be a launch to orbit. based
on a given mission specification, and mission profile, an aircraft will be designed. Then
compared to other launch mechanisms.
Project Definition
Humanity used to launch vehicles like rockets, satellites, and spacecraft in general to
orbit for a long time, are all these vehicles launched by the same procedure? Launching
to orbit has two ways, ground launch, and air launch, ground launch is the familiar way,
so what is air launching. It is a procedure to release a vehicle to orbit from a mother
aircraft after it reaches a certain altitude. In 1963 Joseph Walker who is a pilot of Nasa
reached space three times by the rocket X-15 which was hold by the aircraft B-52, In
1990 the private space launch company Orbital science has become the first company
to launch a Pegasus rocket from B-52, and air launch keeps developing by the passing
of time. Air launch has an advantage over ground launch because the dropping vehicle
will need less fuel and shielding so it will be lighter. Our project is to design an aircraft
that can be used as an air launch to orbit platform, a space shuttle would be mounted to
the aircraft then at high altitude used to be launched to orbit. based on a given mission
specification, and mission profile, an aircraft will be designed. Then compared to other
launch mechanisms.
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Vision
To Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform.
Design Objectives & Objectives Tree
Objectives are expressions of the desired attributes and behaviors that the client wants
to see in the product. The objectives tree method is an approach to transform vague
design statements into more specific customer requirements. To ensure running a
successful project the team must identify the objectives of the project. So, we can see
in the following figure the objectives tree for our project.
Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit
Platform
Safety Markting Cost Performance Enviroment
Corrsion High Using

resistance Sustainable Low Cost
altitiude recylable
material
More
Hazard Easy to Low
mission Low chemical
Identification maintance Maintinance
hours emissions
Systems
Low
Manfacture
Figure 2: Objectives Tree Diagram.
Deliverables
In this section, we will list key items that will be delivered to the client, through the
following table 1:
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Table 1: Project Items Submitted
Item Components Description

- Project charter
- Project management - The report contains all the
Project technical - Problem definition documented work which
report - Conceptual design is approved by the client
- Detailed design and the advisor.
- Engineering ethics
- Project charter
- Oral presentation of the
Project presentation presentation
project
- Final presentation
- The logbook includes all
- Proposal of the client
the work before
- Team minutes
documenting it in the final
- Technical report
Project logbook report.
- Presentation
- Team minutes for the
- Draft work
team member along the
- Checklist and rubrics
project time.
Project organization
Customer
Customer is who will use the deliverables produced from this project, and it must be
based on the requirement of the customer.
Table2 : The customer
Customer Representative
KAU Aerospace Engineering

Prof. Wail Harasani
Department
Stakeholders
The stakeholders are who have an interest of our project and can affect it, it can be
group or individuals. We will show our stakeholders in this power - level of interest
matrix.
XIV
Table 3: Power- interest matrix
Level of Interest
Power- interest matrix
Low High
Low Media - Competitor Student - Researcher
Power High Government - Advisor - Client
University
Roles
This part will show the role of each member in this project.
Table4 : The assigned roles
Assignment Assignment
Role organization Resource name
status date
Project KAU, AE
Prof. Ali Al-Bahi Assigned 30/8/2020
sponsor Department
Project KAU, AE
Prof. Wail Harasani Assigned 30/8/2020
manager Department
Prof. Ali Al-Bahi
Project Prof. Wail Harasani
KAU, AE
review Abdulmajeed Assigned 30/8/2020
Department
group Al-Qarni
Team KAU, AE Abdulmajeed
Al-Qarni Assigned 30/8/2020
leader Department
Team KAU, AE Khaled
Al-Malki Assigned 30/8/2020
member Department
Team KAU, AE Mohammed
Batheeb Assigned 30/8/2020
member Department
Team KAU, AE Abdullah
Al-Ghamdi Assigned 30/8/2020
member Department
Team KAU, AE Fahad
Abdullah Assigned 1/9/2020
member Department
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Responsibilities
This part in the project will show the responsibility of each role in the project.
Project Sponsor (Prof. Wail Harasani).

The Project Sponsor is the principal ‘owner’ of the project. Key responsibilities include:
• Defining the vision and high-level objectives for the project

• Approving the requirements, timetable, resources, and budget
• Authorising the provision of funds / resources (internal or external)
• Approving the project plan and quality plan
• Ensuring that major business risks are identified and managed.
• Approving any major changes in scope
• Receiving Project Review Group minutes and acting accordingly
• Resolving issues escalated by the Project Manager / Project Review Group
• Ensuring business / operational support arrangements are put in place.
• Ensuring the participation of a business resource (if required)
• Providing final acceptance of the solution upon project completion. ©
Project review group (Prof. Wail Harasani, Prof. Ali AL-Bahi, Abdulmajeed Al-
Qarni).
The Project Review Group may include both business and 3rd party representatives and
is put in place to ensure that the project is progressing according to plan.
Key responsibilities include:
• Assisting the Project Sponsor with the definition of the project vision and
objectives.
• Undertaking Quality Reviews prior to the completion of each project milestone.
• Ensuring that all business risks are identified and managed accordingly.
• Ensuring conformance to the standards and processes identified in the Quality Plan.
• Ensuring that all appropriate client/vendor contractual documentation is in place
prior to the initiation of the project. ©
Project Manager (Prof. Ali AL-Bahi).

The Project Manager ensures that the daily activities undertaken on the project are in
accordance with the approved project plans. The Project Manager is responsible for
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ensuring that the project produces the required deliverables on time, within budgeted
cost and at the level of quality outlined within the Quality Plan.
• Documenting the detailed Project Plan and Quality Plan
• Ensuring that all required resources are assigned to the project and clearly tasked.
• Managing assigned resources according to the defined scope of the project
• Implementing the following project processes: time / cost / quality / change / risk /
issue / procurement / communication / acceptance management.
• Monitoring and reporting on project performance (re: schedule, cost, quality, and
risk).
• Ensuring compliance with the processes and standards outlined in the Quality Plan.
• Reporting and escalating project risks and issues
• Managing project interdependencies
• Adjusting the detailed plan as necessary to provide a complete picture of the
progress of the project at any time.
Project Team Member (Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni, Khaled Al-Malki, Mohammed

Batheeb, Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, Fahad Abdullah).
A Project Team member undertakes all tasks necessary to design, build and implement
the final solution.
• Undertaking all tasks allocated by the Project Manager (as per the Project Plan).
• Reporting progress of the execution of tasks to the Project Manager on a frequent
basis.
• Maintaining all documentation relating to the execution of allocated tasks.
• Escalating risks and issues to be resolved by the Project Manager. ©
Structure
This part shows the reporting lines between the key roles of this project. The Work
Breakdown Structure is a deliverable-oriented breakdown of a project into smaller
components. A work breakdown structure is a key project deliverable that organizes
the team's work into manageable sections as shown in the following figure.
XVII
project sponsor
Prof. Ali Al-Bahi

project review
group
Prof.Ali Al-Bahi
Prof. Wail Harsanni
Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni
project
manager
Prof. Wail
Harasani
Team leader
Abdulmajeed
Al-Qarni
project team project team project team project team

member member member member
Khaled Al-Malki Mohammad Batheeb Abdullah Al-Ghamdi Fahad Abdullah
Figure 3: Structure diagram.
Project Plan
Approach
For our project we have four phases (initiation, planning, execution, closure) in this
part we will show the approach for each phase.
Table5 : The Approach of the project.
Phase Approach
Gathering information of the customer and review the requirements

Initiation
of the customer.
Weekly meetings to discuss the progress, planning the project and

Planning
dividing it into major and sub tasks.
XVIII
Clarify the design objectives and Start the design calculations and
using some designing approaches like, Pugh’s method, and functions
Execution
means tree, etc. and using the analysis required to test the project
like, stability and control analysis aerodynamics analysis, etc.
Closure Final presentation and report.
Overall Plan
In this step we will construct a table illustrating all the tasks assigned to us and including
start date of each task as well as the end date of it.
Table 6: Overall plan
Task Name Duration Start Finish
1. The whole project 169 days Fri 03/09/20 Tue 28/04/21
Problem definition 9 days Thu 03/09/20 Tue 15/09/20
1.1.1- Define objectives. 4 days Thu 03/09/20 Tue 08/09/20
1.1.2- Identify constraints. 3 days Wed 09/09/20 Fri 11/09/20
1.1.3- Revise client problem 2 days Mon 14/09/20 Tue 15/09/20

statement.
Project scoping 18 days Wed 16/09/20 Fri 09/10/20
1.2.1- Stakeholders. 4 days Wed 16/09/20 Mon 21/09/20
1.2.2- Impact analysis. 3 days Tue 22/09/20 Thu 24/09/20
1.2.3- Benchmarking. 3 days Fri 25/09/20 Tue 29/09/20
1.2.4- Market analysis. 6 days Wed 30/09/20 Wed 07/10/20
1.2.5- Related reference data 2 days Thu 08/10/20 Fri 09/10/20
Project management 7 days Mon 12/10/20 Tue 20/10/20
XIX
1.3.1- Development of 3 days Mon 12/10/20 Wed 14/10/20
project time and cost plan.
1.3.2- Weekly meeting. 1 day Thu 15/10/20 Thu 15/10/20
1.3.3- Monitor project. 3 days Fri 16/10/20 Tue 20/10/20
Conceptual design 25 days Wed 21/10/20 Tue 24/11/20
1.4.1- Establish function. 5 days Wed 21/10/20 Tue 27/10/20
1.4.2- Establish 5 days Wed 28/10/20 Tue 03/11/20

requirements.
1.4.3- Establish means for 5 days Wed 04/11/20 Tue 10/11/20

functions.
1.4.4- Generate design 5 days Wed 11/11/20 Tue 17/11/20

alternatives.
1.4.5- Select the best 5 days Wed 18/11/20 Tue 24/11/20

alternative (Pugh method).
Preliminary design 30 days Wed 25/11/20 Tue 05/01/21
1.5.1- Design methodology. 5 days Wed 25/11/20 Tue 01/12/20
1.5.2- Material Selection 10 days Wed 02/12/20 Tue 15/12/20
1.5.3- Weight and balance. 5 days Wed 16/12/20 Tue 22/12/20
1.5.4- Test and evaluate the 10 days Wed 23/12/20 Tue 05/01/21
chosen design.
Detailed design 60 days Wed 06/01/21 Tue 30/03/21
1.6.1- Performance and 22 days Wed 06/01/21 Thu 04/02/21

stability calculations.
1.6.2- Aerodynamics 19 days Fri 05/02/21 Wed 03/03/21

calculations.
1.6.3- Structure analysis. 19 days Thu 04/03/21 Tue 30/03/21
Simulation (programs) 10 days Wed 31/03/21 Tue 13/04/21
XX
1.7.1- Solid Works 7 days Wed 31/03/21 Thu 08/04/21
1.7.2- XFLR 5 3 days Fri 09/04/21 Tue 13/04/21
Design documentation 11 days Tue 13/04/21 Mon 26/04/21
1.8.1- Draft of final report 3 days Tue 13/04/21 Thu 15/04/21

and presentation.
1.8.2- Review with the 1 day Fri 16/04/21 Fri 16/04/21

client.
1.8.3- Finalize report and 4 days Mon 19/04/21 Thu 22/04/21

presentation.
1.8.4- Seeking approval 2 days Sun 25/04/21 Mon 26/04/21
Project closure 3 days Mon 26/04/21 Wed 28/04/21
Milestone
A significant and important event for the project is called a milestone in this table we
will show the milestone of this project and its date and why it is important.
Table7 : Milestone
Milestone Date Description
Project charter The date to submit the project

1/28/21
submission charter to the coordinator.
Mission profile The real start for designing the

1/24/21
submission project.
Final presentation 5/6/21 The date of the final presentation.
Final report 5/6/21 The date of the final report.
XXI
Resource plan
This table shows the effort and duration of each role of during the time of the project.
Table 8: Resource plan
Role Start date End date Effort %
Team members 9/3/20 23/4/21 60%
Project sponsor 9/3/20 23/4/21 20%
Project manager 9/3/20 23/4/21 20%
Financial Plan
In this step we will construct a table illustrating all the activities and estimated cost for
each activity and total cost for implementing the project.
Table 9: Estimate the design fees
Activity Estimate Cost ($)
1. Problem Definition -
1.1. Client's Problem Statement 5
1.2. Objectives Tree 5
1.3. PCC 5
2. Project Management -
2.1 Team Meeting 0
2.2. Meeting with Adviser 5
2.3. Team's Design Activities 10
3. Project Scoping -
3.1. Literature Review 10
3.2. Marketing 100
3.3. Stake Holder 10
XXII
4. Conceptual Design -
4.1. Select a method for getting high efficiency for the 15

vehicle at higher altitudes
4.2. Generate Design Alternative 5
4.3. Frequency of Run Time 5
5. Preliminary Design -
5.1. Model & Analyze Chosen Design 15
5.2. Test & Evaluate the Chosen Design 100
6. Detailed Design -
6.1. Refine & Optimize Chosen Design 10
6.2. Assign & Fix Design Details 100
7. Design Documentation -
7.1. Draft Final Reports 15
7.2. Review with the Client 0
7.3. Finalize Reports 50
7.4. Team Minutes 15
8. Simulation (CFD) -
8.1. Ansys 20
Total 500 SAR
Quality plan
Working based on a quality plan will ensure the success of the project, this table shows
each process of the quality plan and its description.
XXIII
Table 10: The quality plan
Process Description
Hand calculations, drawing and computer

Quality management
simulation of the project
Change management Designing will be able for development changes
The team will try to predict all the risks and be

Risk management
aware of it and do mitigation actions for it
The team will be aware of the issues they may

Issue management face and find a solution as soon as the issue
appears
After finishing each step of the project the

Acceptance management sponsor will have a look on it so this will
increase the chances of acceptance
The financial process will be a responsibility of

Financial management one of the team members and it will be
documented.
A weekly report will be submitted to the advisor

Project reporting
of the group
Member of the team, the sponsor, and the

advisor will communicate continuously through
Project communication several ways like online meetings, phones e-
mail messages, and gathering of the members of
the team until the project is done
Project considerations
Risks
This table will show the risks that may affect our project.
XXIV
Table11 : The risks
Description Likelihood Impact Mitigating action
Lack of experience in Looking for resources and asking

Medium Medium
designing an aircraft help of the project advisor.
Unnoticeable mistake Make sure the review group to look

medium high
in the design over each task after it finished.
Issues
In this part we will show the highest priority issues associated with the project.
Table12 : The issues
Description Priority Resolution action
Gathering information of the competitor and

High level competitors Medium
develop a different competitive design
The high cost of presenting the project to investors companies

low
building the project of aircraft manufacturing.
Assumptions
These are some of the assumptions that we assume in the design:
• Launching altitude.
• Finishing the project on the duration of the project.
• The cost of the project will not be hard to afford and low.
• Weight of the launch aircraft.
• Available resources on the internet and books.
• Support from the aeronautical engineering department.
Constraints
These are the constraints of our project and some of it are also requirement of the
customer.
XXV
Table 13: The constraints
Constraint Description
The components used in the project are easy to

Manufacturability
manufacture and available in market as well.
The budget for the project must not exceed 500

Economic SAR, and its low budget compared to other air
launches.
The project does not have any ethical constraints
Ethical
that can be conduct with project.
Safety OSHA and safety regulation must be followed.
Controlling the emissions that have a negative

Environmental
influence on the environment.
The project makes a good contribution in the
Social
aerospace engineering field.
Political The project has no political issues since it is

doesn’t have that type of constraints totally.
Engine Airbreathing engine
Duration Until the end of the semester
Engineering Standards
Every engineering product or design must follow Standards in design and

manufacturing the product, to meet the customer need globally. These standards contain
characteristics of a product, process, or services, such as dimensions and safety aspects.
The engineering standard is a norm or requirement. It is usually a formal document that
establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes, and practices.
The documents prepared by a professional group or committee which are believed to
be good and proper engineering practices, and which contain mandatory requirement.
In our design, we used the engineering standards that meet the goals of the project. We
can see the examples of the standards in the following table.
XXVI
Table 14: The examples of Engineering Standards
Acronyms Organization Acronyms Organization
American Institute of
Society of Automotive
SAE AIAA Aeronautics and
Engineers
Astronautics
International Organization for American Society for

ISO ASM
Standardization Metals International
National Advisory Committee American Society for

NACA ASME
for Aeronautics Mechanical Engineers
British Standards
BAC Boeing Aircraft Company BS
Institution
American National Standards American Society for

ANSI ASTM
Institute Testing and Materials
International
International Organization of Commission on Rules
OMIL CEE
Legal Metrology for the Approval of
Electrical Equipment
European Committee
ASAC Asian Standards Advisory CEN
for Standardization
XXVII
Nomenclature
Symbol Definition Unit
𝑊𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑤 Weight of the crew lbs

𝑊𝐸 Empty weight lbs
𝑊𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 Tentative empty weight lbs
𝑊𝐹 Mission fuel weight lbs

𝑊𝐿 Landing weight lbs
𝑊𝑂𝐸 Operating empty weight lbs
𝑊𝑃𝐿 Payload weight lbs
𝑊𝑡𝑜 Take-off weight lbs
𝑅 Range lbs/n.m
𝑅𝑐𝑟 Range cruise lbs/n.m
Specific Fuel
S.F.C lbs/lbs/lbs/hr
Consumption
𝑆𝑇𝑂𝐹𝐿 Take-off distance Ft
𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡 Wetted area ft2
T Thrust lbs
t/c Thickness ratio -
Thrust to weight ratio at
(𝑇/𝑊)𝑡𝑜 -
take-off
V Velocity kts
𝑉𝑤𝑓 Wing fuel volume ft3
𝑉𝐴 Approach speed kts
𝑉𝑐𝑟 Velocity cruise kts
𝑉𝑆𝐿 Stall speed kts
𝑀𝐹𝐹 Mission fuel fraction -
XXVIII
Reserve mission fuel
𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 -
fraction
Trapped fuel and oil -
𝑀𝑡𝑓𝑜
fraction
Maximum lift
𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑡𝑜 -
coefficient take-off
Maximum lift
𝐶𝐿max/L -
coefficient landing
(𝐿/𝐷) 𝑐𝑟 Lift-drag ratio cruise -
(𝑇/𝑊) Thrust loading -
(𝑊/𝑠) Wing loading lbs/ft
A Aspect ratio -
B Regression line constant -
C Fuel fraction parameter -
c Wing chord ft
𝐶𝐷 Drag coefficient -
𝐶𝐷𝑜 Zero drag coefficient -
Aerodynamic drag
𝐶𝐷𝑗 -
coefficient
XXIX
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Client Problem Statement
would be mounted to the aircraft then at high altitude used to be launch to orbit. based
1.2 Project Stakeholders

The stakeholders will be defined and what is their classification in our project, where
the stakeholders are known as the stakeholders are individuals or companies who
participate directly in the project or their interests may be affected positively or
negatively through its success or completion. Of course, in this project, the most
important stakeholder is our supervisor Prof. Wail Harasani. Also, other parties or
individuals will be included as internal, external, or secondary players, as commercial
actors, and they will be classified in our project through the Power- interest matrix.
Table 15: Power- interest matrix
Level of Interest
Power- interest matrix
Low High
Low Media - Competitor Student - Researcher
Power High Government - Advisor - Client
University
1.3 Preliminary Impact Analysis

1.3.1 Economic impact
There are many industrial and economic advantages to this economic vehicle, the most
important of which is that it can be reused, meaning that, unlike other space missiles
that are used for launching satellites or for the purpose of research and scientific
discoveries, as the missiles are destroyed after their use, unlike this vehicle, and this is
the most important economic advantage, and thus the producing company provides
1
Great fortune in manufacturing these missiles using and manufacturing these aircraft.
Secondly, it can be used in the future for recreational trips and for research and scientific
exploration.
1.3.2 Environmental impact and safety
Firstly, the environmental impact, unlike the operation of the missile mechanism, this
aircraft is unique in that it uses aviation fuel and its mechanism to fly until it reaches a
height of 50 thousand feet and then detaches from the mother ship and accelerates to
the speed of sound within approximately 8 seconds after separation from the mother
ship, and thus there are no leak Gases during takeoff, such as the rocket takeoff.
Secondly, safety, this aircraft was equipped during the test flights to be relatively like
the aircraft of the current generation and thus considered almost safer than missiles.
1.3.3 Political impact
The political impact of our project might become using the air-launch in the wrong way
such as terrorism and detonation.
1.3.4 Social impact
For the air-launch project, the social impact is about the new job opportunity because
it is a new project in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also, the social impact is related to
the researchers and students who should learn more about air-launch.
1.4 Benchmarking and Existing Solutions

Benchmarking is a method of comparing the performance of the products to the
products of the competitors especially those known as "best in class." The purpose of
benchmarking is to recognize opportunities for enhancement. we are going to process
this method in the following steps:
Step one:
We will present some of the special performance of our products.
- The altitude to release the launcher is 50,000 feet.

- The speed of the aircraft carrier before the launch of the launcher is 0.85
Mach No.
- The endurance of the aircraft carrier is more than 12 hours.
2
- The launcher mass will approximately 30,000 lbs.
Step two:
In this step, we will compare three of our competitor's products by presenting their
necessary specifications, and then compare them.
1- Stargazer
The Stargazer is a Lockheed L-1011 that was modified in 1994 to be used by Orbital
Sciences and it is owned by the Northrop Grumman company as an aircraft carrier
launchpad for the Pegasus launch vehicle. As of October 2019, this aircraft launched
44 rockets (containing 95 satellites) from it, using the Pegasus-XL configuration.[1]
Figure 4: Stargazer launches Pegasus.
2- The scaled composites Stratolaunch
The Scaled Composites Model 351 Stratolaunch is an aircraft built for Stratolaunch
Systems by Scaled Composites company to carry rockets such as Pegasus; these rockets
can launch to the orbit. The feature that distinguishes the aircraft that it is a twin-
fuselage design, and the longest wingspan flew, at 117 m. [2]
3
Figure 5: The Scaled Composites Stratolaunch.
3- Cosmic Girl (aircraft):
Cosmic Girl it is Boeing 747-400 aircraft. It was modified to be an aircraft carrier that
can carry air-to-orbit rockets such as launcherOne, it is operated by Virgin Atlantic. In
2017, the aircraft was tested to transfer the orbital launch subsidiary, and it attempted
its first launch on 25 May 2020.[3]
Figure 6: Cosmic girl aircraft launches LauncherOne.
4
Table 16: Comparison between the competitive products.
Aircraft Wingspan Release Cruise Launcher Launcher Launcher

carrier of the altitude Speed Height mass
carrier (ft) (Km/h) (m) (Kg)
(m)
Stargazer 47.35 40,000 890 Pegasus XL 17,6 23,500
Scaled 117 40,000 304.2 Pegasus 16.9 18,500

composites
Stratolaunch
Cosmic Girl 64.44 35,000 933 LauncherOne 21.3 30,000
Boeing 747-
400
Step three:
In this step, we will present the other competitor's products. So, as we choose the Scaled
composites Stratolaunch aircraft from Scaled Composites company to be our
competitor, we will present the other products of this company:
1- White Knight Two.
2- Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer.
3- Scaled Composites Model 281 Proteus.
4- Scaled Composites Pond Racer.
5- Scaled Composites Model 367 Bipod.
6- Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk.
Step four:
In this step, we will tear down our competitor's products by presenting our design
specifications that are distinguishing our product from the other products. As we see in
the comparison table, our product release altitude will be higher than the competitor's
products, it will be 50,000 ft which will be higher than them, that distance will make
our product can save more fuel and it will be a positive impact to the environment. As
well as the launcher mass of our designed aircraft carrier will be approximately 30,000
lbs, which also distinguishes our product from the competitor's products.
5
Step five:
In this step, we will compare the three competitor's products in what the customer will
satisfy by establishing some of the data that the customer asks for in the market. As we
take an overview of the market, we notice that the customer focusing on the launcher,
so that we collect the data about the launcher to compare.
Table 17: Comparison between the launchers.
Payload to the
Launcher Cost per launch No. Of stages
Launcher (Kg)
Pegasus XL [4] $40 Million 4 443
Pegasus [5] $40 Million 3 443
LauncherOne [6] $12 Million 2 400
As we see in the above table, we notice that Pegasus and Pegasus XL have pros that
can carry a heavier payload. On the other hand, we can see that LauncherOne less
expensive which is a positive impact financially.
1.5 Market Analysis

1.5.1 Market Position
In our country, there is a great interest in the field of aviation in general and there is a
special interest in engineering designs and innovations in this field. However, there is
still no air-launch design in Saudi Arabia, so it is possible that we will be the first
engineers who will design an air-launch in Saudi Arabia. In the rest of the world, there
are companies interested in this field since the 1960s and 1970s, such as Orbital ATK
from NASA, AirLaunch LLC, and Virgin Orbit. So the market position of our project
will be the market follower which means follows the lead of the market leader – pricing,
product development, etc.
1.5.2 Market Objectives
Marketing objectives are defined as goals and targets to be achieved through a project's
marketing activities. These goals should be clearly defined and able to reach. Here some
of our objectives:
6
- Convincing the community of the possibility of designing stuff no matter how
difficult. (Introduce Innovations).
- Maximizing the revenue can be achieved by minimizing the manufacturing cost.
(Maximize Revenue).
1.5.3 Market structure
Market Monopoly because our product is the only one that exists in Saudi Arabia.
1.5.4 Market Segment
Our project will target companies and institutions that have a desire to launch a space
shuttle or satellite into space.
1.6 Reference Data and Engineering Specifications

Legal Issues in KSA
Engineers are part of the society responsible for development in our life so that one of
their duties is to follow the law and respecting intellectual property. That respecting of
intellectual property including copyrights, trademark, and patent. Stealing design or
copying product without permission from the owners is illegal it is considered a crime.
Following the code of ethics and the law will be preventing illegal issues. Here in Saudi
Arabia, we have Islam which affects Muslim engineer behavior to work more ethically
and without cheating and stealing. Every engineer must have knowledge of the law.
Therefore, for our project, there are no legal issues that prevent or limit our project
unless it will be used illegally or cause harm to anyone.
Engineering Standards

7
can see the examples of the standards in the following table.
Table 18: The examples of Engineering Standards
Acronyms Organization Acronyms Organization
American Institute of
Society of Automotive
SAE AIAA Aeronautics and
Engineers
Astronautics
International Organization for American Society for

ISO ASM
Standardization Metals International
National Advisory Committee American Society for

NACA ASME
for Aeronautics Mechanical Engineers
British Standards
BAC Boeing Aircraft Company BS
Institution
American National Standards American Society for

ANSI ASTM
Institute Testing and Materials
International
International Organization of Commission on Rules
OMIL CEE
Legal Metrology for the Approval of
Electrical Equipment
European Committee
ASAC Asian Standards Advisory CEN
for Standardization
1.7 Related Contemporary Issues

The contemporary issues are modern events or problems that may affect the
engineering discipline or are affected by the engineering field. The contemporary
issues could be environmental, social, economic, technical, non-technical, or political.
As engineers, we have to overcome the negative impacts of contemporary issues and
control those issues in our projects to ensure the quality of life in the whole world.
8
1.7.1 Lack in manufacturing due to Coronavirus:
Nowadays, coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) becomes a real obstacle to several
aspects, here we will talk especially in manufactures, so that the aircrafts require large
number of labors when it will be manufactured. Coronavirus will affect in closing the
manufactures to limit the spread of this disease, there are many of the manufactures lay
off their employees from work, many companies declared bankrupt. On the other hand,
there are many manufactures said that it has followed safety protocols at its facilities,
by minimizing the working hours and the number of labors. [7]
1.7.2 Air pollution:

The air pollution is considered one of the most common contemporary issues that have
relation of using aircrafts, and especially the type of aircrafts that carries a payload. The
engines of the aircrafts generally combust fuel efficiently, and jet exhausts have very
low smoke emissions. The main pollutant is nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen dioxide
is formed by nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from surface traffic, aircraft and airport
operations. Nitrogen oxides from high-altitude supersonic aircraft are thought could
damage the stratospheric ozone layer, which is the protective layer that filters out
harmful radiation from the sun. [8]
Figure 7: Visualizing of aircraft emissions.
9
1.7.3 Global warming:
The global warming is considered one of the most common contemporary issues, the
global warming is defined as unusual rapid increasing in Earth’s average surface
temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by
people burning fossil fuels [9]. The greenhouse gas emissions from the aviation sector
considered as a major contributor to global warming. Around 2.4% of CO2 emissions
come from aviation globally. With other gases and the water vapour trails produced by
aircraft, the industry is responsible for around 5% of global warming. [10]
1.7.4 Large wingspan:

The wingspan of our aircraft is large because it is carrying the payload (which is the
spaceship most of the time), so that the aircraft will be heavier. Furthermore, large
wingspan will impact a negative impact aerodynamically, which will create more drag.
Also, it will minimize the aircraft lift as well. [11]
1.7.5 Number of engines:

Our aircraft requires high thrust to lunch it that is because it is carrying the payload
(spaceship), as well as it should fly at higher altitude to lunch the spaceship. In addition,
our aircraft has four engines, 450 Kg for each engine [12], which will increase the
weight of the aircraft so that it is not desirable for the designers.
We choose the Lack of manufacturing due to the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-

19) as a contemporary issue to dive into it more. We choose it because it has affected
many aspects around the world, economically, environmentally, and socially. In
addition, Coronavirus has huge effects on manufacturing which is a negative impact
actually that causes the manufactures to lose millions of dollars due to the quarantine
earlier and now the smaller number of laborers. Moreover, it affects the manufacturing
of our aircraft economically, such as the struggling of how to transport the aircraft
materials to manufacture it, so that the manufacturing will be less due to the flights'
ban. All of these will limit the manufacturing of our aircraft as well as the flight test
program. [13]
10
1.8 Ethical Considerations
It is a field of applied ethics and a system of moral principles that apply to the practice
of engineering. Engineering ethics examine and set the obligations by engineers to their
society, clients, and the profession of engineering. As a scholarly discipline, it is also
related to subjects such as the philosophy of science, philosophy of engineering, and
technology ethics. Here some of the ethics codes:
• Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, must carefully

consider the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
• Engineers may perform services outside of their areas of competence if they
inform their employers or clients.
• Engineers may issue subjective and partial statements if such statements are in
writing and consistent with the best interests of their employers, clients, or the
public.
• Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
• Engineers shall not be required to engage in truthful acts when required to
protect public health, safety, and welfare.
11
CHAPTER2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT &
SCHEDULING
2.1 Work Break Down Structure
The effective method used in project management and systems engineering to arrange
the project's activities and tasks is the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), as it is
breakdown the assigned duties, activities, and tasks into smaller components. The
(WBS) is like a structural plan to clarify the way that we can achieve our goal of this
project with ease, so we can say it is the key project that organizes the work of the team
into manageable components. The following figure is the (WBS) of our project which
is Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform.
Figure 8: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
12
2.2 Linear Responsibility Chart
A linear responsibility chart (LRC) is a useful technique to aid in project monitoring.
So, in this part of the project, we are going to find out the responsibilities assigned to
each team member and the assistant as secondary cheeker for each task to make sure
the work is done correctly.
Table 19: Linear Responsibility Chart.
Tasks M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Prof. Prof.

Wail Ali
1- The whole project
1.1- Problem definition R C R A R I C
1.1.1- Define objectives. R R C A A I C
1.1.2- Identify constraints. A C A A R I C
1.2- Project scoping
1.2.1- Stakeholders. R A R A C I I
1.2.2- Impact analysis. C A R R A I I
1.2.3- Benchmarking. R R A C R C I
1.2.4- Market analysis. C R A R R I C
1.2.5- Related reference data. A R C R A C C
1.3- Project management
1.3.1- Project time and cost plan. R C R C A I C
1.3.2- Weekly meeting. C R R A R C R
1.3.3- Monitor project. A C C R C A R
1.4- Conceptual design
1.4.1- Establish function. A C I R R A C
1.4.2- Establish requirements. R R A C I I C
1.4.3- Establish means-functions. R C R I A C C
13
1.4.4- Morphological chart I A R R C A C
1.4.5- Pugh method C R R A C I C
1.5- Preliminary design
1.5.1- Design methodology. R R A C R C C
1.5.2- Material Selection R C R A I I C
1.5.3- Weight and balance. A R C A R C C
1.5.4- Evaluate the chosen design. R C A R I A C
1.6- Detailed design
1.6.1- Performance calculations. R R R A A I C
1.6.2- Aerodynamics calculations. R R R A C C I
1.6.3- Structure analysis. R A C R C A C
1.7- Simulation (programs)
1.7.1- Ansys APDL R C A A A A I
1.7.2- XFLR 5 C R R A I I C
1.8- Design documentation
1.8.1- Report and presentation. R C A I A C I
1.8.2- Review with the client. R R C R I I I
1.9- Project Closure R R R A A I I
M1: Abdulmajeed M2: Khaled M3: Mohammed M4: Abdullah M5: Fahad
R: Responsible A: Accountable C: Consult I: Inform
14
2.3 Design Schedule
In this part, we will construct a table illustrating all the tasks assigned to us and
including the start date of each task as well as the end date of it.
Table 20: Activities Duration.
Task Name Duration Start Finish
1. The whole project 169 days Fri 03/09/20 Tue 28/04/21
Problem definition 9 days Thu 03/09/20 Tue 15/09/20
1.1.1- Define objectives. 4 days Thu 03/09/20 Tue 08/09/20
1.1.2- Identify constraints. 3 days Wed 09/09/20 Fri 11/09/20
1.1.3- Revise problem statement 2 days Mon 14/09/20 Tue 15/09/20
Project scoping 18 days Wed 16/09/20 Fri 09/10/20
1.2.1- Stakeholders. 4 days Wed 16/09/20 Mon 21/09/20
1.2.2- Impact analysis. 3 days Tue 22/09/20 Thu 24/09/20
1.2.3- Benchmarking. 3 days Fri 25/09/20 Tue 29/09/20
1.2.4- Market analysis. 6 days Wed 30/09/20 Wed 07/10/20
1.2.5- Related reference data 2 days Thu 08/10/20 Fri 09/10/20
Project management 7 days Mon 12/10/20 Tue 20/10/20
1.3.1- Development of project 3 days Mon 12/10/20 Wed 14/10/20

time and cost plan.
1.3.2- Weekly meeting. 1 day Thu 15/10/20 Thu 15/10/20
1.3.3- Monitor project. 3 days Fri 16/10/20 Tue 20/10/20
Conceptual design 25 days Wed 21/10/20 Tue 24/11/20
1.4.1- Establish function. 5 days Wed 21/10/20 Tue 27/10/20
1.4.2- Establish requirements. 5 days Wed 28/10/20 Tue 03/11/20
15
1.4.3- Establish mean-functions. 5 days Wed 04/11/20 Tue 10/11/20
1.4.4- Generate alternatives. 5 days Wed 11/11/20 Tue 17/11/20
1.4.5- Select the best alternative 5 days Wed 18/11/20 Tue 24/11/20
Preliminary design 30 days Wed 25/11/20 Tue 05/01/21
1.5.1- Design methodology. 5 days Wed 25/11/20 Tue 01/12/20
1.5.2- Material Selection 10 days Wed 02/12/20 Tue 15/12/20
1.5.3- Weight and balance. 5 days Wed 16/12/20 Tue 22/12/20
1.5.4- Evaluate chosen design. 10 days Wed 23/12/20 Tue 05/01/21
Detailed design 60 days Wed 06/01/21 Tue 30/03/21
1.6.1- Performance calculations. 22 days Wed 06/01/21 Thu 04/02/21
1.6.2- Aerodynamics calculations. 19 days Fri 05/02/21 Wed 03/03/21
1.6.3- Structure analysis. 19 days Thu 04/03/21 Tue 30/03/21
Simulation (programs) 10 days Wed 31/03/21 Tue 13/04/21
1.7.1- Ansys 7 days Wed 31/03/21 Thu 08/04/21
1.7.2- XFLR 5 3 days Fri 09/04/21 Tue 13/04/21
Design documentation 11 days Tue 13/04/21 Mon 26/04/21
1.8.1- Final report & presentation. 3 days Tue 13/04/21 Thu 15/04/21
1.8.2- Review with the client. 1 day Fri 16/04/21 Fri 16/04/21
1.8.3- Finalize report and 4 days Mon 19/04/21 Thu 22/04/21

presentation.
1.8.4- Seeking approval 2 days Sun 25/04/21 Mon 26/04/21
Project closure 3 days Mon 26/04/21 Wed 28/04/21
16
Figure 9: MS Project Gantt chart.
17
2.4 Cost Estimation
In this part, we will construct a table illustrating all the activities, and estimated cost
for each activity, and the total cost for implementing the project.
Table 21: Estimate the Design Fees.
Activity Estimate Cost ($)
1. Problem Definition -
1.1. Client's Problem Statement 5
1.2. Objectives Tree 5
1.3. PCC 5
2. Project Management -
2.1 Team Meeting 0
2.2. Meeting with Adviser 5
2.3. Team's Design Activities 10
3. Project Scoping -
3.1. Literature Review 10
3.2. Marketing 100
3.3. Stake Holder 10
4. Conceptual Design -
4.1. Select a method for getting high efficiency for the 15

vehicle at higher altitudes
4.2. Generate Design Alternative 5
4.3. Frequency of Run Time 5
5. Preliminary Design -
5.1. Analyze Chosen Design 15
5.2. Test & Evaluate the Chosen Design 100
18
6. Detailed Design -
6.1. Refine & Optimize Chosen Design 10
6.2. Assign & Fix Design Details 20
7. Design Documentation -
7.1. Draft Final Reports 15
7.2. Review with the Client 0
7.3. Finalize Reports 50
7.4. Team Minutes 15
8. Simulation (Ansys) -
8.1. Ansys 100
Total 500 SAR
2.5 Monitoring and Controlling

Monitoring and controlling are important in any project because it helps the project to
be on the right track. Monitoring and controlling will enhance the performance of the
project and this will help to meet the deadline of the project.
Table 22: Percent Complete Method.
Task Priority Status Start date End date Progress
Conceptual Design Medium Done 17/1/2021 24/1/2021 100%
Technical Design High Done 25/1/2021 31/3/2021 100%
Simulation High Done 1/4/2021 10/4/2021 100%
Report High Done 11/4/2021 1/5/2021 40%
Presentation High Done 18/4/2021 25/4/2021 10%
19
CHAPTER3 PROBLEM DEFINITION
3.1 Problem Statement
would be mounted to the aircraft then at high altitude used to be a launch to orbit. based
3.2 Potential Customers

The potential customers of the project are mainly the air-launch companies such as
SpaceX, Orbital, and Northrop Grumman. In addition, the Department of Aerospace
Engineering at King Abdulaziz University (KAU).
Table 23: Potential customers for the project.
Customers Representative
Air-Launch Companies Their Chief Executive Officers
Aerospace Engineering at KAU Prof. Ali Al-Bahi, Prof. Wail Harasani
3.3 Working scenarios/ mission profile

Working Scenarios
Our project is about air launching vehicles to orbit, the steps of the project starting with
the client project statement then determined the stakeholders of the project. Doing the
market analysis and select the engineering standards. After that going to project
management and scheduling by using some techniques such as the work breakdown
structure (WBS) and the linear responsibility chart (LRC). Then, defining the problem
after that starts in conceptual design. finally doing the detailed calculations for the
selected solution. All the steps of the project were explained to the team members
perfectly so the problems and the difficulties that will face the team members will be
easy to handle.
20
Mission Profile
We will discuss all stages of the project together and try to put our plan and some
contingency plans for emergencies. Also, we identified all ways that help us achieve
our goals. We will use every technique or tool that is available in our hands.
Furthermore, we will use the most efficient way to manage our time from the start to
the end and. We will not underestimate the enforcement of all roles that were mentioned
in the team norms assignment. Also, to become more professional, we will put a map
for all goals in each task with every way to complete it. It is important after finishing
any task to check it with the supervisor in a meeting to make sure we are on the right
track. As well, to ensure continued progress, we will specify a time the week to divide
the tasks between the team members to help each other finish each task.
3.4 Project Objectives and Objectives Tree

In this part of the project, we are going to identify the project objectives using an
objectives tree. It helps to give an idea of all objectives involved in the project and the
relationship between them. The stated objectives are shown in the following Figure.
The objectives are Safety, Marketing, Cost, Performance and Environment.
Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit
Platform
Safety Markting Cost Performance Enviroment
Corrsion Using
Resistance Sustainable Low Cost High altitiude Recylable
Material
More
Hazard Easy To Low
Mission Low Chemical
Identification Maintance Maintinance
Hours Emissions
Systems
Low
Manfacture
Figure 10: Objectives Tree Diagram.
21
3.5 Establishing Metrics for Objectives
The objectives of any project must be measured within the scalar view; we are going to
use Metrics to measure. The Metrics can describe the requirements of the client in a
scalar view. which can facilitate the designer and the client either to decide on the most
effective for the project or what is not.
Safety
• Corrosion resistance to consider that the project is have a good strength and
safe. (MPa)
• Hazard identification and control systems to insurance the safety for the
project. (Dimensionless)
Marketing
• Sustainable - number of operation (cycles).

• Easy to maintenance - time of the maintenance (hr).
Cost
• Low-cost project - Should not exceed 500 SR. (SR)

• Low-cost maintenance - Should not exceed 200 SR. (SR)
Performance
• High altitude - More than 50,000 ft. (ft)

• More mission hours - More than 12 hours. (hr)
Environment
• Using recyclable material -At least 60% of the used materials are recyclable.
(%)
• Low chemical emission -Reduce the carbon and the chemical emissions to less
than 30%. (%)
22
3.6 Technical and Realistic Constraints
The constraints are the boundaries the stakeholders establish to create certain limits the
designers cannot cross, these boundaries would be valid in every country and company,
so we tend to not cross the economic, environmental, social, political, and ethical limits
for this project and that we should consider the security and health measures as we
shown in the following table:
Table 24: Realistic Constraints.
Applicable
Constraint Discerption
Yes / No
The components used in the project are
Manufacturability easy to manufacture and available in the Yes
market as well.
The budget for the project must not exceed
Economic 500 SAR, and its low budget compared to Yes
other air launches.
The project does not have any ethical
Ethical constraints that can be conducted with the Yes
project.
OSHA and safety regulations must be
Safety
followed.
Yes
Controlling the emissions that have a

Environmental
negative influence on the environment.
Yes
The project makes a good contribution in

Social
the aerospace engineering field.
Yes
The project has no political issues since it is
Political Yes
doesn’t have that type of constraint totally.
3.7 Revised Client Problem Statement

Design an aircraft that can be used as an air launch to orbit the platform, the payload
will be a spaceship and it will be mounted to the aircraft. Then, at high altitude, the
spaceship will be released, and the aircraft will act as a launch to orbit. The aircraft will
be designed specially to its mission which is carrying the payload, and the design is
based on mission specification and mission profile. Then, this design will be compared
to other launch mechanisms.
23
CHAPTER4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
The conceptual design phase is the critical stage in any new product. At this stage,
our team members meet in a brainstorming session to develop different ideas for our
design that are based on customer needs. They compare the estimated costs of
developing, manufacturing, and marketing the product with its potential value to
customers, and the price point it could achieve. The major idea of the conceptual design
is to increase the feasibility of the product.
4.1 Identifying Functions and Sub functions

Black box
The black box is a graphic representation of a system or object being designed, with
inputs are shown entering the box from one side and outputs leaving on the other side,
without knowing what the system is doing. The figure below shows the entering input
and output for our project.
Fuel Thrust
Black
Oil Controllability
Box
Spaceship Launch to
orbit platform.
Figure 11: Black Box of the project.
24
Transparent Box
Transparent Box is as seen in the figure below like Black Box but in the opposite way.
Transparent Box has also input and output the main difference is knowing and focusing
on the system inside details. We try in this process to think about how we can get these
desired outputs.
Fuel Engine Thrust
Oil Hydraulic system Controllability
Spaceship Launch to
Carrying by our
orbit platform.
aircraft
Figure 12:Transparent Box of the project.
4.2 Function - Means Tree

This step is about the design process used to identify the project functions and their
possible means that achieve these functions. The function-means tree contains
functions and means. First, to start this step we need to think about the basic function
for our project then think about means which means how we can do this function, we
have functions for each means that called sub-functions, for sub-function we have
means. Finally, after we finished the tree, we can establish new functions.
25
Turboprop Turbofan
Engine type
Turbojet Turboshaft
2
No of Engines
Spaceship
Payload type
Satellite
Rocket
Elliptical Delta
Wing type
Tapered Regular
Aircraft
High wing
Wing Location
Mid wing
Low wing
Cruciform T
Tail Type
V Λ
Tricycle
Retractable
Landing Gear
Taildragger
Tandem
Figure 13: Function-Means Tree.
26
4.3 Generating Alternatives – Morphological Chart
The morphological chart is a table that contains all the functions and their means to
select feasible designs. On the left side of the table is the list of the functions, while on
the right side is the means for each function. Engineering sense and scientific principles
are employed in choosing the most appropriate combination of means.
Table 25: Morphological Chart.
Function Means
Engine type Turboprop Turbojet Turboshaft Turbofan Ramjet ●●●

No. of
2 4 ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●●
Engines
Fuselage
Classic PWP Twin ●●● ●●● ●●●
type
Payload
Spaceship Rocket Satellite ●●● ●●● ●●●
type
Wing type Elliptical Tapered Delta Trapezoidal Swept back Regular
Wing
High wing Mid wing Low wing ●●● ●●● ●●●
Location
Tail Type Cruciform V Λ Π T ●●●
Landing
Tricycle Taildragger Retractable Floats Monowheel Tandem
Gear
Material Composites Metals Plastics Ceramics ●●● ●●●
Power
Fuel Batteries Solar ●●● ●●● ●●●
source
4.4 Feasible Design Alternatives

Table 26: Alternative 1
Function Means

No. of
2 4 ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●●
Engines
Fuselage
type
Payload
type
Wing
Location
27
Landing Tricycle
Taildragger Retractable Floats Monowheel Tandem
Gear
Power
source
Function Means
No. of
2 4 ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●●
Engines
Fuselage
type
Payload
type
Wing
Location
Landing
Gear
Power
source
Function Means

No. of
2 4 ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●●
Engines
Fuselage
type
Payload
type
Wing
Location
Landing
Gear
Power
source
28
4.5 Quality Function Deployment
The house of quality is a type of diagram or planning matrix that helps to illustrate the
relationship between the customer's wants and the ability of given goods or services to
fulfill those wants. The fanciful name for the diagram comes from the appearance of
the finished diagram, which resembles a frontal view of a simple A-frame of a two-
story house, complete with a peaked roof. The different components of the house of
quality look closely at a breakdown of those customer wants, along with the
mechanisms that a supplier has to meet those wants, and even a section that addresses
the ability of one or more competitors to step into the process and meet those wants in
comparison to the capabilities of that supplier see the following figure.
Figure 14: QFD of the Project.
29
4.6 Comparing Alternatives
We use the Pugh method to compare the alternatives which is a method for concept
selection using a scoring matrix. It is implemented by establishing an evaluation team
and setting up a matrix of evaluation criteria versus alternative embodiments. This is
the scoring matrix usually associated with the QFD method and is a form of a
prioritization matrix. The objectives are taken from the objectives tree which satisfied
the client’s objectives. Weight for each objective is considered depending on the client's
needs.
Table 29: Pugh’s Method for the alternatives.
Alternatives
Objectives Weight
1 2 3
Safety 9 + + +
Low cost 9 + + s
Easy Manufacturing 7 + s -
Environment friendly 3 - + +
Long Endurance 4 - s +
Sustainable 5 s s s
High Performance 7 s + s
Durable 4 + + +
Marketable 1 - - -
Sum of the Products 21 31 12
30
4.7 Selecting the Best Alternative
The selected alternative for design air launch to orbit platform is Alternative 2, in the
following table we see function-means for the best alternative that we got from
Pugh’s method.
Table 30:Selected Alternative Solution
Function Means
Engine type Turbofan
No of Engines 4
Fuselage type Twin
Payload type Spaceship
Wing type Tapered
Wing Location High wing
Tail Type Cruciform
Landing Gear Tandem
Material Composites
Power source Fuel
31
CHAPTER5 ANALYSIS OF THE
SELECTED DESIGN
5.1 Mission Specification and mission profile
a. Mission Specification
Each project should have musts and wants to figure out the limitation and guidelines of
the project. In this step, we will present the mission specifications of our project, as
shown in the following table:
Table 31: Mission Specification.
Parameter Specification
Payload (Spaceship) 30,000 lbs.
Crew 2 pilots, 175 lbs each plus 40 lbs of baggage.
2,200 n.m. with reserve equal to 15 percent of mission fuel and a full
Range
payload.
Altitude 50,000 ft
Cruise Speed Mach 0.85 at 50,000 ft
Field length 5,000 feet (1,524 meters)
Climb Direct climb to 50,000 ft at max 𝑊𝑡𝑓𝑜 is desired.
It must be possible to perform 15 degree banked, sustained turns at

Maneuvering
begin cruise weight and at 50,000 ft.
Power plants Four turbofans
Pressurization 8,000 ft cabin at 50,000 ft.
Certification FAR 25
Endurance +12 hours
32
b. Mission profile.
Figure 15: Mission profile.
1) Engine start-up. 2) Taxi.
3) Take-off. 4) Climb to 50,000 ft.
5) Cruise. 6) Descent
7) Landing, taxi, shutdown (15% of the mission fuel as reserve).
5.2 Estimating Maximum Take-off weight, Empty

weight, Fuel weight
In this step will investigate the parameters that related to our aircraft which considered
as a jet transport aircraft, using the J. Roskam method.
a. Payload weight (𝑾𝑷𝑳)
Payload is the carrying capacity of weights of the crew, passenger’s baggage and launch
vehicle (spaceship) in the aircraft.
Crew Number (𝑁𝑃) = 2
Passenger Weight (𝑊𝑃) = 175 lbs.
Baggage Weight (𝑊s) = 40 lbs.
Spaceship Weight (𝑊ss) = 30,000 lbs.
33
𝑊𝑃𝐿 = [𝑁𝑃 𝑥 (𝑊𝑃 + 𝑊s) + 𝑊ss] [1]
𝑊𝑃𝐿 = [2 𝑥 (175 + 40) + 30,000]
𝑊𝑃𝐿 = 30,430 lbs.
b. Take-off weight (𝑾𝑻𝑶)
Table 32: Data for Similar Aircrafts.
Max. Range Max.Cr. speed Payload Weight Empty weight Take-Off Weight
Airplane
(nm) (Kts) (lbs) (lbs) (lbs)
Boeing 737-200 2,645 504 30,000 65,720 115,500
Boeing 717-200 1,430 444 26,500 67,500 110,000
Embraer 195 2,300 447 29,800 63,868 107,563
➢ As we notice the data is the closest to our mission specifications, so regarding

to the above aircrafts we are going to choose the maximum take-off weight in
this range shown above:
𝑊𝑇𝑂 = 114,000 𝑙𝑏s
c. Fuel weight (𝑾𝑭)
To estimate the fuel weight, we will go through some phases, which are as following:
• Phase 1: Engine Start-up.
Begin weight is 𝑊to, end weight is 𝑊1. The fuel-fraction for Engine Start-up phase is
𝑊1/ 𝑊to, and according to table 2.1 in J. Roskam textbook that shown in the figure 2
it is: 𝑊1/𝑊to = 0.990
34
Figure 16: Suggested Fuel-Fractions for several mission phases.
• Phase 2: Taxi.
The fuel-fraction for Taxi phase is 𝑊2/ 𝑊1. According to table 2.1 in J. Roskam book
it is:
𝑊2/ 𝑊1=0.990
• Phase 3: Take-off.
The fuel-fraction for Take-off phase is 𝑊4/𝑊3. According to table 2.1 J. Roskam book
it is:
𝑊3/𝑊2= 0.995
• Phase 4: Climb to cruise.
The fuel-fraction for Climb phase is 𝑊4/𝑊3. According to table 2.1 in J. Roskam book
it is:
𝑊4/𝑊3= 0.980
• Phase 5: Cruise.
Begin weight is 𝑊4, end weight is 𝑊5. Using the following equation, we can get 𝑊4/
𝑊5 value:
𝑉 𝐿 𝑊4 [2]
𝑅𝑐𝑟 = ( ) 𝑐𝑟 × ( ) 𝑐𝑟 × ln( )
𝐶𝑗 𝐷 𝑊5
35
𝐿
According to table 2.1 in J. Roskam book that shown in the figure 3, the value of ( ) =
𝐷
16 and 𝐶𝑗 = 0.5 for our jet transport aircraft. In addition, the speed of sound at which the
altitude is 50,000 ft is 967.707 ft/s. The Mach number is 0.85. So, the cruise speed
(Vcr) = 𝑀 𝑥 𝑎 = 0.85 𝑥 967.707 = 822.6 𝑓𝑡/𝑠. From Roskam book, we can compute the
cruise range from the following equation:
𝑅𝑐𝑟 = total 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 – 172 = 2028 𝑛m.
𝑊5
➢ Now, we can substitute those values in equation 2 and get value:
𝑊4
822.6 𝑊4
2028 = ( ) 𝑐𝑟 × (16) × ln( )
0.5 𝑊5
𝑊5
= 0.93
𝑊4
Figure 17: Suggested Values For L/D, C_j For Several Mission Phases.
• Phase 6: Descent.
The fuel-fraction for Descent phase is W6/𝑊5. According to table 2.1 in J. Roskam book
it is:
𝑊6/𝑊5 = 0.990
• Phase 7: Landing, taxi and shutdown.
The fuel-fraction for Landing phase is W7/𝑊6. According to table 2.1 in J. Roskam
book it is:
𝑊7/𝑊6 = 0.992
36
▪ Fuel fraction:
𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤4 𝑤5 𝑤6 𝑤7 [3]
𝑀𝐹𝐹 = × × × × × ×
𝑤𝑇𝑜 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 𝑤4 𝑤5 𝑤6
Then,
𝑀𝐹𝐹 = 0.87
▪ Fuel Used:
The used fuel (𝑊𝐹𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 ) due to missions is equal to:
𝑊𝐹𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = (1 − 𝑀𝐹𝐹 ) × 𝑊𝑡𝑜 [4]
𝑊𝐹𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 14,820 𝑙𝑏𝑠
▪ Fuel Weight:
The weight of fuel (WF) used is equal to:
𝑊𝐹 = (1 − 𝑀𝐹𝐹 ) × 𝑊𝑡𝑜 + 𝑊𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 [5]
𝑊𝐹 = 17,043 𝑙𝑏𝑠
▪ Operating empty weight:
The empty weight is the aircraft's main weight, which described the take-off weight
without the payload, crew, and operation fluids like the fuel, oil, and water. To calculate
the empty weight, we have to get some essential parameters, which are: Tentative
Operating empty weight. The value of Tentative Operating empty weight (𝑊𝑂𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡) can
be computed as follows:
𝑊𝑂𝐸 = 𝑊𝑡𝑜 − 𝑊𝐹 − 𝑊𝑃𝐿 [6]
𝑊𝑂𝐸 = 66,527 lbs
37
▪ Tentative Empty weight:
Empty weight (𝑊𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡) can be calculated the tentative from:
𝑊𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑊𝑂𝐸 − 𝑊𝑡𝑓𝑜 − 𝑊𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑤 [7]
Where:
𝑊𝑡𝑓𝑜 = 5% 𝑥 𝑊𝑇𝑂 = 0.05𝑥 114,000 = 5,700 Ibs
𝑊𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 66,527 − 5,700 − 430 = 60,397 lbs
The empty weight also can be formed as:
𝑊𝐸 = 𝑖𝑛𝑣. log 10((𝑙𝑜𝑔10 × 𝑊𝑡𝑜 − 𝐴)/𝐵) [8]
𝑊𝑇𝑂 = 114,000 𝑙𝑏s, 𝐴 = 0.0833 & 𝐵 = 1.0383 from Roskam book, page 47 table 2.15
we can determine the values of A and B based on our airplane type, then substitute these
values into equation 8, we get:
𝑊𝐸 = 61,679.7 lbs
▪ Check of (𝑊𝐸) and (𝑊𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡):
In this step we are going to check our results if it is acceptable according to J.Roskam
method. Regarding to accuracy of the results, this method applicable for less than 5%
percentage error using this formula:
𝑊𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 −𝑊𝐸 [9]

% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100
𝑊𝐸𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡
60,397 − 61,679.7
=| | × 100 = 2.12 %
60,397
Then,
➢ 2.12 % < 5%, so it is acceptable.
38
Flow Chart
Step 1. From mission specification
Wpl =PAX Number × (175+40) = ……… lb
Step 2. Wto guss from similar airplanes
A/C Wpl Wto Vcr Range

Type (lb) (lb) (kts) (n.m.)
* 4500 / (25min×60sec/min) = 30
ft/sec.
It will be assumed that
Under 10,000 ft : V = 422 ft/sec
Range 1= 422 ft/sec ×(10000 ft / 30
ft/sec) = 140609 ft
Above 10,000 ft : V = 774 ft/sec

Range 2 = 774 ft/sec × (35000 ft /
30 ft/sec) = 903724 ft
Cilmb range = Range 1+ Range 2=

1044334 ft ~ 172 n.m
** This time becouse the short

distance to fly it will not be
possible to reach the economical
cruise altitutde. it will be assumed
that for the cruise to alternative a
value for L/D = 10. as for Cj=0.9 will
be used. becouse the flight to
alternative will probably be carried
out at or below 10,000 ft, the cruise
speed can be no more than 250
kts in accordance with FAA
regulations .
Figure 18: Flow chart for our design.
39
▪ Determination of Take-off Weight Sensitives.
In this step, we will go through the sensitivity of some parameters that influence
take-off weight, such as payload weight, empty weight, S.F.C, and L/D.
Sensitivity of Take-off Weight to Payload Weight.
By applying the following formula:
𝛿Wto [10]
= B Wto (D − C (1 – B) × Wto) −1
𝛿Wpl
Where: A = 0.0833 and B = 1.0383 from Roskam book, table 2.15, as it will be shown
in the next figure:
Figure 19: Regression Line Constants A and B.
• Where:
𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 0.15 , 𝑀𝑡𝑓𝑜 = 0.05, 𝑀𝐹𝐹 = 0.87,
𝑊𝑝𝑙 = 30,000 𝑙𝑏𝑠 , 𝑊𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 = 430 𝑙𝑏𝑠.
𝐶 = ( 1 − (1 + 𝑀𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠)(1 − 𝑀𝐹𝐹 ) − 𝑀𝑡𝑓𝑜) = 0.800

D = (𝑊𝑝𝑙 + 𝑊𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤) = 30,430 lbs
40
Then substitute in equation 10, we get:
𝛿Wto
= 3.49
𝛿Wpl
The airplane take-off gross weight would have to be increased by 3.49 lbs for every
pound of payload added.
▪ Sensitivity of Take-off Weight to Empty Weight.

By applying the following formula:
𝛿Wto −1 [11]
= B Wto [inv. log ((log Wto − A/B)]
𝛿We
𝛿Wto
= 1.92
𝛿We
The airplane take-off gross weight would have to be increased by 1.92 lbs for every
pound of empty weight added.
▪ Sensitivity of Take-off Weight to Specific fuel consumption and

Lift-to-Drag ratio.
a- Sensitivity of Take-off Weight to S.F.C:
𝛿Wto [12]
= 𝐹𝑅 (𝑉 × (𝐿/𝐷) ) −1
𝛿Cj
Where: R = 2200 n.m and F can be calculated from the following equation:
2 (𝐶
𝐹 = −𝐵𝑊𝑡𝑜 × 𝑊𝑡𝑜 (1 − 𝐵) − 𝐷) −1 × (1 + 𝑀𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 )𝑀𝑓𝑓 [13]
𝐹 = −1.0383 × 114,0002 (0.800 × 114,000(1 − 1.0383)

− 30,430) −1 × (1 + 0.15) × 0.87
𝐹 = 397,975.11 lbs
𝛿Wto
= 87,835.59 lbs/hr
𝛿Cj
b- Sensitivity of Take-off Weight to L/D:
41
𝛿Wto [14]
= −𝐹𝑅 𝐶𝑗 (𝑉 (𝐿/𝐷)2 ) −1
𝛿 (𝐿 / 𝐷 )
𝛿Wto
= −2,744.86 lbs
𝛿 ( 𝐿 /𝐷 )
The following table shows the final results:

Table 33: Sensitivity Summary.
Sensitivity Summary Sensitivity of Take-off Weight Units
Payload Weight 3.49 -
Empty Weight 1.92 -
S.F.C 87,835.59 lbs/lbs/lbs/hr
Lift to Drag −2,744.86 lbs
5.3 Performance constraints analysis

In this part of the project, we will find the performance constraints at some stages: the
take-off stage, landing stage, and cruise stage. This step will lead us to find some of
the parameters such as (maximum lift coefficient for landing and take-off, clean
maximum lift coefficient, the wing area) and also will help us to choose the best value
for the wing loading(W/S) and thrust loading (T/W).
Take-off distance sizing:
Firstly, we will use the take-off distance equation to find the range of the thrust loading
by assuming a range for the wing loading.
37.5(𝑊/𝑆) [15]
𝑆𝑇𝑂𝐹𝐿 =
(𝜎 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑡𝑜 (𝑇/𝑊))
Where:
• 𝑆𝑇𝑂𝐹𝐿: Take-off distance in ft.

• (W/S): Wing loading for take-off (lbs/𝑓𝑡 2 ).
• (T/W): Thrust loading for take-off (lbs/𝑓𝑡 2 ).
42
• 𝜎: Air density ratio.
• 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑡𝑜 : Maximum lift coefficient for take-off.
➢ The lift coefficients will be estimated from table 3.1 Page 91/I according to J.
Roskam, Airplane Design Textbook.
Figure 20: Lift coefficient table for different types of airplanes.
The data that used in the equation are:
Table 34: Data used in the equation.
𝑺𝑻𝑶𝑭𝑳 (ft) 5,000
𝝈 1
𝑪𝑳𝒎𝒂𝒙/𝒕𝒐 2.2
Because the wing loading (W/S) is unknown, we took the range from 5 to 130, then we
apply the equation 15, the result that we got, and its plot will be as follow.
43
Table 35: Results of take-off distance sizing.
(W/S) (𝑻/𝑾)𝒕𝒐
5 0.017045
10 0.034091
15 0.051136
20 0.068182
25 0.085227
30 0.102273
35 0.119318
40 0.136364
45 0.153409
50 0.170455
55 0.1875
60 0.204545
65 0.221591
70 0.238636
75 0.255682
80 0.272727
85 0.289773
90 0.306818
95 0.323864
100 0.340909
105 0.357955
110 0.375
115 0.392045
120 0.409091
125 0.426136
130 0.443182
44
Take-off distance sizing
0.5
Thrust loading(T/W) ) (lbs/ft^2) 0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Wing loading (W/S) ) (lbs/ft^2)
Figure 21: Results of take-off distance sizing.
The results show that the increment in the wing loading leads to an increment in the
thrust loading.
Landing distance sizing:
In this part, we will find the stall speed (VSL) by using the landing distance, then we
will find the wing loading (W/S) in the landing stage, as follow:
1- Finding the approach speed (VA) by:
1
𝑆𝑓𝑙 2
𝑉𝐴 = [ ] [16]
0.3
2- Finding the stall speed (VSL) by:
𝑉𝑆𝐿 = 𝑉𝐴/1.3 [17]
3- Finding the wing loading in landing:

1
W 2
2(S)
𝑉𝑆𝐿 = [ ] [18]
𝜌𝐶𝐿max
45
Where:
• 𝑉𝐴: The approach speed (Kts).

• 𝑉𝑆𝐿: The stall speed (Kts).
• 𝑆𝑓𝑙: The landing distance (ft).
• 𝜌: The air density (slugs/𝑓𝑡 3 ).
• 𝐶𝐿max/L: The maximum lift coefficient for landing.
Note: 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 (𝒇𝒕/𝒔) = 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 (𝐤𝐭𝐬) ∗ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟖
Now, by using the equation 3.1 in Roskam textbook Page 90/I, we will compute the
wing loading (W/S) for landing. The equation stated as follow:
0.5 [19]
𝑊
2 ×(𝑆)
𝑉𝑆𝐿 = ( )
𝜌 × 𝐶𝐿max/L
Table 36: Landing distance parameters.
𝑽𝑨 217.9 ft/s
𝑽𝑺𝑳 167.6 ft/s
𝑺𝒇𝒍 5,000 ft
Ρ 0.002378 slugs/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑪𝑳𝐦𝐚𝐱/𝐋 2.1
After applying the equation, these are the results of the landing wing loading and its
plot.
46
Table 37: Result of landing distance sizing.
(𝑊/𝑆) (𝑾/𝑺)
5 70.16299
10 70.16299
15 70.16299
20 70.16299
25 70.16299
30 70.16299
35 70.16299
40 70.16299
45 70.16299
50 70.16299
55 70.16299
60 70.16299
65 70.16299
70 70.16299
75 70.16299
80 70.16299
85 70.16299
90 70.16299
95 70.16299
100 70.16299
105 70.16299
110 70.16299
115 70.16299
120 70.16299
125 70.16299
130 70.16299
47
Landing distance sizing
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Wing loading (W/S) (lbs/ft^2)
Figure 22: Landing distance sizing results plot.
The results show that the wing loading in landing is constant, which 70.1629 Ibs/ft 2 .
Cruise speed constraint
At first, we will get the value of the wetted area (𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡 ) from the figure 3.22 P.124 from
Roskam textbook. From that figure for Wto = 114,000, the 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 6,600 ft2. Then, from
figure 3.21b Page 120/I, and by using the 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡 , we got the equivalent parasite area (f)
which is = 20 ft2 and the equivalent skin friction of the aircraft (Cf) = 0.003.
In addition, to get Zero lift drag coefficient (𝐶𝐷𝑜 ), we will follow the method of the
textbook that is stated in Page 168/I, we will assume the value of the wing loading,
which is the typical value for the wing loadings, is to be 60. Then, we will get the
approximate value of the wing area (S) which is 1,900 ft2. From the Roskam textbook
Page 168/I, we can get the value of 𝐶𝐷𝑜 from the following equation:
𝑓 [20]
𝐶𝐷𝑜 =
𝑆
20
𝐶𝐷𝑜 =
1,900
𝐶𝐷𝑜 = 0.010526
48
Now, the cruise speed sizing will be completed by following this equation of the
required thrust loading as stated in (eq3.6 Page 167/I):
𝑇 𝐶𝐷𝑜 𝑞 (𝑊/𝑆) [21]

( )= +
𝑊 (𝑤/𝑆) 𝑞 𝑒 𝜋 𝐴
Where:
1
• 𝑞: The dynamic pressure = 0.5 × 𝜌 × 𝑉 2 = 2 × 3.64 × 10−4 × 822.62
𝑞 = 123.15 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 × 𝑠/𝑓𝑡 2
• 𝑒: Oswald’s efficiency factor, assumed to be= 0.85

• 𝐴: Aspect ratio, it is = 10.5
To conclude our results, we will put all the previous data in the following table.
Table 38: Data used in cruise speed constraints.
𝒒 123.15
𝑺𝒘𝒆𝒕 6,600 ft
Cf 0.003
𝑺 1,900 ft2
𝒇 20
𝑪𝑫𝒐 0.01
𝑨 10.5
𝒆 0.85
After applying the equation, these are the results that we got and its plot:
49
Table 39: Cruise speed sizing results.
(𝑾/𝑺) (𝑻/𝑾)
5 0.261445
10 0.132889
15 0.091001
20 0.070779
25 0.059223
30 0.052001
35 0.047255
40 0.044057
45 0.041891
50 0.040447
55 0.039528
60 0.039003
65 0.038781
70 0.038797
75 0.039003
80 0.039365
85 0.039853
90 0.040448
95 0.041133
100 0.041893
105 0.042719
110 0.043601
115 0.044531
120 0.045505
125 0.046516
130 0.047561
50
Cruise speed sizing
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Wing loading (W/S) ) (lbs/ft^2)
Figure 23: Cruise speed sizing result plot.
Conclusions and Recommendation
This plot shows the design area after combining the three sizing stages. So, we can
choose the best wing and thrust loading.
Figure 24: Design constraints plot.
From the previous graph, we choose the best value of (𝑾/𝒔) and (𝑻/𝑾) for our design
which are:
(𝑾/𝒔) = 60
51
(𝑻/𝑾) = 0.25
Now, we will compute the wing area (𝑆) and the thrust (𝑇) from the following
equations:
𝑊𝑡𝑜 [22]
𝑆=
𝑊
(𝑆)
114,000
𝑆=
60
𝑆 = 1,900 𝑓𝑡 2
And for the thrust:
𝑇 [23]
𝑇 = ( ) × 𝑊𝑡𝑜
𝑊
𝑇 = 114,000 × 0.25
𝑇 = 28,500 𝑙𝑏𝑓
Now, we will summarize the design parameters for our design in the following table:
Table 40: Summary of Design Parameters.
Symbol Definition Value unit
𝑪𝑳𝒎𝒂𝒙/𝒕𝒐 Max lift coefficient for take-off 2.2 -
𝑪𝑳𝐦𝐚𝐱/𝐋 Max lift coefficient for landing 2.1 -
𝑾/𝒔 Wing loading 60 Ibs/ft 2
𝑻/𝑾 Thrust loading 0.25 Ibs/ft 2
𝑾𝒕𝒐 Take-off weight 114,000 Ibs
𝑊𝐸 Empty weight 61,679.7 Ibs
𝑾𝑭 Fuel weight 17,043 lbs
S Wing area 1,900 ft 2
𝑻 Thrust 28,500 Ibf
A Aspect ratio 10.5 -
52
5.4 Design of Fuselage Layout
a. Cross-section
In this part, we will select some specifications such as the fuselage's width, number of
seats, and aisles. We will use Figure 3.19 in the textbook to help us in finding the
specifications. However, we will define the cross-section dimensions as follow, number
of seats (abreast), seat width (a), the fuselage width (bf), and the number of aisles.
Figure 25: Statistical relationship between fuselage width and total seat width.
Table 41: Cross Section Data.
a 1.5 ft
ABREAST 3
bf 8.17 ft
Aisle 1
b. Size and Shape of Fuselage
Our aircraft is classified as a transport jet, but in the case of sizing and shaping the
fuselage, we will select the size and shape of the fuselage within the range of "business
53
jets." The primary mission of our aircraft is to carry the payload so that the fuselage is
small. That is why we select the business jets dimensions.
Figure 26: Dimensions of the fuselage.
Figure 27: Data used for fuselage.
Depending on the figure above, we select the suitable ratio between the fuselage length
𝐿𝑓
over the fuselage diameter for the business jet ( ) is within 7 to 9.5, and for the ratio
𝑑𝑓
𝑙𝑐𝑓
between the rear fuselage length and the fuselage diameter ( ) is within 2.5 to 5. The
𝑑𝑓
angle (fc) is within 11 to 16. The below table illustrates the dimensions that we use for
our design.
54
Table 42: Data used for fuselage.
Lf/df 9.5
Lcf/df 4
Fc (degrees) 10
We will now provide an approximate view of our design for the fuselage dimensions
that we select by using SOLIDWORKS software.
Figure 28: The approximate view of our design.
Also, we simulate the design of our fuselage using SOLIDWORKS software with the
dimensions.
Figure 29: The simulation of the fuselage and its dimensions in ft.
c. Access Doors and Emergency Exits
In this step, we select the type based on the number of passenger’s seats. Our design is
ranged from 1 to 10 passenger seats. Moreover, the doors and exits in our design
required a specific type, which is Type IV. The following table will demonstrate the
dimensions of the required door type.
55
Figure 30: The required number of exits per FAR (25).
As we can see from the table, we can determine the appropriate type for our design. It
will be type IV, because our aircraft mission does not require passengers in the aircraft
(just the crew).
The following figure shows the difference between the types of exits.
Figure 31: Definition of exits geometry.
Table 43: Dimensions for exits.
Exit Type and Location B (in) H (in) R (in)
IV. Above Wing 19 26 6.3
56
d. Interior Design Configuration.
In this step, as our fuselage is small, we select the appropriate distance to the cabin
interior as the value of the commercial airplanes value, which is equals to (1.5 in)
according to J. Roskam, Airplane Design Textbook. Also, we will propose full details
that will be mentioned for our design, such as the access door and emergency exit.
According to the textbook, we will select the dimensions of the lavatory, wardrobe, and
gallery from the following table:
Figure 32: Dimensions for Lavatory, Wardrobe, and Gallery.
As our fuselage is small, we choose the following with their dimensions.
Table 44: Dimensions for Lavatory, Wardrobe and Gallery.
Comp Lavatory Wardrobe Gallery
No. 1 1 1
A 30x26 𝑖𝑛2 24x15 𝑖𝑛2 24x24 𝑖𝑛2
57
Figure 33: Interior Design Configuration.
Now, we will provide the interior diameter of the fuselage (which the diameter equals
to 8.17 ft).
Figure 34: The interior diameter of the fuselage.
5.5 Layout Design of the Propulsion Installation

In this section, we will determine the suitable propulsion system to be used in our
design. At first, we will select the suitable engine by knowing the thrust required for
our design. Then we will determine the necessary number of engines to be used in the
58
aircraft. And finally, we will choose a suitable position for these engines depending on
our design.
a. The suitable type of engine.
According to the mission specification, the powerplant is specified to be a turbofan

engine. However, we compute the thrust required for our design which is equal to
28,500 lbf, so that the turbofan engines can be the suitable type as our design
configuration.
b. Determine the necessary number of engines to be used in the

aircraft.
In this part, as our design configuration for the propulsion system, we choose to design
four engines, each engine will produce 7,125 lbf.
c. Disposition of these engines.
In this part, there are many locations for the engine to be mounted in the aircraft. It
depends on the many aspects, the locations of the engine to be mounted in the aircraft
can be:
- The wing.
- The empennage.
- The fuselage.
- Any combination.
So, depending on our wing location design, we decided to mount the engines on the
wings.
Selection for our design
After we go through the four parts of designing the propulsion system, we will talk
about the necessary information related to the engine that we decide depending on the
mission specification, which is the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW308c turbofan engines.
The Pratt & Whitney Canada PW308c series is a family of turbofan jet engines, and it
59
is used for mid-size jets. The propulsion system designers rely on this type of engine
due to its reliability, durability, and operating economics. The PW308c is a two-spool
turbofan engine with the following characteristics for each component:
• Compressor: 1-stage fan, 4-stage axial flow with 1-stage centrifugal High-
Pressure Compressor (HPC).
• Combustors: Annular type.
• Turbine: 2 stages for High-Pressure Turbine (HPT) and 3 stages for the Low-
Pressure Turbine (LPT).
Table 45: The specifications for the engine.
Specification Engine model: PW308c
Total thrust (lbf) 28,500 lbf (for four engines)

Bypass ratio 4.5
Overall pressure ratio 15:1
Length (in) 81.2 in
Diameter (in) 38.20 in
Dry weight (lbs) 990 lbs
The following figure is for the Pratt & Whitney (PW308c) engine with all its
components.
Figure 35: Pratt & Whitney (PW308c) engine.
60
Now, we will provide the front view for our aircraft with the mounted engines on wings
by using SOLIDWORKS software.
Figure 36: The top, front, side, and isometric views for our design with the engines.
5.6 Layout Design of the Wing

In this step, we will present the methodology of determining the following platform
designing characteristics of the wing:
• Sweep angle (Λ).
• Thickness ratio (t/c).
• Airfoils.
• Tip chord (Ct) and root chord (Cr).
• Taper ratio (λ).
• Incidence angle (𝑖𝑤).
• Twist angle (ɛ𝑡).
• Dihedral angle (Г𝑤).
Wing configuration
According to Roskam textbook, the choice of the structure configuration for the wing
is between two configurations which are: Cantilever wing or Braced (Strutted wing).
So, we choose the best structure configuration of the wing, which is the cantilever wing,
because the braced wings are used for low-speed aircraft. Moreover, our aircraft flies
at a high speed which is approximately 0.85 Mach at 50,000 ft altitude, that is why we
choose the cantilever wing. However, as our design configuration, we choose the
tapered wing as well.
61
Overall Wing /Fuselage Arrangement
In this step, we will discuss three overall wing/fuselage configurations according to

Roskam textbook. The following table illustrates these configurations.
Table 46: Overall Wing/Fuselage Configurations.
High wing Mid wing Low wing

Interference drag Poor Good Poor
Dihedral effect Negative Natural Positive
Passenger visibility Good Good Poor
Loading and unloading Easy Easy Need stair
From the above table 46, we can see the importance of these configurations of the wing
in determining the wing's position.
Sweep angle
In this step, we will demonstrate a necessary wing parameter, which is the sweep angle.
According to Roskam textbook, there are three classifications of the sweep angle:
forward, none, and aft sweep. The following table defines each classification.
Table 47: Wing Configuration and sweep angle.
Forward None Aft
Lift curve slope Low High Low
Pitch attitude High Low High
Ride though turbulence Good Poor Good
Asymmetric stall Best Good Poor
Lateral control stall Low High Low
Wing weight Highest Low High
This table illustrates the effects of each classification and how they affect the aircraft
and its parameters, which makes the choice of the sweep angle is essential according to
the design.
62
Wing thickness to chord ratio (t/c)
This step will investigate the different configurations for the wing thickness to chord
ratio (t/c). The following table (48) shows the difference between high and low chord
ratios.
Table 48: Wing Configuration, Thickness to chord ratio.
Low t/c High t/c

Wing weight High Low
Wing drag Low High
Wing fuel volume Poor Good
Maximum lift Poor Good
From the above table, we can see how these configurations of the wing thickness to
chord ratio (t/c) can play an essential role in determining the wing thickness to chord
ratio.
Airfoil
As Roskam textbook shows in page 197/II, we will choose the transport aircraft that is
approximately close to our design which is Boeing 737-300, table (49) shows what data
we decided to choose.
Table 49: Airfoil data for tip and root.
Airfoil Root Tip
Airfoil type BAC 449 BAC 442
Chord (ft) 26.25 5.25
Taper ratio
In this step, we will discuss the wing taper ratio by demonstrating the effects of two
configurations which are:
• High taper ratio

• Low taper ratio
63
Table 50: The effect of tapper ratio.
High λ Low λ
Wing fuel volume Good poor
Tip stall Good Poor
Wing weight High Low
The above table shows the effects of the taper ratio on the wing fuel volume and tip
stall of the wing and the wing weight.
So, we will decide the taper ratio using the following equation:
𝐶𝑡 [24]
𝜆=
𝐶𝑟
Where:
𝜆: Taper ratio.
𝐶𝑡 : Tip chord (ft).
𝐶𝑟 : Root chord (ft).
5.25
𝜆=
26.25
𝜆 = 0.2
𝜆 = 0.2 indicating that we have high taper ratio.
Wing Twist Angle
In this step, we are going to demonstrate the effects of the twist angle for the following
types:
• Large twist angle
• Small twist angle
The following table (51) shows the effects for each the twist angle types:
Table 51: The effects of the twist angle on the wing.
Large Small
Induced drag High Small
Wing weight Mildly lower Mildly higher
Tip stall Good Poor
64
According to Roskam textbook table 6.7 page 146/II, the following figure shows the
incidence angle for some of the transport aircrafts.
Figure 37: Wing geometric data for transport jets.
Dihedral Angle
In this step, we are going to show the effects of the wing dihedral angle Г𝑤 on different
aspects, for the following types:
• Positive
• Negative
The following table shows us the effect for each kind of dihedral angle:
Table 52: The effects of dihedral angle types.
positive Negative
Dutch roll stability Decreased Increased
Spire stability Increased Decreased
Ground clearance Increased Decreased
65
From the above table, we can see how dihedral angle is affected by a spire, Dutch roll
stability, and ground clearance. According to figure (36), we can see the dihedral angle
for multiple transport aircraft types.
Finally, based on this layout design and the previous steps, we must determine which
wing layout design is appropriate for our aircraft. As a result, we will need to use a
morphological chart to select the suitable design of three designs based on scientific
analysis. After that, we will compare the three designs with datum aircraft by using the
Pugh method.
Morphological Chart
In this step, we will construct the morphological chart to create the three design
alternatives of our wing design based on the pervious tables, from table (46) to table
(52).
Table 53: Morphological chart.
Function Means
Wing location High Low mid
Sweep Forward None Aft
Taper ratio High None Low
Dihedral angle Positive None Negative
Wing twist Large None Small
t/c Low High
Interference drag Good poor
Loading and unloading Easy Need stairs
The following table will illustrate the three alternatives:
Table 54: Wing Design Alternatives.
1st
Function 2nd Alternative 3rd Alternative
Alternative
Wing location tofuselage Low High High
Sweep angle Forward Non Aft
Taper ratio Non Low High
66
Dihedral Positive Negative Positive
Wing twist angle Large Large Small
Wing thickness tochord Low Non High
Pugh Method
We will use the Pugh method to choose the final wing design for our aircraft once we
have decided on the best three options. We will define the objectives and assigned each
one on a scale from 1 to 10 to compare the options numerically. Also, we will use
Boeing 737-300 as a datum. If the alternative compared to datum is better, we put the
sign (+), if it is equal to the datum we put (0), and if it is worse, we put (-). Finally, we
will select the final design alternative that has the highest total score.
Table 55: Pugh's method.
Aircraft Aircraft Aircraft

# Objective Weight Base line
1 2 3
1 InterferenceDrag 8 - 0 0
2 Dihedraleffect 6 - 0 +
Ride
0 + 0
3 through turbulence 9
4 Wingweight 6 - 0 +
5 Tip stall 7 + - 0
6 Ground clearance 6 + 0 -
B737-300
7 Aerodynamic stall 9 0 - -
8 Wing fuel volume 8 - 0 +

Loading and
9 9 + 0 0
unloading
Total Negative -4 -2 -3
Total Positive 3 1 2
Total score -6 -7 5
67
As we can see from table (55), we notice that the third alternative has the highest score
in the Pugh method, so it is considered the most appropriate configuration for our wing
design. We choose the high wing because it has the best configuration depending on
our design to provide more stability. The shape of the wing we decided is an Aft
wing because it has a suitable configuration according to our design. Moreover, we
chose a lower value of the sweep angle (ΛC/4) for our design which is 7 degrees. We
choose the high wing thickness to chord ratio (t/c) because it has the best
configuration for our design. And we put the value of (t/c) for the root chord as 0.17
and 0.13 for the tip chord (t/c). We also choose to design the wing with a high taper
ratio, which equals 0.2, indicating that we have a high taper ratio.
Furthermore, we find the incidence angle at 2 degrees, and we choose a small twist
angle. We consider a positive dihedral angle for our aircraft to decrease the Dutch roll
stability and increase the spire stability and increase ground clearance. So, we found
the dihedral angle about 2 degrees, which means we designed a positive dihedral
angle.
Wing Fuel Volume
In this step, we are going to estimate the wing fuel volume according to Roskam
textbook. We use the equations (6.2) and (6.3) from page 156/ll and compare it with
the required wing fuel volume of our design, and whether it is acceptable or not, this
can be achieved as follows:
𝑆2 (1 + 𝜆𝑤 𝜏𝑤 1⁄2 + 𝜆2𝑤 𝜏𝑤 )
𝑉𝑊𝐹 = 0.54 × ( ) × (𝑡/𝑐) 𝑟 × [25]
𝑏 (1 + 𝜆𝑤 )2
Where:
𝑆 : Wing area (ft²).
𝑏: Wingspan (ft).
𝑡/𝑐: Wing thickness to root chord ratio.
𝜆𝑤 : Taper ratio of the wing.
Then,
68
(𝑡/𝑐) 𝑡 [26]
𝜏𝑤 =
(𝑡/𝑐) 𝑟
0.13
𝜏𝑤 =
0.17
𝜏𝑤 = 0.77
Now, substitute in equation (25):
19002 (1 + 0.2 × 0.771⁄2 + 0.22 × 0.77)

𝑉𝑊𝐹 = 0.54 × ( ) × (0.17) ×
141.3 (1 + 0.20)2
we get:
𝑉𝑊𝐹 = 1964.7 ft 3
The fuel weight:
𝑊𝐹 = 17,043 𝑙𝑏𝑠
The fuel density:
𝜌𝐹 = 52.44 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3
Now, we can calculate the fuel volume required:

𝑊𝐹 [27]
𝑉𝑊𝐹 𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝜌𝐹
𝑉𝑊𝐹 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 325 𝑓𝑡 3
So, depending on the fuel weight, we compute the fuel volume required which is equals
325 𝑓𝑡 3 . The fuel capacity of the wing equals 1964.7 𝑓𝑡 3 , so the fuel weight is
appropriate for our design.
➢ Finally, here are the overall specifications of the wing:
Table 56: The overall specifications and dimensions of the wing.
Characteristic Value
Wingspan (b) 141.3 ft
69
Dihedral angle (Г𝒘) 2˚
Aspect ratio (A) 10.5
Wing area (S) 1,900 𝑓𝑡2
At root: BAC 449

Airfoil
At tip: BAC 442
Incidence angle 2˚
Sweep angle (Λ c/4) 7˚
Wing taper ratio (λW) 0.2
Wing thickness to root chord ratio (t/c) R 17%
Wing thickness to tip chord ratio (t/c) T 13%
Root chord (Cr) 26.25 ft
Tip chord (Ct) 5.25 ft
mean aerodynamic chord (MAC) 11.2 ft
Τw 0.77
Wing Fuel Volume (VWF) 1964.7 ft 3
Now, we will provide an isometric view for our design with the all the configurations
of the wing in the following figure.
70
Figure 38: The isometric view for our designed wing.
5.7 Design of Empennage

This part aims to present the design method according to Roskam textbook for
determining the size and placement of the empennage. We will choose a tail
configuration and perform some calculations to determine the volume of the vertical
and horizontal stabilizers and the surface area and position of each of them from the
aircraft's center of gravity.
Overall empennage configuration
Mainly, there are many types of empennage design configurations, some of them are:
• The conventional design.

• T- tail design.
• Cruciform design.
• V- tail design.
For our design, we select the Cruciform design as it has the best configuration for our
design. The cruciform tail is a compromise between the conventional and T-tail designs
of the empennage unit. In the cruciform design, the horizontal stabilizer is located in
the middle of the vertical stabilizer. The cruciform tail is lighter than the T-tail. It has
71
the advantage of clearing the tail's aerodynamics away from the engine and wing's wake
while not needing the same amount of vertical tail section strengthening as a T-tail
design. Also, the cruciform configuration is often chosen to prevent complicated
interference drag.
Figure 39: The Cruciform empennage configuration.
The following figure we will show the basic dimensions for the empennage
configuration.
Figure 40: The definition of volume coefficient quantities.
72
Now, we will estimate the empennage parameters from the transport aircrafts shown in
the Roskam textbook. So, to estimate Vh, Vv, Xh, and Xv, we will guess these values to
be in the range of the transport jets values according to the figures on page 197/II in the
Roskam textbook. The following figure shows the data of the horizontal tail for the
transport aircrafts.
Figure 41: Horizontal Tail Volume for Jet Transports.
The following figure shows the data of the vertical tail for the transport aircrafts.
Figure 42: Vertical Tail Volume for transport jets.
73
The estimated volume coefficient quantities of the aircraft’s empennage configuration
will be shown in the following table:
Table 57: The empennage configurations for our design.
𝑿𝒉 51.5 ft
𝑿𝒗 51 ft
𝑽𝒉 1.01 ft3
𝑽𝒗 0.055 ft3
Data for the wing
Wing Chord (𝑪w) 11.2 ft

Wing Area (𝑺𝐰) 1,900 ft2
Wingspan (𝒃𝐰) 141.3 ft
Note that: all the definitions of basic dimensions shown in the above table, are
illustrated in figure (40).
Calculating horizontal and vertical tail areas (𝑺𝒉 , 𝑺𝒗 ):
Using equation 8.3 page 190/II, the horizontal tail area will be calculated.
𝑉ℎ ∗ 𝑆𝑤 ∗ 𝐶𝑤 [28]
𝑆ℎ =
𝑋ℎ
1.01 × 1,900 × 11.2

𝑆ℎ =
51.5
𝑆ℎ = 417.33 ft²
Using equation 8.4 page 190/II, the vertical tail area also will be calculated.
𝑉𝑣 ∗ 𝑆𝑤 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 [29]
𝑆𝑣 =
𝑋𝑣
0.055 × 1,900 × 141.3

𝑆𝑣 =
51
𝑆𝑣 = 289.52 ft²
74
After calculating these parameters, aspect ratio, sweep angle, and taper ratio for the
horizontal tail will be estimated from table 8.13 page 207/II, as shown in the following
figure:
Figure 43: Design parameters for horizontal tail.
In the following table, we will show the characteristics of the horizontal tail:
Table 58: The characteristics of horizontal tail.
Dihedral angle 0º
Incidence angle 2º
Aspect ratio (𝐴) 5.5
Sweep angle 21 º
Taper ratio 0.45
𝑺𝒉 417.33 ft2
𝑪𝒕 5.75 ft
𝑪𝒓 12.8 ft
75
The span of the horizontal tail will be calculated from the following equation:
𝑏2 [30]
𝐴=
𝑆ℎ
𝑏2
5.5 =
417.33
So, the wingspan for horizontal tail equal to
𝑏 = 47.91 ft
Now, aspect ratio, sweep angle, and taper ratio for the vertical tail will be estimated
from table 8.14 page 207/II as shown in the following figure:
Figure 44: Design parameters for vertical tail.
76
In the following table, we will show the characteristics of the vertical tail:
Table 59: The characteristics of vertical tail.
Dihedral angle 90 º
Incidence angle 0º
Aspect ratio (𝐴) 1.2
Sweep angle 35 º
Taper ratio 0.5
𝑺𝒗 289.52 ft2
𝑪𝒕 5 ft
𝑪𝒓 10 ft
The span of the vertical tail will be calculated from the following equation:
𝑏2 [31]
𝐴=
𝑆𝑣
𝑏2
1.2 =
289.52
So, the wingspan for vertical tail equal to
𝑏 = 18.64 ft
Now, we will provide the drawings of the vertical and horizontal tails by using
SOLIWORKS software.
Figure 45: The drawings of our empennage (vertical and horizontal tails).
77
5.8 Weight fractions
In this part, we will identify the aircraft components weight by comparing them with
similar aircrafts, such as (B37-300, A320-B2, Douglas MD-80). We will find the
weight fractions by using the following values:
Table 60: Aircraft Weights for our design.
Parameter Weight (lbs)
Wto 114,000
We 61,679.7
Wpl 30,430
Wcrew 430
Wf 17,043
So, we created a table for the parts of our design's weight that we will use in the next
step according to what was stated in Roskam Roskam's book.
Figure 46: Group weight data for Jet Transports.
78
In this step, we will find the weight fractions by taking the averages of the data for the
similar aircrafts in the following values.
Table 61: Component weight and Averages.
Aircraft
727-100 737-200 747-100 Average Wto (lb)
component
Power plant 0.078 0.071 0.062 0.0703 8,014.2
Fixed equipment 0.133 0.129 0.089 0.117 13,338
Empty weight 0.552 0.521 0.498 0.5236 59,690.4

Wing group 0.111 0.092 0.122 0.1083 12,346.2
Empennage group 0.026 0.024 0.017 0.0223 2,542.2
Fuselage group 0.111 0.105 0.101 0.1056 12,038.4
Nacelles 0.024 0.012 0.014 0.0166 1,892.4

Landing gear
0.045 0.038 0.044 0.0423 4,822.2
group
We multiplied the averages of the three aircraft weight fractions (power plants, fixed
equipment, empty weight, wing group, empennage, fuselage group, nacelles, and
landing gear) by the take-off weight of our design to get the real weight of each
component. As a result, we discovered that the weight component of the empty weight
is the greatest and the nacelles weight component the smallest.
5.9 Center of gravity location

The center of gravity is the geometrical point where the equilibrium point is identified.
It is an essential point for the aircraft to be stable during flight. We can find the C.G.
location by using the following equation.
∑𝑖 𝑊𝑖 𝑑𝑖 [32]
𝑋𝐶.𝑔 =
∑𝑖 𝑊𝑖
Where:
W: the component weight.
d: is the distance of the component from the nose.
79
From the weight fractions part, we can take the main weight components that affect the
aircraft, which are: Power plant, wing group, empennage group, and fuselage group.
Table 62: The components weights and its locations.
Component weight 𝑊𝑖 Locations

Component 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑖
(lbs) 𝑑𝑖 (ft)
Power plant 8,014.2 22.5 180,319.5
Wing group 12,346.2 22 271,616.4
Empennage group 2,542.2 71 180,496.2
Fuselage group 12,038.4 21.7 261,233.3
Total Weight 34,941 - 893,665.4
After finding the parameters, we can substitute in the equation and find the location of
C.G. from the nose:
XC.G = 25.57 ft
5.10 Design of the landing gear

The landing gear is specially designed to support an aircraft's load during surface
operation and when landing. Because of this, it's crucial to take proper care of each type
of aircraft landing gear, as it is for the rest of an airplane. In this part, we will talk about
the landing gear systems and their effects, the overall landing gear configuration, and
the landing gear's disposition.
Landing gear system
According to Roskam textbook, we have two landing gear systems which:
• Fixed
• Retractable
We select the retractable landing gear system because our design has a higher cruise
speed which is 0.85 Mach. However, we do not select the fixed landing gear system
because the high drag occurs from this type of system.
80
Figure 47: Retractable landing gear system.
The overall landing gear configuration
As we have two fuselages in our design, so we have two types of landing gears in each
fuselage. So, we select the single gear in the front, and we select the tandem gear in
the two rear gears.
The following figure shows the single gear that is located on the front of the fuselage.
Figure 48: Single type landing gear.
Now, the following figure shows the tandem gear that is located on the rear of the
fuselage.
81
Figure 49: Tandem type landing gear.
The disposition of the landing gear
There are geometric criteria to be considered in deciding the landing gear's disposition,
which is the Tip over criteria. In this criteria, the main landing gear configuration for
our design is the tandem gear. According to Roskam textbook page 219/II, the landing
gear location will be behind the aft C.G. location. Also, there is an angle between the
landing gear and the C.G. location, which equals 15 degrees. Because of the usual
relation between the landing gear and the aft C.G. The following figure shows the
landing position gear.
Figure 50: The landing gear location according to the tip over criteria.
So, As the C.G. location for our designed aircraft located at 25.57 ft from the nose, we
will assume that the main landing gear (tandem landing gear) location will be behind
82
the aft C.G. location to be 27.2 ft from the nose. Also, the location of the single landing
gear will be located at 6.25 ft from the nose.
Now, we will provide the drawing of the designed landing gears and their positions
from the nose, all of these by using SOLIDWORKS software.
Figure 51: The designed landing gears with their positions.
5.11 Flight Envelop (V-n diagram)

In this step, we will find the flight envelope for our aircraft so that this diagram is
essential in the design phase. The V-n diagram is defined by the speed on X-axis and
the load factor (n) on Y-axis. The purpose of this diagram is to show the limits of aircraft
performance. Also, it shows the load factor required for the aircraft to be safe at
different airspeeds. There are five parameters as are necessary for this diagram which
are:
• Maximum normal force coefficient (CNmax), for the transport aircraft it is

ranging from: -1 to 2.5.
• 𝑉𝑆1 = stall speed.
• 𝑉c = design cruising speed.
• 𝑉A= design maneuverability.
• 𝑉d = design diving speed.
At first, we will assume the value of the maximum normal force coefficient (CNmax)
to be equals = 2.1, then we will show the necessary data to compute the required speeds
to draw the v-n diagram.
83
Table 63: The parameters to compute the required speed for V-n diagram.
Wing area (S) 1,900 ft

Altitude 50,000 ft
Density at 50,000 ft (ρ (slug/ft3) 3.64 ×10-4
Mach number 0.85
Take-off weight (Gw) 114,000 lbs
Maximum normal force coefficient (CNmax) 2.1
Speed of sound at 50,000 ft (a) 573.35 kts
stall speed (𝑉𝑆1)
Now, we will compute the 𝑉𝑆1, the following equation (33) shows how to compute it.
0.5 [33]
𝐺𝑤
2×( 𝑆 )
VS1 = ( )
𝜌 × CNmax
0.5
114,000
2 × ( 1,900 )
VS1 = ( )
3.64 × 10−4 × 2.1
VS1= 396.21 ft/s = 234.74 kts
Design cruising speed (𝑉c)
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑀 × 𝑎 [34]
𝑉𝐶 = 0.85 × 573.35
𝑉𝐶 = 487.35 kts
Design maneuverability (𝑉A)
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑆1 × √𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 [35]
Where: 𝑛max assumed to be = 2.5
𝑉𝐴 = 234.74 × √2.5
𝑉𝐴 = 371.15 𝑘𝑡𝑠
84
Design diving speed (𝑉d)
𝑉𝑑 = 1.25 × 𝑉𝑐 [36]
𝑉𝑑 = 1.25 × 487.35
𝑉𝑑 = 609.19 kts
Table 64: Summary of the flight envelope.
Flight envelope
Stall speed Design cruising Design maneuverability Design diving

(𝑉𝑆1) speed (𝑉c) (𝑉A) speed (𝑉d)
234.74 kts 487.35 kts 371.15 kts 609.19 kts
Now, we can see in the following figure, this is the flight envelope for our design so
that it is necessary in the performance of the aircraft.
Flight Envelope
3.00
VC
2.50 VA VD
2.00
1.50
Load Factor (n)
VS1
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0
-0.50
-1.00
VD
VG
-1.50
Velocity (kts)
Figure 52: The flight envelope (V-n diagram).
85
5.12 Simulation analysis
In section, we will simulate our aircraft design by two aspects which are: Aerodynamics
analysis and Structural analysis. Furthermore, the purpose of this section is to ensure
that our design meets the aerodynamics and structural requirements so that our design
is valid, and it can easily fly without any obstacles of these two aspects, as well as with
no losses financially.
Aerodynamics analysis
In this part, we will simulate our designed aircraft by using the airfoil (which is the
same as Boeing 737-300 airfoil) to get the results of the coefficient of lift (Cl) Vs. the
angle of attack (alpha), the coefficient of drag (Cd) Vs. (alpha), the coefficient of
pressure (Cp) Vs. (alpha) and lift over drag ratio Vs. (alpha). Also, by using the wing
data, we will simulate the lift distribution over the wing-span. In addition, we will use
JAVAFoil software to get the results of all these parameters.
The following table shows the data used in the simulation of the airfoil.
Table 65: The data used in the simulation of the airfoil.
Parameter Value
At root: BAC 449

Airfoil
At tip: BAC 442
At root: 26.25 ft
Chord length
At tip: 5.25 ft
Mach number 0.85
Altitude 55,000 ft
Density 3.64 ×10-4 slugs/ft3
Alpha From 0 to 10 degrees
86
The coefficient of lift (Cl) Vs. the angle of attack (alpha)
Cl Vs. alpha
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Cl
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Alpha
Figure 53: The coefficient of lift (Cl) Vs. (alpha) from 0 to 10 degrees.
The coefficient of drag (Cd) Vs. the angle of attack (alpha)
Cd Vs. alpha
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
Cd
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Alpha
Figure 54: The coefficient of drag (Cd) Vs. (alpha) from 0 to 10 degrees.
87
The coefficient of pressure (Cp) Vs. the angle of attack (alpha)
Cp Vs. alpha
0.332
0.33
0.328
0.326
0.324
Cp
0.322
0.32
0.318
0.316
0.314
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Alpha
Figure 55: The coefficient of pressure (Cp) Vs. (alpha) from 0 to 10 degrees.
The lift over drag ratio (L/D) Vs. the angle of attack (alpha)
L/D Vs. alpha

25
20
15
L/D
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Alpha
Figure 56: The lift over drag ratio Vs. the angle of attack from 0 to 10 degrees.
88
The lift distribution over the wingspan
We simulate the lift distribution along wingspan only, and for the main loads acting on
the wing, the wing-span for our design is 141.3 ft.
Lift Distribution
160000
140000
120000
100000
Lift (lbf)
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Wing-span (ft)
Figure 57: The lift distribution over the wingspan which is =141.1 ft.
The wing loading over the wingspan:
Wing Load
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
Load lbf
60000
40000
20000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-20000
-40000
Span ft
Total Lift Fuel W str
Figure 58: The wing loading versus the semi-span.
89
Stability Analysis
When designing an aircraft, stability analysis is a critical discipline to consider. The
ability to maintain an aircraft in the air in the desired flight attitude is referred to as
aircraft stability. The aim of this section is to analyse the aircraft's dynamic
stability in order to decide if the aircraft meets the requirements or whether the
aircraft design needs to be changed in order to test the aircraft.
Stability and Control Derivatives of the Aircraft

From similar aircraft we gathered this data in similar flight conditions, and we will use
it to ensure that our aircraft is stable and capable of completing the flight mission. For
a speed of 673 fps, the aircraft's stability and control derivatives were measured. The
derivatives of the aircraft in longitudinal motion will be shown in the following table:
Table 66: The derivatives required for longitudinal motion.
Flight condition
Mach
Altitude 50,000 ft 0.84
number
Center of
Air density 0.001268 slug/ft3 0.25 −𝑋 𝑐𝑔
gravity
Initial
Speed 673 fps 2.5 deg
attitude
Geometry and inertias
Wing area 5,500 ft2 Ixx 18.2*106 slug ft2
Wingspan 196 ft Iyy 33.1*106 slug ft2

Wing mean
27.3 ft Izz 49.7*106 slug ft2
geometric chord
Weight 636,636 lbs Ixz 0.97*106 slug ft2
Steady state coefficients

CL1 0.40 Cm1 0
CD1 0.025 CmT1 0
CTX1 0.025 - -
90
Longitudinal derivatives
Cmu 0.013 CLα ̇ 7
Cmα -1 CLq 6.6
Cmα ̇ -4 CDα 0.20
Cmq -20.5 CDu 0
CmTu 0 CTXu 0
CmTα 0 CLδE 0.32
CLu 0.13 CDδE 0
CLα 4.4 CmδE -1.30
Now, we will use the above data, to represent the longitudinal motion in state-space
form using the following equation:
𝑥̇ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑢 [37]
Then, it can be represented in matrices form as follows:
Δ𝑢̇ 𝑋𝑢 𝑋𝑤 0 −𝑔 Δu
Δẇ 𝑍𝑢 𝑍𝑤 𝑢0 0 Δw
[ Δ𝑞̇ ] = [ ] [ ] [38]
𝑀𝑢 + 𝑀𝑊̇ 𝑍𝑢 𝑀𝑤 + 𝑀𝑊̇ 𝑍𝑤 𝑀𝑞 + 𝑀𝑊̇ 𝑢0 0 Δq
Δ𝜃 ̇ 0 0 1 0 Δθ
𝑋𝛿𝑒 𝑋𝛿𝑡
𝑍𝛿𝑒 𝑍𝛿𝑡 Δδ
+ [ 𝑒]
𝑀𝛿𝑒 + 𝑀ẇ 𝑍𝛿𝑒 𝑀𝛿𝑡 + 𝑀ẇ 𝑍𝛿𝑡 Δδ𝑡
[ 0 0 ]
▪ To develop these longitudinal derivatives, we can use the following equations

to compute it in the state space matrix:
91
Figure 59: Longitudinal Derivatives.
Using the MATLAB® software, we can get the final matrix in the state space form
via the attached code in the
−5.9407 28.4660 0 −32.2

−0.1642 −0.7812 1 0
𝐴=[ ],
0.0174 0.0806 −0.6473 0
0 0 1 0
−2.5588 0
−0.0048 0
𝐵=[ ],
−0.0002 0
0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
𝐶=[ ],
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
92
0 0
0 0
𝐷=[ ].
0 0
0 0
Now, we can get the characteristics equation of longitudinal motion which is:
λ4 +λ3 (7.3692) +λ2 (13.5850) +𝝀 (5.6152) +0.0109=0
While,
The eigenvalues of longitudinal motion, are:
-4.7658+ 0.0000i
-2.0213+ 0.0000i
-0.5802+ 0.0000i
-0.0019+ 0.0000i
Figure 60: Eigenvalues for longitudinal motion.
As shown in the above figure, the four poles of the longitudinal motion are lying in the
negative real axis which means that our aircraft is stable for the duration of the flight.
93
Structural analysis
In this part, we will use ANSYS: MECHANICAL APDL software to simulate the wing,
so that it is necessary to show the effects of the loads on the wing. The main loads that
affect the wing are the lift, the structural weight, the engines weight, and the fuel weight.
In addition, to simulate the wing, we have to introduce the spar data (I- beam section)
that is inside the wing to get the results. The material that we used to design the spar is
Aluminum Alloy 7075. Moreover, the results that we will get from this simulation are:
The deformation of the beam, the deflection of the beam, the stress acting on the beam,
the shear force diagram, and the bending moment diagram. The following table shows
the spar data.
Figure 61: I-beam section and its dimensions.
As we see in the above figure, the symbols are the height (h), the web thickness (tw),
the flange thickness (tf), the flange length (bf).
Table 67: The I beam data for the root chord.
Parameter Value
h 4.463 ft
tw 0.118 ft
tf 0.209 ft
bf 1.03 ft
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The following data for the tip chord.
Table 68: The I beam data for the tip chord.
Parameter Value
H 0.683 ft
tw 0.021 ft
tf 0.0312 ft
bf 0.44 ft
The following table shows the values of the main loads acting on the wing and their
positions.
Table 69: The main loads acting on the wing and their positions.
Load Value Position from Root chord

Lift 7,573,930.85 lbf 35.325 ft
Structural weight 63,358.45 lbf 30 ft
Engine’s weight The first engine: 10 ft

31,878 lbf (for each)
(Two engines) The second engine: 15 ft
Fuel weight 548,784.6 lbf 20 ft
The spar of I-beam section:
Figure 62: The model of Spar.
95
The deformation of the beam:
Figure 63: The spar deformation from top view.
The deflection of the beam:
Figure 64: The spar deflection in (feet).
96
The stress acting on the beam:
Figure 65: The stress on spar by using Von-Mises method.
The shear force diagram:
Figure 66: The shear force diagram.
97
Bending Moment Diagram:
Figure 67: The bending moment diagram.
5.13 Comparison with Stratolaunch

In this part, we will compare our aircraft (Wonder Bearer aircraft) with its similar
aircraft known as the largest aircraft in the world Scaled Composite Stratolaunch.
Moreover, Stratolaunch is similar to our aircraft in many aspects such that it has the
same mission as our design, twin-fuselage, long wingspan, and it can carry a heavy
payload. As there are similar aspects, they have different aspects too. In the following
table, we will compare the two aircrafts in their dimensions, performance parameters,
aerodynamic parameters, and structural parameters.
98
Table 70: Difference between (Wonder Bearer) and Stratolaunch aircraft.
General parameters
Aircraft parameter Our design (Wonder Beaber) Stratolaunch
length 77.7 ft 238 ft
Height 25.9 ft 50 ft
Take-off weight 114,000 lbs 1,300,000 lbs
Empty weight 61,679.7 lbs 500,000 lbs
Payload weight 30,430 lbs 550,000 lbs
Performance parameters
Altitude 50,000 ft 35,000 ft
Cruise speed 822.6 ft/s 777.3 ft/s
Thrust 28,500 lbs 56,750 lbf
Number of engines 4 6
Aerodynamic parameters
Lift Generates less lift Generates more lift
Generates more drag due

Parasite Drag Generates less drag to long wing-span and
high weight
Generates less drag due to

Induced Drag Generates more drag
longer wing-span
Structural parameters
Wing-span 141.3 ft 385 ft
Fuselage diameter 8.167 ft 13.3 ft
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As we can see from the above table, we notice a huge difference in the
dimensions, we also notice the difference in weights. Although the stratolaunch can
carry more payload weight, but the take-off weight of Stratolaunch is equal to 11 times
our design, which makes our design favorable for the designers at this point. Moving
to the other performance parameters, we notice that our design can reach a higher
altitude which is the necessary point in the mission of the two aircrafts, also our design
is faster and generate less thrust so that it uses four engines to save fuel and weight, so
in performance, our design is better.
On the other hand, we notice that in the aerodynamic parameters, Stratolaunch

generates more lift, more parasite drag, and less induced drag. And on the other hand,
our design generates less lift, less parasite drag, and more induced drag, so they are
equal in the aerodynamic aspect. Finally, in the structural parameters, we notice that
the long span in Stratolaunch and higher diameter makes it demands more time to
manufacture and maintenance so that this point is better in our design.[15]
Figure 68:The Scaled Composite Stratolaunch.
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CHAPTER6 CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion
To conclude this project, we defined the problem from the client which was to
design an aircraft that can be used as an air launch to orbit platform, a space shuttle
would be mounted to the aircraft then at high altitude used to be a launch to orbit. To
meet the client's requirements, we brainstormed some ideas and created new concepts.
We went through project organization, project management, market research, project
impacts, and so on in order to plan such a project. The problem statement was to design
an aircraft that can be used as an air launch to orbit platform, based on a given mission
specification, and mission profile. The team began by looking for similar air-launch
aircrafts on the market. To begin a suitable design for our client by using the best
engineering tools and methods available, such as the morphological chart and Pugh's
method, and then choosing the best alternative. Some programs and tools helped us
throughout this step such as SolidWorks®, Ansys®, MATLAB®, Javafoil®, Microsoft
Excel®.
In our designing process, we used the Roskam method to design our aircraft
successfully. Firstly, we constructed the airplane's mission specifications, mission
profile and then estimating maximum take-off weight, empty weight, and fuel weight.
Then we moved to the determination of take-off weight sensitives. After that, we moved
to one of the most important parts: the performance constraints analysis to find the
performance constraints at some flight mission stages. From this point, we determined
the basic performance characteristics of our airplane. Then, we designed the fuselage
configuration, layout of the propulsion system, and the wing layout. After all, we
designed the empennage configuration, performed the weight fractions, and found the
center of gravity location. Lastly, we designed the landing gear system, constructed the
flight envelope, and performed the aerodynamic and structural analysis. Finally, we
have done our project, and now we are willing forward to learn new aircraft designing
methods.
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6.2 Recommendations
At the end of this project, we recommend the following for whoever is willing to
Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform: Due to time constraints, we just covered
the main parts of the performance analysis and didn’t consider all parts. The
performance section is very important which involved determining the wing area and
thrust needed, so you have to cover all of them. You also have to be careful about the
take-off weight in many calculations since it is considerable in performance analysis,
wing design, and empennage design. Regarding the center of gravity location, we
considered the main loads, while you can add the other loads to get a precise location.
Also, for the structural simulation, we simulated the loads just on the spar of the wing
while you can simulate the whole structure of the wing to get more accurate results. On
the other hand, you can seek deep recommendations from experts and engineers in
different branches of aerospace engineering. Also, there are many methods to designing
aircraft, and you can use other approaches to gain more knowledge with different
strategies.
102
REFERENCES
[1] - Lockheed Martin. 2020. L-1011: Luxury Among The Clouds.
[online] Available at: https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-
us/news/features/history/l-1011.html [Accessed 3 October 2020].
[2] - Parabolicarc.com. 2020. Stratolaunch Scales Back Booster Plans,
Lays Off Employees – Parabolic Arc. [online] Available at:
http://www.parabolicarc.com/2019/01/19/stratolaunch-scales-booster-
plans-lays-employees/ [Accessed 5 October 2020].
[3] - Drum, B., 2020. Ex-Virgin Atlantic G-VWOW Is Now With Virgin
Orbit As N744VG “Cosmic Girl”. [online] World Airline News.
Available at: https://worldairlinenews.com/2017/10/10/ex-virgin-atlantic-
g-vwow-is-now-with-virgin-orbit-as-n744vg-cosmic-girl/ [Accessed 5
October 2020].
[4] - Astronautix.com. 2020. Pegasus XL. [online] Available at:
http://www.astronautix.com/p/pegasusxl.html [Accessed 6 October
2020].
[5] - Wikiwand. 2020. Northrop Grumman Pegasus | Wikiwand. [online]
Available at:
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus#/History
[Accessed 4 October 2020].
[6] - Gunter's Space Page. 2020. Launcherone (L1). [online] Available at:
https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/launcherone.htm [Accessed 7 October
2020].
[7] - Hemmerdinger, J., "Boeing to restructure, simplify corporate
functions amid changing industry", Flight Global Available:
https://web.archive.org/web/20200426095636/https://www.flightglobal.c
om/airframers/boeing-to-restructure-simplify-corporate-functions-amid-
changing-industry/138008.article [Accessed 5 November 2020].
[8] - "Aviation Pollution - Environmental Protection UK", Environmental
Protection UK Available: https://www.environmental-
protection.org.uk/policy-areas/air-quality/air-pollution-and-
transport/aviation-pollution/ [Accessed 15 November 2020].
103
[9] - Global Warming", Earthobservatory.nasa.gov Available:
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming [Accessed 10
October 2020].
[10] - Timperley, J., "Should we give up flying for the sake of the
climate?", Bbc.com Available:
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200218-climate-change-how-to-
cut-your-carbon-emissions-when-flying [Accessed 5 December 2020].
[11] - "Virgin Galactic Space Tourism
Brightcove", Web.archive.org Available:https://web.archive.org/web/200
71223012414/http://www.brightcove.tv/title.jsp?title=1119231942&chan
nel=627008079 [Accessed 25 December 2020].
[12] - Taylor, Michael J.H.; Lambert, Mark; Munson, Kenneth, eds.
(1993). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1993–94 (84th ed.). Coulson,
Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group. p. 604. ISBN 978-0710610669.
[13] - Jackie Wattles, C., "Virgin Orbit halts test flights as Covid-19 cases
surge", CNN Available: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/14/tech/virgin-
orbit-covid-scn/index.html [Accessed 10 February 2020].
[14] - Roskam, J., Airplane design, Ottawa, Kan.: Roskam Aviation and
Engineering Corp., 2003. (All Detailed Design Parts)
[15] - Stratolaunch News", Web.archive.org Available:
https://web.archive.org/web/20170601133908/http://www.stratolaunch.co
m/news/ [Accessed 4 April 2020].
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APPENDICES
Appendix A Team Interview
Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni Member-1:
Member 1 in the team and the team leader is Abdulmajeed AlQarni. He

moved from Aseer to Jeddah just to study at KAU especially at Aerospace
Engineering. Abdulmajeed has started his studies at KAU in 2017. He
chose this department because he loves everything about the aviation world
and his dream to can design anything in aircraft during the next years. He
has great knowledge in the Aerospace Engineering topics such as
Structures and Material, Aerodynamics, Propulsion, and Flight Stability
and Control. In addition, he is good at using CFD programs and
SolidWorks. In teams, Abdulmajeed can be a good leader and can organize
the work between the team members equally also can take important
decisions at a specific time.
Pros Cons
Leadership Irritable
Wisdom Very Strict
Good advisor
Skills in CFD and SolidWork
Khaled Al-Malki Member-2:
Member number 2 in the team is Khaled Almalki, born and living in

Jeddah. Khaled has started his studies in KAU since 2017 and he choose
Aerospace Engineer Department. Khaled is currently taking mechanical
design course and he has the ability to provide the team with the needed
105
knowledge about the mechanical aspects. In teams, Khaled can be a good
motivator to getting highest performance from team members.
Pros Cons
Positivity Impulsive in some decisions
Working hard Late some time for the meeting
Skills in MS office
Motivating other members
Mohammed Batheeb Member-3:
Member number three in the team is Mohammed Batheeb, he graduated

from Jeel Al- Faisal high school since 2016. A year after, he entered King
Abdul-Aziz University and he chose the Engineering Faculty especially the
Aerospace Engineering Department. Moreover, he chose this department
because he liked how the airplanes with that much of kilograms can afford
hundreds of people with ease. Mohammed has the ability of choosing the
optimum decisions and collaborating in working as teams.
Pros Cons
Creativity Programming software
Choosing the optimum decisions Slow in work
Skills in using MS Office
Co-leader
Abdullah Al-Ghamdi Member-4:
The fourth member of the team, Abdullah Sami Al-Ghamdi, joined the
college in 2016 and later joined the aerospace engineering major because
of his admiration for designing and maintaining aircraft. Currently, during
this academic semester, he studies several courses, including propulsion
systems 2 and also the stability course, aiming to create and design a
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completed graduation project free of defects and seeks to be useful to his
colleagues and to play its role completely.
Pros Cons
Confident Temperamental
Humble Late sometimes
Interested in engineering simulation
programs
Fahad Abdullah Member-5:
Fahad Talal Abdullah is the fifth member of the group, Born and live in
Jeddah, Joined the university in 2017, his uncle who is an aeronautical
engineer inspired and motivated him to choose the aerospace engineering
as a major, working in a team makes him do his best, he got the highest
grades in courses that depends on working in teams.
pros Cons
Take a long time to gather some
Discipline
information
Good listener Could improve in using MATLAB
Available for help
Appendix B Team Norms

Step 1: Brainstorming
In this step, each member of the team will give five promoters as well as
five barriers, to ensure that the team will reward the for the promoters and
they will warn or sometimes punish for the barriers. Each member must
complete his own table individually, the following tables present the
promoters and barriers given by each member:
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Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni
No Promoters Barriers
1 Be proactive for any work. Absent or coming late to the
scheduled meetings.
2 Submit the assigned work on Do not finish the assigned work
time. completely and perfectly.
3 Be prepared for meetings. Do not respect other opinions.
4 Work together as a team. Do not focus on the lectures.
5 Excuse when be late or absent. Being unprepared.
Khaled Al-Malki
No Promoters Barriers
1 Focus on the goals. Delay the assigned work.
2 Time management. Low quality work.
3 Divide the work fairly. Wasting time during meetings.
4 Respect each other. Coming late to the meeting.
5 Work together as a team. Spreading negativity.
Mohammed Batheeb
No. Promoters Barriers
1 Finish assigned work on time. Delay the assigned work.
2 Time management. Keep silence in meetings.
3 Divide the work fairly. Missing meeting.
4 Be proactive. Profanity.
5 Coming up with new ideas. Working unethically.
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Abdullah Al-Ghamdi
No. promoters Barriers
1 Cooperation. Missing meeting.
2 Divide work fairly. Working individually.
3 Working ethically. Not doing his assigned role.
4 Using the voting method. Arguing.
5 Respect between members. One member refusing to work.
Fahad Abdullah
No. Promoters Barriers
1 Continuous communication. Lack of meeting.
2 Feedback. Being unprepared.
3 Respect all the ideas and opinions. Being shy to share an opinion.
4 Discipline. Arguing.
5 Focusing on strength points for each Working individually.
member.
Step 2: Boggle’s Method
Boggle’s method is the way to get rid of each reoccurring promoters and
barriers. Boggle’s method will help us to figure out the unique ideas
clearly. To clarify, the reoccurring ideas will be colored by the yellow
color.
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M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Finish
Be proactive Focus on the Continuous
1 assigned Cooperation
for any work goals. communication
work on time.
Submit the
Time Time Divide work
2 assigned work Feedback
management management fairly
on time
Respect all the

Be prepared Divide the Divide the Working
3 ideas and
for meetings work fairly work fairly ethically
opinions
Work together Respect each Using the

4 Be proactive Discipline
as a team other voting method
Focusing on
Excuse when Work Coming up Respect
strength points
5 be late or together as a with new between
for each
absent team ideas members
member
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Absent or
Delay the Delay the
coming late to Missing Lack of
1 assigned assigned
the scheduled meeting meeting
work work
meetings
Do not finish
the assigned
Low quality Keep silence Working Being
2 work
work in meetings individually unprepared
completely and
perfectly
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Wasting time Being shy to
Do not respect Missing Not doing his
3 during share an
other opinions meeting assigned role
meetings opinion
Coming late
Do not focus
4 to the Profanity Arguing Arguing
on the lectures
meeting
One member
Being Spreading Working Working
5 refusing to
unprepared negativity unethically individually
work
Using Boggle’s method reduces the promoters and barriers that we set
significantly. In the next step, we are going to use multi-voting method that
will enable us to get the most important promoters and barriers.
Step 3: Multi-Voting
In this step, each member should vote for what he thinks is the best
promoter and barrier that will be for the benefit of the team. So, the
following tables for the promoters and for the barriers.
Promoters M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Total
Be prepared for
1 1 2 4 5 4
meetings
2 Focus on the goals. 2 3 2
Coming up with new

3 1 2 3 5 4
ideas
4 Cooperation 1 2 3 4 5 5
5 Working ethically 1 2 3 4 5 5
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6 Continuous
2 3 4 5 4
7 communication
8 Feedback 5 1
9 Discipline 4 5 2
Using the voting

10 1 3 4 3
method
Barriers M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Total
1 Lack of meetings. 1 2 2
2 Low quality work. 1 2 3 4 5 5
Do not respect other

3 1 2 3 4 4
opinions.
Wasting time during
4 5 2
meetings.
5 Profanity. 1 2 3 4 5 5
6 Spreading negativity. 1 2 5 3
7 Working unethically. 1 3 4 5 4
Refusing to do the
8 1 2 3 4 5 5
assigned work.
As we see in the above tables, we ended up with 5 promoters and 5

barriers that are being the most voted.
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Team norms
So, here we come up with our most voted promoters and barriers to present
it as our team's norms as follow:
1- Be prepare and communicate with your teammates in the team's

meetings, so that the team will be Cooperation.
2- Working ethically to present the tasks ad duties completely and

perfectly.
3- Respect your teammates and do not insult them or do not respect their
opinions.
4- Be proactive and coming up with new ideas to present the assigned

work creativity.
Team Roles
The team's leader asks personal questions for each team member, and
depending on the answers, he assigns the suitable role for each member,
the roles will be illustrated in the following table.
Name ID Team Member Role

Team Leader
1- Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni 1740227
The gatekeeper
2- Khaled Al-Malki 1740196 Encourager
3- Mohammed Batheeb 1742847 Devil’s Advocate
4- Abdullah Al-Ghamdi 1636043 Recorder
5- Fahad Abdullah 1742922 Timekeeper
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Appendix C Engineering Ethics
Introduction
In this assignment, we will talk about engineering ethics and we will begin with its
definition, as well as its reasons about how much require for the engineers to develop
their ethical skills. As we know, the safety requirements are important issues for
engineering ethics, so we will clarify how much the safety requirements are important
for these ethics. In addition, there are some terms such as Conflict of interest,
Confidentiality, Moral rights, Loyalty to companies, and Preferential Treatment, these
terms are essential for developing ethical skills. Finally, we will discuss the meaning of
the codes of Engineering Ethics and the names of some organizations that have these
codes. All of these topics will be discussed in detail.
Engineering Ethics definition
Engineering ethics are the system of moral principles that can be organized as rules or
standards that are necessary to apply the engineering profession, these standards
examine the obligations of the engineers to their workplace, clients, and society.
The reasons for developing ethical skills for engineers
The engineering ethics can be developed in many such ways, for example, in the
workplace, often the engineers work as a team so that they have to respect the opinions
of each member, also being selfish so that it will not take care of the other opinions.
We can also give an example of dealing with the clients when the engineer does not
focus on his requirements and his needs.
How the safety requirements are necessary for ethical action?
The concept of safety is very important in the engineering workplace because they are
dealing with dangerous equipment, for example, the civil engineers when they construct
a building, the equipment will be bricks, steel, and cement, and this equipment, if there
is no safety protection, will be dangerous for the engineers in the workplace, also for
the people who leave near the building. This is one example in one case, and we cannot
count the incidents in all branches of engineering, that is why safety is a requirement
for ethical action.
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Conflict of interest
Conflict of interest is like a selfish act so that the person or the entire organization
focuses on how they will get their benefit without taking care of the other people's
interests while working in groups or working on projects in the workplace. Also, for
any person or organization to focus on their benefit, they will neither respect the code
of conduct nor the ethics that make the environment in the workplace of these kinds of
business safe and secure to everyone. For example, the catering companies do not care
about the quality of their products.
Confidentiality
It is sharing the information and secrets between two persons in confidence and not
told anyone so that they can trust each other. There are many examples of this topic
for example when the customer gives his valuable information to the bank employee
so that this information must be in secret.
Moral rights
Moral rights are important in the job environment to protect the integrity and ownership
if they invent or come up with new ideas.
Loyalty to companies
One of the most important ethics that the engineer should have is loyalty to his
company, this loyalty can be in different examples such as don’t tell the competitor
companies the secret of the profession or the secret of success in the aspects of the
company. Also, don’t tell the cons of your company to the competitors such that these
things will harm the reputation of himself and his company. All of these things seem
like small ethical skills issues, but these things will impact positively the engineer if he
obligates by these ethical skills.
Commitment to work on a project
As we know, most of the engineers work done by working in groups so that we mean
in this part the loyalty and commitment to this group, the group member must follow
these commitments to achieve the purposes with ease. Also, when the group members
do their assigned tasks on time.
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Preferential treatment
Some companies break the government's rules so that they hire a specific race or gender.
On the other hand, the government put rules to close this treatment since preferential
treatment is based on race and gender, and it seems quite discriminatory.
Hierarchical values and animal rights
Hierarchical values are a significant commitment in our acknowledging of where

humankind may be going. The development of hierarchical values, for example,
spontaneity, meaning, authenticity, self-knowledge, and so on. So, every community
along various ages have their hierarchical values.
The animal basic entitlements from an ethical view are determining the correct and
incorrect approaches to treat the animals. It is critical to recognize between the animals'
rights and animals' welfare. For instance, animals ' privileges allies trust it isn't worthy
of the ethical view to adventure and utilize animals in any way. While the individuals
who uphold animals' government assistance trust it is worthy ethically for people to
utilize animals if there are no different ways for accomplishing similar outcomes.
Additionally, the human should decrease this destructive impact to the minimum as
much as possible.
Whistleblowing
Whistleblowing is a significant tool for the associations and for the representatives who
are working in those associations. As an engineer, partake in halting the stopping the
mistakes whither in the field of engineering or out, and ought not to keep quiet if the
engineer recognizes such an infringement to the designing ethics. It keeps up not simply
safety in the office, individual representatives, and society. It guarantees there is no
corruption in the field of work.
Grade inflation
Grade inflation for the most part implies increasing the evaluation and giving a student
more an augmentation on the real evaluation, yet in the designing work field it implies
giving a worker rewards or advantages more than what he merits, it could dishearten
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the representative who is trying sincerely, and it may likewise build the unreliability for
the representative who got the rewards.
Authorship of reports and papers
For a published report or a paper, the creation must be clear and very much
characterized where everybody that commits finishing that published paper or report
that is considered as an author. There are numerous norms and standards' for figuring
out who’s required for being an author or not, how requested and organized should the
author be recorded in that paper. Engineering papers or research are not generally a
one-man work, so all things considered everybody engaged with that sort of trial ought
to be recorded and referenced in the reports.
Peer review
The peer review is where a work that was created by somebody or a few people (peers)
is being assessed by an expert that works in a similar field (peer analysts) with much
experience. This process intends to guarantee that the nature of the work is meeting a
specific degree of norms. Moreover, improving performance and giving validity.
Companion commentators' occupation is exceptionally basic where a ton of ethical
issues are identified with their jobs, for example, sharing the subtleties of the work or
inspecting it with somebody other than the author, making exploitative appraisal and
request reference for individual intrigue aims.
Issues of honesty
Being an honest engineer is an unquestionable requirement, the majority of the

engineering ethics guidelines exceptionally zeroing in on being straightforward as a
specialist. Deceitfulness is one of the most realized ethical issues identified in the work
field. Untrustworthiness may show up in various manners, for example: lying by giving
deceiving data internally, and thinking double-dealing by talking about specialized
subjects to infer information he doesn't have to dazzle a client.
The environmental Ethics
Environmental ethics are the standards that help keep up the ethical relationship of
people and value the ethical status of, the environment and nature and its non-human
substance. For example, placing in thought the individuals in the city and the noise
pollution while flying the Concord.
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The codes of Engineering Ethics
The code of engineering ethics can be characterized as a fundamental guide for

proficient direct in the engineering field. Be that as it may, in every specialization in
the engineering field there is a particular ethic code. A few beginnings related to these
various specialties are the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME),
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), National Society of
Professional Engineers (NSPE), Saudi Council of Engineers (SCE), American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).
Interesting Engineering Ethical Codes
1-Hold fundamental the safety, health, and welfare of people in general in the
performance of their obligations.
2-Keep up and improve our specialized expert skills through our careers and give
occasions to the expert the opportunity of improvement of those specialists under our
supervision.
3-Treat decently and deferentially all partners and colleagues, perceiving their
interesting commitments and abilities.
4-Appropriately credit the commitments of others, acknowledge and offer a fair and
helpful analysis of specialized work, and recognize right blunders.
5-Staying away from conflicts of interest and saw irreconcilable circumstances, and act
as a legit and reasonable agent in all expert association.
no. Q Yes/No Reference Code
Engineers may issue subjective and partial statements if such statements are in writing and
1 No II-2
consistent with the best interests of their employers, clients, or the public.
2 Yes Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. II-4
Engineers shall not be required to engage in truthful acts when required to protect the public health,
3 No II-1
safety, and welfare.
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Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code, following a period of 30 days
during which the violation is not corrected, shall report thereon to appropriate professional bodies
4 No II-1-f
and, when relevant, also to public authorities, and cooperate with the proper authorities in
furnishing such information or assistance as may be required.
Engineers may review but shall not approve those engineering documents that are in conformity
5 No II-1-b
with applicable standards.
Engineers shall not affix their signatures to plans or documents dealing with the subject matter in
which they lack competence but may affix their signatures to plans or documents not prepared
6 No II-2-b
under their direction and control where they have a good faith belief that such plans or documents
were competently prepared by another designated party.
Engineers shall not reveal facts, data...information without the prior consent of the client or
7 Yes II-1-c
employer except as authorized or required by law or this Code.
Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified by education or experience in the
8 Yes II-2-a
specific technical fields involved.
Engineers shall strive to be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony,
with primary consideration for the best interests of the engineers' clients or employers. The
9 Yes engineers' reports shall include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, statements, or II-3-a
testimony, which shall bear the date on which the engineers were retained by the clients to prepare
the reports.
Engineers may accept assignments and assume responsibility for the coordination of an entire
10 No project and shall sign and seal the engineering documents for the entire project, including each II-2-c
technical segment of the plans and documents.
Engineers may express publicly technical opinions that are founded upon knowledge of the facts
11 Yes II-3-b
and competence in the subject matter.
Engineers may not participate in any matter involving a conflict of interest if it could influence or
12 Yes II-4-a
appear to influence their judgment or the quality of their services.
Engineers shall not solicit but may accept financial or other valuable consideration, directly or
13 No indirectly, from outside agents in connection with the work for which they are responsible if such II-4-c
compensation is fully disclosed.
Engineers shall not accept compensation, financial or otherwise, from more than one party for
14 Yes services on the same project, or for services pertaining to the same project, unless the circumstances II-4-b
are fully disclosed and agreed to by all interested parties.
Engineers shall not solicit nor accept a contract from a governmental body on which a principal or
15 Yes II-4-e
officer of their organization serves as a member.
16 Yes Engineers shall acknowledge their errors after consulting with their employers or clients. II-1-a
119
Conclusion
By the end of this report, we have realized what engineering ethics mean, the reasons
for developing ethical skills for an engineer, How safety is a requirement for ethical
action, conflict of interest, confidentiality, moral rights, loyalty to companies,
commitment to work on a project, preferential treatment, hierarchical values, and
animal rights, Whistle-blowing, grade inflation, authorship of reports and papers, peer
review, issues of honesty, the environmental ethics, and the codes of Engineering
Ethics.
Appendix D Case Study

Introduction
In this report, we are going to complete assignment-A6 which is talking about

engineering ethics. In this part of this assignment, we have a case study to measure and
confirm our understanding of engineering ethics. The case study says if you have
undertaken some consultancy work with a foreign company, under a scheme whereby
half of your fee comes from the central government. However, the client company
informs you after the work has been done that they are in financial difficulties and that
the only way you will be paid in full is if you falsify the invoice document so that the
government pays 100% of your fee. You are also told that this is standard practice and
happens with the cooperation of the administrators of the government fund.
What should you do in this situation?
1. You could agree to the process as described by the client company. It is important
that Sudobuild get fair remittance for the work they have undertaken, and
administrators of the government fund have approved the practice of doubling the
invoice.
2. You could refuse to participate in the practice and accept whatever funds that the
client company have available. You do not want to engage in corruption, but you
do not want to sever your relationship with this company and others in the region.
3. You could refuse to double your invoice and take the client company to court to
recover your fee. It is important to take a stand against corruption, and to ensure
that companies face up to their financial obligations.
4.
120
Case Study
Of course, We will refuse to double the invoice, and this because of two main reasons:
First, because we are Muslim engineers our religion prevents any trying to cheat, fraud,
and corruption after any contract had done between two sides. second, because of what
we learned from engineering ethics such as the following rules: According to the fourth
cannon in ASE codes of ethics “Engineers shall act in professional matters for each
employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest”,
in this cannon the engineer must avoid conflict and we should refuse the client requests
to double the fee because this will affect the society badly. According to rule #4-3
“Every engineer shall deal with all parties with the utmost integrity and fairness
whenever administrating any contracts or recruiting any personnel. Every engineer
shall enter into an agreement before working for those parties to the extent that allows
the same to make improvements, designs, innovations, and other facilities that require
keeping the rights thereof in writing or innovation; without resorting to deception as a
means to induce others to work therewith” So we take the client company to court to
recover our fee and it is important to take a stand against corruption and to ensure that
companies face up to their financial obligations. Also, we can see clearly that we have
to avoid deception when we make contracts in our work and we should deal with all
parties equally and fairly even if we will lose something.
Conclusion
Finally, we learned from this case that is possible to face problems and issues like this
in the future. So, we should know how to deal with these problems and what is the best
decision that we must take at that decisive moment. Also, Engineering ethics codes
gave us all the rules and regulations to deal with these problems and act carefully with
all contracts that we do to be professional engineers.
121
Appendix E Contemporary Issues
(Contemporary Issues and Acquiring New Knowledge:

Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform)
A. Al-Qarni, K. Al-Malki, M. Batheeb, A. Al-Ghamdi, F. Abdullah
Aeronautical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering

College of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University
P. O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
I. Abstract
This paper presents five contemporary issues that plays an important role in the
engineering discipline, the contemporary issues can affect many aspects in the
engineering discipline. From engineering point of view the contemporary issues depend
on many factors which will cause a negative impact on our aircrafts, so as engineers
shall minimize the negative impacts of the different contemporary issues that effect on
it. In this paper we have discussed five contemporary issues that related to our BS
project in many aspects in step one. Then, we selected the lack in manufacturing due to
coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) because of its huge effects these days in the
manufactures, and we investigated the main reasons behind the lack which will be the
less in the number of labors in manufactures and the obstacles to transport the aircraft
materials because of flights ban.
II. Introduction
In this assignment, we are going to discover the contemporary issues that may affect
our project in different manners. The contemporary issues are modern events or
problems that may affect the engineering discipline or are affected by the engineering
field. The contemporary issues could be environmental, social, economic, technical,
non-technical, or political. As engineers, we have to overcome the negative impacts of
the contemporary issues and control those issues in our projects to ensure the quality of
life in whole world. Through this assignment we will report out five contemporary
issues that may affect our project in the first step. Then, we will select one of those
contemporary issues to discuss in more details in the second step.
122
III. Step#1: Contemporary issues
Lack in manufacturing due to Coronavirus: Nowadays, coronavirus pandemic
(COVID-19) becomes a real obstacle to several aspects, here we will talk especially in
manufactures, so that the aircrafts require large number of labors when it will be
manufactured. Coronavirus will affect in closing the manufactures to limit the spread
of this disease, there are many of the manufactures lay off their employees from work,
many companies declared bankrupt. On the other hand, there are many manufactures
said that it has followed safety protocols at its facilities, by minimizing the working
hours and the number of labors [7].
Air pollution: The air pollution is considered one of the most common contemporary
issues that have relation of using aircrafts, and especially the type of aircrafts that
carries a payload. The engines of the aircrafts generally combust fuel efficiently, and
jet exhausts have very low smoke emissions. The main pollutant is nitrogen dioxide
(NO2). Nitrogen dioxide is formed by nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from surface
traffic, aircraft and airport operations. Nitrogen oxides from high-altitude supersonic
aircraft are thought could damage the stratospheric ozone layer, which is the protective
layer that filters out harmful radiation from the sun [8].
123
Global warming: The global warming is considered one of the most common
contemporary issues, the global warming is defined as unusual rapid increasing in
Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the
greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels [9]. The greenhouse gas
emissions from the aviation sector considered as a major contributor to global warming.
Around 2.4% of CO2 emissions come from aviation globally. With other gases and the
water vapor trails produced by aircraft, the industry is responsible for around 5% of
global warming [10].
Large wingspan: The wingspan of our aircraft is large because it is carrying the
payload (which is the spaceship most of the time), so that the aircraft will be heavier.
Furthermore, large wingspan will impact a negative impact aerodynamically, which
will create more drag. Also, it will minimize the aircraft lift as well [11].
Number of engines: Our aircraft requires high thrust to lunch it that is because it is
carrying the payload (spaceship), as well as it should fly at higher altitude to lunch the
spaceship. In addition, our aircraft has four engines, 450 Kg for each engine [12], which
will increase the weight of the aircraft so that it is not desirable for the designers.
IV. Step#2
In this step we choose the Lack in manufacturing due to Coronavirus pandemic
(COVID-19) as contemporary issue to dive into it more. We choose it because it has
affected many aspects around the world, economically, environmentally and socially.
In addition, Coronavirus has huge effects on the manufacturing which is a negative
impact actually that causes the manufactures lost millions of dollars due to the
quarantine earlier and now the smaller number of labors. Moreover, it affects the
manufacturing of our aircraft economically, such as the struggling of how to transport
the aircraft materials to manufacture it, so that the manufacturing will be less due to the
flights ban. All of these will limit the manufacturing of our aircraft as well as the flight
test program [7].
V. Conclusion
At the end, we discussed five contemporary issues which are: lack in manufacturing
due to Coronavirus, air pollution, global warming, large wingspan, and number of
engines. We noticed that the manufacturing will be less due to the disease. Also, from
124
the air pollution, we noticed the negative impact of it on the environment. Moreover,
the global warming will also affect negatively on the environment due to the burning
fossil fuel. In addition, as the aircraft weight increases, as the obstacles of how the
aircraft will fly increases, that is because the aircraft will require more power which is
undesirable. However, the large wingspan will create more drag so that will be the same
issue as the increasing in weight, if there is more drag, the aircraft will face obstacles
in flying.
On the other hand, we noticed that the effects of the Coronavirus in minimizing the
manufacturing will affect around the world which will affect the most. All in all, we
discussed the essential contemporary issues that related to our aircraft.
125
Appendix F Engineering Standards
can see the used standards in the following table.
Engineering
Where it used Benefits
Standard
Chapter 5 (Structure Analysis) Reduce the risk product

ISO or service mistakes and
I-Beam Section - page (94-95) fatal failures.
Chapter 5 (Structure Analysis) To be sure about the

ASTM values of the material
Aluminum Alloy 7075 - page (94) properties.
Chapter 5 (Propulsion System) To be sure about the

SAE efficiency and quality of
Turbofan Engine - page (60) the engine.
Chapter 5 (Aerodynamics Analysis) To be easier to find the

BAC correct characteristics of
Airfoil - page (68) the airfoil.
126
Appendix G Stability MATLAB Code
clear all
clc
close all
%-------Flight Condition & Geometry and Inertias -------%
Q = 0.5*0.001268*(673^2);
u = 673;
S = 5500;
b = 196;
c = 27.3;
CG=0.25*c;
Iy = 33.1*10^6;
m = 636,636;
g = 32.2;
AR = (b^2)/S;
e = 1;
M = 0.84;
%----Steady State Coefficients-------%
%----longtiudinal Derivatives--------%
C_L_0 = 0.40;
C_L_u = 0.13;
C_L_alpha = 4.4;
C_L_alpha_dot = 7;
C_L_q = 6.6;
C_D_u = 0;
C_D_alpha = 0;
C_D_0 = 0.025;
C_T_u = 0;
C_m_0 = 0;
C_m_u = 0.013;
C_m_alpha = -1;
C_m_alpha_dot = -4;
C_m_q = -20.5;
C_D_control = 0.32;
C_L_control = 0.40;
C_m_control = -1.30;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Matrix %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% X-Force Derivatives
X_u = (Q*S/((m/g)*u))*(-C_D_u-2*C_D_0+C_T_u);
X_w = (Q*S/((m/g)*u))*(C_L_0-2*C_L_0*C_L_alpha/(pi*e*AR));
% Z-Force Derivatives
Z_u = (Q*S/((m/g)*u))*(-C_L_u-2*C_L_0);
Z_w = (Q*S/((m/g)*u))*(-C_L_alpha-C_D_0);
Z_alpha = Z_w/u;
127
% Pitch Moment Derivatives
M_u = ((Q*S*c)/(Iy*u))*C_m_u;
M_w = ((Q*S*c)/(Iy*u))*C_m_alpha;
M_alpha = M_w/u;
M_w_dot = ((Q*S*(c^2))/(2*Iy*(u^2)))*C_m_alpha_dot;
M_q = ((Q*S*(c^2))/(2*Iy*(u)))*C_m_q;
% Control Derivatives
X_di = -(Q*S/(m/g))*C_D_control;
Z_di = -(Q*S/(m/g))*C_L_control;
M_di = (Q*S*c/Iy)*C_m_control;
% System
A = [X_u X_w 0 -g;Z_u/u Z_w/u u/u 0;M_u+(M_w_dot*Z_u)
M_w+(M_w_dot*Z_w) M_q+(M_w_dot*u) 0;0 0 1 0]
% A = [X_u X_w 0 -g;Z_u/u Z_w/u u/u 0;M_u M_w M_q 0;0 0 1 0]
% B = [X_di;Z_di/u;M_di+M_w_dot*Z_di;0];
B = [X_di;Z_di/u;M_di;0]
C = [1 0 0 0;0 1 0 0;0 0 1 0;0 0 0 1];
D = zeros(4,1);
%-------Longitudinal Calculation-------%
E=eig(A)
Poles=poly(A)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(real(E), imag(E), 'x')
title('Eigenvalues For Longitudinal Motion')
xlabel('Real')
ylabel('Immaginary')
xlim([-5.5 2.5])
ylim([-2.5 2.5])
grid
ax = gca;
ax.XAxisLocation = 'origin';
ax.YAxisLocation = 'origin';
%-------The End-------%
128
Appendix H Meeting Minutes
From: Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni (Team Leader)
To: All members of the team Sub: MEETING NO: 1
Time: 12:00 AM
CC: Advisor Dr. wail Harasani.
Date: 9/9/2020
Coordinator Prof. Ali Albahi.
Venue: Online (Zoom)
Attendees:
Member 1 Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni - 1740227 Present
Member 2 Khaled Al-Malki -1740196 Present
Member 3 Mohammed Batheeb - 1742847 Present
Member 4 Abdullah AlGhamdi -1636043 Present
Member 5 Fahad Abdullah - 1742922 Present
Agenda
No. Topics to be discussed Owner
1. Introductory meeting with team members Member 1
2. Distribution the team roles All members
3. Establishing team norms All Members
4. Discussion about A1 Assignment All Member
5. Discussion about A2 Assignment All Member
Meeting Minutes
No. Discussions, Decisions and Actions Taken
Topic 1:
Decisions and actions taken:
1.
1. Team leader Abdul Majeed Al-Qarni greeted all members at the beginning of the
meeting and then ordered the rest of the members to introduce themselves.
Topic 2:
2.
1. (Team roles) We assigned a role to each team member, and everyone had to fulfill their
job duty.
Topic 3:
3. 1. (Team norms) We decided to set rules that the team will follow during the project work and
they must be followed and not violated.
Note: The next meeting will be on: SUNDAY 9/10/2020 at 09:00 PM
129
To: All members of the team
Sub: MEETING NO: 2
Time: 9:00 PM
Coordinator Prof. Ali Albahi.
Date: 13/9/2020
Attendees: Venue: Online (Zoom)

Agenda
2. Problem Statement Advisor
2. Clarification the project idea with the advisor All members
3. How to start design Aircraft All Members
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
3. 2. The team advisor did the problem statement and send it to us.
Topic 2:
4. 2. Some of the team members needed a little clarification on some of the point of the
project so the advisor helped us in clarification those points.
Topic 3:
3. 2. The team advisor taught us how to start design aircraft and tilled us what should to do
in the beginning.
Note: The next meeting will be on: Didn’t scheduled yet
130
Sub: MEETING NO: 3
Time: 11:00 PM
Coordinator Prof. Ali Albahi. Date: 22/9/2020
Agenda
3. Assignment-1 Leader
2. Assignment-2 Leader
3. Revision for everything All
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
5. 3. Understand the requirements of the assignment.

4. Distribute tasks to members.
5. Write the report for the assignment.
Topic 2:
6. 3. Understand the requirements of the assignment.

4. Distribute tasks to members.
Topic 3:
3. 3. Revision with all members every assignments and tasks.
Note: The next meeting will be on: Didn’t schedule yet
131
Sub: MEETING NO: 4
Time: 9:00 PM
Agenda
4. Assignment-A3 All
2. Project scoping & Literature review All
3. Benchmarking All
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
6. Distribution the tasks of Assignment-A3.
7.
7. Discussion and understanding every task.
Topic 2:
8. 6. Working in introduction, material, and project scoping.

7. Learning how to make level of interest matrix.
8. Talking about the impact analysis.
Topic 3:
4. Searching about the competitive products
3.
5. Conduct an information search (Internet, Trade, Mag.,)
6. Compare competitive products (by performance issue and /or by customer needs satisfaction).
132
Sub: MEETING NO: 5
Time: 8:00 PM
Agenda
5. Assignment-A3 All
2. Market analysis Leader
3. Technical data Leader
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
8. Revision the tasks of Assignment-A3
9.
Topic 2:
10. 9. Understanding the market analysis.

10. Determine the market position.
11. Determine the Objectives of marketing and the structure.
12. determine the market segment of our project.
Topic 3:
1. Talking about the legal issues in KSA
3.
2. Determine the Engineering standards
133
Sub: MEETING NO: 6
Time: 9:00 PM
Agenda
6. Assignment 4 All
2. Project management and scheduling All
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
11. 10. Review the lectures

11. See what is the requires in Assignment 4
12. Distribution the Tasks
Topic 2:
Understanding and discussion all these tasks:
12. 13. Work Breakdown Structure
14. Precedence Diagram
15. Activity duration
16. Linear Responsibility Chart
1. Estimate the Design Cost:
Topic 3:
3. 7.
Note: The next meeting will be on: 17 / 10 / 2020
134
Sub: MEETING NO: 7
Time: 8:00 PM
Agenda
7. Assignment 5 All
2. Problem Definition All
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
13. 13. Review the lectures of Assignment 5

14. Going to the slides
15. Distribution the tasks
Topic 2:
Discussion all these tasks:
17. Problem Statement
14.
18. Potential Customers
19. Project Scenario
20. Project Objectives and objectives tree
21. Pairwise comparison chart (PCC)
22. Objective Metrics
Topic 3:
3. 8.
135
Sub: MEETING NO: 8
Time: 7:00 PM
Agenda
8. Assignment -A6 I all
2. Engineering Ethics all
3. Some terms in engineering ethics all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
16. Review the lectures of Assignment 6
15.
Topic 2:
16. 23. Discussion about Engineering ethics

24. Understanding about the reasons for set these rules
25. Knowing some of international codes of engineering ethics
Topic 3:
3.
1. Definition all of these terms
2. Understanding what they mean one by one
136
Sub: MEETING NO: 9
Time: 10:00 PM
Agenda
9. Assignment-A6 II all
2. Case study all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
17. 19. Review the lectures of Assignment 6

Topic 2:
1. Understanding the case study.

18.
2. Answer what is stated in the case study.
3. Write a small report for that.
Topic 3:
3. 9.
137
Sub: MEETING NO: 10
Time: 10:00 PM
Agenda
1. Assignment 7 all
2. Alternatives all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
1. Black box
19. 2. Transparent Box
3. Function-Means Tree
4. House of Quality (QFD)
5. Morphological Chart
Topic 2:
1. Alternative 1
20. 2. Alternative 2
3. Alternative 3
4. Pugh's Method
5. Selected Design
Topic 3:
3. 10.
138
Sub: MEETING NO: 11
Time: 09:00 PM
Agenda
1. Assignment 8 (Contemporary issues) all
2. all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
21. 6. Environmental issues

7. Manufacture issues
8. The pandemic(covid-19) issues
Topic 2:
22.
Topic 3:
3. 11.
139
Sub: MEETING NO: 12
Time: 10:00 PM
Agenda
1. Assignment 9 all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
9. Project definition
23. 10. Project charter
11. Project organization
12. Project plan
13. Project consideration
Topic 2:
24.
Topic 3:
3. 12.
140
Sub: MEETING NO: 13
Time: 10:00 PM
Agenda
1. Mission specification all
2. Estimating the weights all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
25. 1. Mission profile

2. Payload
3. Power plant
4. crew
Topic 2:
6. Payload weight
26. 7. Take-off weight

8. Fuel weight
9. Operation empty weight
10.
Topic 3:
3. 13.
141
Sub: MEETING NO: 14
Time: 10:00 PM
Agenda
1. Performance constraints analysis all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
1. Take-off distance sizing
27. 2. Landing distance sizing
3. Cruise speed sizing
Topic 2:
28.
Topic 3:
3. 14.
142
Sub: MEETING NO: 15
Time: 11:00 PM
Agenda
1. Design fuselage layout all
2. all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
1. Design and proposed dimension drawings
29. 2. Size and shape of the fuselage
3. Access doors and exits
4. Interior design configuration
5. Morphological Chart
Topic 2:
30.
Topic 3:
3. 15.
143
Sub: MEETING NO: 16
Time: 5:00 PM
Agenda
1. Layout design of propulsion all
2. all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
14. The suitable type of engine
31. 15. Determine the necessary number of engines to be used in the aircraft.
16. Disposition of these engines
17. Selection for our design
Topic 2:
32.
Topic 3:
3.
144
Sub: MEETING NO: 17
Time: 10:00 PM
CC: Advisor Dr. wail Harasani. Date: 5/3/2021
Coordinator Prof. Ali Albahi. Venue: Online (Zoom)
Attendees:
Agenda
1. Layout design of the wing all
2. all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
5. determining the platform designing characteristics of the wing
1. 6. Wing configuration
7. Morphological chart
8. Pugh method
Topic 2:
2. 11. Overall wing / Fuselage Arrangement

12. Wing volume
Topic 3:
3. 16.
145
Sub: MEETING NO: 18
Time: 8:00 PM
Agenda
1. Design of empennage all
2. all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
33. 1- Overall empennage configuration

2- Weight fractions
3- Center of gravity location
Topic 2:
34. 1-
Topic 3:
3. 1-
146
Sub: MEETING NO: 19
Time: 10:00 PM
Agenda
1. Design of the landing gear all
2. all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
35. 1- Landing gear systems

2- The overall landing gear configuration
3- The disposition of the landing gear
Topic 2:
36. 1- V-n diagram
Topic 3:
3. 17.
147
Sub: MEETING NO: 20
Time: 9:00 PM
Agenda
Simulation analysis
1. all
2. all
Meeting Minutes
Topic 1:
1- Aerodynamics analysis
37. 2- Structural analysis
3- Comparison
Topic 2:
38. 1-
Topic 3:
3. 1-
148
Appendix I Senior Project Proposal
Title of the Project (Tentative): Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform
Project Advisor: Prof. Wail Harasani
Expected outcomes of the project: Conceptual design calculations and drawings.
Team size: 5
Technical Support: UAV Lab
Expected budget: 500 SR
Earlier courses integrated in the project: AE 465, AE 311 and IE 202
Incorporated engineering standards: FAR 25
Applicable realistic constraints: Environmental, political, ethical,

manufacturability, sustainability
Project Statement: (50 – 150 words, continue at the back if necessary)
would be mounted to the aircraft then at high altitude used to be launch to orbit. based
on a given mission specification, and mission profile, an aircraft will be designed.
Then compared to other launch mechanisms.
Prof. Wail Harasani Prof. Ali Al-Bahi
149
SENIOR PROJECT PROPOSAL CHECKLIST
Department: Aerospace Engineering Year/Semester: Spring 2021
Project Title: Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform
Students: Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni, Khaled Al-Malki, Mohammed Batheeb, Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, Fahad Talal
Project will contain the following items:

Items: Yes NI*
1. Client/customer needs will be specified •
2. A system, component, or process will be devised •
3. Project management techniques will be used •
4. Evidence of integrated team skills will be included •
5. The work will be based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work (indicate courses) •
6. Several alternative solutions will be analyzed •
7. Criteria-based decision making will be used •
8. Appropriate engineering standards will be used and will be documented •
9. Multiple quantitative and qualitative realistic constraints will be considered •
10. Financial analysis will be included •
11. Global, economic, environmental, and societal impacts will be discussed •
12. Communication skills (Written, oral & graphical) will be demonstrated •
13. Design activities will be documented through portfolio, logbook, modified versions, and interim reports •
14. Self-assessed rubrics for at least outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 will be fulfilled •
*NI: Needs Improvement
Before sending the project proposal, MAKE SURE that all the 14 items are considered as “YES.”
• Outcome rubrics score will be reflected in the final grade of the project.
Exerts from ABET Criteria:
• Engineering curriculum must include a culminating major engineering design experience that 1) incorporates appropriate
engineering standards and multiple constraints, and 2) is based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work.
• Engineering design is a process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs and specifications within
constraints. It is an iterative, creative, decision-making process in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences
are applied to convert resources into solutions. Engineering design involves identifying opportunities, developing requirements,
performing analysis and synthesis, generating multiple solutions, evaluating solutions against requirements, considering risks, and
making trade- offs, for the purpose of obtaining a high-quality solution under the given circumstances. For illustrative purposes
only, examples of possible constraints include accessibility, aesthetics, codes, constructability, cost, ergonomics, extensibility,
functionality, interoperability, legal considerations, maintainability, manufacturability, marketability, policy, regulations, schedule,
standards, sustainability, or usability.
• An engineering program must demonstrate that the students attain the following outcomes before graduation:
• Outcome 1. an ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by applying principles of engineering,
science, and mathematics
• Outcome 2: an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs with consideration of public
health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors
• Outcome 3. an ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences
• Outcome 4. an ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed
judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts
• Outcome 5. an ability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership, create a collaborative and
inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet objectives
• Outcome 6. an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering judgment
to draw conclusions
• Outcome 7. an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies.
Approved by:
Signature: Date:
150
Appendix J SENIOR PROJECT CHECKLIST
King Abdul-Aziz University
College of Engineering
Department of:
Course: Senior Project.
Course No: XE 499
Due Date: Before approving the project for final presentation
Project Title: Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform
Students: Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni, Khaled Al-Malki, Mohammed Batheeb, Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, Fahad Talal
Project contains the following items:

Indicate where in the report
Item Yes NI* No
(including page numbers)
1. Customer needs are specified • Chapter 3 PROBLEM DEFINITION
Chapter 5 ANALYSIS OF THE
2. A system, component, or process is devised • SELECTED DESIGN
CHPTER 2 PROJECT
3. Project management techniques are used • MANAGEMENT & SCHEDULING
4. Evidence of integrated team skills are included • Appendix A
5. The work is based on the knowledge and skills acquired in AE-465 AE-311 AE-303 AE-432
earlier course work (indicate courses) • AE-331 AE-333 Meng-410
6. Several alternative solutions are analyzed • Chapter 4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
7. Criteria-based decision making is used • Chapter 4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
8. Appropriate engineering standards are used • Appendix F

9. Multiple quantitative and qualitative realistic constraints
are considered • Chapter 3 PROBLEM DEFINITION
CHPTER 2 PROJECT
10. Financial analysis is included • MANAGEMENT & SCHEDULING
11. Global, economic, environmental, and societal impacts
are discussed • Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
12. Communication skills (Written, oral & graphical) are
demonstrated • PowerPoint Presentation
13. Design activities are documented through portfolio,
logbook, modified versions, and interim reports • The Portfolio file
14. Self-assessed rubrics for Students Outcomes assessed by
the course (2: Design, 3: Communication Skills, 4: Ethics &
Professionalism, 5: Teamwork & Project Management, • Appendix H
and 7: New Knowledge)
*NI: Needs Improvement
• Before approving the project for final presentation project coordinator will make sure that all the 14 items
are considered as “YES.”
• Outcome rubrics should be reflected in the final grade of the project.
151
Appendix K Rubrics for SOs 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7
Student Outcome #2: Student work samples demonstrate the student's ability to apply the engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs with consideration of public health, safety, and
welfare, as well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors. For each of the following key performance indicators (KPIs), the student’s work is assessed as Excellent, Good, Needs
Improvement, or Unsatisfactory according to the following performance levels’ descriptions:
Performance Levels
# KPI Essential Elements of the KPI
Excellent (3) Good (2) Needs Improvement (1) Unsatisfactory (0)
1. Clearly state the problem to be solved.
2.1 Problem 2. Identify potential customers and stakeholders.
Definition 3. Identify customer needs and constraints. All essential
The following
4. Identify applicable realistic constraints such as: accessibility, aesthetics, All essential elements of
elements of the KPI essential All essential
codes, constructability, cost, ergonomics, extensibility, functionality,
the KPI are demonstrated,
interoperability, legal considerations, maintainability, manufacturability, are demonstrated, elements are elements are missed
marketability, policy, regulations, schedule, standards, sustainability, or presented and discussed
deeply discussed, missed or or addressed in a
usability but with variable depth
5. Convert the needs and constraints into clear and measurable design and correctly addressed in a wrong way.
objectives and specifications. and breadth.
presented.
6. Identify expected global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic wrong way.
impact of the design.
2.2 Design Strategy Develop a workable design strategy including: The following
All essential
a. Decomposition of work into subtasks. All essential elements of
b. Defining team members’ responsibilities. the KPI are demonstrated,
c. Development of a time plan or schedule. are demonstrated, elements are elements are missed
d. Develop initial budget and cost estimation. presented and discussed
but with variable depth
and correctly addressed in a wrong way.
and breadth.
presented.
wrong way.
1. Identify design functions,
2.3 Conceptual 2. Identify means to carry out each function to meet customer needs with The following
Design consideration of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, All essential essential
cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors. All essential elements of
elements of the KPI elements are All essential
3. Develop a selection criterion based on design objectives, constraints, the KPI are demonstrated,
and applicable codes and standards. are demonstrated, elements are missed
presented and discussed missed or
4. Develop several potential solutions such that each one meets the deeply discussed, or addressed in a
minimum requirements of the selection criteria. but with variable depth addressed in a
5. Use a decision analysis technique to select the best baseline design and correctly wrong way.
and breadth. wrong way.
alternative. presented.
152
1. Carry out modelling and discipline specific analysis of the selected
2.4 Preliminary and baseline design to ensure desired engineering requirements.
Detailed Design 2. Determine shapes, assemblies, and interfaces whenever applicable. The following
3. Select appropriate material and standard equipment
All essential essential
4. Carry out proof of concept using scale down models, prototypes and/or All essential elements of
computer simulations (if applicable). elements of the KPI elements are All essential
the KPI are demonstrated,
5. Evaluate final design considering reliability, maintainability, failure and are demonstrated, elements are missed
effect analysis, and life-cycle sustainability. presented and discussed missed or
deeply discussed, or addressed in a
6. Perform iterative analysis to achieve potential improvements. but with variable depth addressed in a
7. Carry out impact analysis of the solution including global, cultural, and correctly wrong way.
social, environmental, and economic dimensions. and breadth. wrong way.
presented.
1. Communicate final design and design procedure orally.

2.5 Documentation 2. Communicate final design and design procedure in writing. The following
All essential
3. Present professionally prepared documentation and supporting material All essential elements of
including engineering drawings, technical specifications, and user the KPI are demonstrated,
manuals (if applicable). are demonstrated, elements are elements are missed
4. Update the project schedule and budget. presented and discussed
but with variable depth
and correctly addressed in a wrong way.
and breadth.
presented.
wrong way.
153
Student Outcome #3: Student work samples demonstrate the student's ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences. For each of the following key performance indicators (KPIs), the
student’s work is assessed as Excellent, Good, Needs Improvement, or Unsatisfactory according to the following performance levels’ descriptions:
Performance Levels
1. The student demonstrates an excellent understanding of all major
3.1 Presentation of topics. The following
All essential elements of All essential elements of
Technical content 2. Topics are presented and argued with clear links between essential
successive ideas. the KPI are the KPI are demonstrated, All essential elements are
elements are
3. Ideas are well organized from a capturing introduction to a clear demonstrated, deeply presented and discussed missed or addressed in a
conclusion that builds on and provides support to the subject missed or
discussed, and correctly but with variable depth wrong way.
matter. addressed in a
presented. and breadth.
wrong way.
1. The student presents information that is organized and focused and
3.2 Addressing Needs meets readers/audience. The following
of Audience 2. Information presented falls within prescribed size or allocated essential
time. the KPI are the KPI are demonstrated, All essential elements are
elements are
3. The student uses engaging techniques that efficiently capture the demonstrated, deeply presented and discussed missed or addressed in a
interest of the readers/audience. missed or
4. In oral presentations, the student demonstrates trustful appearance, discussed, and correctly but with variable depth wrong way.
addressed in a
self- confidence, and convincing personality. presented. and breadth.
wrong way.
1. The student makes frequent and effective use of fonts, headings,

3.3 Visual Appeal bullets, margins, and white spaces to enhance the content’s visual The following
appeal and increase readability. essential
2. Presented content follows consistent and attractive layout. the KPI are the KPI are demonstrated, All essential elements are
elements are
3. The content is free from spelling, grammar, punctuation or demonstrated, deeply presented and discussed missed or addressed in a
pronunciation errors. missed or
4. Figures, tables, drawings, or other graphical illustrations are discussed, and correctly but with variable depth wrong way.
addressed in a
informative and well formatted. presented. and breadth.
wrong way.
1. Use reliable and credible references/citations.

3.4 Credibility & 2. References follow standard format to support the credibility and The following
Authenticity authenticity of the information presented. essential
3. Avoid any sort of plagiarism or dishonestly copied material. the KPI are the KPI are demonstrated, All essential elements are
elements are
demonstrated, deeply presented and discussed missed or addressed in a
missed or
addressed in a
wrong way.
154
Student Outcome #4: Student work samples demonstrate the student's recognition of ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and an ability to make informed judgments, which
must consider the impact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts. For each of the following key performance indicators (KPIs), the student’s work is assessed as
Excellent, Good, Needs Improvement, or Unsatisfactory according to the following performance levels’ descriptions:
Performance Levels
4.1 Professional 1. Demonstrate trustful appearance, self- confidence, convincing
The following
Responsibilities personality and respect of his/her personal skills and abilities All essential elements of All essential elements of
without being arrogant. essential
the KPI are the KPI are demonstrated, All essential elements are
2. Demonstrate punctuality, enthusiasm, and initiative taking. elements are
3. Establish successful relationships with pears, superiors, and clients demonstrated, deeply presented and discussed missed or addressed in a
while remaining business focused and quality oriented. missed or
4. Demonstrate competency in his/her areas of expertise addressed in a
wrong way.
4.2 Ethical 1. Demonstrate honorable and ethical practice showing fairness,

Responsibilities courtesy and good faith toward employers, clients, colleagues, and
others. The following
2. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. essential
3. Perform services only in areas of her/his competence, the KPI are the KPI are demonstrated, All essential elements are
elements are
4. Avoid deceptive acts such as falsifying personal qualifications, demonstrated, deeply presented and discussed missed or addressed in a
exaggerating responsibilities, or giving a false or misleading missed or
statement. addressed in a
5. Take personal responsibility for his/her actions. presented. and breadth.
wrong way.
4.3 Informed 1. Analyze any engineering business situation objectively using facts
Judgements and an understanding of different viewpoints while recognizing The following
individual and cultural biases. All essential elements of All essential elements of
essential
2. Identify ethical choices and existing ethical dilemmas. the KPI are the KPI are demonstrated, All essential elements are
3. Use engineering codes of ethics, input from stakeholders, and elements are
demonstrated, deeply presented and discussed missed or addressed in a
common sense to evaluate choices considering immediate and long missed or
term global, economic, environmental, and societal impacts of the discussed, and correctly but with variable depth wrong way.
engineering solution. addressed in a
4. Propose a justified ethical choice. wrong way.
4.1.1 Student appearance, dressing, and self confidence

4.1.2 Class attendance and timely submission of assignments
4.1.3 Student’s interactions with colleagues and instructor as well as the quality of submitted assignments
4.1.4 Student’s overall grade in the course
4.2.1 Fairness in teamwork, unselfishness, and absence of plagiarism

4.2.2 Safeguarding public assets and safety measures
4.2.3 Does not exaggerate her/his competences or responsibilities,
4.2.4 Does not falsify personal qualifications and avoid cheating
4.2.5 Take personal responsibility of his actions without blaming others
155
Student Outcome #5: Work samples (such as meeting minutes, team mates peer assessment, team presentations, on job evaluations, etc.) demonstrates the student's ability to
function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership, creates a collaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet objectives. For
each of the following key performance indicators (KPIs), the student’s work is assessed as Excellent, Good, Needs Improvement, or Unsatisfactory according to the following
performance levels’ descriptions:
Performance Levels
1. Being appropriately assertive: neither dominating nor passive.
5.1 Leadership All essential elements
2. Motivating teammates by expressing confidence about the All essential
importance of the task and the team's ability to accomplish it. of the KPI are The following All essential
elements of the KPI
3. Providing assistance and/or encouragement to team members. demonstrated, essential elements elements are
4. Giving timely and constructive feedback on the behavior of other are demonstrated,
presented and are missed or missed or
team members. deeply discussed,
discussed but with addressed in a addressed in a
and correctly
variable depth and wrong way. wrong way.
presented.
breadth.
1. Treating team members respectfully by being polite and
5.2 Collaborative &
constructive in communication.
Inclusive 2. Demonstrating self-awareness of the feelings of others including
All essential elements
Environment interpreting body language. All essential
3. Using positive vocal or written tone, facial expressions, and/or of the KPI are The following All essential
elements of the KPI
body language to convey a positive attitude about the team and its demonstrated, essential elements elements are
work. are demonstrated,
4. Actively contributing to team discussions while listening deeply discussed,
attentively without interruptions. discussed but with addressed in a addressed in a
5. Participating in consensus-building for decision-making. and correctly
6. Being open to receiving, reflecting and acting on constructive presented.
feedback on own behavior. breadth.
7. Approaching the conflict with the aim to resolve it and maintain
relationships.
1. Defining and agreeing on team goals and objectives.
5.3 Establishing
2. Establishing and honoring team norms
Goals and 3. Defining and agreeing on quality standards for each part of the
Planning Tasks plan. All essential
4. Contributing to the development of the plan including of the KPI are The following All essential
elements of the KPI
identification of milestones. demonstrated, essential elements elements are
5. Setting and agreeing realistic timeframes for each part of the plan are demonstrated,
6. Participating in role allocations based on individual skills. deeply discussed,
7. Participating in changing the plan if contingencies arise discussed but with addressed in a addressed in a
and correctly
presented.
breadth.
156
1. Performing all assigned tasks effectively and remaining very
5.4 Effective Team All essential elements
reliable. All essential
Interactions 2. Exchanging accurate, relevant information that can be understood of the KPI are The following All essential
and used by all team members. elements of the KPI
demonstrated, essential elements elements are
3. Attending all team meetings, participate enthusiastically, and taking are demonstrated,
turns at leading or coordinating them (including agenda presented and are missed or missed or
deeply discussed,
preparation). discussed but with addressed in a addressed in a
4. Ensuring that decisions are made in a timely manner. and correctly
presented.
breadth.
1. Appropriately commenting on the work of others.
5.5 Meeting Team
2. Participation in integrating the output of team members into the
Objectives project. All essential
3. Demonstrating sufficient technological skills. of the KPI are The following All essential
elements of the KPI
4. Adhering to appropriate academic standards (i.e., writing, demonstrated, essential elements elements are
intellectual property, confidentiality, research ethics, social are demonstrated,
networking). deeply discussed,
5. Evaluating the quality of the whole project and making required discussed but with addressed in a addressed in a
changes. and correctly
6. Submitting assigned work on time and at the agreed quality presented.
standard. breadth.
157
Student Outcome #7: Student Work samples demonstrates the student's ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies. For each of
the following key performance indicators (KPIs), the student’s work is assessed as Excellent, Good, Needs Improvement, or Unsatisfactory according to the following performance
levels’ descriptions:
Performance Levels
1. Define the scope of the subject under investigation
7.1 Identifying All essential elements
2. Determine key concepts of the subject.
needed
3. Identify new knowledge needed to be acquired. All essential elements of the KPI are The following All essential
knowledge
4. Identify sources of credible value-adding information. of the KPI are demonstrated, essential elements elements are
demonstrated, deeply presented and are missed or missed or
discussed, and discussed but with addressed in a addressed in a
correctly presented. variable depth and wrong way. wrong way.
breadth.
1. Choose appropriate learning strategies.
7.2 Accessing All essential elements
2. Select knowledge sources after considering their
Knowledge
relevance to the subject under investigation. All essential elements of the KPI are The following All essential
3. Access information from a variety of relevant credible of the KPI are demonstrated, essential elements elements are
sources.
demonstrated, deeply presented and are missed or missed or
correctly presented. variable depth and wrong way. wrong way.
breadth.
1. Organize and synthesize collected information to fully
7.3 Applying
achieve the specific purpose, with clarity and depth.
Knowledge All essential elements
2. Use information legally and ethically by applying different
citation techniques including paraphrasing, summary, or All essential elements of the KPI are The following All essential
quoting.
3. Use knowledge in ways that are true to original context. of the KPI are demonstrated, essential elements elements are
4. Distinguish between common knowledge and ideas demonstrated, deeply presented and are missed or missed or
requiring attribution.
5. Use professional citations that follow standard format to
support the credibility and authenticity of the information correctly presented. variable depth and wrong way. wrong way.
presented. breadth.
6. Avoid any sort of plagiarism or dishonestly copied
material.
Appendix L Teamwork Peer Assessment
158
Rubric for Teamwork Peer Assessment (team #2)
Title of the Team Assignment: Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform
Name of Evaluator: Abdulmajeed M. Al-Qarni Leader Computer ID No. of evaluator: 1740227
Performance Levels Evaluated Members
# KPI Essential Elements of the KPI Needs Unsatisfactory
Excellent (3) Good (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Improvement (1) (0)
5.1 Leadership 1. Being appropriately assertive: neither dominating nor passive. All essential All essential elements
Some KPI
2. Motivating teammates by expressing confidence about the importance of elements of the of the KPI are All essential
essential
the task and the team's ability to accomplish it. KPI are demonstrated, elements are
elements are
3. Providing assistance and/or encouragement to team members. demonstrated, presented and missed or - 2 2 2 2
missing or
4. Giving timely and constructive feedback on the behavior of other team deeply discussed, discussed but with addressed in a
addressed in a
members. and correctly variable depth and wrong way.
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
5.2 Collaborative 1. Treating team members respectfully by being polite and constructive in
& Inclusive communication.
Environment 2. Demonstrating self-awareness of the feelings of others including
interpreting body language. All essential All essential elements
Some KPI
3. Using positive vocal or written tone, facial expressions, and/or body elements of the of the KPI are All essential
essential
language to convey a positive attitude about the team and its work. KPI are demonstrated, elements are
elements are
4. Actively contributing to team discussions while listening attentively demonstrated, presented and missed or - 3 3 3 3
missing or
without interruptions. deeply discussed, discussed but with addressed in a
addressed in a
5. Participating in consensus-building for decision-making. and correctly variable depth and wrong way.
wrong way.
6. Being open to receiving, reflecting and acting on constructive feedback on presented. breadth.
own behavior.
relationships.
5.3 Establishing 1. Defining and agreeing on team goals and objectives.
All essential All essential elements
Goals and 2. Establishing and honoring team norms Some KPI
elements of the of the KPI are All essential
Planning 3. Defining and agreeing on quality standards for each part of the plan. essential
KPI are demonstrated, elements are
Tasks 4. Contributing to the development of the plan including identification of elements are
demonstrated, presented and missed or - 3 3 2 2
milestones. missing or
deeply discussed, discussed but with addressed in a
5. Setting and agreeing realistic timeframes for each part of the plan addressed in a
and correctly variable depth and wrong way.
6. Participating in role allocations based on individual skills. wrong way.
presented. breadth.
7. Participating in changing the plan if contingencies arise
5.4 Effective 1. Performing all assigned tasks effectively and remaining very reliable. All essential All essential elements
Some KPI
Team 2. Exchanging accurate, relevant information that can be understood and used elements of the of the KPI are All essential
essential
Interactions by all team members. KPI are demonstrated, elements are
elements are
3. Attending all team meetings, participate enthusiastically, and taking turns at demonstrated, presented and missed or - 3 3 2 2
missing or
leading or coordinating them (including agenda preparation). deeply discussed, discussed but with addressed in a
addressed in a
4. Ensuring that decisions are made in a timely manner. and correctly variable depth and wrong way.
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
5.5 Meeting Team 1. Appropriately commenting on the work of others. All essential All essential elements
Some KPI
Objectives 2. Participation in integrating the output of team members into the project. elements of the of the KPI are All essential
essential
3. Demonstrating sufficient technological skills. KPI are demonstrated, elements are
elements are
4. Adhering to appropriate academic standards (i.e., writing, intellectual demonstrated, presented and missed or - 3 3 3 3
missing or
property, confidentiality, research ethics, social networking). deeply discussed, discussed but with addressed in a
addressed in a
5. Evaluating the quality of the whole project and making required changes. and correctly variable depth and wrong way.
wrong way.
6. Submitting assigned work on time and at the agreed quality standard. presented. breadth.
Computer IDs of team members: (1): 1740227 (2): 1740196 (3): 1742847 (4):1636043 (5): 1742922
Do not evaluate yourself!
159
Name of Evaluator: Khaled S. Al-Malki Member (2) Computer ID No. of evaluator: 1740196
Excellent (3) Good (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Improvement (1) (0)
Some KPI
essential
elements are
7. Providing assistance and/or encouragement to team members. demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 - 3 3 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
11. Actively contributing to team discussions while listening attentively demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 - 3 3 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
own behavior.
relationships.
demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 - 3 3 3
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
7. Attending all team meetings, participate enthusiastically, and taking turns at demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 - 3 3 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
10. Adhering to appropriate academic standards (i.e., writing, intellectual demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 - 3 3 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
160
Name of Evaluator: Mohammed O. Batheeb Member (3) Computer ID No. of evaluator: 1742847
Excellent (3) Good (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Improvement (1) (0)
Some KPI
essential
elements are
11. Providing assistance and/or encouragement to team members. demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 - 3 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
18. Actively contributing to team discussions while listening attentively demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 - 3 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
own behavior.
relationships.
demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 - 3 3
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
11. Attending all team meetings, participate enthusiastically, and taking turns at demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 - 3 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
16. Adhering to appropriate academic standards (i.e., writing, intellectual demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 - 3 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
161
Name of Evaluator: Abdullah S. Alghamdi Member (4) Computer ID No. of evaluator: 1636043
Excellent (3) Good (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Improvement (1) (0)
Some KPI
essential
elements are
15. Providing assistance and/or encouragement to team members. demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 - 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
25. Actively contributing to team discussions while listening attentively demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 - 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
own behavior.
relationships.
demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 - 3
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
15. Attending all team meetings, participate enthusiastically, and taking turns at demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 - 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
22. Adhering to appropriate academic standards (i.e., writing, intellectual demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 - 3
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
162
Name of Evaluator: Fahad T. Abdullah (Member 5) Comp uter ID No. of evaluator: 1742847
Excellent (3) Good (2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Improvement (1) (0)
Some KPI
essential
elements are
19. Providing assistance and/or encouragement to team members. demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 3 -
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
32. Actively contributing to team discussions while listening attentively demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 3 -
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
own behavior.
relationships.
demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 3 -
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
19. Attending all team meetings, participate enthusiastically, and taking turns at demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 3 -
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
presented. breadth.
Some KPI
essential
elements are
28. Adhering to appropriate academic standards (i.e., writing, intellectual demonstrated, presented and missed or 3 3 3 3 -
missing or
addressed in a
wrong way.
163
Appendix M Drawing Sheet of Wonder Bearer
Wonder Bearer
164
Appendix N the Poster
165

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AE-499 Final Report

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King Abdulaziz University

Senior Project AE-499

Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform

Function Name KAU ID

Team Leader Abdulmajeed M. Al-Qarni 1740227

Team Member Khaled S. Al-Malki 1740196

Team Member Mohammed O. Batheeb 1742847

Team Member Abdullah S. Al-Ghamdi 1636043

Team Member Fahad T. Abdullah 1742922

Team Email: Orbitplatform2@gmail.com

Coordinator: Prof. Ali Al-Bahi

Supervisor: Prof. Wail Harasani

A Senior Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of The

AEROSPACE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PLATFORM (WONDER BEARER)

Figure 1: The model of Wonder Bearer aircraft.

Furthermore, in the third chapter which is the problem definition so that we

- The design will be based on the customer's requirements.

Everything not specifically documented as in scope is explicitly out of scope. In

- Prototype of the design.

To Design of an Air-Launch-to-Orbit Platform.

Design Objectives & Objectives Tree

Safety Markting Cost Performance Enviroment

Corrsion High Using

Figure 2: Objectives Tree Diagram.

Item Components Description

Table2 : The customer

KAU Aerospace Engineering

Project Sponsor (Prof. Wail Harasani).

• Defining the vision and high-level objectives for the project

Project Manager (Prof. Ali AL-Bahi).

Project Team Member (Abdulmajeed Al-Qarni, Khaled Al-Malki, Mohammed

Prof. Ali Al-Bahi

project team project team project team project team

Khaled Al-Malki Mohammad Batheeb Abdullah Al-Ghamdi Fahad Abdullah

Figure 3: Structure diagram.

Table5 : The Approach of the project.

Gathering information of the customer and review the requirements

Weekly meetings to discuss the progress, planning the project and

Closure Final presentation and report.

Table 6: Overall plan

Task Name Duration Start Finish

1. The whole project 169 days Fri 03/09/20 Tue 28/04/21

Problem definition 9 days Thu 03/09/20 Tue 15/09/20

1.1.1- Define objectives. 4 days Thu 03/09/20 Tue 08/09/20

1.1.2- Identify constraints. 3 days Wed 09/09/20 Fri 11/09/20

1.1.3- Revise client problem 2 days Mon 14/09/20 Tue 15/09/20

Project scoping 18 days Wed 16/09/20 Fri 09/10/20

1.2.1- Stakeholders. 4 days Wed 16/09/20 Mon 21/09/20

1.2.2- Impact analysis. 3 days Tue 22/09/20 Thu 24/09/20

1.2.3- Benchmarking. 3 days Fri 25/09/20 Tue 29/09/20

1.2.4- Market analysis. 6 days Wed 30/09/20 Wed 07/10/20

1.2.5- Related reference data 2 days Thu 08/10/20 Fri 09/10/20

Project management 7 days Mon 12/10/20 Tue 20/10/20

1.3.2- Weekly meeting. 1 day Thu 15/10/20 Thu 15/10/20

1.3.3- Monitor project. 3 days Fri 16/10/20 Tue 20/10/20

Conceptual design 25 days Wed 21/10/20 Tue 24/11/20

1.4.1- Establish function. 5 days Wed 21/10/20 Tue 27/10/20

1.4.2- Establish 5 days Wed 28/10/20 Tue 03/11/20

1.4.3- Establish means for 5 days Wed 04/11/20 Tue 10/11/20

1.4.4- Generate design 5 days Wed 11/11/20 Tue 17/11/20

1.4.5- Select the best 5 days Wed 18/11/20 Tue 24/11/20

Preliminary design 30 days Wed 25/11/20 Tue 05/01/21

1.5.1- Design methodology. 5 days Wed 25/11/20 Tue 01/12/20