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Handbook of Research on Methods and Tools for Assessing Cultural Landscape

Adaptation
Book · June 2018

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-4186-8
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Editorial Advisory Board
Paulo Almeida, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Eduardo Antunes, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Pedro Arsénio, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Manuela Epure, Spiru Haret University, Hungary
Nadia Fava, University of Girona, Spain
Francisco Gutierres, Technology Centre of Catalonia, Spain
Dirk Hennrich, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Sofia Macedo, University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal
Negru Mircea, Spiru Haret University, Hungary
Jorge Nunes, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Regina Salvador, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
Jacinto Velarde, University of Extremadura, Spain

Table of Contents
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................. xix
Preface.................................................................................................................................................. xxi
Acknowledgment.............................................................................................................................xxviii
Section 1
Cultural Landscape Adaptation
Chapter 1
Cultural Landscape: An Evaluation From Past to Present....................................................................... 1
Funda Varnaci Uzun, Aksaray University, Turkey
Mehmet Somuncu, Ankara University, Turkey
Chapter 2
Indigenous Cultural Knowledge for Therapeutic Landscape Design.................................................... 28
Jacqueline McIntosh, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Bruno Marques, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
William Hatton, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Chapter 3
Fighting for Existence and Recognition Among Sub-Dynasty Communities: A Case Study of the
Nerumedzo People in Zimbabwe........................................................................................................... 53
Tinashe Bobo, Hello Project Developers, Zimbabwe
Herbert Nechena, Government of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
Chapter 4
In Search of a Lost Authenticity: Tourism, Renaturation, and City – The Case of the Tagus
Estuary................................................................................................................................................... 72
Margarida Louro, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Francisco Oliveira, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Chapter 5
Time Operations..................................................................................................................................... 90
Cidália Ferreira Silva, University of Minho, Portugal

Chapter 6
The Power of Monsanto’s Stone: Contribution to the Study of the Sustainable Adaptative
Strategies.............................................................................................................................................. 122
José Manuel Afonso, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Chapter 7
Industrial Heritage as an Operative Territorial Resource: Cultural Landscape of Alentejo Pyrite..... 153
Marta Duarte Oliveira, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Jorge Tavares Ribeiro, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Section 2
Methods and Tools for Landscape Assessment
Chapter 8
Assessing Urban Ecosystem Services: Different Methodological Approaches Applied in Brazil,
Germany, and Portugal......................................................................................................................... 183
Marise Barreiros Horta, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Maria Inês Cabral, Martin Luther University, Germany & iDiv, Germany
Iva Pires, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
Laura Salles Bachi, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Ana Luz, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Maria Auxiliadora Drumond, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Sónia Carvalho-Ribeiro, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Chapter 9
A Novel Approach to Studying Cultural Landscapes at the Watershed Level.................................... 221
Carlos José Lopes Balsas, University at Albany (SUNY), USA
Chapter 10
Contemporary Urbanizations in Public Water Reservoirs: Floating Villages of Alqueva
Reservoir.............................................................................................................................................. 249
Hélder Caeiro Amador, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Chapter 11
The Role of Landscape in the Representation of Portuguese Wine Producing Regions..................... 276
Ana Lavrador, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal & University of Lisbon, Portugal
Jorge Rocha, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Chapter 12
Alternative Tool for an Integrative Landscape Interpretation: Case Study of the Arrábida
Maritime Coast, Portugal..................................................................................................................... 299
Ricardo Ribeiro, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Joana Corte Lopes, University of Lisbon, Portugal
François Boucault, École Nationale Supérieure d’ Architecture de Nantes, France

Chapter 13
Construction Information Map: Support for Sustainable Architecture Projects in Developing
Countries – Angola Case Study........................................................................................................... 323
Júlio Londrim Baptista, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
Cristina Delgado Henriques, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Chapter 14
Models, Methods, and Metrics to Measure Socioeconomic Resilience: Two Portuguese Urban
Systems as Case Studies...................................................................................................................... 346
Carlos Gonçalves, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Chapter 15
City Landscape: Confluence Between Ecological Conditions and Urban Morphology in the City
of Lisbon.............................................................................................................................................. 368
Ana Cristina Lourenço, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Chapter 16
Urban Landscape Quality Management and Monitoring: A Methodological Proposal to Study the
Case of Porto, Portugal........................................................................................................................ 396
Isabel Vaz de Freitas, Portucalense University, Portugal
Jorge Marques, Portucalense University, Portugal
Carlos Augusto Rodrigues, Portucalense University, Portugal
Cristina Sousa, Portucalense University, Portugal
Chapter 17
An Ecological Assessment Analysis: The Kanlidere River in North Cyprus...................................... 414
Gökçen Firdevs Yücel, Istanbul Aydın University, Turkey
Bilge Işık, Istanbul Aydın University, Turkey
Nevter Zafer Cömert, Eastern Mediterranean University, Northern Cyprus
Chapter 18
The Cycles of Impermanent Alterity in Nazaré................................................................................... 434
Marisa Carvalho Fernandes, University of Minho, Portugal
Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 466
About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 511
Index.................................................................................................................................................... 520
Detailed Table of Contents
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................. xix
Preface.................................................................................................................................................. xxi
Acknowledgment.............................................................................................................................xxviii
Section 1
Cultural Landscape Adaptation
Chapter 1
Cultural Landscape: An Evaluation From Past to Present....................................................................... 1
Funda Varnaci Uzun, Aksaray University, Turkey
Mehmet Somuncu, Ankara University, Turkey
The “cultural landscape” has been a fundamental concept in geography and was first defined as “landscape
modified by human activity” by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1890. It was introduced to
American geography in the 1920s by Carl O. Sauer (American geographer). Since the 1960s, the concept
has been widely used in human geography, anthropology, environmental management, and other related
fields. One of the major factors that contributed to the recent popularity of its use, on a global scale, was
the adoption of cultural landscapes in the International Convention for the World Heritage Convention
by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1992. In this
chapter, the basis of this concept, its emergence, and its relationships with other scientific disciplines,
particularly geography, will be discussed. Moreover, the place of cultural landscapes within protected
areas and UNESCO world heritage sites will be more specifically addressed.
Chapter 2
Indigenous Cultural Knowledge for Therapeutic Landscape Design.................................................... 28
Jacqueline McIntosh, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Bruno Marques, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
William Hatton, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
The meanings of place and the relationship between place and health have culturally specific dimensions.
This is of particular importance for indigenous people and communities as often regarding landscape
as part of a circle of life, establishing a holistic perspective about health and wellbeing. The indigenous
Māori of Aotearoa/New Zealand contend that their relationship with the land shapes how the cultural,
spiritual, emotional, physical, and social wellbeing of people and communities are expressed. Few studies

have explored the influence of the cultural beliefs and values on health, in particular the intricate link
between land and health. This chapter broadens the understanding of therapeutic landscapes through the
exploration of specific cultural dimensions. It contributes to the expanding body of research focusing
on the role of therapeutic landscapes and their role in shaping health, through the development of new
research methods.
Chapter 3
Fighting for Existence and Recognition Among Sub-Dynasty Communities: A Case Study of the
Nerumedzo People in Zimbabwe........................................................................................................... 53
Tinashe Bobo, Hello Project Developers, Zimbabwe
Herbert Nechena, Government of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
The central focus of this chapter is to discuss the way sub-dynasties create new identities and culture
quite different from their original-root-dynasties. The study case is related to the Nerumedzo people
who have proven to be a sub-dynasty of the Karanga Duma of Bikita district. The literature highlights
that the Nerumedzo people originated from a branch of the Duma Confederacy and have created through
time their own new identity, which is based on their culture in a bid to fight for their existence in the
Duma community and their alignment with the landscape (which includes their physical geography
and insects and the use of identity markers like naming and totems). Their tradition was marked by the
birth of Nemeso (who was born double-faced and, for this reason, rejected by his father Pfupajena), the
Nerumedzo progenitor. The rejection of the mysterious Nemeso meant a death threat. Therefore, his
mother fled with him to her own people with whom he grew up. From a foreign country, he returned to
his father who gave him land in the Duma confines of Bikita, where it became the base of his identity.
Chapter 4
In Search of a Lost Authenticity: Tourism, Renaturation, and City – The Case of the Tagus
Estuary................................................................................................................................................... 72
Margarida Louro, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Francisco Oliveira, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Through a historical description of the human occupation of Lisbon since the twelfth century BC and
its reorganization around the natural presence of the estuary of the river Tagus, this chapter explores
concepts like tourism, naturalization, and city. In this sense, the chapter made a critical perspective on the
changes occurred in the last years, discussing the contemporary contingency of competitiveness and urban
places transformation related to sustainability and tourism pressure in the revaluation of centralities. This
can be considered an awareness of the need to reflect on a kind of search for the loss of its authenticity.
Chapter 5
Time Operations..................................................................................................................................... 90
This chapter proposes four time operations—gleaning, grounding, stimulating, and transmuting—for
practicing time within architecture as an expanded field. By exploring the relationships between the
future-past-present through folded time as coexistence and lived time, these time operations unfold the

ways to make interprojects for cultural landscape adaptability. First, the background that supports this
research is presented, namely, why is it relevant and the main references with which this path was made
concrete. Second, the meaning of time is defined as a way to understand what time practice is being
deepened. Third, each operation is explored by describing the main features and procedures pertaining to
gleaning, grounding, stimulating, and transmuting. Fourth, the chapter discussion continues by revealing
the relationships between the operations, namely moving beyond the expected linear succession. The
chapter concludes with a hypothesis of further future development as well as the main conclusion and
key terms.
Chapter 6
The Power of Monsanto’s Stone: Contribution to the Study of the Sustainable Adaptative
Strategies.............................................................................................................................................. 122
José Manuel Afonso, University of Lisbon, Portugal
There is no point in rushing because, in fact, people are going nowhere in particular. No matter how
arduous the observation, in a slow and difficult sequence, people are always in the same place: in the
countryside. There, people were yesterday and will be tomorrow. The landscape is a singularity with no
limits: each tree, each granite boulder, each course presents infinite perspectives indistinguishable from
each other. Sustainable landscape will be a mandatory topic in the twenty-first century and will influence
the interventions in open spaces. These new paradigms will allow a healthier environment, where the
relation of architecture and environmental comfort is present. In this sense, the chapter addresses aspects
of the environment in its relationship with living culture; studies construction techniques with a lower
environmental impact; and develops adaptative strategies of “sustainable project” for ordering and
appropriation of habitable space according to the principles of cultural, economic, and environmental
preservation.
Chapter 7
Industrial Heritage as an Operative Territorial Resource: Cultural Landscape of Alentejo Pyrite..... 153
Marta Duarte Oliveira, University of Lisbon, Portugal
This chapter addresses the main existing issues concerning industrial heritage as a territorial resource
for the revitalization or valorization of functional landscapes (former or existing). It addresses the
conceptual framework of cultural landscape and its possibility as a “horizon concept,” as well as an
object of intervention according to a territorial dimension. The proposal of “Cultural Landscape of
Alentejo Pyrite” based on three mining sites—Lousal, Aljustrel, and São Domingos within the Iberian
Pyrite—was designed to be a territorial project for mining landscapes. This is a previous response to an
existing demand for operative methodologies that can convey a new paradigm of territorial planning,
with emphasis on interdisciplinary and prospect views. It provides a voice to an architectural and urban
planning point of view to these particular landscapes.

Section 2
Methods and Tools for Landscape Assessment
Chapter 8
Assessing Urban Ecosystem Services: Different Methodological Approaches Applied in Brazil,
Germany, and Portugal......................................................................................................................... 183
Marise Barreiros Horta, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Maria Inês Cabral, Martin Luther University, Germany & iDiv, Germany
Iva Pires, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
Laura Salles Bachi, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Ana Luz, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal
Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Maria Auxiliadora Drumond, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Sónia Carvalho-Ribeiro, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
By integrating social, ecological, and economic perspectives, the assessment of ecosystem services (ES)
provides valuable information for better targeting landscape planning and governance. This chapter
summarizes different participatory approaches for assessing ES in urban areas of three countries. In
Belo Horizonte (Brazil), a conceptual framework for the vacant lots ES assessment is presented as an
attempt to integrate landscape, social, and political dimensions. In Leipzig (Germany), a combination
of site surveys, interviews, and remote sensing provides a valuable data set that fostered a comparative
study between two forms of urban gardening. In Lisbon (Portugal), the study is based on interviews that
offer a social insight into the horticultural parks situation, which in turn demands a better dialogue with
the municipality. In general, the studies demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing the ES assessment
approaches on urban landscapes, especially for better understanding the interactions between people and
nature in urban sites.
Chapter 9
A Novel Approach to Studying Cultural Landscapes at the Watershed Level.................................... 221
Carlos José Lopes Balsas, University at Albany (SUNY), USA
Watersheds are natural-ecological regions characterized by a strong sense of unity. In contrast to the
current administrative jurisdictions, watersheds form natural units guided by common hydrological,
climatic, and, increasingly, cultural landscape planning mechanisms. The main purpose of this chapter
is to shed light on a novel approach to using watersheds to inventory, preserve, and promote cultural
landscape resources. The Hudson River region of New York (USA) is examined to assess the formation,
evolution, and preservation of cultural landscape resources between New York City (south) and the state
capital, Albany (north). It includes mixed methods, combining literature reviews on regional planning,
professional practice, and multi-scalar governance with selected case study analysis and the assessment
of policy priorities. The significance of this research is in the application of a novel cultural landscape
resources planning approach to the study of the Hudson River region of New York.

Chapter 10
Contemporary Urbanizations in Public Water Reservoirs: Floating Villages of Alqueva
Reservoir............................................................................................................................................. 249
Hélder Caeiro Amador, University of Lisbon, Portugal
The most important tourism projects since 2005 in Portugal, privately owned and with European
funds, were integrated resorts, mostly located in public water reservoirs, as a result of urban policies to
encourage the human occupation of the most interior desertified areas. The Alqueva reservoir, although
with no visible results, is an emerging paradigm of urban expansion planned for tourism in these areas.
This chapter intends to show the importance of the tourism reservoirs, lost with the economic recession,
through an analysis of its territorial management tools and a re-focus on innovative urban regeneration
and expansion models, using water as a central element of its development.
Chapter 11
The Role of Landscape in the Representation of Portuguese Wine Producing Regions..................... 276
Ana Lavrador, Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal & University of Lisbon, Portugal
Jorge Rocha, University of Lisbon, Portugal
This chapter analyzes the landscape role in the promotion of wine and tourism of the five most emblematic
Portuguese winegrowing regions. The use of landscape in promotional images strengthens the regional
identity, becoming a value-added component for wine marketing and tourism destination. Both have great
significance in enhancing the growth of winegrowing regions. The global economy and mechanization
of viticulture operations tend to simplify and specialize land-use vine parcels, particularly in areas of
sustainable large wine production, according to European Union rules. This research implemented an
innovative and integrative approach that represents and focuses on the promotional features of producers,
tourism, and their official bodies. Selected images were sorted into landscape, trademark, and tourism
categories, and evaluated via Cohen’s textual model, followed by a multiple correspondence factorial
analysis. The results showed a hierarchy of categories and variables consistent with their expression in
promotional features.
Chapter 12
Alternative Tool for an Integrative Landscape Interpretation: Case Study of the Arrábida
Maritime Coast, Portugal..................................................................................................................... 299
Ricardo Ribeiro, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Joana Corte Lopes, University of Lisbon, Portugal
François Boucault, École Nationale Supérieure d’ Architecture de Nantes, France
This chapter aims to describe an alternative tool developed to represent the interdependence established
in the landscape between the human activities and the capacity of natural resources to answer for their
needs. Therefore, focused on a case study of the Arrábida Maritime Coast located in Portugal, the research
not only allowed to analyze the ecological and cultural landscape components but also to diagnose
its resilience to the human activities. In this sense, considering the functional limits of the current
cartographic representation models, it was also necessary to set up a new complementary diagrammatic
model to show how the landscape interdependences are established. Despite their complex scientific data
calculation nature associated with the geoprocessing techniques to connect both representation models,
this alternative tool has integrative and intuitive interpretation features, by which it is possible to know
the landscape suitability to support new land uses and land covers.

Chapter 13
Construction Information Map: Support for Sustainable Architecture Projects in Developing
Countries – Angola Case Study........................................................................................................... 323
Júlio Londrim Baptista, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
Cristina Delgado Henriques, University of Lisbon, Portugal
All developing countries face a construction and serious housing problem, with deep economic and social
consequences in the landscape. Promoting and implementing effective and rapid initiatives in rural areas to
attract the population and keep them in their places of origin can solve this problem endorsing a reduction
of the migration to urban areas. A digital research tool was developed with the purpose of illustrating
the compatibility of local natural materials with global industrial technology, creating conditions for the
development of versatile and locally sustainable building systems in rural areas of Angola. As a product
of this research, a new map with construction information serves as a guiding database to support the
sustainable architecture and construction project, which flexible structure allowing it to be used (with
appropriate adaptation) in other developing countries.
Chapter 14
Models, Methods, and Metrics to Measure Socioeconomic Resilience: Two Portuguese Urban
Systems as Case Studies...................................................................................................................... 346
Carlos Gonçalves, University of Lisbon, Portugal
This chapter aims to discuss concepts and methods to measure the landscape resilience of urban systems
and test the indicators framework in the Portuguese regional context. The objective is to measure the
performance and the direction of the urban changes in different phenomena, as well as to evaluate the
level of urban systems preparation for a desired and undesired change adaptability. The approach to
these issues is analyzed in the literature, dividing the aforementioned analysis into the resilience of the
economic base, of the social structure, and of the urban form. In brief, the chapter meets three objectives:
firstly, defining the framework of principles more commonly associated with urban resilience; secondly,
providing a selection of indicators that embodies the different proposals of measurement; and thirdly,
applying the indicator matrix to two Portuguese case studies (Caldas da Rainha and Évora urban systems).
Chapter 15
City Landscape: Confluence Between Ecological Conditions and Urban Morphology in the City
of Lisbon.............................................................................................................................................. 368
Ana Cristina Lourenço, University of Lisbon, Portugal
This chapter aims to describe the urban morphology of the city of Lisbon within its identity creation
process throughout time, according to an ecological condition approach. Based on a new landscape
interpretation model, it aims to contribute to a better understanding of the current sustainability issues of
the urban landscape (as a system of systems), following an interrelated analysis of the confluence between
how it functions ecologically and human occupation processes. It is, therefore, a useful contribution to
spatial planning decisions and policies transposed into territorial management tools, particularly with
regard to urban ecosystem services: improved urban life and the introduction of positive elements that
are economically measurable for better management of the city and reduced risk.

Chapter 16
Urban Landscape Quality Management and Monitoring: A Methodological Proposal to Study the
Case of Porto, Portugal........................................................................................................................ 396
Isabel Vaz de Freitas, Portucalense University, Portugal
Jorge Marques, Portucalense University, Portugal
Carlos Augusto Rodrigues, Portucalense University, Portugal
Cristina Sousa, Portucalense University, Portugal
The issue of the landscape quality or, more precisely, of its goal was addressed in the European Landscape
Convention in 2000 to guide the public authorities and the aspirations of the population concerning their
characteristics. It also happens regarding the landscape management that leads the authors to a sustainable
development preservation, orientating and conciliating the changes that result from the human interaction
with the environment. For a research on urban landscapes management, it is proposed a methodological
analysis to the case study of Porto (Portugal) with a historical approach to understand how the increasing
pressure of tourism is manifested on its image. The main goal is to identify the quality of the landscape
and guide its sustainability towards a constant monitoring of images perception.
Chapter 17
An Ecological Assessment Analysis: The Kanlidere River in North Cyprus...................................... 414
Gökçen Firdevs Yücel, Istanbul Aydın University, Turkey
Bilge Işık, Istanbul Aydın University, Turkey
Nevter Zafer Cömert, Eastern Mediterranean University, Northern Cyprus
This chapter analyzes the case study of Kanlidere watershed in Cyprus to explore a potential “reintroducing”
of the river to its surrounding residential communities (and, on a broader level, to society), in an effective
protection and restoration approach of the environment. The Kanlidere (Pedios) is Cyprus’ longest river
where its watershed has considerable importance for the environmental sustainability of Northern Cyprus.
There has been waste, vegetation, and other materials accumulated in the riverbed over many years of
neglect, which led to thick vegetation growth and water pooling. This chapter examines the site in order
to preserve its overall ecological health, facilitating the improvement of the communities in the future.
Chapter 18
The Cycles of Impermanent Alterity in Nazaré................................................................................... 434
Marisa Carvalho Fernandes, University of Minho, Portugal
What happens when a small city expands from 15,000 to 100,000 inhabitants in the summertime? How
do temporary inhabitants of Nazaré (Portugal) change the rhythms of its everyday life? How does large-
scale tourism change their supporting economic activities or even replace activities such as fishing?
Is this seemingly rigid urban fabric elastic enough to expand and adapt to these exponential “others”?
The “impermanent alterity” explains the result of the relationship established between land and water,
between the “I” and the “other” that come to Nazaré to step onto the warm sand during the summer days.
There is a visible cycle of summer-winter change, which the network of lived time interconnections can
be found in simple things like the gray pavement line organizing uses, as a device that adapts matter to
the cycles of change. Time is the operator of this “impermanent alterity,” and the residents and outsiders
alike make it visible.

Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 466
About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 511
Index.................................................................................................................................................... 520
xix
Foreword
Mankind is increasing its presence throughout the Earth’s surface, changing its appearance and ecologi-
cal functioning. These changes are happening at an unprecedented rate and scale, and in such an extent
that many authors and scientists argue that there is not a square inch of the terrestrial surface which has
not been changed, directly or indirectly, by human activity. In 2005, the authors state in a book entitled
‘Global Change and the Earth System’ that: “Half of Earth’s land surface has been domesticated for
direct human use and nearly all of it is managed by humans in one way or another” (Steffen & Eliott,
2005, p. 2). The planet’s Natural Landscapes are shrinking and being replaced by Cultural Landscapes.
Although it has been around for quite some time, the concept of Cultural Landscape is still very
diverse in meaning, which may hinder or difficult its use. Conversely, this may also serve as a reason to
promote its discussion, through an interdisciplinary approach and considering the multiple objectives
it may serve. This is the perfect example of a concept that needs to be addressed by a broad range of
specialists, serving as a linkage point between the different perspectives and sensibilities, as well as pro-
moting the opportunities for collaboration in research. Crossing perspectives coming from distant fields
of knowledge (such as Ecology, Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Landscape Planning and Management)
is a big challenge, but one that is worth pursuing. Initiatives such as the European Landscape Conven-
tion, prepared over one and a half decades ago, defied the scientific community to further co-operate
in the provision of technical and scientific assistance through exchanges of experience and results of
mutual research projects in landscape matters. The study of cultural landscapes is surely one such matter.
This Handbook brings significant contributions to this discussion, both in the field of the conceptual
discussions presented in the its first part – Cultural Landscape Adaptation – as in the development of
assessment tools and other applied study methodologies, like the ones presented in the second part of
the book – Methods and Tools for Landscape Assessment – covering a wide range of study cases and
perspectives. May this book appeal to a wide variety of researchers and scholars and bring them together
with the aim of advancing knowledge on cultural landscape studies, as all society expects and desires.
Pedro Arsénio
University of Lisbon, Portugal
Pedro Arsénio has a Ph.D. in Landscape Architecture (2012, University of Lisbon). He began teaching at Instituto Superior
de Agronomia, from University of Lisbon, in 1999, and is now an Assistant Professor, primarily engaged in the subjects of
Landscape Planning and Management and Ecological Restoration. He also holds the positions of Head of the first cycle degree
(Bachelor) programme in Landscape Architecture (since August 2013) and Coordinator of “João de Carvalho e Vasconcellos”
Herbarium (since November 2015) in the previously mentioned institution. As a researcher, since January 2007 he is a member

Foreword
of “Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food” Research Centre, researching mainly in the fields of Geobotany,
Nature Conservation, and Green Infrastructure Planning. He has recently focused on researching the relationships established
between the ecological and the visual qualities of Mediterranean landscapes. He has also joined the interdisciplinary platform
Food, Farming & Forestry, University of Lisbon. Further collaborations include participation on the Management Commission
of Ajuda’s Botanical Garden (since August 2007), the Advisory Committee of Lisbon’s Biodiversity 2020 Task Force (from March
2010 to September 2012), and the representation of his institution in the Strategic Advisory Boards of two nationally protected
areas (Arrábida Natural Park and Arriba Fóssil da Costa de Caparica Protected Landscape Area), since November 2015.
REFERENCES
Steffen, W., & Eliott, S. (Eds.). (2005). Global Change and the Earth System. Stockholm, Sweden: IGBP.
xx
xxi
Preface
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ADAPTATION
The landscape is a cultural expression of the communities’ existence in the world, a representation of
the relationship that the human being established with the ecological systems.
The cultural landscape concept comes from the experience of human beings who were always fasci-
nated with their natural surroundings. For this reason, humankind has always chosen privileged sites to
settle, by combining the selection and contemplation of the places that fit their way of living. The fairly
recent origin of this concept (related to the Renaissance pictoric movements) emerged to describe a new
vision of the world related to the representation of natural places, or parts of the territory occupied and
transformed by communities, implying a delimitation, a new image of the surrounding space.
Hence, the main thing that gives a current relevance to the cultural landscape concept is that it involves
a relationship: between a physical space that supports living systems; and the existence of someone that
contemplates, represents, and transforms it by giving it a new meaning. This is how the meaning of
landscape reaches a cultural approach: by interpreting it as a way of assigning a meaning to a place in
its various dimensions, especially the signs that are left on the land.
Nowadays, having to adequate visions and development strategies that respect simultaneously the
ecological systems and the cultural diversity of the communities that inhabit a certain territory, the
landscape goes beyond a concept and is now considered a discipline, supporting integrative ways of
inhabiting the territory. Furthermore, thinking of promoting an integrative assessment of the landscape
resilience, a cultural adaptation process can include ways of understanding its dynamic changes over
time, finding alternative tools of analysis and collective methods of governance supported by a multi-
disciplinary scientific research work.
LANDBOOK OF RESEARCH
A Handbook of Research is a manual that provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-art research

methods and applications currently in use, in the most diverse scientific areas. It is structured to highlight
recent trends in a focused research, combining theory and methodology (qualitative and quantitative)
and offers insights into the major approaches. The organized chapters in a handbook should be written
by several international contributors around the world, all leading experts in their research areas. Aca-
demicians and researchers can greatly benefit from the informed abstracts and conclusions.

Preface
In this sense, a new handbook about Landscape - a Landbook - should be based on the problem’s
global knowledge, as well as the principles for a sustainable intervention on the territory according to the
cultural landscape approach described above: assuming that a territory results from the needs to establish
human activities that lead to the landscape transformation (for example, agriculture and urbanization) by
a given community, thus reflecting an interdependent relationship with the surrounding natural resources.
The relationship dynamic through time meant the spatialization of different ways of living that could be
more or less close to the sustainable management of the natural resources.
Nowadays, the sustainable management of the natural resources is addressed as a fundamental concern
in human action, extending its influence to the main society organizations and governance institutions,
and crossing multiple fields of scientific knowledge to lead resource management to a broad sense (in-
cluding food production, blue and green infrastructures, urbanization, or cultural heritage).
Therefore, the research project “Pro-Villages. Repopulate the Countryside” carried out by the Sus-
tenta’s team of the Research Centre for Architecture, Urbanism, and Design (CIAUD), at the University
of Lisbon, Faculty of Architecture intends to develop an integrated landscape interpretation methodol-
ogy with a participatory cultural approach to create basic conditions (in the Environment, Territory, and
Population scientific areas) for the repopulation of a set of Portuguese villages.
In this sense, IGI Global invited Professor Isabel de Sousa Rosa, coordinator of the “Pro-Villages”
research project, to edit a new landbook with a compilation of integrated interpretation methods and
tools of the landscape according to a cultural approach, which is here presented Handbook of Research
on Methods and Tools for Assessing Cultural Landscape Adaptation.
Sustenta and IGI Global
Sustenta - Laboratory for Sustainable Design is a research group from the University of Lisbon, Faculty
of Architecture (FA-ULisboa) in Portugal, supported by the Research Centre for Architecture, Urbanism,
and Design (CIAUD) since 2012.
Its main goal is to develop projects, studies or any research/training activities in the area of Eco-
architecture, developing methodologies for sustainable intervention, not only on traditional building
techniques supported by new technologies, low-cost self-design, and heritage rehabilitation but also on
territory planning based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Also, Sustenta promotes methodolo-
gies of Sustainable Design for territory intervention, as an alternative to current production practices and
economic consumption, based on landscape dynamics studies regarding human occupation, land-uses,
and resource consumptions, by diagnosing their future impacts.
Some of the Sustenta’s projects about Landscape, developed with a multidisciplinary team, include:
“Potential Land-Use Ecological Plan” that considered the ecological land suitability for the establish-
ment of different activities and the current land use; “Self-Sufficient Architecture. Sustainable Monas-
tery Project” that ensured the development of an architecture project which complies several specialties
for the implementation of materials and construction systems with high environmental value and low
consumption energy (according to the principles of “natural architecture”); and “Sea Architectures
Project” that intended to clarify (in an ecological, economic and, social viewpoint) the nature of the
changes that the Portuguese coastal territory (particularly in Arrábida Maritime Coast and the Eastern
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Preface
Algarve Coast), to present an analysis and diagnosis model, that serves as a basis for a set of proposals
to achieve an integrated territory’s intervention in various levels (such as its uses, landscape framing,
and architectural rehabilitation.
IGI Global is an international academic publisher specialized in the publication of numerous books,
journals, encyclopedias, research handbooks, and focused on the areas of computer science and informa-
tion technology, educational science and technology, engineering science and technology, environmental
science and technology, and others. It must also be taken into account the highest quality of its publi-
cations, which have scientific recognition in some prestigious indices (more specifically in SCOPUS,
Thomson Reuters, INSPEC, ACM and Compendex).
Landbook Selection and Evaluation Process
According to the IGI Global guidelines, the Sustenta editors team (editor-in-chief, associate, and aux-
iliary editors) was responsible for the organization, disclosure, and preparation of the Landbook. Its
development process was divided into three phases that were performed during the year of 2017, and
to be published in 2018.
During phase 1, the Call for Chapters started a dissemination process to the scientific community,
to inform them about the Landbook’s objectives, the target audience, and the submission procedures.
Also, a new web page was designed on Sustenta – Laboratory for Sustainable Design’s website (http://
sustenta.fa.ulisboa.pt/landbook), and posted on its Linkedin page (https://www.linkedin.com/company/
sustenta---laboratório-de-projecto-sustentável).
An Editorial Advisory Board (EAB) was invited to ensure the feasibility and the selection of the
proposed chapters through a double-blind peer-review process, which evaluation was described and sent
to the authors through IGI Global’s Editorial Discovery platform.
In the same way, for phase 2 the authors submitted their full chapters, each one subsequently evalu-
ated by two peer reviewers, the same ones that evaluated the chapter proposals in phase 1. After the
end of the Review Process, the editor’s team prepared the Full Chapter revisions, its comments, and the
documents with the reviewers’ comments, through the platform, later notifying the authors.
In phase 3, the revised chapters were submitted by the authors to the last time revision process, and
the editor’s team started a verification process relating the spelling and grammar correction (focused
on the IGI Global copy editing and proofreading rules). The team also tried to ensure that the authors
considered the comments and alterations previously provided by the reviewers, to guarantee the quality
of the final manuscript.
Landbook Contents and Structure
The final compilation of 18 chapters in a unique Landbook – with examples of interdisciplinary coop-
eration and collaborative research work (within the environmental and humanistic social sciences, plan-
ning, and heritage conservation), bringing together multifaceted cultural landscape approaches – can be
useful to professionals not only as academics, but also as practitioners and stakeholders that collaborate
within universities, research centers, and other (governmental or nongovernmental) organizations and
local infrastructures.
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Preface
The presented result provides a contemporary framework for addressing innovative methods and
tools, according to social, economic, and political facts, as well as the ecological conditions to set future
planning and management strategies for the emergent landscapes. The chapters critically explore how
the interpretation, relation or representation of the landscape can contribute to increasing the innovative
and multidisciplinary knowledge of its cultural expression.
According to a holistic landscape understanding and integrative approach (having, as a whole, an
exclusively cultural substantiation), the Landbook’s structure sets off with the chapters focused mainly
on a conceptual view of the landscape, followed by the chapters with a methodological landscape ap-
proach. For this reason, considering its full title, section 1 is called Cultural Landscape Adaptation and
section 2 Methods and Tools for Landscape Assessment.
The reader can follow each part according to four main topics in this order:
• Architecture/Heritage/Culture (Cultural Landscape Assessment, Heritage Values Recognition,

Sustainable Adaptative Strategies) and Sociology/Philosophy (Socio-ecological Resilience) are
addressed in the first part;
• Analysis Tools/Planning (Urban and/or Rural Settlement Analysis, Integrated Landscape
Management) and Digital Tools (such as Geographic Information Systems) in the second part.
These topics’ sequence – which was, from the beginning, the same for the proposed chapters’ submis-
sion phase and their evaluation process – is a guideline for the Lanbook’s readout.
1. Cultural Landscape Adaptation (Chapters 1 – 7)
The first set of chapters seeks to describe the concept of landscape relating its identity value, through a
process that comes from the cultural recognition of the capacity that natural resources have to respond
to human needs, whose cultural expression and heritage evaluation are made, above all, symbolically.
Associated with the cultural approach, these chapters are related to the landscape resilience as the bio-
physical systems potential to restore the balance in the dynamics transformation after an external human
action. Based on a theoretical description of the processes of cultural adaptation (physical and symbolic)
that communities practice in the environment, the last chapters of this part attempt to describe potential
landscape assessment systems, depending on social circumstances and ecological conditions and, with
that, to draw up a set of integrated conservation strategies.
2. Methods and Tools for Landscape Assessment (Chapters 8 – 18)
In a more practical approach, and mostly substantiated by case studies (yet largely based on a theoretical
grounds), the chapters of the second part present a methodological description of processes, models,
and methods of interpretation, representation, and cultural assessment of the landscape. Nevertheless,
the first set of chapters has an approach focused on the critical description of the landscape manage-
ment and its planning instruments, while the remaining describe potential tools for the transformation
processes’ analysis and diagnosis in their various approach scales, some being more related to rural
areas and others to urban ones.
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Preface
A brief description for each of the eighteen chapters follows:

Chapter 1 – Cultural Landscape: An Evaluation from Past to Present – starts by describing the basis
of the Cultural Landscape concept, its emergence, and its relationships with other scientific disciplines.
The authors of this chapter begin with the definition presented in 1890 by the German geographer
Friedrich Ratzel, continued, among others, by the American geographer Carl O. Sauer (1920), until
the International Convention for the World Heritage Convention by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), dated as of 1992.
Chapter 2 – Indigenous Cultural Knowledge for Therapeutic Landscape Design – addresses the is-
sue of the cultural adaptation process relating the relationship established between the place, health and
culture of the indigenous Māori tribe (located in New Zealand) in a holistic perspective, focused on the
role of their therapeutic landscapes.
Chapter 3 – Fighting for Existence and Recognition Among Sub-Dynasty Communities: A Case Study
of the Nerumedzo People in Zimbabwe – is a chapter full of environmental and social symbolism that
follows the previous chapter, by analyzing the way Karanga Duma sub-dynasty (located in Zimbabwe)
creates new identities, as well as a culture quite different from their original-root-dynasties.
Chapter 4 – In Search of a Lost Authenticity: Tourism, Renaturation, and City - the Case of the Tagus
Estuary – takes a critical perspective on the loss of authenticity occurred in the Tagus Estuary – which
occurred in the form of a cultural landscape transformation caused by the tourism pressure – by discuss-
ing the contemporary contingency of competitiveness related to urban sustainability issues.
Chapter 5 – Time Operations – discourses about the subject “time” in the architectural field (Gleaning,
Grounding, Stimulating and Transmuting), and how these operations – sedimenting the past, crossing
the present, and proposing the future – are determinant to the management of inter-projects in a cultural
landscape approach.
Chapter 6 – The Power of Monsanto’s Stone: Contribution to the Study of the Sustainable Adaptative
Strategies in Landscape Change – substantiates the cultural landscape adaptation process for ordering a
habitable space, according to new adaptive strategies of ‘sustainable project’ based on cultural, economic,
and environmental preservation principles.
Chapter 7 – Industrial Heritage as an Operative Territorial Resource: Cultural Landscape of Alentejo
Pyrite – provides an architectural and urban planning requalification approach of industrial heritage, by
understanding the cultural landscape as a simultaneous conceptual framework and intervention object.
Chapter 8 – Assessing Urban Ecosystem Services - Different Methodological Approaches Applied in
Brazil, Germany, and Portugal – summarizes different participatory approaches for assessing Ecosystem
Services (designated as the benefits people obtain from nature) in a cultural landscape dimension, by
understanding the interactions established between people and nature in urban sites.
Chapter 9 – A Novel Approach to Studying Cultural Landscapes at The Watershed Level – aims to
shed light on a novel approach of watersheds regional planning, by using mixed methods (in multi-scalar
governance) and policies to inventory, preserve, and promote their cultural landscape resources.
Chapter 10 – Contemporary Urbanizations in Public Water Reservoirs: Floating Villages of Alqueva
Reservoir – describes the territorial management tools related to the water reservoir of Alqueva (located
in Portugal), focused on innovative urban occupation models with a touristic approach, through the
understanding of what marks the identity of those places and what makes them authentic.
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Preface
Chapter 11 – The Role of Landscape in the Representation of Portugal Mainland Wine Producing
Regions – analyzes the cultural landscape role in the promotion of wine and tourism on the five most
emblematic Portuguese winegrowing regions, being an innovative and integrative approach focused on
its producers and official bodies.
Chapter 12 – Alternative Tool for an Integrative Landscape Interpretation: Case Study of the Arrá-
bida Maritime Coast, Portugal – aims to describe an alternative tool to represent (in a cartographic and
diagrammatic way) the interdependence established between the human activities and the capacity for
the natural resources to answer their needs, in the Arrábida Maritime Coast (Portugal).
Chapter 13 – Construction Information Map: Support for Sustainable Architecture Projects in De-
veloping Countries. Angola Case Study – describes the purpose of a digital research tool (presented in
map form) to identify the suitability of local natural resources and the global industrial technology, as a
support to develop versatile and local sustainable building systems on rural areas in Angola.
Chapter 14 – Models, Methods, and Metrics to Measure Socioeconomic Resilience: Two Portuguese
Urban Systems as Case-Studies – addresses the issues of landscape resilience, in order to build models,
methods, and metrics that can measure the performance and the direction of the urban systems (Caldas
da Rainha and Évora study cases) in different phenomena, as well as evaluate the level of its preparation
for a desired and undesired change adaptability.
Chapter 15 – City Landscape: Confluence Between Ecological Conditions and Urban Morphology
in the City of Lisbon – aims to describe the urban morphology of the city of Lisbon, based on an inter-
related analysis of the confluence established between landscape ecological functioning and the human
occupation processes, portrayed through time.
Chapter 16 – Urban Landscape Quality Management and Monitoring: A Methodological Proposal
to Study the Case of Porto, Portugal – proposes a methodological analysis of the case study of Oporto
(Portugal) with a historical approach, by which it will be able to understand how the increasing tourism
pressure is manifested on the landscape, towards a constant monitoring of its image perception.
Chapter 17 – An Ecological Assessment Analysis: The Kanlidere River in North Cyprus – analyzes
the case study of Kanlidere watershed (Cyprus) to explore the potential ‘reintroducing’ of the river to its
surrounding residential communities, in an effective protection and restoration process of the landscape,
as a cultural adaptation that can ensure its overall ecological health in the future.
Chapter 18 – The Cycles of Impermanent Alterity in Nazaré – describes the influence of tourism
(as an economic activity) – visible in a time cycle related to the summer-winter changes – as a cultural
landscape adaptation process occurred in the small coastal village of Nazaré (located in Portugal).
Concluding, this Landbook offers a platform for international authorship of different research works
under a set of common issues and concepts, by gathering information that is mostly scattered across
publications and in risk of losing its dissemination impact. Being a subject under such attention on so
many research fields (such as architecture, landscape architecture, anthropology, history, sociology,
ecology, etc.), it becomes essential to address its concerns in the context of global change in different
environments. Moreover, a common view based on a holistic and integrated interpretation approach al-
lows to set up a synthesized framework for the various tools and methodologies of the cultural landscape
adaptation processes. However, at the same time, it is a view flexible enough to add different layers of
knowledge, focused on the most current methodologies and tools in the cultural landscape research.
xxvi
Preface
Isabel de Sousa Rosa

Joana Corte Lopes

Ricardo Ribeiro
Ana Mendes
Eduardo Antunes
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xxviii
Acknowledgment
As the Editor-in-chief of Handbook of Research on Methods and Tools for Assessing Cultural Landscape
Adaptation, which can be shortly named Landbook, it is up to me the grateful task of presenting the
acknowledgments. However, the real acknowledgments cannot be depleted in the words written in this
text. They will be last in many singular and special memories.
In the first place, I would like to thank IGI Global for the invitation and the opportunity to publish the
Landbook with its international appeal and scientific rigor of proceedings.
Secondly, and because without them the Landbook could not have been possible, I would also like to
thank the contributors from the most diverse institutes all around the world (namely from Brazil, France,
Germany, New Zealand, Portugal, Turkey, United States of America, and Zimbabwe), who contributed
with their scientific knowledge to a more consolidated understanding of the added value for Assessing
Cultural Landscape Adaptation.
Then, our deepest thanks go to the Editorial Advisory Board, composed by a transdisciplinary experts’
team, namely from Hungary, Portugal, and Spain, who had the arduous task of evaluating and validat-
ing the chapters proposed through the call, selection, and revision processes. In this context, a special
word of gratitude for the extra work developed by Professor Pedro Arsénio (of the University of Lisbon,
School of Agronomy), who wrote the Foreword for this Landbook.
Finally, a very special thanks to the Associate and Auxiliary Editors – Joana Lopes, Ricardo Ribeiro,
Ana Mendes, and Eduardo Antunes – who were more than a part of a young editorial team, they were
an exemplary workgroup of an unusual friendship, united on behalf of research. Thank you very much!
Related to them, an additional thanks to Professor José Gorjão Jorge, coordinator of the Laboratory for
Sustainable Design (Sustenta), as well as to Professor Fernando Moreira da Silva, president of the Re-
search Centre for Architecture, Urbanism and Design (CIAUD), at the Lisbon School of Architecture,
both of whom supported and provided their research fellows’ team to work on the Landbook.
Isabel de Sousa Rosa


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About the Contributors
Isabel Rosa is an Assistant Professor at the Lisbon School of Architecture (Portugal), coordinator
of curricular units such as “Coastal Areas Requalification”, “Urban Requalification” and “Landscape
and Heritage – Interpretation Methodologies of Rural Areas”. She is also a permanent member of the
Research Centre for Architecture, Urbanism and Design, as well as a consultant member of the Research
Centre for Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, and collaborator in the research
projects “Pro-Villages - Repopulate the Countryside”, “Potential Land-Use Ecological Plan”, “Sea
Architectures” and “Villages within Heritage Landscape”. She has been participating as a scientific
member of international seminars’ committees and book editorial boards.
Joana Lopes is a Landscape Architect and she is currently completing a Master’s degree in Land-
scape Planning, at University of Lisbon, School of Agriculture (Portugal), focused on the sustainability
of socio-ecological systems, especially on the use and management of natural resources. She is also
interested in mapping the use of socio-ecological systems and its relationship with landscape changes,
participating in the research projects “Potential Land-Use Ecological Plan”, “Sea Architectures” and
“National Ecological Network”. She participates as an executive member on several international semi-
nars’ committees and book editorial boards.
Ricardo Ribeiro has a Master’s degree in Landscape Architecture from the University of Lisbon,
School of Agriculture (Portugal) since 2010, and is currently a Ph.D. student in Architecture at the Lis-
bon School of Architecture (Portugal), in which he is developing a Landscape Integrative Interpretation
System, that allows the analysis of the ecologic and cultural dynamic influence focused on coastal areas.
He is also a Lecture on the curricular unit “Landscape and Heritage – Interpretation Methodologies of
Rural Areas” and a member of the Research Centre for Architecture, Urbanism and Design at the same
institute, having participated in the research projects “Potential Land-Use Ecological Plan”, “Sea Archi-
tectures” and “National Ecological Network”. He is a participating executive member on international
seminars’ committees and book editorial boards.
Ana Mendes has a Master’s degree in Landscape Architecture from the University of Lisbon,
School of Agriculture (Portugal), since 2010, with a thesis entitled “Assessment of Landscape Scenic
Quality. Implementation of Steinitz’s methodology to Alentejo Coast”. She worked as a research fellow
at the University of the Azores (Portugal) until 2016, participating in research projects in the areas of
plant ecology and nature conservation, and in the ecological monitoring programs implementation and
landscape evolution assessment using Geographic Information Systems. She was also a research fellow

for the Research Centre for Architecture, Urbanism and Design, at the Lisbon School of Architecture,
participating as a handbook editorial member in the beginning of 2017. She is currently a research fellow
at Direção-Geral do Território producing, improving and analyzing the Portugal Mainland’s Cover Land
Use Map, based on spatial modeling, visual interpretation of aerial photographs, and satellite images.
***
José Manuel Afonso was born in Monsanto, Portugal. He was a fellowship of the Calouste Gulben-
kian Foundation between 1979 and 1983, and he graduated in Architecture from the Faculty of Fine
Arts of Lisbon, in 1983. He has been teaching since 1985 as Assistant Professor and since 1999 as a full
professor at the Lisbon School of Architecture. He is a researcher at the Research Centre for Architec-
ture, Urbanism and Design, and a member of the Portuguese Color Association. He is also an invited
professor at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design since 2014, within the areas of Architecture
and Interior Design, with an ideological position and practice work based on flexibility and sustainable
efficiency. Through the years, he has developed several architectural projects for patrimonial buildings,
in the banking, retail, and industry sectors, and has received several prizes and awards for his design
practice since 1990.
Hélder Caeiro Amador graduated in Architecture from the Lisbon School of Architecture in 2000.
He has a doctoral degree in Urbanism from the same faculty since 2016, where he is a collaborating
member of the Research Center for Architecture, Urbanism and Design. He is now a freelance architect,
currently working for the Odivelas City Hall in the illegal genesis subject.
Eduardo Antunes is Master graduated in Architecture from the Lisbon School of Architecture
since 2015. His final dissertation was titled “Lisbon Royal Opera House of Tagus – Investigation and
three-dimensional reconstruction”. At the moment, he is a research fellow of the Research Centre for
Architecture, Urbanism and Design at the same institute, where he has been participating in diverse re-
search projects, studies and activities under the development of “sustainable design”, and as an executive
member of international seminars’ committees and book editorial boards.
Laura Salles Bachi is currently a student of the Master’s Program in Environmental Analysis and
Modeling of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (Brazil), with emphasis on the Landscape Manage-
ment research line. She has a Specialization’s degree in Geoprocessing and Spatial Analysis from the
Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais since 2015, and is Bachelor graduated in Tourism from
the Federal University of Minas Gerais since 2014. She is also a researcher in the research group of
Tourism, Economics, Culture & Territory in the same institute, acting in the following areas: tourism
planning, landscape management, geoprocessing and modeling.
Carlos José Lopes Balsas is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Planning of
the University at Albany. He is an urban and regional planner, who received his training in Europe and
the United States. Carlos Balsas earned his graduate degrees (MRP and Ph.D.) in Regional Planning from
the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. He worked in transportation planning in California and Mas-
sachusetts prior to becoming a professor. His main research interests are comparative urban revitalization
and resilience, urban governance, non-motorized transportation planning, mega-event development, city
512
and culture, and international planning. He has published books on commercial urbanism and city center
revitalization, and written for refereed journals, edited volumes, conference proceedings, encyclopedia,
and dictionaries. Prior to his current appointment, Carlos Balsas was an Assistant Professor at Arizona
State University in Tempe (United States).
Júlio Londrim Baptista is an architect and designer, with a Ph.D. degree in sustainability. He is also
a professor at the University of Beira Interior, in Covilhã (Portugal).
Tinashe Bobo is a Town Planner at Hello Project Developers, Projects Department. He is a holder
of the BSc Honors Degree in Rural and Urban Planning from the University of Zimbabwe. His research
interest lies in the fields of Planning Law and Practice, Urban Policy and Management, Housing Studies,
Food Security, Peri-Urban and Rural Development, Informal Sector, and Urban Development. He has
published a book chapter titled “Towards Smart Urban Transportation System in Harare, Zimbabwe”,
with Elmond Bandauko and Gladys Mandisvika, relating to Smart Cities as a Solution for Reducing
Urban Waste and Pollution, on a volume in the Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green
Technologies Book Series through IGI Global Publications. Currently, he is working on several papers,
some of them under peer review, which cover his research interests.
François Boucault has a Master’s degree in Architecture from the École Nationale Supérieure d’
Architecture de Nantes (France) since 2015. His dissertation is focused on the issues about rethinking
places that result from new lifestyles related to an inheritance transmission, which has been changing
generation after generation. He also collaborated with the research team of Laboratory for Sustainable
Design (Sustenta) as an Erasmus student, at the Lisbon School of Architecture (Portugal) within the
research projects “Potential Land-Use Ecological Plan” and “Self-Sufficient Architecture”, through the
development of a landscape integrated interpretation method.
Maria Inês Cabral has a Bachelor’s degree (5 years degree) in Architecture from the Lisbon School
of Architecture (Portugal) since 1994, and a Master’s degree in Desert Architecture from the University
of Arizona (United State of America) since 1999. She finished her Ph.D. degree in Architecture also
from Lisbon School of Architecture (Portugal), in 2009.
Sónia Carvalho-Ribeiro has a Ph.D. degree from the University of East Anglia, School of Environ-
mental Sciences, in Norwich (United Kingdom). She is Master graduated on Participatory Communal
Land Management and on Forestry Science for the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal).
She is a Professor of the cartography department at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of
Geosciences (Brazil), a Post-Doctoral researcher at the Centro Sensoriamento Remoto, and a research
fellow of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development’s Science without Borders,
Young Talent Program of Brazil. Her research work is based on landscape ecology approaches to study
the interactions between the Man and Environment in forested areas (related to the science policy inter-
face), focusing on the effects of land cover/use dynamics to provide multiple Ecosystem Services. She
is currently working on Non-Timber Forest Products (e.g. Brazil nut, rubber) in the Brazilian Amazon.
She is also a vice-chair on the audit committee of the International Association for Landscape Ecology’s
Portugal region.
513
Nevter Zafer Cömert was born in Cyprus. She has a Bachelor’s degree in Urban Design, and is a
Landscape Architect from the Bilkent University, in Ankara (Turkey), since 1998. She has also a Mas-
ter’s degree since 2001, and a Ph.D. degree in the subject of Testing Integrated Methodology for Urban
Typo-Morphological Analysis on Famagusta and Ludlow since 2013, both from Eastern Mediterranean
University, in North Cyprus. She is currently a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Architecture, in the
same graduated university. She has also worked as an Environmental Impact Assessment consultant
and designer in the private sector. She is a counselor at the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of the Landscape
Architect, and the co-president of Cyprus Network of Urban Morphology. She won many national and
international competitions in the urban design area.
Maria Auxiliadora Drumond is an Assistant Professor at the General Biology Department of the
Federal University of Minas Gerais (Brazil), and the coordinator of the Socioecology Systems Labora-
tory at the same university.
Geraldo Wilson Fernandes is a Full Professor on the General Biology Department of the Federal
University of Minas Gerais (Brazil), as well as a researcher for the National Council for Scientific and
Technological Development of Brazil, and Coordinator of the PPBio Program of the Ministry of Science,
Technology, Innovation and Communication.
Marisa Carvalho Fernandes was born in Barcelos (Portugal), in 1991. She is graduated in Architec-
ture from the University of Minho, School of Architecture (Portugal), since 2014. She was a finalist of
the Archiprix-Portugal competition, with the theme of her Master’s dissertation “Representation Project
of Impermanence”. She has been participating in conferences and seminars from which stand out the
International Congress “SIEF2015 - Utopias, Realities, Heritages: Ethnographies for the 21st century”
in the panel “Cities of the forking paths: intercommunal (dis)harmony and the rhythms of everyday life”,
held in Zagreb, Croatia, in June 2015. Currently, she is a researcher at the Study Centre of the same
graduation institute, collaborating in the public space project of Taipas village (Guimarães, Portugal).
Isabel Vaz de Freitas is Doctoral graduated in History and she is currently an associate professor
with aggregation, at the Portucalense University in Oporto (Portugal). She is a research member for the
Research Centre on Economics, Management and Information Technologies, and a researcher member of
the Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory at the University of Minho. She is also a correspondent
for the Portuguese Academy of History, Head of the Department of Tourism, Heritage and Culture. She
has coordinated several study cycles in the Heritage and Tourism areas; several undergraduate theses,
internships and master’s degree reports, Master’s dissertation and doctoral thesis’ juries; and national
and international conferences in the areas of Heritage, Culture and Tourism. She has collaborated in
projects on Territory valorization with city councils and local organisms, and currently integrates projects
as a researcher, financed in Portugal and Spain. In these projects’ scope, she has published articles and
books related to landscape, territorial development, water landscape, borders within the framework of
peninsular relations, and Medieval Ages.
514
Carlos Gonçalves has a Ph.D. degree in Geography – Regional and Urban Planning, since 2014, a
Master’s degree in Geography – Urbanization and Spatial Planning, since 2009, and a Bachelor’s degree
in Geography – Planning and Territorial Management, since 2005, all of them from the University of
Lisbon.
William Hatton (Ngati Kahungunu ki Wairarapa, Rangitane and Muaupoko) is a postgraduate stu-
dent in Landscape Architecture and his research skills and expertise are related to the culture, landscape
architecture and Kaupapa Maori’s subjects.
Cristina Delgado Henriques is Bachelor’s graduated in Geography and Regional Planning from the
Nova University of Lisbon since 1990, and Doctoral graduated in Urban Planning from the University
of Lisbon (Portugal) since 2007, with her Ph.D. dissertation entitled “City and Geographic Information
Technologies in African Context. Land Use Change Modeling in Maputo”. She is also Post-graduated in
Land Information Surveying, from Erasmus Program (Ghent University in Belgium and Roskilde Uni-
versity in Denmark) since 1993, and in Geographic Information System from Instituto Superior Técnico
(Portugal) since 2000. She held a scholarship from the Institute of Tropical Research to develop a Cabo
Verde Atlas, and a FCT scholarship in the Military Geographical Institute to work on a Vector Smart
Map. Currently, she is an Assistant Professor at the Lisbon School of Architecture, lecturing curricular
units on Geography and Geographic Information System.
Marise Barreiros Horta is currently a Ph.D. student in Ecology, Conservation and Wildlife Manage-
ment, at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). She holds a Master’s degree
in Rural Ecology from the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation,
in the Netherlands. She has been working with the conservation and management of tropical botanical
resources, with interest in the investigations of the land use impacts over the natural ecosystems and
their implications for the conservation of the botanical resources and vegetation. The main topics of her
research are: landscape ecology, urban ecology, floristics, and phytosociology.
Bilge Işık is a professor at the Istanbul Aydın University, Faculty of Architecture and Design (Turkey).
She is graduated in Architecture from the Fine Arts Academy, in Istanbul. For her Ph.D. at the Istanbul
Technical University, she has been lecturing on “prefabricated concrete panel buildings” at the Hanover
Architectural Faculty. Since 1980, she is involved in earthen architecture, and carries out researches on
durability, industrial production and seismic reliability of earthen construction. She oriented 40 Master’s
students and printed 100 papers. She is married, and mother of 2 children.
Ana Lavrador is Doctoral graduated in Landscape Arts and Techniques from University of Évora
(Portugal) since 2008. She has a Master’s degree in Physical and Environmental Geography at the Uni-
versity of Lisbon since 2002. Her main research areas are landscape, wine regions, tourism, and heritage.
Ana Cristina Lourenço is graduated in Architecture from the Lisbon School of Architecture since
1984, and has a Master’s degree in Urban Design from the Superior Institute of Business and Labour
Sciences since 2000. She is currently a Ph.D. student in Landscape Architecture at the University of
Lisbon, School of Agriculture. She’s lecturing Urbanism and Urban Planning at the Lusíada University
in Lisbon (Portugal) since 1991. She works for the Lisbon City Hall since 1986, developing activities
515
namely in urban planning and urban management. She took over as director of the Public Space Man-
agement department (2003-2006), and the Municipal Facilities Works and Conservation department
(2006-2007). She is working on Lisbon’s Master Plan team since 2011, and has been a coauthor of the
Lisbon Strategy for Climate Changes Adaptation since 2017.
Margarida Louro is Bachelor graduated in Architecture from the Lisbon School of Architecture
(Portugal) since 1993, and has a Master’s degree in Contemporary Architectural Culture and Construc-
tion of Modern Society from the same institute, since 1998. She is also Doctoral graduated from the
Polytechnic University of Catalonia since 2005. She is a professor at the Lisbon School of Architecture
since 1997, lecturing architectural project curricular units, and she is an effective member of the Research
Centre for Architecture, Urbanism and Design.
Ana Luz is Bachelor graduated in Forestry Engineering since 2004 and Master graduated since 2011,
both from the University of Lisbon, School of Agriculture (Portugal). She has also a Post-graduation
in Human Ecology from the Nova University of Lisbon, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences since
2008, and she is currently a Ph.D. student in Human Ecology at the same institute since 2013, whose
project is focused on the management of common lands in Northern Portugal, involving issues such as
the management of common-pool resources, property rights and local development. She had worked
in the research field of forestry until 2013, and since then she has been working on issues regarding
the relationship that people has been establishing with natural resources, from a social perspective. Her
research interests are related to the encounter between today’s rural areas and the paradigms of natural
resources’ conservation and cultural patrimony preservation.
Bruno Marques is the director of the Postgraduate and the Lecturer Programs in Landscape Ar-
chitecture at the Victoria University of Wellington, School of Architecture (New Zealand). His main
research interests are related to the integration of indigenous methods in a participatory design, landscape
rehabilitation, and ecosystem services.
Jorge Marques is an Assistant Professor of the Tourism, Heritage and Culture department, at the
Portucalense University in Oporto (Portugal), and a researcher at the Centre of Geography Studies and
Spatial Planning, University of Coimbra, and the Research Centre on Economics, Management and
Information Technologies, University Portucalense in Oporto. He holds a Doctoral degree in Tourism,
Leisure and Culture from the University of Coimbra, and a Bachelor’s degree in Hotel Management from
the Higher Institute of Espinho (Portugal). Over the last years of his academic career, he has developed
work on the areas of destination management, spatial planning, and product development, addressing
the sustainable development of touristic destinations, among other themes.
Jacqueline McIntosh is a Senior Lecturer at the Victoria University of Wellington, School of Archi-
tecture (New Zeeland). Her main research interests are design-led, culturally-appropriate, environmental
design for improved health and well-being. These interests extend to the investigation of appropriate
research methods, such as participatory design, the use of new technologies, multi-disciplinary ap-
proaches, and collaborative strategies.
516
Hebert Nechena is an Educator working for the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education of
Zimbabwe. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in History from the University of Zimbabwe, and a Master’s
degree in Peace and Governance from the Bindura University of Science Education, in Zimbabwe. His
research interests include the culture and society fields, such as mining rights, community development,
and conflict resolution.
Francisco Oliveira is graduated in Architecture from the Lisbon School of Architecture (Portugal)
since 1993, and obtained his Master’s degree in Housing Architecture since 2001. Between 2000 and
2008, he attended a Doctoral program in Urban Planning at the Polytechnic University of Catalonia
(Spain), and obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2008. He has been lecturing in the technologies area at the
Lisbon School of Architecture since 1999, and has been developing scientific research together with
other professors in the Research Centre for Architecture, Urbanism and Design, in the same institute.
Marta Oliveira was born in Lisbon, in 1984. She is an architect since 2007 and has a Master’s degree
from the Lusíada University of Lisbon (Portugal) since 2008. She is Post-graduated in Rehabilitation,
Conservation and Restoration since 2009, and a Doctoral graduated since 2015, both from the Lisbon
School of Architecture (Portugal). Since 2010, she is a collaborative member of the Research Centre for
Architecture, Urbanism and Design at the same institute. From 2011 to 2014, she holds an individual
Ph.D.’s fellowship granted by the Portuguese foundation Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT).
Besides the Ph.D. thesis, her research has provided for the publication of 8 papers (3 in press) and 2
abstracts (in press) on international congresses and magazines with blind peer review processes. She
received the invitation to be an associate editor for the international magazine “Design Principles and
Practices: An International Journal” (Common Ground Publishing, University of Illinois, Chicago) in
2012, as well as to be a participant presenter in the colloquium “What is the Industrial and Technical
Heritage Place?”, held by the Portuguese Associations for Industrial Archaeology and Archaeologists,
in regards to the celebration of the European Year of Industrial and Technical Heritage in 2015.
Iva Pires holds a Bachelor’s degree in Geography from the University of Coimbra since 1981, and
a Ph.D. degree in Human Geography from the University of Lisbon since 1995. She is an Associate
Professor at the Nova University of Lisbon, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, lecturing at the
Sociology department, where she also coordinates the Master and Ph.D. programs in Human Ecology.
She is a senior researcher at the Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences in the same institute. Her
main scientific research fields are social and economic geography, regional planning, human ecology,
and sustainable development.
Jorge Tavares Ribeiro is an Assistant Professor at the Lisbon School of Architecture (Portugal)
since 2001, and a researcher at the Centre of Natural Resources and Environment from the University
of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico (Portugal) since 2006. He is graduated in Decisional Systems En-
gineer from Instituto Superior de Informática e Gestão (Portugal), since 1988. He has also a Bachelor’s
degree in Mining Engineer since 1989, a Master’s degree in Mine Planning since 1994, and a Ph.D. in
Engineering Sciences since 2000, all of them from the University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico.
He has been developing scientific activity in the areas of Multivariate Data Analysis, Spatial Statistics,
Optimization, Environment, Natural Resources, and Urban Planning. He was Vice-President of the Head
517
Council at the Lisbon School of Architecture (2007-2009); a researcher and a member of the Scientific
Committee of the Geo-Systems Center at the Instituto Superior Técnico (1991-2006); and an engineer
project in Hidroproject (1989-1991). He has published over 60 papers in national and international
conferences and magazines, as well as 6 books.
Jorge Rocha is Doctoral graduated in Geographic Information Science from the University of Lisbon
since 2012, Master graduated in Geographic Information Systems at the University of Lisbon, Instituto
Superior Técnico since 2003, and in Territorial Management - specialization area in Geographic Informa-
tion Systems and Remote Sensing - from the Nova University of Lisbon, Faculty of Social and Human
Sciences since 2013. His main research areas are Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Remote
Sensing, Geosimulation, Geocomputation, and Complex Systems in Geography (artificial neural net-
works, genetic algorithms, expert systems, cellular automata, multiagent systems and fractal geometry).
Carlos Augusto Rodrigues is Doctoral graduated in European Tax Law, with a specialization in
transfer pricing, from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). He was a chief advisor to the
Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority (1974-2011). He’s lecturing at the Portucalense University in
Oporto (Portugal) since 2011, and he is a researcher at the Instituto Jurídico Portucalense (Portugal) since
2014. He is also a jurisconsult, recognized and registered by the Portuguese Attorneys Association. He
has developed extensive activity training, essentially in Tax Law. He has published several articles and
books, of which these stand out: “Taxation of associated companies - From MCOCDE solutions to new
EU proposals”; and “Globalization, European Union and tax law - An analysis from a transfer pricing
perspective and the Principle Discrimination in the European Union.”
Cidália Ferreira Silva is Doctoral graduated in Architecture – City and Territorial specialization,
since 2014 and is currently an Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urbanism at the University of
Minho, School of Architecture (Portugal). Her research on “Time” expands the field of architecture to the
investigation of other opportunities to engage meaningfully with contemporary places-life. By see(d)(k)
ing Time, she holds uncertainty as part of the creative process that crosses time-space, embracing “(not-)
Knowing” as the primary focus of her research. She is passionate about the acts of thinking, writing,
and generating ideas, by practicing with her research students ways to catalyze their potential to create
original knowledge. ‘Interconnection’ is one of the key-words in her research, and functions not only
as the method to seek ways of crossing fields, scale(s) and time(s), but also to connect the “I” with the
“other” in a dialogical practice of consciousness. She has published in international journals, and has
been participating in various interdisciplinary conferences, mainly as an editor of “The International
Journal of the Constructed Environment”.
Mehmet Somuncu is currently a Professor of the Geography department at the Ankara University
(Turkey), Master graduated in Geography since 1987, and Doctoral graduated in Human Geography since
1993 from the same institute. His research areas are: Human-Environment Interaction; Environmental
History; Natural and Cultural Heritage Management; Rural Development; Mountain Environments;
Mountain Communities & Policies; Pastoralism; Pastoral Nomadism; Rural Tourism; Mountain Tour-
ism; Urban and Rural Recreation; and Sustainable Tourism Management.
518
Cristina Sousa is currently an Assistant Professor at the Portucalense University in Oporto (Por-
tugal) and the director researcher of the Research Centre on Economics, Management and Information
Technologies. She is also a researcher member of the Research Centre for Socioeconomic and Territorial
Studies (DINAMIA’CET-IUL) at the University Institute of Lisbon (Portugal). She has a Master’s degree
in Economics and Management of Science and Technology, as well as a Ph.D. degree in Economics,
both from the Lisbon School of Economics & Management (Portugal). Her research interests include
the following topics: innovation processes and their socio-economic effects; the creation and circulation
of knowledge, namely the dynamics of knowledge and innovation networks; entrepreneurship; and the
transition to sustainable systems.
Funda Varnaci Uzun is graduated from Ege University, Department of Geography, since 2004. She
has a Master’s degree from Balıkesir University, since 2008 and a Ph.D. degree about sustainable tour-
ism in cultural landscape areas, from Ankara University, Department of Human Geography, since 2012.
She is currently an Assistant Professor at the Aksaray University (Turkey), and her interesting areas are
sustainable tourism, cultural landscape, and protecting areas.
Gökçen Firdevs Yücel is graduated from the Landscape Architecture Department of the University
of Istanbul, since 1995. She has a Master’s (1998) and a Ph.D. degree (2006) in Landscape Planning
Program from the Technical University of Istanbul. Currently, she has worked as an Assistant Professor
at the Istanbul Aydın University, Faculty of Architecture and Design (Turkey). Her major research inter-
ests include landscape architecture and design, and she has been publishing in national and international
congresses, national journals, and international book chapters.
519
520
Index
“Trajective” 181 220, 225, 228-230, 233, 240, 243, 302, 310, 317,
321, 370, 372, 398, 400-403, 406-409, 427-429
A Construction 4, 40, 54, 58-60, 68-69, 73, 76, 79, 86,
95, 111, 122, 125, 128, 132, 138, 142-143, 148,
Alternative Representation Tool 304, 306, 309, 321 152, 156, 159, 186, 188, 192, 197, 207, 210, 235,
Angola 208, 323, 325, 334-340 241, 253, 265, 267, 269, 272, 275, 277, 285, 302,
Aotearoa 28-29, 40, 52 304, 323-333, 335-336, 339-340, 342, 345, 360,
Assessment 154, 160, 173, 183-186, 188, 199-200, 205, 371-373, 386, 397, 422, 425, 427-428, 436, 438,
213, 221-222, 330, 360, 373, 392, 406-407, 414 444, 456, 462
Construction Information Map (CIM) 331, 345
B Crisis 137, 154, 211-212, 225, 250-251, 255-256,
258, 264-265, 271-272, 347-348, 352-354, 362-
Bairrada 280-281, 285, 287, 293-294 363, 367
Base-Structure 107 Cultural Heritage 1, 6, 10-12, 35, 80, 127, 149, 154,
Basic Law of the Territorial Planning and Urbanization 163, 172, 228
Policy 272, 274 Cultural Identity 1, 30, 44, 54, 58, 132, 149, 259, 300,
Becoming-Belonging 119, 464 317, 321, 330, 444
Behavioral Insight 150 Cultural Knowledge 28, 45
Biodynamic Viticulture 279, 297 Cultural Landscape Management 19, 238
Biophysical Attributes 186, 188, 220 Cultural Landscapes 1-13, 15-21, 35, 38, 90, 115, 127,
Boundary 80, 94, 228, 240, 247, 346, 415 133, 153-157, 159-163, 165-166, 168, 170, 172-
173, 175, 181, 221-223, 225-226, 228, 235-236,
C 238-241, 243, 247, 299, 302, 392, 397, 435, 438,
447, 450, 457
Cartographic Representation Model 305, 321
Change Adaptability 346
Chrono-Topos-Logos 181
D
Coastal Areas 275, 300-301, 317, 319, 321, 420 Dam 138, 148, 152, 252, 259, 262-263, 275, 285,
Coexistence 86, 90-91, 100-101, 103, 105, 119-120, 289, 292-293
138, 436-437, 441, 459, 464 Dão 280-281, 284-285, 287, 289, 293-294
Components 1, 6, 9, 34, 86, 127-128, 153, 184, 189, Database 304, 323, 325, 335, 340, 342, 345
199, 204, 220, 237, 255, 277, 299, 301, 303-306, Design 10-11, 19, 28, 30, 34-35, 38, 44-45, 55, 77,
309-310, 313-314, 316-319, 321, 325-326, 351, 82, 91-92, 95-96, 115, 119-120, 122, 127, 132,
353-354, 356, 360-361, 363, 367, 370-372, 376, 135, 137-138, 142-143, 148, 150, 153, 155-156,
397 158-159, 165, 170, 172, 174, 186, 202, 225, 230,
Confederacy 53-54, 57-58, 60, 71 240, 243, 259, 261, 267, 270-271, 274, 283, 300,
Conservation 2, 6, 11-12, 16-19, 21, 27-28, 37, 85, 324-325, 327, 330, 335, 337, 339, 369, 373, 386,
123, 128, 147-148, 163, 165, 189, 196, 199, 213, 397, 435, 457, 461

Index
Detail Plans 250, 254-255, 263-264, 267, 269-270, G

272, 274
Diagrammatic Representation 304, 313, 316, 318, Geographic Information System 321, 376
321-322 Gleaning 90-91, 94, 101-103, 105, 107, 113-116
Diagrammatic Representation Model 304, 313, 316, Global Technology 345
318, 321-322 Globalization 28, 77, 79, 181, 223-225, 277
Douro 162, 172, 277, 280-281, 285, 287, 289-290, Governance 18, 76, 183-185, 199, 212-213, 221-223,
292, 294, 298, 402-403 227-228, 247, 277, 354, 356
Duma 53-60, 62, 64, 67-68, 71 Green Revolution 150
Grounding 40, 90-91, 94, 101, 103, 105-107, 113-
E 116, 436
Ecological Condition 302, 368-369, 371-373, 375, H

379, 383, 389, 391-393, 415
Ecological Health 414, 416, 422, 429, 433 Hapū 33, 51
Ecological Network 303-304, 309-310, 313-314, 316, Harurwa 54, 58, 62-68, 71
318, 321 Health 28-30, 32-34, 36-38, 40, 42-46, 51-52, 72, 158,
Ecology 37, 73, 126-127, 185, 240, 277, 327, 347-348, 189, 195-196, 199-200, 208, 210, 213, 225, 229,
354, 370, 387, 428, 433 232, 255, 289, 324, 360-362, 389, 402, 414-416,
Economic Base 346, 351-352, 355-357, 360, 362-363 422, 426, 428-429, 433
Ecosystem 19, 33, 40, 42-43, 134, 138, 140, 183-186, Heraldic 283, 297
188-189, 193, 196-197, 199, 206, 211-212, 220, Heritage 1, 4, 6-10, 12-13, 15-21, 27, 32, 34-35, 38-39,
243, 301, 304, 318, 346, 348, 368-369, 392, 420, 44, 78-80, 82-86, 122, 124, 126-128, 130, 132,
424, 427, 429 149-150, 152-158, 160-166, 170, 172-175, 181,
Enotourism 297 201, 222, 224, 226, 228-232, 234-243, 255, 269,
Environment 2-4, 6, 8-10, 12, 19-20, 29-30, 32-45, 277, 279-280, 285, 290, 292, 294, 302, 304, 319,
51, 68, 73, 79-80, 84, 95, 122-124, 130, 132-133, 321, 396, 398, 400-403, 406-407, 409-410
138-139, 144-145, 148, 150, 152, 154-155, 191, Heritage Parks 154, 156, 163, 165, 175, 181
220, 226-227, 229, 232-233, 241, 251, 261, 269- Historical Cities 406
270, 272, 275, 279-280, 298, 300-301, 304, 308, Honohono 36-37, 51
318, 324, 326-328, 330, 333, 368-371, 376, 383, Horizon Concept 153-154, 162, 165, 181
396-397, 399, 402, 407-409, 414-416, 422, 425, Hudson River Valley 222, 230-231, 234, 237, 239-
427, 429, 443-444 240, 243, 247
Environmental Degradation 433
European Landscape Convention 126, 277, 279, 300, I
302, 321, 370, 396
Iconography 281, 283, 285, 287, 293-294, 297
F Identity of Places 86, 259, 271
Impermanence 97, 101, 105-106, 113, 115, 121,
Flexibility 95-96, 267, 317, 325, 334, 337, 345, 350, 435-441, 444, 447, 449-450, 457, 459, 461-462,
352-355 464-465
Floating Urbanism 265, 267, 269-270, 272, 274 Indicators 55, 123, 156, 203, 346-347, 350-352, 355-
Folded Time 90-91, 97, 99-101, 103, 107, 113, 116, 357, 360-363, 367, 399, 406
119-121, 438 Indigenous Knowledge 29, 37, 44-45
Forest Fire 148 Industrial Technology 323-326, 332, 337
Friedrich Kümmel 90, 100 Instability 351, 356, 437, 439, 447, 462, 464
Fuve 62, 64-65, 71 Integrative Interpretation 300, 302-304, 317, 321
521
Index
Interproject 97, 104, 106, 109-110, 112-114, 116, 120 Mātauranga 29, 32, 34-36, 38, 43-45, 52
IUCN 2, 6, 12, 15-18, 21, 27 Mātauranga Māori 29, 32, 34-35, 43-45
Iwi 31, 33-34, 39, 41, 51 Materials 34, 40, 42, 76, 131, 211, 223-224, 259, 271-
272, 280, 323-331, 340, 345, 370, 414, 416-417,
J 422, 427, 436
Mauri 30-31, 33, 35-40, 42-44, 52
Jiri 62-63, 67-68, 71 Measures 36, 124, 132, 137, 147, 154, 212, 222, 230,
240-241, 251, 253, 257, 261, 275, 351, 367, 369,
K 371, 386, 409, 423, 426, 443
Michel Serres 90, 97, 101
Kaitiakitanga 33, 38, 51 Mining Heritage 154, 163, 170, 181
Karanga 53-54, 56, 61-62, 71 Mining Landscape 158, 175
Kaupapa Māori 51 Mining Landscapes 153, 158-159, 163, 170, 172-174,
Ki Uta Ki Tai 38, 51 181
Knowing-Proposing Oneness 120 Monitoring 18-19, 131, 257, 262, 270, 328, 396-397,
Kōrero 51 399-400, 403, 405-407, 409-410
Kōtahitanga 32-33, 52 Morphological Analysis 157, 161, 168, 173
Motion 96, 436, 439, 441, 444, 447, 450-451, 462
L Multiple Correspondence Factorial Analysis 276, 282
Multi-Scalar Governance 221-223, 227-228, 247
Label 136, 281 Municipal Director Plans 274
Lagoa da Pederneira 435, 439, 453-455, 461-462
Land Cover 184-186, 190-191, 193, 195-196, 199,
220, 257, 261, 270
N
Land Use 6, 9, 11-12, 18, 127, 132, 148, 161, 184, 201, Narrative Photography 289, 298
211, 220, 261, 270, 273, 371-373, 392, 420-421 New York 221-223, 226-238, 240-241, 247, 436
Landforms 125, 297-298 New Zealand 12, 28-29, 31-32, 34, 40, 42, 46, 52
Landmarks 27, 158, 164, 237, 280-281, 283, 285, 290, Noa 38, 40, 52
292-294, 298 Non-Apparent Infrastructure 181
Landscape Interpretation Model 368-369, 375-379, Non-Judgmental Language 120
386, 390, 392
Landscape Resilience 300-301, 304-305, 307, 309, O
312, 317-318, 321, 346
Landscape Resources 221-223, 235, 309 Obsolescence 82, 160, 181
Landscape Suitability 299, 304, 317, 319, 321 Occupancy Typology 304, 321
Lisbon Metropolitan Area 75, 307, 375 Original-root-dynasties 53
Lived Time 90, 97, 101, 105-107, 109-110, 113, 116,
120-121, 434-435, 438-442, 444-445, 447, 449- P
451, 453-454, 456-459, 461, 465
Local development 165 Pākehā 52
Local Technology 325, 345 Papa Kāinga 52
Participatory Methods 185-186, 212-213
M PENT 249-250, 253, 259, 264, 274
PIN 253, 259, 264, 275
Mana 31, 33-35, 39-40, 44, 52 Plenary Sessions 188, 220
Mana Whenua 33-35, 40, 52 POAAP 249, 253, 275
Manaakitanga 32-33, 38, 52 Policy Priorities 221-222
Māori 28-46, 51-52 Porto 281, 285, 287, 289-290, 292, 294, 396, 401-406,
Mass Construction 329, 345 408-410
522
Index
Preservation 7, 9-10, 18, 34, 38, 85, 122, 124, 126, River Ecology 433
128, 140, 148, 150, 152, 163-164, 173, 221-223, Robert Smithson 102-103, 105-107, 109-111, 113, 128
225, 227-231, 235-240, 242-243, 257, 262, 280, Rongoā 36-37, 52
301, 353, 396, 399-401, 416, 428 Rural Areas 21, 31, 84, 124, 277, 323-325, 328, 334,
Procedural Reality 239-240, 247 336, 340, 342
Programmatic Indeterminacy 120
Public policy 227, 242, 249, 256, 274 S
Public Space 80, 82, 386, 406, 445
Scale 1, 4, 11, 19, 21, 73, 78, 82, 87, 95, 103, 105-106,
Q 150, 155, 160, 163, 165, 223-224, 235, 238, 248,
250, 292-294, 300, 329-330, 334, 345-346, 352-
Quality 45, 52, 73, 75-76, 78, 83-86, 123, 132, 134, 353, 374, 393, 403, 433, 461
140-141, 148, 154, 156, 158, 164, 199, 212, 224, See(d)(k)ing 97, 120
227, 229-230, 232-233, 251, 267, 269, 277, 279- Smart City 77
280, 289-290, 302, 317, 323-324, 326, 328-329, Social Structure 346, 351, 355-356
348, 369, 396, 398-399, 406, 409-410, 415-416, Socioecology 220
422-423, 426, 428-429, 449 Socio-Economic Resilience 367
Stakeholder 185, 248
R Stimulating 37, 90-91, 94, 107, 109-110, 113-116,
277, 331
Rangatiratanga 32-33, 40, 52 Sub-Culture 71
Regional Competitiveness 73 Substantive Reality 240, 248
Regional Identity 170, 276, 298 Sustainability 10, 19, 21, 30, 37, 39, 45, 72-73, 85, 88,
Rehabilitation 30, 42, 83, 85-86, 163-164, 170, 272, 123, 127, 129, 131-132, 137-138, 152, 186, 189,
399-402, 408, 410, 427-428 205, 211-212, 220, 224, 232, 251, 267, 271, 273,
Renaturation 72, 84, 86 279-280, 325, 327, 348, 355, 368-369, 392, 396,
Representation 33, 99-100, 189, 263, 276, 279-281, 283, 401, 407, 414, 416, 427
290, 292, 294, 299, 303-306, 309, 312-313, 316, Sustainable Development 73, 77, 84, 88, 127, 142,
318, 321-322, 372, 376-379, 435-439, 453, 461 225-226, 229, 249-251, 264, 271, 277, 396, 399
Republic Diary 252, 275
Research Methods 28 T
Reservoir 249, 251-257, 260, 262-264, 267-273, 275,
285, 289, 433 Tangata Whenua 40, 52
Resilience 137, 207, 299-301, 304-305, 307, 309, Tapu 33, 38, 40, 52
312-313, 317-318, 321, 346-357, 360-363, 367, Territorial Coherence 84
371, 444 Territorial Planning 153, 160, 175, 256, 272-275,
Resilience Components 351, 367 294, 400
Resilience Measures 367 Territory 39, 51-52, 60, 72-75, 77, 79-88, 92-93, 95,
Responsible Design 148 104, 123, 125, 128-129, 131-133, 137, 141, 146,
Revitalization 86, 124, 132, 153-154, 156, 158, 229- 148, 154, 156, 160-161, 163, 165, 173, 175, 192,
230, 240, 258-259, 264, 269-270, 273, 415, 207, 250-251, 253-259, 261-264, 267-268, 270,
428-429 272-275, 277, 290, 292, 300, 302, 308, 321,
Rhizome Diagram 156, 305-307, 314-315, 318, 321 333-334, 336, 348, 353-354, 356, 369, 371-374,
Rhythms 330, 369, 434-435, 437, 441, 443, 447, 449- 397-398, 436, 457-458
451, 457, 459, 462 Terroir 132, 134, 141, 152, 279
River 43, 62-63, 72, 74-75, 79-81, 83-84, 86-87, 106, Textual Model 276, 281
162, 181, 207, 221-224, 229, 231-232, 234, 236- Therapeutic Landscape 28, 30, 36-38, 45
243, 247, 265, 275, 285, 287, 289-290, 292-293, Tikanga 29, 32-33, 36, 43, 52
308, 381, 402-403, 414-429, 433, 437, 453, 455, Tohunga 35, 52
457 Totem 57, 62-65, 71
523
Index
Tourism 20-21, 72-73, 77-79, 84-88, 127, 154, 164, Urban policies 249-250, 253, 260-261
212, 221, 228, 237, 240-241, 249-255, 258- Urban Resilience 207, 346, 350-351, 353, 357, 367
260, 262-265, 267, 269-274, 276-277, 279-287, Urban Sustainability 186, 189, 212, 220
289-290, 292-294, 297, 308, 316, 396, 398-403, Urban Systems 346-349, 351-354, 356-357, 359,
405-406, 408-410, 428-429, 434-435, 439, 441, 362-363, 367
444, 447, 449, 462 Urbanity 78, 155, 202, 255, 266, 300, 322
Trademark 276, 281-283, 287, 289-290, 292, 294 USNPS 2, 6-7, 21, 27
Transmuting 90-91, 94, 105, 107, 110, 112-116
Tree Diagram 305, 313-314, 318, 322 V
Tūpuna 33, 52
Turnkey Solutions 330, 345 Vacant Lots 183-186, 188-194, 197, 199, 211-213
Vernacular Construction 324, 329, 333, 345
U Vineyard 128, 134, 141, 152, 162, 170, 277, 280, 283,
285, 287-290, 292-294, 297
Uncertainty 92, 94, 97, 101, 105, 107, 115, 121, 347- Viniculture 279, 281, 293-294
348, 435, 443, 464-465
UNESCO 1-2, 6-8, 11-13, 15, 17-18, 20-21, 27, 78, W
126, 154-155, 161-162, 170, 172-173, 226-227,
243, 277, 285, 302, 401-402, 406-407 Watercourse 375, 415, 423, 425, 427-429, 433
Urban Form 92, 259, 270-271, 346, 375 Waterfronts 75-76, 85, 229
Urban Gardens 185, 199-200, 202, 206, 208, 212-213 Watershed 221-225, 232, 238-243, 248, 414
Urban identity 267 Watershed Planning 223-225, 238, 248
Urban Morphology 92, 368, 370, 373, 375, 379, 389, Well-being 29-30, 32-38, 40-46, 73, 134, 189, 255,
391-392, 462 274, 415
Urban planning 75, 153, 155, 159, 163, 170, 174-175, Whakapapa 31-33, 38, 40, 45, 52
210, 230, 251-252, 256-261, 266-267, 269-270, Whanaungatanga 32, 38, 52
272-273, 277, 300, 348, 371, 386-387, 393, 398, World Heritage Areas 27
400
524
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Handbook of Research on Methods and Tools for Assessing Cultural Landscape

Book · June 2018

Isabel Sousa Rosa Ricardo Dias Ribeiro

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Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 466

About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 511

Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 466

About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 511

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE ADAPTATION

A Handbook of Research is a manual that provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-art research

Sustenta and IGI Global

Landbook Selection and Evaluation Process

Landbook Contents and Structure

• Architecture/Heritage/Culture (Cultural Landscape Assessment, Heritage Values Recognition,

1. Cultural Landscape Adaptation (Chapters 1 – 7)

2. Methods and Tools for Landscape Assessment (Chapters 8 – 18)

A brief description for each of the eighteen chapters follows:

Isabel de Sousa Rosa

Joana Corte Lopes

Isabel de Sousa Rosa

About the Contributors

Detail Plans 250, 254-255, 263-264, 267, 269-270, G

Ecological Condition 302, 368-369, 371-373, 375, H

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